云计算原理(英文版)
介绍云计算的英语作文
介绍云计算的英语作文Cloud computing is a revolutionary concept that has transformed the way we access and process data. It refers to the delivery of computing services over the internet, which includes servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence. This essay will explore the fundamentals of cloud computing, its benefits, and itsvarious deployment models.Fundamentals of Cloud ComputingCloud computing operates on a simple principle: instead of having a physical server or a local storage device, users can access a shared pool of computing resources over the internet. This is similar to how electricity is provided as a utility, where you only pay for what you use. The infrastructure is maintained by a cloud provider, which handles everything from data storage to processing power.Benefits of Cloud Computing1. Cost Efficiency: One of the most significant advantages of cloud computing is cost savings. It eliminates the need for businesses to invest in expensive hardware and software, as they can rent these resources as needed.2. Scalability: Cloud services can be easily scaled up ordown based on the demand. This flexibility allows businessesto handle sudden spikes in traffic without worrying about infrastructure limitations.3. Accessibility: Data and applications are accessible from anywhere with an internet connection, which is particularly beneficial for remote teams and global enterprises.4. Reliability and Redundancy: Cloud providers typicallyoffer high levels of reliability and redundancy, ensuringthat your data is backed up and always available.5. Maintenance and Updates: Cloud providers are responsiblefor maintaining the servers and software, which means that users do not have to worry about updates and patches.Deployment ModelsThere are three primary deployment models for cloud computing:1. Public Cloud: This is the most common model where services are provided over the public internet. Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform are examples of public cloud providers.2. Private Cloud: In this model, the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for a single organization, which can be managed by the organization itself or a third-party service provider.3. Hybrid Cloud: This combines elements of both public and private clouds, allowing for greater flexibility and theability to move workloads between the two environments. ConclusionCloud computing has become an integral part of modern IT infrastructure. It offers a range of benefits that make it an attractive option for businesses of all sizes. As technology continues to evolve, the adoption of cloud computing is expected to grow, further expanding the capabilities and services available to users around the world.。
双语教程云计算原理构架
双语教程云计算原理构架（实用版）目录1.云计算的概念和特点2.云计算的基本原理3.云计算的架构和关键技术4.云计算的应用场景和未来发展正文云计算是一种通过网络提供按需使用、可扩展的计算资源的新型计算模式。
它具有弹性、可扩展性、高可靠性和安全性等特点，可以有效满足用户在数据存储、计算能力、应用部署等方面的需求。
云计算的基本原理是利用大规模数据中心将计算资源（如服务器、存储设备、网络设备等）统一管理和调度，并通过互联网向用户提供按需使用的服务。
这种模式使得用户可以根据实际需求灵活获取和使用计算资源，无需购买和维护自己的硬件设备。
云计算的架构和关键技术主要包括以下几个方面：1.基础设施即服务（IaaS）：提供虚拟化的计算资源、存储资源和网络资源，用户可以根据需要自由配置和部署。
2.平台即服务（PaaS）：提供开发环境和运行环境，支持应用程序的开发、测试和部署，简化了开发流程。
3.软件即服务（SaaS）：提供预先开发好的应用程序，用户可以直接在线使用，无需购买和安装。
4.数据存储和处理：云计算平台提供了海量的数据存储和处理能力，能够满足大规模数据的存储和分析需求。
5.网络和安全：云计算平台提供了高速、稳定的网络连接和安全防护措施，保障用户数据的安全和隐私。
云计算的应用场景非常广泛，包括企业应用、在线教育、电子商务、游戏、金融、医疗等各个领域。
随着云计算技术的不断发展和成熟，其在未来的应用前景将更加广泛和深入。
总的来说，云计算作为一种新型的计算模式，其特点和原理使得用户可以更加灵活、高效地使用计算资源，而其架构和关键技术则保障了这种模式的实现和运行。
云计算技术英语
云计算技术英语Title: Understanding Cloud Computing TechnologiesCloud computing has revolutionized the way businesses and individuals interact with technology. At its core, cloud computing is the delivery of computing resources and data storage over the internet. These resources are provided on-demand and can be scaled up or down as needed. Thisflexibility allows users to pay only for the services they use, rather than investing in expensive hardware and software that may not always be fully utilized.The foundation of cloud computing is built upon a myriadof technologies that work in harmony to provide seamless services. These technologies include virtualization, utility computing, service-oriented architecture, autonomic computing, and network-based computing, among others. Let's delve deeper into each of these key technologies.Virtualization is a cornerstone of cloud computing. It enables the creation of virtual machines (VMs) which are software-based emulations of physical servers. These VMs can run multiple operating systems and applications on a single physical server, maximizing resource utilization and reducing costs. Virtualization also allows for the rapid deployment and decommissioning of environments, providing agility and scalability to cloud services.Utility computing extends the concept of virtualization by treating computing resources like a metered service, similar to how utilities like electricity are billed based on consumption. This model allows cloud providers to offer flexible pricing plans that charge for the exact resources used, without requiring long-term contracts or minimum usage commitments.Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a design pattern that structures an application as a set of interoperableservices. Each service performs a unique task and can be accessed independently through well-defined interfaces and protocols. In the cloud, SOA enables the creation of modular, scalable, and reusable services that can be quickly assembled into complex applications.Autonomic computing is a self-managing system that can automatically optimize its performance without human intervention. It uses advanced algorithms and feedback mechanisms to monitor and adjust resources in real-time. This technology is essential in the cloud where the demand for resources can fluctuate rapidly, and immediate responses are necessary to maintain optimal performance.Network-based computing focuses on the connectivity between devices and the efficiency of data transmission. Cloud providers invest heavily in high-speed networks to ensure low latency and high bandwidth for their services. The reliability and security of these networks are paramount toensure uninterrupted access to cloud resources and to protect sensitive data from breaches.In addition to these foundational technologies, cloud computing also relies on advanced security measures, such as encryption and multi-factor authentication, to safeguard data and applications. Disaster recovery strategies, includingdata backups and replication across multiple geographic locations, are also critical to ensure business continuity in the event of a failure or disaster.Cloud computing models are typically categorized intothree types: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform asa Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). IaaS provides virtualized infrastructure resources such as servers, storage, and networking. PaaS offers a platform fordevelopers to build, test, and deploy applications, while abstracting the underlying infrastructure layers. SaaSdelivers complete software applications to end-users via theinternet, eliminating the need for local installations and maintenance.Choosing the right cloud service provider is crucial for businesses looking to leverage cloud computing. Providerslike Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) offer a range of services tailored to different needs and budgets. These platforms are designed to be highly scalable, reliable, and secure, with features such as automated scaling, load balancing, and comprehensive monitoring tools.Furthermore, cloud providers often offer specialized services for specific industries or use cases. For example, AWS offers Amazon S3 for object storage, Amazon EC2 for virtual servers, and Amazon RDS for managed databases. Microsoft Azure provides Azure Active Directory for identity management and Azure Machine Learning for building predictivemodels. GCP offers BigQuery for big data analytics and App Engine for scalable web application hosting.As cloud computing continues to evolve, new trends and innovations emerge. Edge computing, for instance, aims to bring computation closer to data sources by processing data at the edge of the network, reducing latency and bandwidth usage. Serverless computing, another rising trend, allows developers to focus solely on writing code without worrying about the underlying infrastructure, as the cloud provider dynamically manages the execution environment.In conclusion, cloud computing technologies have enabled a paradigm shift in how we approach IT resource management and consumption. By understanding the various technologies and models at play, businesses can make informed decisions about adopting cloud solutions that align with their strategic goals. As the landscape of cloud computing continues to mature, it will undoubtedly present newopportunities and challenges that must be navigated with a keen eye on technological advancements and market dynamics.。
Cloud-computing云计算纯英文介绍PPT课件
*
Distributed computing technology
Complex task
Part task
Part task
Part task
Part task
result
result
result
result
single computing
2Hale Waihona Puke 1019502000
1980
1960
*
Feature
Large-scale
Common
Cheap
Reliable
Convenient
Cloud Computing
*
the specific characteristics
Data in the cloud: not afraid to lose, do not have to back up, you can restore at any point;
云应用
Technical support
cloud computing
1
2
3
4
5
Distributed computing technology
Distributed storage technology
Data management technology
Cloud Computing Platform Administration Technology
Powerful computing: unlimited space, unlimited speed
PC
C/S
Cloud Computing
英语作文介绍云计算
英语作文介绍云计算Title: Exploring the World of Cloud Computing。
In today's digital era, cloud computing has emerged as a revolutionary technology, reshaping the way businesses operate and individuals access information. This essay delves into the concept of cloud computing, its significance, benefits, and implications.### What is Cloud Computing?Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services—including storage, processing power, and applications—over the internet. Unlike traditional computing, where data and applications are stored on physical hardware, cloud computing enables users to access resources remotely via the internet.### Key Components of Cloud Computing:1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Users can rent servers, storage, and networking infrastructure on a pay-as-you-go basis, eliminating the need for physical hardware maintenance.2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS offers a platform allowing developers to build, deploy, and manage applications without the complexity of infrastructure management. It provides tools and frameworks forapplication development and deployment.3. Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis. Users can access applications hosted in the cloud without the need for installation or maintenance.### Significance of Cloud Computing:1. Scalability: Cloud computing allows businesses to scale resources up or down based on demand, ensuring optimal performance and cost-efficiency.2. Cost-Effectiveness: By eliminating the need for upfront infrastructure investment and reducing maintenance costs, cloud computing offers a cost-effective solution for businesses of all sizes.3. Flexibility: Cloud computing enables remote access to resources, allowing users to work from anywhere with an internet connection. This flexibility promotescollaboration and productivity.4. Innovation: Cloud computing fuels innovation by providing access to advanced technologies such asartificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics, empowering businesses to stay competitive in a rapidly evolving market.