最新美国文学(1)殖民地时期文学
美国文学
美国文学一、殖民地时期1607-17651607年，captain john smith 带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地--詹姆斯敦。
1765年，殖民地人民奋起抗议英国政府颁布的印花税。
文学特点：宗教色彩，讲经布道向欧洲读者或亲友介绍新大陆的小册子和游记书信著名作家：Captain john smith,Anne Bradstreet, 以夫妻恩爱家庭美满为题材Edward Taylor，清教徒，牧师，讲道二、启蒙时期&独立战争时期1765-18世纪1730s，爱德华兹（Johnathan Edwards）为首的清教徒掀起“大觉醒”运动，企图恢复清教主义的统治，失败。
启蒙运动代表人物Benjamin Franklin(文学家科学家政治家):《格言历书》poor richard's almanac,通过格言警句宣传创业持家，待人处事的道德原则和勤奋致富的生活道路《自传》Autobiography，开创了美国名人写传记的风气独立战争时期文学以理性的散文为主，主要是各派政治力量对于革命的必要性、革命的前途与方向、政府的形式与性质等重大问题展开讨论时产生的杂文、政论文和演讲词，即便诗歌也以政治为内容。
代表作家：潘恩Thomas paine 的《常识》commom senseThomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence汉密尔顿、麦迪逊、杰伊合写的《论联邦》The Federalist Papers威廉-希尔-布朗william hill brawn,第一部美国小说《同情的力量》三、浪漫主义时期1800-1865作家们强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式与观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
素材完全取自美国现实，如西部开发和拓荒经历。
他们赞美美国山水，讴歌美国生活，反映美国人民的乐观与热情。
美国文学之一：美国殖民文学1
美国文学之一：美国殖民文学1美国文学之一：美国殖民文学116世纪欧洲的殖民统治者入侵北美大陆，印第安人各个部落尚处于原始公社制度的社会。
欧洲殖民者残酷地烧杀印第安人，掠夺土地，攫取兽皮，焚毁村庄，直到最后全部占领整个北美洲。
英国殖民者是北美大陆的主要统治者。
在政治上，对殖民地的统治主要是英国王室，军事、政治、财政大权掌握在总督的手里。
为了便于统治，建立了政教合一的统治方式。
在经济上，从一开始就建立在资本主义的基础上，因为北美大陆原本没有封建社会的生产关系。
虽然殖民者想建立封建生产关系，但是北美大陆土地辽阔，无法将农民固定在某片土地上。
17世纪初第一批黑人运到北美之后，黑人奴隶成为劳动力基础。
经济主要以农业为主，但是到了独立战争前夕，北部地区的几个殖民地中心城市工商业有了相当的发展。
从文化来看，是从18世纪开始出现文化活动。
1704年出现北美大陆第一张定期报纸。
1731年建立了第一个图书馆。
1752年出现第一个剧团，演出的是英国的剧本。
北美大陆的殖民文学具有如下特点：一、北美大陆的文学并不是在北美大陆本土产生发展起来，而是从英国移民带来的文化中产生发展的。
当地印第安人的文化则被严重摧残，民间的口头文学的创作完全被迫中止。
二、当时的作品，从内容上看，一方面反映了北美大陆的现实状况，描绘了印第安人的悲惨生活，殖民者的残酷统治；另一方面又歌颂了殖民者的所谓丰功伟绩。
三、当时的出版物大多是游记、日记，此外还有宗教方面的著作。
早期作品主要是在英国出版。
到了独立战争时代，文学主要形式发生变化，主要有诗歌、民歌、政论、演说等，小说和戏剧还没有产生具有美国民族自己特点的作品。
北美大陆的诗歌创作，反映了当时的精神特点。
北美出版的第一部诗集是《海湾圣诗》(1640年），这是一部民歌体圣诗集，从希伯来语翻译成为英文。
安妮.布雷兹特里特(1612-1672 年），是北美大陆第一个出版诗集的诗人。
她的父亲和丈夫都当过总督。
美国文学简介-中文
殖民地时期的文学 (1607-1800)
本杰明•富兰克林（Benjamin
Franklin
（1706 – 1790） 菲利普· 弗瑞诺 （Philip Freneau 1752-1832） 安· 布拉德斯特里特 (Anne Bradstreet 1612?1672 )
, American Puritanism as a dominant religious factor in American life, was one of the most enduring shaping influences in
19 世纪美国诗人
亨利· 沃兹沃思· 朗费罗Henry
Wadsworth
Longfellow 威廉· 卡伦· 布莱恩特 William Cullen Bryant 沃尔特· 惠特曼Walt Whitman 埃米莉•狄金森Emily Dickinson
亨利· 沃兹沃思· 朗费罗Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Sinclair Lewis (1930)辛克莱· 刘易斯《巴比特》 Eugene O‟Neil (1936)尤金· 奥尼尔《天边外》 Pearl S. Buck (1938)赛珍珠《大地》 T.S. Eliot (1948) 托马斯· 斯特恩斯· 艾略特《四个四重奏》 William Faulkner (1949)威廉· 福克纳《我弥留之际》 Ernest Hemingway (1954)欧内斯特· 海明威《老人与海》 John Steinbeck (1962)约翰· 斯坦贝克《人鼠之间》 Saul Bellow (1976)索尔· 贝娄《赫索格》 Isaac Bashevis Singer (1978)艾萨克· 巴什维斯· 辛格《魔术师· 原野王》 Toni Morrison(1993)托尼· 莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》、