### Benefits of Cloud Computing:1. Accessibility: Cloud computing enables ubiquitous access to data and applications, allowing users to access information from any device, anywhere in the world.2. Reliability: Cloud service providers offer robust infrastructure with built-in redundancy and disaster recovery mechanisms, ensuring high availability and reliability of services.3. Security: Cloud providers implement stringent security measures to protect data from unauthorized access, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity.4. Scalability: Cloud computing platforms allow businesses to scale resources dynamically to meet changing demand, ensuring optimal performance and cost-efficiency.### Implications of Cloud Computing:1. Data Privacy: Storing data in the cloud raises concerns about data privacy and compliance with regulatory requirements such as GDPR and HIPAA. Organizations must implement appropriate security measures and data governance policies to protect sensitive information.2. Vendor Lock-in: Dependence on a single cloud provider may lead to vendor lock-in, limiting flexibility and hindering migration to alternative platforms. Adopting a multi-cloud or hybrid cloud strategy can mitigate this risk.3. Internet Dependency: Cloud computing relies on internet connectivity, and disruptions in internet service can impact accessibility and productivity. Organizations should have contingency plans in place to mitigate the impact of internet outages.In conclusion, cloud computing represents a paradigm shift in the way computing resources are delivered and consumed. With its scalability, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility, cloud computing offers unprecedented opportunities for innovation and growth. However, organizations must address challenges related to security, data privacy, and vendor lock-in to fully harness the benefits of cloud computing.。
浅谈云计算(英文版)
A Review Of Cloud ComputingTeam members：许慧平赵曼刘强罗宾2012年3月22日A Review Of Cloud ComputingAbstract:cloud computing is a kind of super calculation mode based on Internet. For the category of cloud computing ,this paper concludes the concept of cloud computing , emerging background, the present main applications, the future development of the prospect and the present's problems.Keywords: cloud computing; data processing; distributed computing; Internet1. Producing of Cloud Computing1.1 what is cloud computingThe producing of Cloud computing has a big background inevitability.First,the development of Communication and Internet is faster than the development of Computer .That situation offers a soil for growing of Cloud computer.Second, Software engineering changed the way of faceing the service such as facing machine,language and middleware into the way of facing service and need.That made SAAS （Software as a Service）to come true.Third, the users beginning to pay close attention to core business more and more.They don't need to become a real “Amateur engineers”.It is what the Cloud computer brought the important changing on the way of using IT facility for users.Cloud computing is a resource delivery and usage model, it means get resource (Hardware, software)via network. The network of providing r esource is called ‘Cloud’. The hardware resource in the ‘Cloud’ seems sc alable infinitely and can be used whenever.1.2 The principle of cloud computing1.2.1 three method of calculation:Parallel processingParallel processing computer system can perform a calculation of two or more processors. Processors can work simultaneously on different aspects of the same program. For the use of parallel processing,it can be said of a program executed on n processors speed may be performed on a single processor speed n times.Distributed processingDistributed processing system will be in different locations or multiple computers with different functions or different data communications network linking under the control of the control system of unified management and coordination to complete the computer system for information processing tasks.Grid computingGrid computing is accompanied by the Internet and the rapid development of the new computing model, specifically for complex scientific calculations. This computing model is the use of the Internet dispersed geographically computer organization into a "virtualsupercomputer", each of which involved in the calculation computer is a "node", the entire calculation is made up of thousands "nodes "consisting of a grid, so this method of calculation is called grid computing.What cloud computing is? Cloud computing is an emerging business computing model.Specifically, Cloud Computing is a kind of distributed processing,parallel processing and grid computing development, or commercial implementation of these computer science concepts The transmission capacity of the high-speed Internet, data processing process from a personal computer or server to a cluster of computers on the Internet., This is a revolutionary move, the analogy, which is like a shift from the old single-generator mode to the mode of the power plant centralized power supply. It means that computing power as a commodity circulation, like gas, water and electricity, like, access to convenient, low-cost. For example it! Our computing model is most locally installed software, and then exchange data with the server through local processing, cloud computing, we do not need local processing, just use the browser.After understanding of what cloud computing, let us understand some of the other cloud computing.Cloud Computing ArchitectureMost of the cloud computing infrastructure is transmitted through the data center a reliable service and the different levels of virtualizationtechnology on the server. People can use these services in any network infrastructure.Cloud serverCloud server is a set of clustered servers on virtual quasi-independent part of the server, cluster, each server has a mirror image of the cloud server.Also cloud computing is similar with VPS server virtualization technology, cloud server is a VPS is a virtual software, the VZ or VM on a single server virtual quasi-independent part of the server, each part can be done to separate the operating system, management methods the same server.1.2.2 The core technology of cloud computing1)Programming model. For large-scale data sets (greater than 1TB)parallel computing. Strict programming model that makes cloud computing programming environment is very simple.2)Huge amounts of data distributed storage technology.Cloudcomputing system consists of a large number of servers, as well asa large number of users, cloud computing system uses the storeddata of distributed storage, redundant storage to ensure data reliability.3)Huge amounts of data management technology.Cloudcomputing on the distribution of vast amounts of data processing,analysis, data management technology necessary to efficiently manage large amounts of data.Virtualization technology. Virtualization technology enables software applications and the underlying hardware isolation, which includes a single resource is divided into multiple virtual resources splitting mode, including the integration of multiple resources into a virtual resource aggregation mode. Abstract the server physical resources into logical resource, allows a single server into several virtual servers or even hundreds of isolated, we are no longer limited by physical boundaries, but the CPU, memory, disk I / O hardware into a dynamic management of the resource pool, to improve resource utilization, simplify systems management, server consolidation, IT business change more resilient.2.1 The application area of Cloud ComputingAs well known,a new technology is invented is to meet the needs of the application.And the technology will also continuously improve and develop with the needs of the application.So is the Cloud Computing.Cloud computing are able to be applied because of its mass of data processing power and efficient computational ability.But Owing to the cloud computing started late,now a lot of application are still instudying stage.Thus,I only plan to introduce some applications which have used as following.2.1.1 Scientific researchThere are three major applications in scientific research,namely earthquake monitoring,marine information monitoring and astronomy calculation information processing.These applications need to combine with sensor technology.Such as temperature transmitter,depth sensor.The sensors are used to collect signal and convert to voltage signal,then send them to Cloud computing servers through Internet to process and store.We can get from the servers when needed at any time.Because the information is of large amount,it need high speed powerful computer to process,now the "Cloud" is used on.This is the major using of Cloud.2.1.2 Network SecurityNetwork security is now a very popular topic.Especially the network virus is growing rapidly.So virus library storage is a major concern.Cloud mass data storage capacity can meet the need.For example,Rising "Cloud Security" plan,its working principle is as follows.The client can be automatically to connect to the server and scanning user's PC,then send the suspicious objects to servers to match and return the result in seconds.The servers will warn the client to deal with the object if the object is virus.Another using is the Spam shielding which is also used thecloud mass data storage capacity.2.1.3 MedicineDNA information storage is the best reflecttion of the mass data storage of cloud.1.3 billion people in the world with unique DNA information need to store and analysis.We must have enough room to store the information and access to it at any time.The "Cloud" is used to achieve it.And it's also applied to cases storage which can help to achieve global medical integration.Besides,medical image processing is also a important application.2.1.4 InternetNow the most important applications of network is retrieval service.But the mass of information stored in the servers.In order to get what the user wanted,the Internet suppliers must supply fast and efficient algorithm to screening best matched information.Thus the cloud's efficient computing power is used to do it.For example,Google Cloud computing platform is put forward just to implement efficient retrieval function at first.And E-mail server and online real-time translation are also used on Cloud.2.1.5 The radio and television industry applicationThis application only on ideas stage now and it has not come into use.The idea is big cable companys can establish a Cloud computingplatform together to meet their need to make high definition and high quality audio.At the same time,a litter cable companys also want to make some high quality audio,but they can not afford to the high configured equipments.So the big cable companys can spare some idle resources to the litter ones which needed.In this way,not only can they meet their own need,but also can they make fully use of their resources.Otherwise,now some sensitive information like radio and video need large mount of space to store,so we can store them to the Cloud which has mass data storage capacity.2.2 The four famous Cloud service platformsActually, the Cloud Computing research by academic is much earlier than the proposal of its concept.We ,the Chinese researchers,have had the transparent Computing idea before the emergence of the term which is called "Cloud Computating".Transparent cloud computing embodies the characteristics of cloud computing,that is dynamic resource pools, virtualization, transparent to the user etc.At present,industry to provide cloud computing that not many companies.And more influential platforms have Google Cloud computing platform, IBM Blue Cloud platform,Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud(EC2) platform and Microsoft Azure computing platform.2.2.1 Amazon