《美国文学的殖民地时期描写与反思》
美国文学的殖民地时期描写与反思1. 引言美国文学的殖民地时期是指17世纪至18世纪早期，欧洲移民开始在北美建立殖民地并与当地原住民交流的阶段。
这一时期不仅见证了欧洲殖民者对新大陆的开拓，也为后来形成独特的美国文学传统奠定了基础。
本文将探讨美国文学在殖民地时期对于新大陆环境、原住民、宗教和种族等议题的描写，并对其所包含的反思进行分析。
2. 新大陆环境的描写与反思2.1 自然景观描述：美国文学中经常出现对新大陆壮丽自然景观的描绘，如《普利古斯人物志》中描述了新英格兰的山川河流和四季更替。
这些作品表达了欧洲殖民者对未知土地奇异之美的赞叹，同时也展现了他们与自然环境相处的态度和困惑。
2.2 对原住民生活方式的描述：在殖民地时期，欧洲移民与原住民有着频繁的接触和交流。
美国文学作品中常描绘原住民的生活方式、宗教和社会结构，如《梅恩山》中对印第安部落的描述。
这些描写既反映了殖民者对陌生文化的好奇与尊重，也展示了殖民者与原住民之间的冲突和互动。
2.3 环境遭受破坏与反思：一些文学作品在描写新大陆环境时也表达了对殖民活动所带来的破坏性影响的反思。
如《乌利西斯》中对伐木业对自然资源造成破坏以及原住民土地被侵占的描述。
这种反思提醒人们保护环境并尊重不同文化的重要性。
3. 对宗教和信仰的描写与反思3.1 宗教信仰：欧洲移民带着丰富多样的宗教信仰来到新大陆，这一主题在美国文学中得到广泛揭示。
如《清真之恋》中描述了清教徒试图在新英格兰建立神圣社区的经历。
这些作品通过对宗教信仰的描绘，反映了殖民者对信仰自由的追求以及社会秩序与个人自由之间的冲突。
3.2 宗教迫害和反思：殖民地时期，宗教迫害也是一个重要议题。
文学作品中对于清教徒对异端信仰的打压以及原住民宗教遭受到的侵害和禁止有所描写。
这些作品提醒人们宗教自由的重要性，同时呼吁对不同信仰的包容与尊重。
4. 对种族关系的描写与反思4.1 种族关系描述：美国文学在殖民地时期也涉及到种族关系，如《奴隶绝望》中描述了非洲裔奴隶在美国殖民地生活的苦难。
美国文学期末复习资料
美国文学期末复习资料美国文学期末复习资料美国文学是一门广泛而深入的学科，涵盖了从殖民地时期到现代的众多作品和作家。
为了帮助大家复习期末考试，本文将以不同的主题和时期为线索，介绍一些重要的美国文学作品和相关知识。
一、殖民地时期的文学在殖民地时期，美国文学主要以宗教为主题，反映了早期殖民者的信仰和生活。
《普利茅斯纪事》是美国文学史上的里程碑之一，它记录了普利茅斯殖民地的建立和早期的困难。
另外，约翰·史密斯的《弗吉尼亚史诗》和威廉·布拉德福的《普利茅斯植民地纪事》也是重要的作品。
二、启蒙时代的文学启蒙时代是美国文学的重要时期，这一时期的作品反映了人们对自由、理性和独立思考的追求。
本杰明·富兰克林是启蒙时代的代表人物，他的《贫穷理性者的儿子》和《自传》都是重要的作品。
此外，托马斯·潘恩的《常识》和托马斯·杰斐逊的《独立宣言》也是这一时期的重要文献。
三、浪漫主义时期的文学浪漫主义时期是19世纪美国文学的高峰期，作家们开始关注个人情感和内心体验。
华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和爱德加·爱伦·坡的《乌鸦》是这一时期的代表作品。
此外，纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》和赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的《白鲸》也是不可忽视的作品。
四、现实主义时期的文学现实主义时期是19世纪末到20世纪初的文学运动，作家们开始关注社会问题和人类命运。
马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《红字》是这一时期的代表作品。
此外，亨利·詹姆斯的《国际象棋之家》和埃德蒙·威尔逊的《了不起的盖茨比》也是重要的作品。
五、现代主义和后现代主义时期的文学现代主义和后现代主义时期是20世纪美国文学的重要阶段，作家们开始挑战传统的叙事方式和观念。
欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》是现代主义时期的代表作品。
美国文学(1)殖民地时期文学 PPT
Historical Introduction
1 early history:
1) America was first discovered by Columbus at the end of the 15th century. 2) In 1607, Captain John Smith led some Englishmen across the ocean (Jamestown, Virginia) 3) In 1620, 102 passengers sailed on the ship Mayflower across the sea and settled on the new continent “New England”. (Plymouth, Massachusetts)
The Great Discovery of the New Land in 1492 by Columbus
Henry VII, King of England, established in 1497 a claim to the continental domain.