EC2 platformAmazon is a E-commerce company which is the earliest to supply Cloud computing service.Every day a huge amount of business transactions require a huge amount of data centers to improve the availability of services, which may cause the waste of idle computing resources and network resources.In order to improve the efficiency, Amazon set up the EC2 platform.Customers can be provided by EC2 web server interface to create the virtual machine to run their applications so as to realize the deployment of the scalability, the user on-demand instant pay.In this way,for ISP not only can they meet their own need,but also solve the problem of wastage of resources and make resources the most efficiently used.To the customers,Both saved the high cost of high performance hardware configuration, also can call charges minimum cost but it can get the best service to the forehead.2.2.2 Search engineWith Google's cloud computing platforms for representative.Search engine is a system to provide users with retrieval service,which refers to certain strategy, using specific computer program search of information on the Internet, in information for organization and processing, and will show to users after processing the information .In Web1.0 era, information on the Internet without so much now, users need to guide to browse information.And now, with the Internet information explosive growth, there is a large amount of information required to store and forthe user to browse, users need from the vast amount of information they want to extract useful information, must depend on the search engine to find, so the cloud computing is put on the agenda.In order to be able to retrieve the mass information in the user need useful information, there must be quick optimization retrieval algorithm to solve the communication between the server and writing problems, and complete the rapid and effective information retrieval functions.The client can provide the key word to search for "clouds" of the computer, the computer through mutual cooperation assigned tasks to complete the information to the retrieval, and then returned to the user of the client, it will be faster and more effective than PC directly to the server request data retrieval.2.2.3 Microsoft Azure cloud computing platformWindows Azure is a cloud service operating system, providing developers with the need to use the calculation and storage resources.Azure cloud platform contains four levels.The bottom is Microsoft global basis service system, the cloud infrastructure services layer takes Windows Azure operating system as core, Windows Azure above is a application service platform, for the user to provide a series of services, the top is Microsoft for the user to provide services.As most Windows users now is, which allows the user to sustain their usage, faster application will run on migration to the Azure platform.2.2.4 IBM Blue Cloud platformIBM's Blue computing platforms will expand the technology used on the Internet to enterprise platform, so the data center using similar on the Internet computing environment.It consists of a data center, IBM Tivoli monitoring software, DB2 database, IBM Tivoli deploy management software, and IBM Web Sphere application server virtualization software and open source and some open source information processing software.Blue software platform characteristics are mainly embodied in the virtual machine and mass data processing software for Apache Hadoop use on.Through the way of the virtual machine , cloud computing platform has some advantages as the follows.First,process transfer method more flexible.Second,reduce the cluster electric power, achieve the purpose of saving energy.Third,to get the load balance has nothing to do with application performance.Fourth,the deployment of more flexible.Now,with the development of Cloud computing technology,more and more applications will be put forward and put into use.Our life will open cloud era.3. Development of cloud computing3.1 Technology prospectsIn the user's standpoint, cloud computing system will put all kinds of data including user data to a remote cloud storage platform through the network, reducing the burden of management for data users; At the same time, cloud computing systems will also deal with data service program through the remote large-scale computing clouds processing platform, and can afford large amounts of data processing work. It can be said that cloud computing is a complex of data sharing calculation mode and Shared services calculation mode, and will be the next generation of computing model . From the platform technology architecture we can see, cloud computing has three characteristics, that system based on the scale of the cheap server cluster , through the infrastructure and the upper applications to maximize the efficiency of the collaborative construction to use hardware resources , and tolerating mistakes of multiple nodes through the software method . Because the cloud computing have these three basic characteristics above, it reached two aspects of target of a distributed system,i.e. scalability and reliability.In the future, there are two main development directions: one is the establishment of integrated mass bottom infrastructure, making the application to expand to a very large size; the other is by establishing new cloud computing applications, to provide more rich user experience online. The first development trend has been reflected by the existingresearch of the cloud computing . And as for the construction of the cloud computing applications, a lot of new social service networks, such as facebook, etc, had reflected the development trend, and the research is beginning to focus on how to combine multiple businesses.3.2 Commercial prospectsCloud computing is not only the core of the calculation, is also a kind of service, a commercial applications. Large