Queen Elizabeth came to the throne of England in 1558, began to take a serious interest in the real estate in the New World.
American literature is the literature produced in American English by American citizens.
Canon of literature concurrence of ciritcs persistent influence frequent reference to an author or work wildspread assignment ideology, political interest and value of elite class
美国文学史脉络
美国文学史脉络美国文学是世界文学发展的重要组成部分，其独特的历史和文化背景使得美国文学在世界文坛上有着重要的地位。
美国文学的发展脉络承载着美国国家意识的形成和演变，同时也反映了社会和文化的变迁。
本文将以时间为线索，回顾美国文学的发展历程，并探讨不同时期的代表性作品和文学思潮。
一、殖民地时期（17世纪初-18世纪初）殖民地时期是美国文学的起源阶段。
在这一时期，早期的英国移民带来了宗教、政治和文化的影响，这种影响对后来美国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
早期殖民地文学的主要形式是宗教文学，代表作品有威廉·布莱德福的《普利茅斯殖民地纪事》和安妮·布拉德斯特里特的《新英格兰纪实》。
二、启蒙时期（18世纪中叶-19世纪初）启蒙时期是美国文学发展的关键时期，这一时期受到了欧洲启蒙运动的影响，同时也受到了美国独立战争和建国过程的影响。
启蒙时期的作家主张人人平等、追求自由和独立，代表作品有托马斯·潘恩的《常识》和本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》。
同时，启蒙时期也涌现了一些重要的政治文学作品，如托马斯·杰斐逊的《独立宣言》和詹姆斯·麦迪逊、亚历山大·汉密尔顿、约翰·杰伊等人的《联邦党人文集》。
三、浪漫主义时期（19世纪中叶-19世纪末）浪漫主义时期是美国文学的黄金时代，这一时期的作家们主张个性主义、独立思考和自然的崇拜。
代表作家有华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和爱默生的《自然》。
同时，浪漫主义时期也涌现了大量的诗人，如亨利·沃兹华斯·朗费罗、爱德加·爱伦·坡和怀特曼等人。
这一时期的诗歌作品表达了对自然和个人内心世界的探索，具有强烈的情感色彩和超越现实的思考。
四、现实主义时期（19世纪末-20世纪初）现实主义时期是美国文学发展的转折点，这一时期的作家开始关注社会现实问题，反映工业化和城市化对个人的冲击。
美国文学——殖民时期
美国文学——殖民时期殖民主义时期的文学（一）印第安人及其文学在欧洲的冒险者们登陆美洲大陆之前，美洲一直由土著印第安人所居住。
据人类学家们的推测，他们可能是在公元前8000—5000年间的冰川时代从亚洲经过了长途迁徙来到这片大陆。
他们乘坐独木舟穿越了白令海峡，经历了数千年，他们学会了种植“玉米”（Indian Corn）、白薯、可可豆、烟草等农业技术。
然而，印第安人一直处于部落社会。
他们的文学则属口头文学，其主题主要在强调人类与物质和精神世界的和谐相处，并表现了对土地的尊敬和热爱。
人们所发掘出的印第安人的文学形式有早期的典仪和曲调，也就是歌词。
由口头吟唱的神话传说在其口头文学中占有重要的地位。
印第安人用传说的形式表达对自然界的认识，讲述部落文化英雄的故事，反映印第安人对本部落传说的信念。
传说作为一种口头文学是印第安文学的一种主要形式。
讲述故事是部落里一种重要的文化活动，故事讲述者是部落里受人尊重的人，会受到全部落人的尊重。
印第安人的传说多为讲起“真实”的故事，无论是关于神话故事，还是英雄的故事都和某一真实故事有关，其教育意义是显而易见的。
简言之，北美印第安人传说文字由印第安人用自己的语言创造，以印第安人为对象，表明印第安人生活情感和思想，有着独特的印第安风格特征。
它是一个内容形式都十分丰富的综合现象，并且以口头文学的形式存在和发展着。
它与印第安人的生活有着特殊密切的关系，又具有真正意义上的“大众文学”的性质。
在欧洲人来到这片大陆，并建立殖民地之前，它是这里真正意义上的主流文学。
（二）殖民主义时期的历史背景自15世纪末哥伦布发现了美洲大陆以后，欧洲殖民者纷纷踏上这块神秘的土地。
1607年，英国人克里斯托夫·纽波特率领三艘船到达切萨比克湾，在现今的弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立了第一个永久殖民点。
1620年乘坐“五月花”船的一批清教徒在普利茅斯建立了北美的第二个殖民点。
这批因受宗教迫害而来到新大陆的新教徒们严格遵循着基督教传统教义，他们坚信自己是上帝的选民，是上帝把他们从旧世界的罪过和堕落中拯救出来，送往北美这块福地。
殖民时期的美国文学
殖民时期的美国文学Part 1. Colonial America 殖民地时期的美国文学Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩(1737-1809)：The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man:Downfall of Despotism人的权利：专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺(1752-1832)：The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森·爱德华(1702—1758)：The Freedom of the Will自由意志论；The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended伟哉原罪论辩；The Nature of True Virtue 真美德的性质Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林(1706-1790):A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money；Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传。
美国文学第1章(殖民及革命时期文学)
In 1942, Christopher Columbus found the new continent called America. ⑵ Immigrants: Spanish (they built the first town on the new continent); Dutch (they built New York city at the beginning stage); French (today still lots of people’s mother tongue is French in North America)
American Puritanism（清教主义）
To
be a Puritan: taking religion as the most important thing; living for glorifying God; believing predestination（命运天定）, original sin（原罪，人生下来就是有罪的， 因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的）, total depravity（人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处 处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取 悦上帝）, limited atonement（有限救赎，只 有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救）
Idiosyncratic Features of American Literature
Colonial
American Literature
Colonial Literature ⑴ General features ◆ Humble origins: diaries, histories, letters etc. ◆ In content: serving either God or colonial expansion or both ◆ In form: imitating English literary traditions
考研专用 美国文学整理
The Celebrated Jumping Frog ofCalaverasCounty
《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》
The Gilded Age《镀金时代》
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆.索亚历险记》
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
The Purloined Letter《被窃的信件》
The Gold Bud《金甲虫》
The Murders in the Rue Morque《莫格街凶杀案》
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque
《怪诞和阿拉伯风格的故事》
8、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈里特.比彻.斯托夫人
A Psalm of Life《人生颂》
10、Walt Whitman沃尔特.惠特曼
Leaves of Grass《草叶集》
Song of Myself《自我之歌》
I hear America singing《我听见美国在歌唱》
Out of Cradle Endlessly Rocking《从永不休止地摆动着的摇篮里》
The age of reason《理性时代》
The rights of man《人的权利》
The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；
Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；
三、American Romanticism浪漫主义文学
1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文
Contemplation《沉思》
Upon the Burning of our House《火烧房子》
美国文学知识
美国文学知识一．殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American）北美的第一本书：《海湾圣诗》（The Bay Psalmbook）约翰·史密斯（John Smith）：被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。
代表作《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》（A True Relation of Virginia）是美国文学第一书。
纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。
代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。
威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：被誉为“美国历史之父”。
代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。
安妮·布拉德斯特里特（Anne Bradstreet）：殖民地时期的第一位诗人。
代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）。
迈克尔·威格尔斯沃斯（Michael Wigglesworth）：诗人。
代表作《判决日》（The Day Of Doom）。
爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）：诗人。
代表作《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》（Gods Determinations Touching His Elect）。
乔纳森·爱德华兹（Jonathan Edwards）：“大觉醒”（The Great Awakening）运动中的主要思想家。
代表作《愤怒是上帝手中之罪人》。
二．独立战争到南北战争（American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War）本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）：美国启蒙运动的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家，参与撰写了《独立宣言》（Declaration of Independence）。
美国文学史概论之二殖民地时期文学
美国文学史概论之二殖民地时期文学殖民地时期文学是美国文学史中的第一个阶段，大约从17世纪初到18世纪末。
这个时期的文学主要以探索者、移民和殖民者的文字为主，所以也被称为“新英格兰文学”或“殖民地文学”。
这段时期的文学作品反映了当时殖民地社会的特点和发展。
在殖民地时期的文学中，最有代表性的作品是宗教文学。
这是因为最早来到新大陆的移民是宗教迫害的受害者，他们来到这里是为了寻求宗教自由。
《普利茅斯纪实》是最早的一部重要作品，它记录了移民者在新大陆上建立普利茅斯殖民地的经历和困难。
这个殖民地后来成为美国的第一批殖民地之一
除宗教文学外，殖民地时期还产生了一些其他类型的文学作品。
其中最重要的是旅行文学，这些文学作品描述了探险者和移民探索和开发新大陆的经历。
《新奥主义银行》是最早的一部重要作品之一，它记录了这个时期英国探险家亨利·哈德森和他的队友在北美洲的探险经历。
此外，殖民地时期的文学还包括了一些诗歌和散文作品。
这些作品主要以抒发个人情感和表达个人意见为主，其中最知名的作家是安妮·布拉德斯特里特。
她的作品《传奇》是美国第一部诗集，被认为是殖民地时期文学中最重要的作品之一
总的来说，殖民地时期文学是美国文学史中的开端，它记录了欧洲移民在新大陆上建立殖民地的经历和困难。
这些作品揭示了当时的社会和文化特点，为后来的美国文学奠定了基础。
美国文学-名词解释
美国文学1.殖民地时期及独立革命战争时期的美国文学Philip Freneau（菲利普﹒弗瑞诺）(1)He was considered as the “Poet of the American revolution” as the most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century. (2)He was a satirist, a bitter polemicist. (3)He wrote many poems encouraging revolution and encouraging the glory that would be won by overcoming the British. The Wild Honey Suckle 《野金银花》The Indian Burying Ground 《印第安人的殡葬地》The British Ship《英国囚船》The Rising Glory of America 《美洲光辉的兴起》(1)The Wild Honey Suckle is Freneau’s best lyric (2)It anticipated the 19th—century use of simple nature imagery.The Indian Burying Ground anticipated romantic primitivism and the celebration of the “Noble Savage”.Thomas Jefferson（托马斯﹒杰弗逊）The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》(1)The Declaration of Independence was adopted July 4, 1776. (2)It not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also expounded a philosophy of human freedom. (3)It lists 13 cruelties committed by the King of Britain. (4)The famous lines are: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”(5) Thomas Jefferson’s thought was inspiredby the thoughts of John Locke.2.浪漫主义时期的美国文学Calvinism（加尔文主义）(1)Calvinism refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers. (2) Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by God to be saved, and these could be saved only by God’s grace. (3) Calvinism forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the Huguenots, Puritans, Presbyterians, and the Reformed churches.American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义）(1) American Romanticism is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. (2) It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings ,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group. They affirmed the inner life of the self, and cherished strong interest in the past, the wild, the remote, the mysterious and the strange. They stressed the element “Americanness”in their works. (3)It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. (4) Being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance.”(5) American Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.Transcendentalism（超验主义）(1) Transcendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Over—soul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self—reliant. (2)New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.Free verse（自由体诗歌）(1)Free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conventional rules of meter.(2) Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. (3)Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech. (4)Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps, the most notable example.Symbol（象征）(1) Symbol means an act, a person, a thing, or a spectacle that stands for something else, usually something less palpable than the named symbol. (2) The relationship between the symbol and its referent is not often one of simple equivalence. Allegorical symbols usually express a neater equivalence with what they stand for than the symbols found in modern realistic fiction.Theme（主题）(1) Theme means the unifying point or general idea of a literary work. (2) It provides ananswer to such questions as “What is the work about?”(3)Each literary work carries its own theme or themes. For example, King Lear has many themes, among which are blindness and madness.3.