scale, virtualization, high reliability, high expansibility and compatibility , many agencies are doing research on it . Cloud computing is an operation mode, in this mode, IT application data and IT resources data are provided through the network to all kinds of users widespread through the network . Cloud computing is the business model of charging by using, simplified service interface.Cloud computing will have a significant impact to individuals, small or medium-sized enterprises, IT industry and other aspects . For individuals, cloud computing will change the habit of computer using, from desktop as the core to more Web as the core, the computer degenerated into a simple terminal. Cloud computing services will realize from the computer to cell phones, car, home appliance migration, puting all the computer networking to home appliances. For small and medium-sized enterprises, business information and management platform will be deployed to cloud computing platforms, the cost of theinvestment will be greatly reduced .Thus,products and market competition become brutal. In the IT industry, to the server manufacturers, cloud computing and data center make the demand for server systems expand , market prospect is promising. To the terminal equipment manufacturers, networked computing clouds interruptting equipment, especially small mobile equipment diversifiing and individuation development provides an important opportunity. For the software industry, with technology, data and service networked, Google and other network service companies need to change the commerce mode of software using.Microsoft dominating the desktop system will no longer be the situation, service in the software industry faces new challenges. In addition, cloud computing, attributes to safety of international public information service network, making enormous influence on national security system .According to the latest data, cloud computing will be in 2013 up to 10% of the overall IT consumption, yearly gains as high as $42.2 billion. In four years, the market will have a great value, cloud computing applications will run everywhere. It brings the upheaval of the history, the PC era has already crossed over to the cloud computing era.3.3 Problems cloud computing faced withThe benefits of cloud computing so attractive, but at the same time, it has high risk. 1. safety: use cloud computing means that data is transferred to the machines beyond user's sovereignty, that is to the cloud computing service provider , then people worring about the safety of these data also makes sense. How to ensure that the user information and privacy or business data don't leak out or be stolen is what users most concern about. 2. data isolation: due to the characteristics of cloud computing, users don't know which server the data stored in . And information protection laws and regulations are different in different countries, how to ensure that data isolation; 3. user data long-term existense: the IT world competition is intense, services the company is likely to be eliminated, annexation at any time, how to ensure that the user data long-term viability; 4. reliability and contrllability: the interruption of amazon s3 service in 2008, GoogleApps service , Gmail service let us seen the awkwardness of computing clouds for two earliest advocates because of network fault .Especially the loss caused by large enterprise is immeasurable, how to guarantee the reliability of the cloud computing , how to improve the controllability; 5. hackers using: the characteristic of providing extremely low cost effectiveness can also be made use of hackers to gain super calculating power with little cost.Once these "cloud" is used to decipher all kinds of password to all kinds of attacks, damage and other activities, it will do great harm tosociety.Despite that cloud computing is the trend of the future technology, but factors above may be huge obstacles for the development and popularization of cloud computing , so it is important and urgent to solve these problems in the development of cloud computing .References:[1] Chunye Gong ,Jie Liu,,Qiang Zhang,Haitao Chen and Zhenghu The Characteristics of Cloud Computue Depatment of Computer Sciences ,National University of Defense Technology,Changsha,China [2] 维基百科. Cloud computing [EB /OL ]. [2009 - 03 - 10 ]. http: / /en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cloud_computing.[3] 中国云计算网.什么是云计算? [ EB /OL ]. (2008 - 05 - 14 )[2009 - 02 - 27 ]. http:/ /www. /Article /ShowArticle. asp?Article ID = 1.[4] V AQUERO L M, RODERO2MER INO L, CACERES J, et al. Abreak in the clouds: Towards a cloud definition [ J ]. ACM SIG2[5] 秦小康解析开源云计算的未来COMMUNICATION WORLD 2009(42)[6] 陈全，邓倩妮.云计算及其关键技术.2009.9[7] COMM Computer Communication Review, 2009, 39 (1) : 50 - 55.[7]Zhang YX, Zhou YZ. 4VP+: A novel meta OS approach for streaming programs in ubiquitous computing. In: Proc. of IEEE the21st Int’l Conf. on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA 2007). Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society, 2007. 394−403.[8] Zhang YX, Zhou YZ. Transparent Computing: A new paradigm for pervasive computing. In: Ma JH, Jin H, Yang LT, Tsai JJP, eds. Proc. of the 3rd Int’l Conf. on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing (UIC 2006). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2006. 1−11.[9] 陈康，郑纬民.云计算：系统事例与研究现状.2008,10.9[10] 李永楠，李德忠.浅谈云计算优势、应用及发展.2011(3)[11] Microsoft.Windows Azure./windows azure/[12] 王振中，宋宜纯.云计算及其应用.2010(12)[13] IBM.Cloud Computing,/ibm/cloud/。
Cloud_computing云计算纯英文ppt介绍
Cloud
computing
--------------New business Computational model
Company Logo
Content
1 2 3 4 5 6
Definition of Cloud Computing Background of Cloud Computing
Company Logo
Virtualization Technology
Cloud computing cut physical resources through virtualization technology,and make it possible for the on-demand allocation and automatic growth of resources.