现实主义与自然主义时期的美国文学American Naturalism(美国自然主义)(1)The American Naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.(2)American Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.(3)Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.Darwinism(达尔文主义)(1)Darwinism is a term that comes from Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory.(2)Darwinist think that those who survive in the world are the fittest and those who fail to adapt themselves to the environment will perish. They believe that man has evolved from lower forms of life. Humans are special not because God created them in His image, but because they have successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and have passed on their survival-making characteristics genetically.(3)Influenced by this theory, some American naturalist writers apply Darwinism as an explanation of human nature and social reality.Local Colorists(乡土作家)(1)Generally speaking, the writing of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.(2)Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historian of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions. They worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the locale.(3)Major local colorists include Hamlin Garland, Mark Twain , Kate Chopin, etc.Theodore Dreiser(西奥多·德莱塞)He is generally acknowledged as one of America’s literary naturalists.Works Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》(1) Sister Carrie tells about a poor country girl (Carrie Meeber) who goesto Chicago to pursue the American Dream.(2) The novel shows Dreiser’s naturalistic view about life by illustratingthe purposelessness of life.(3) The dominant symbol of the novel is the rocking chair that is the rocking chair thatis indicative of the uncertainty of life.Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》Trilogy of Desire《欲望》三部曲a. The Financier《金融家》b. The Titan《巨人》c. The Stoic《斯多葛》The Genius 《天才》An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》(1) An American Tragedy is Dreiser’s greatest work and the title of theBook implies Dreiser intention to tell us that it is the social pressurethat makes Clyde’s downfall inevitable.(2) Clyde’s tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American socialsystem which encouraged people to pursue the “dream of success ” atall costs.Sherwood Anderson (舍伍德·安德森)(1)He has been called the first of America’s “psychological writers” because he first explored the motivations and frustrations of his fictional characters in terms of Sigmund Freud’s theories of psychology.(2)He tremendously influenced such writers as Hemingway and Faulkner.Works Winesburg, Ohio《小镇畸人》(1) Winesburg, Ohio is a collection of 23 interrelated stories ofsamll-town life. These stories sound morbid and grotesque, butUnderneath them runs a strong desire to communicate, and love andbe loved.(2) It won the author a foremost position in contemporary Americanliterary.4.现代时期的美国文学The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)(1)The Lost Generation is a term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.(2)Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.(3)The three best-know representatives of Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos.(4)Others usually included among the list are Sherwood Anderson, Kay Boyle, Hart Crane, Ford Maddox Ford and Zelda Fitzgerald.Imagism (意象派诗歌)（1）Imagism came into being in Britain ans U.S. around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.（2）The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.（3）Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:i) direct treatment of subject matter;ii) economy of expression;iii) as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in thesequence of metronome.（4）Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代)（1）The members of the Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.（2）The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style.（3）The major beat writings are Jack Kerouac’s On the Road and Allen Ginsberg’s Howl. Howl became the manifesto of the Beat Generation.American Dream (美国梦)（1）American Dream refers to the dream of material success, in which one, regardless of social status, acquires wealth and gains success by working hard and good luck.（2）In literature, the theme of American Dream recurs. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby comes from the west to the east with the dream of material success. By bootlegging and other illegal means he fulfilled his dream but ended up being killed. The novel tells the shattering of American Dream rather than its success.Expressionism (表现主义)（1）Expressionism refers to a movement in Germany early in the 20th century, in which a number of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and, instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world.（2）Expressionism is a reaction against realism or naturalism, aiming at presenting a post-war world violently distorted.（3）Works noted for expressionism include: Eugene O’Neill’s The Emperor Jones, James Joyce’s Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, and T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, etc..（4）In a further sense, the term is sometimes applied to the belief that literary works are essentially expressions of their own authors’moods and thoughts; this has been the dominant assumption about literature since the rise of Romanticism.Feminism (女权主义)(1) Feminism incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of socialtransformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.(2) In general, feminism is the ideology of women’s liberation based on the belief that womensuffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminists offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.(3) Definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So,for example, Marxist and Socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄)（1）Hemingway Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong, more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains,through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.（2）Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, Henry in A Farewell to Arms and Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea are typical of Hemingway Hero.Harlem Renaissance (哈莱姆文艺复兴)（1）Harlem Renaissance refers to a period of outstanding literary vigor and creativity that occurred in the United States during the 1920s.（2）The Harlem Renaissance changed the images of literature created by many black and white American writers. New black images were no longer obedient and docile, instead they showed a new confidence and racial pride.(3) The leading figures are Langston Hughs, James Weldon Johnson, Wallace Thurman, etc..Impressionism (印象主义)（1）Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action.（2）Briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather than realistic moods.现代时期的美国文学Ezra Pound(1) He was identified as the father of modern American poetry and the most influential leader of.the Imagist Movement.(2) He had an enormous influence on the modernist writers in Britain and America after WWII.Works The Cantos《诗章》In a Station of the Metro 《在地铁站里》(1) In a Station of the Metro serves as a typical example of the Imagist ideas.(2) The one-image poem is an observation of the poet of the human faces seen in aParis subway station.(3) “Apparition”suggests a visible appearance of something not present, andespecially of a dead person. Here the faces of people in the subway station arecompared to petals on a wet, black bough.A Pact 《盟约》(1) A Pact is a poem in which Pound started to find some agreement between“Whitmanesque”free verse, which he had attacked for its carelessness incomposition.(2) In the poem “broke the new wood” means that Whitman made experiments withthe conventions of traditional poetry. “commerce” means the exchange of views orattitudes. The poem indicates that Pound would like to learn from the free verseand show respect to Whitman.Word文档。
美国文学史选读整理第一部分殖民地时期的文学
第一部分殖民地时期的文学17世纪历史文化背景1.17世纪早期，英国人最终在弗吉尼亚Virginia和马萨诸塞Massachusetts定居，奠定了人们熟知的美国主流文化的基础2.The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements.3.The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.4.New England: 美国东北部地区，范围包括缅因州，新罕布什尔，佛蒙特，马萨诸塞，罗得岛和康涅狄格。
1614年由英国人John Smith命名。
5.Jamestown: 北美洲英国第一个永久性殖民地，建于1607.5.14.这里最先种植烟草，建立了大陆上第一个代议制政府（1619），运进第一批非洲奴隶，建立了美洲第一个圣公会教堂。
6.John SmithWilliam Byrd II:文学巨匠，《分界线的历史》Thomas Jefferson: 政治型学者，美国第三任总统，《独立宣言》的主要起草人，《英属美洲权利概述》（1774）：英国国会无权为殖民地制定法律；《弗吉尼亚笔记》：种族问题。
美国第一位作家：Captain John Smith1.<A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the FirstPlanting of That Colony>16082.<A Map of Virginia>1612（第二本书，共出版了8本书,部分记载了关于新英格兰的事）3.<General History of Virginia>1624有关于酋长之女波卡洪特斯Pocahontas的故事早期新英格兰文学：1.勤劳hard work、节俭thrift、虔诚piety、节制sobriety2.The Puritans had come to New England for the sake of religious freedom, while Virginia had been plantedmainly as a commercial venture.3.清教传教士：John Cotton约翰·科登，Cotton Mather科登·马瑟William Bradford and John Winthrop1.Plymouth: 普利茅斯，北美第二个英国殖民地，1620五月花号抵达地2.威廉·布拉德福德（1590-1657）：<The History of Plymouth Plantation>(普利茅斯开发史)From my years young in days of youth那时我青春年少懵懂无知God did make known to me His Truth上帝眷顾教我真理And call’d me from my native place蒙他召唤我离开家乡For to enjoy the Means of Grace矢志追寻他的荣光In wilderness He did me guide苍茫大地他给我指引And in strange lands for me provide陌生土地终归我统领……As Pilgrim passed I to and fro.我作为清教徒而来，我作为清教徒而去3.约翰·温思罗普（1588-1649）：<The History of New England>(新英格兰史)清教徒的思想1.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. The Puritan wasa “would-be purified.”2.The Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.3.Separatists—they wished to break free from the Church of England.4.Emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forget his mercy.Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor清教徒诗人1.安妮·布雷兹特里特（1612-72）：<The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America>(在美洲诞生的第十个缪斯); <Upon the Burning of Our House>; 《沉思录》；《疲乏的朝圣者》2.爱德华·泰勒（1642-1729）：清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位。