ByBrowser
Client
Resource pool
Company Logo
Cloud Computing Platform Administration Technology
Cloud computing platform technology enables a large number of servers to work together to facilitate the conduct of the business deployment and the opening of quickly detecting and recovering from system failures, through automation, intelligent means to achieve reliable operation of large-scale systems.
什么是云计算？ 中英互译
Simply put, cloud computing is the delivery of computing services— including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet (“thecloud”) to offer faster innovation, flex- ible resources, and economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud ser- vices you use, helping lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently and scale1 as your business needs change.简单来说，云计算就是通过因特网(“云”) 提供计算服务——包括服务器、存储功能、数据库、联网、软件、分析功能和智能功能——以加快创新、使资源配置更灵活，实现规模经济。
通常你只需为自己所使用的云服务付费，这有助于降低运营成本，更高效地运行基础设施，并根据业务需求的变化作出调整。
Top benefits of cloud computing云计算的好处Cloud computing is a big shift from the traditional way businesses think about IT resources. Here are seven common reasons organisations are turning to cloud computing services:云计算不同于企业对 IT 资源的传统认知，它是一项重大变革。
云计算-英文
Company/Lab Clouds ~
Challenge & Venture
• Security
– For single user: Is the storage reliable? – For all user: If terrorists attack several Computing Clouds…
the raw hardware level resources
Grids provide protocols and services at five different layers as identified in the Grid protocol architecture
whatever user applications built on top of the above protocols and APIs and operate in VO environments.
the applications that would run in the Clouds. a collection of specialized tools, middleware and services resources that have been abstracted/encapsulated (usually by virtualization)
Key points in the definition
it is massively scalable can be encapsulated as an abstract entity that delivers different levels of services to customers outside the Cloud it is driven by economies of scale the services can be dynamically configured (via virtualization or other approaches) and delivered on demand
云计算英文介绍 ppt课件
Cloud helps business and IT create and deliver value in fundamentally new ways.
– IBM Office of the CIO
6
IT and Business are attracted to cloud for different reasons.
Rethink IT. • Rapidly deliver services • Integrate services across
To cloud
Days or hours 20 minutes 12 minutes 30–60 minutes 51% cost savings Days/Weeks
“Our commitment to informed decision making led us to consider private cloud delivery of Cognos via System z, which is the enabling foundation that makes possible +$20M savings over 5 years.”
of CIOs plan to use cloud— up from 33% two years ago.
of business executives believe cloud enables business transformation and leaner, faster, more agile processes.
Efficiency Transformation
**Source: Gartner, Cloud Computing Services, Virtualization Top CIO 2011 Wish Lists Jan 24 2011 7
Cloud_computing云计英文ppt介绍
Cloud Computing 百度云介绍Web QQ介绍360云杀毒功夫熊猫3D渲染量一、Definition of Cloud Computing(云计算的定义)Cloud computing is a computing method based on the Internet, by this way, the sharingof hardware resources and information can beprovided to computers and other devicesCloud computing is the development of distributed computing, parallel processing, and grid computing, which represents an emerging business computing model云计算（cloud computing），是一种基于互联网的计算方式，通过这种方式，共享的软硬件资源和信息可以按需提供给计算机和其他设备云计算是分布式计算并行处理、网格计算、发展，这是一种新兴的商业计算模型云计算的特点◆Safety and reliability of the data◆Low requirement of client◆Easily share data◆Distribution according to need特点：数据安全可靠，客户端要求低，轻松共享数据，按需分配二、Background----Changes of the computational model（计算机模型的变化）➢Scientific Computing（科学计算）Scientific research, military（科学研究，军用）➢Business computing（商业计算）Banking, air（银行，航空）➢Personal computing（个人计算）Office, games（办公，娱乐）➢Internet Computing（互联网计算）Search, e-commerce（搜索，电子商务）三、The main forms of service（主要的服务模型）➢Software as a Service (SaaS)—软件及服务SaaS service providers deploy applicationsoftware on the server, users on demand orderedfrom the manufacturer via the Internet, serviceproviders charge based on customer's needs, andto provide customers with the software througha browser.SaaS服务提供商在服务器上部署应用软件，用户根据需求通过互联网向厂商订购应用软件服务，服务提供商负责根据客户的需求，并通过浏览器，为客户提供软件。
外文文献及翻译_ Cloud Computing 云计算
本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Cloud Computing文献、资料来源：云计算概述（英文版）文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2009年5月院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献：Cloud Computing1. Cloud Computing at a Higher LevelIn many ways, cloud computing is simply a metaphor for the Internet, the increasing movement of compute and data resources onto the Web. But there’s a difference: cloud computing represents a new tipping point for the value of network computing. It delivers higher efficiency, massive scalability, and faster, easier software development. It’s about new programming models, new IT infrastructure, and the enabling of new business models.For those developers and enterprises who want to embrace cloud computing, Sun is developing critical technologies to deliver enterprise scale and systemic qualities to this new paradigm:(1) Interoperability — while most current clouds offer closed platforms and vendor lock-in, developers clamor for interoperability. Sun’s open-source product strategy and Java™ principles are focused on providing interoperability for large-scale computing resources. Think of the existing cloud “islands” merging into a new, interoperable “Intercloud” where applications can be moved to and operate across multiple platforms.