了解美国文学史分期,简述各期 文学创作特点 (120字左右
了解美国文学史分期,简述各期文学创作特点(120字左右1、第一阶段：殖民时期（约1607-1765）这一时期大约从1607年JohnSmith船长带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地Jamestown到1765殖民地人们愤怒抗议英国政府颁布的印花税法。
2、第二阶段：启蒙时期与独立战争时期（1765-18世纪末）这是北美人民争取独立、建立美利坚和中和国的时期。
18世纪30年代，在欧洲启蒙主义和自然神论等哲学思潮的影响下，上帝的作用大大削弱，清教徒们掀起一场“大觉醒”运动。
18世纪末期，北美大陆的政治形势发展很快，从1765年英国殖民者第一次反对英国政府的印花税到1789年美国联邦政府成立，文学作品主要围绕着革命的必要性、革命的前途和方向、政府的形式与性质等问题。
3、浪漫主义时期（1800-1865）19世纪初，美国完全摆脱了对英国的依赖，以独立国家的身份进入世界政治舞台。
民族文学开始全面繁荣，逐渐打破英国文学在美国的垄断局面。
这时期作家们跟英国浪漫主义作家一样，强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式和观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
特别是以爱默生为代表的超验主义（Transcendentalism）的倡导, 这些作家们主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，摒弃以神为中心的清教教义。
4、现实主义时期（1865-1918）南北战争（1861-1865）以后到第一次世界大战爆发，美国完成了从农业社会到工业社会的转化，社会面貌和经济生活开始发生急剧的变化。
工业化带来了蓬勃兴旺的发展，同时也带来了政治日趋腐败，政界丑闻屡见不鲜，是人们重新认识新的生活和新开发的土地。
于是乡土文学得到了很大的发展。
5、现代主义时期（1918-1945）自20世纪开始，美国文学进入新的时代。
第一次世界大战对美国人的思想和精神面貌产生极大的影响。
人们对于自由民主的信念开始动摇，普遍感到迷茫，甚至绝望。
C1 殖民地时期美国文学
American literature (I) Colonial Period --Romanticism1.Introduction of the CourseCourse description:☆Objective: A general survey of American literature（mainly refers to literature produced in American English by the people living in the United States. ）& an approach to understanding the American culture☆Textbooks: <美国文学史及选读>•<美国文学简史> 常耀信南开大学出版社•<新编美国文学史> 张冲上海外语教育出版社•<灯下西窗：美国文学和文化》陶洁北京大学出版社2. Brief Outline of American literature<1> literature of colonial America (1590-1750)Puritanism/ puritan values dominated the earliest writingsJournals and narratives of the settlementsImitate the English writers (dependence in terms of literature)Major writers: John Smith; Anna Bradstreet, William Bradford, John Winthrop <2> literature of Reason and Revolution (around the war of Independence 1750-1810)P olitics (independence, democracy, equality) dominated the literature of this periodMajor writers: Jefferson, Franklin, Thomas Paine<3> The literature of Romanticism (1810-1860 civil war)independence in the field of literaturea.Pre-Romanticism (1st phase)(rose to the same level of its English literature to some degrees)开始出现一些能和欧洲文学并驾齐驱的作品novel ---- Irving (local events ) Cooper (the West)poetry--- Bryant (optimism), Poe (pessimism)b.Post-Romanticism (2nd phase)New England Renaissance the summit of the American Romanticism.(developed its distinct style and form 有自己独有的特点和风格)optimism Transcendentalism—Emerson/ Thoreau;pessimism Hawthorne, MelvilleIn a word, the period of Colonial Period --Romanticism records the rising and flourish of American literature, the process of how it got rid of the influence of English literature and developed its own distinct features.I. The literature of colonial America (1590-1750)(1) Cultural background:<1> Early in 17th cen., most of the settlers in North America were the puritans who wanted to avoid the religious persecution of the Church of England and seek religious freedom in the new land.☆Puritan -- a “would-be purifier”, a radical sect of the Protestant reformers who wanted to purify the religious beliefs and practices of the Church of England, that is, restore simplicity to church services and restore the authority of the Bible to theology 净化宗教观念，简化仪式Thus they suffered fierce persecution and attack from the Church of England. In order to avoid such persecution, they fled to the American Continente.g. the Mayflower 1620 in Plymouth(P.s. the origin of Thanksgivings DayIn 1620, some puritans took the Mayflower ship to the New World, and when they arrived they met a devastating plague in which half of the Pilgrim died in the long winter of 1620. Luckily, in the next spring, an Indian tribe came to their help, and taught them how to work the earth and plant corn, beans, pumpkins, squash and other crops. In late September 1621, the Pilgrims were pleased with their great harvest. To celebrate their first harvest and show their gratitude towards God and Native Indians, they invited the entire Indian tribe to celebrate together in a shared feast. From then on, Thanksgiving became a holiday in the New world. )The origin of the PuritansChristianity Eastern Orthodox --- Eastern EuropeCatholicism --- Western Europe RomeMiddle age -- corruption of the church (belief in Church)The church/ Pope can represent God to forgive the sinners. So by donating some money to the church, the rich could be forgiven.(e.g. Chaucer The Canterbury Tales the clerical group, such as monk, prioress, made use of their power to cheat the common, squeeze as much money as possible, led a extravagant life. )16th cen.-- Religious Reformation (Martin Luther)---ProtestantsThey wanted to reform the C, claiming that people can be saved if believing in God 因信得救。
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• Under her encouragement, many merchants and sailors had begun their exploring journeys into the New Land.
• Among them, there was a person named Captain John Smith.
2.people: • Indians were native inhabitants. • Now Americans are mainly immigrants mostly from
Europe, esp. from England.
The Colonization
• The Great Discovery of the New Land in 1492 by Columbus
(Jamestown, Virginia) • 3) In 1620, 102 passengers sailed on the ship Mayflower across the sea and
settled on the new continent “New England”. (Plymouthe
Colonial Period (1607-1775)
• 主要内容: General background, major writers and their works
• 重点难点: American Puritanism and its influence on American Literature
Historical Introduction
1 early history:
• 1) America was first discovered by Columbus at the end of the 15th century. • 2) In 1607, Captain John Smith led some Englishmen across the ocean
长 的 时 间 隧 道，袅
美国文学(1)殖民地时期文学
Table of Contents
➢Table of Contents ➢Introduction ➢Brief Outline of American
Literature ➢Chapter I Colonial Period
Introduction
Historical Overview
•Colonial Period (1607-1765) 殖民时期 •Enlightenment & the War of Independence (17651800)启蒙时期 •Romantic Period（1800-1865）浪漫主义时期 •Realistic Period (1865-1918) 现实主义时期 •Modernism (1918-1945) 现代主义时期 •Contemporary Literature (1945- ) 当代文学
• Henry VII, King of England, established in 1497 a claim to the continental domain.
• Queen Elizabeth came to the throne of England in 1558, began to take a serious interest in the real estate in the New World.
• the founding of Jamestown in Virginia in 1607.
进 入 夏 天 ，少 不了一 个热字 当头， 电扇空 调陆续 登场， 每逢此 时，总 会想起 那 一 把 蒲 扇 。蒲扇 ，是记 忆中的 农村， 夏季经 常用的 一件物 品。 记 忆 中 的故 乡 ， 每 逢 进 入夏天 ，集市 上最常 见的便 是蒲扇 、凉席 ，不论 男女老 少，个 个手持 一 把 ， 忽 闪 忽闪个 不停， 嘴里叨 叨着“ 怎么这 么热” ，于是 三五成 群，聚 在大树 下 ， 或 站 着 ，或随 即坐在 石头上 ，手持 那把扇 子，边 唠嗑边 乘凉。 孩子们 却在周 围 跑 跑 跳 跳 ，热得 满头大 汗，不 时听到 “强子 ，别跑 了，快 来我给 你扇扇 ”。孩 子 们 才 不 听 这一套 ，跑个 没完， 直到累 气喘吁 吁，这 才一跑 一踮地 围过了 ，这时 母 亲总是 ，好似 生气的 样子， 边扇边 训，“ 你看热 的，跑 什么？ ”此时 这把蒲 扇， 是 那 么 凉 快 ，那么 的温馨 幸福， 有母亲 的味道 ！ 蒲 扇 是 中 国传 统工艺 品，在 我 国 已 有 三 千年多 年的历 史。取 材于棕 榈树， 制作简 单，方 便携带 ，且蒲 扇的表 面 光 滑 ， 因 而，古 人常会 在上面 作画。 古有棕 扇、葵 扇、蒲 扇、蕉 扇诸名 ，实即 今 日 的 蒲 扇 ，江浙 称之为 芭蕉扇 。六七 十年代 ，人们 最常用 的就是 这种， 似圆非 圆 ， 轻 巧 又 便宜的 蒲扇。 蒲 扇 流 传 至今， 我的记 忆中， 它跨越 了半个 世纪， 也 走 过 了 我 们的半 个人生 的轨迹 ，携带 着特有 的念想 ，一年 年，一 天天， 流向长
American Literature
American literature is the literature produced in American English by American citizens.
Canon of literature concurrence of ciritcs persistent influence frequent reference to an author or work wildspread assignment ideology, political interest and value of elite class