(2) High-density horizontal computing —Sun is pioneering high-power-density compute-node architectures and extreme-scale Infiniband fabrics as part of our top-tier HPC deployments. This high-density technology is being incorporated into our large-scale cloud designs.(3)Data in the cloud — More than just compute utilities, cloud computing is increasingly about petascale data. Sun’s Open Storage products offer hybrid data servers with unprecedented efficiency and performance for the emerging data-intensive computing applications that will become a key part of the cloud.These technology bets are focused on driving more efficient large-scale cloud deployments that can provide the infrastructure for next-generation business opportunities: social networks, algorithmic trading, continuous risk analysis, and so on.2. Why Cloud Computing?(1)Clouds: Much More Than Cheap ComputingCloud computing brings a new level of efficiency and economy to delivering IT resources on demand — and in the process it opens up new business models and market opportunities.While many people think of current cloud computing offerings as purely “pay by the drink” compute platforms, they’re really a convergence of two major interdependent IT trends: IT Efficiency — Minimize costs where companies are converting their IT costs from capital expenses to operating expenses through technologies such as virtualization. Cloud computing begins as a way to improve infrastructure resource deployment and utilization, but fully exploiting this infrastructure eventually leads to a new application development model.Business Agility — Maximize return using IT as a competitive weapon through rapid time to market, integrated application stacks, instant machine image deployment, and petascale parallel programming. Cloud computing is embraced as a critical way to revolutionize time to service. But inevitably these services must be built on equally innovative rapid-deployment-infrastructure models.To be sure, these trends have existed in the IT industry for years. However, the recent emergence of massive network bandwidth and virtualization technologies has enabled this transformation to a new services-oriented infrastructure.Cloud computing enables IT organizations to increase hardware utilization rates dramatically, and to scale up to massive capacities in an instant — without constantly having to invest in new infrastructure, train new personnel, or license new software. It also creates new opportunities to build a better breed of network services, in less time, for less money.IT Efficiency on a Whole New ScaleCloud computing is all about efficiency. It provides a way to deploy and access everything from single systems to huge amounts of IT resources — on demand, in real time, at an affordable cost. It makes high-performance compute and high-capacity storage available to anyone with a credit card. And since the best cloud strategies build on concepts and tools that developers already know, clouds also have the potential to redefine the relationship between information technology and the developers and business units that depend on it.Reduce capital expenditures — Cloud computing makes it possible for companies to convert IT costs from capital expense to operating expense through technologies such as virtualization.Cut the cost of running a datacenter — Cloud computing improves infrastructure utilizationrates and streamlines resource management. For example, clouds allow for self-service provisioning through APIs, bringing a higher level of automation to the datacenter and reducing management costs.Eliminate over provisioning — Cloud computing provides scaling on demand, which, when combined with utility pricing, removes the need to overprovision to meet demand. With cloud computing, companies can scale up to massive capacities in an instant.For those who think cloud computing is just fluff, take a closer look at the cloud offerings that are already available. Major Internet providers , Google, and others are leveraging their infrastructure investments and “sharing” their large-scale economics. Already the bandwidth used by Amazon Web Services (AWS) exceeds that associated with their core e-tailing services. Forward-looking enterprises of all types —from Web 2.0 startups to global enterprises — are embracing cloud computing to reduce infrastructure costs.Faster, More Flexible ProgrammingCloud computing isn’t only about hardware —it’s also a programming revolution. Agile, easy-to-access, lightweight Web protocols —coupled with pervasive horizontally scaled architecture — can accelerate development cycles and time to market with new applications and services. New business functions are now just a script away.Accelerated cycles — The cloud computing model provides a faster, more efficient way to develop the new generation of applications and services. Faster development and testing cycles means businesses can accomplish in hours what used to take days, weeks, or months.Increase agility —Cloud computing accommodates change like no other model. For example, Animoto Productions, makers of a mashup tool that creates video from images and music, used cloud computing to scale up from 50 servers to 3,500 in just three days. Cloud computing can also provide a wider selection of more lightweight and agile development tools, simplifying and speeding up the development process.The immediate impact will be unprecedented flexibility in service creation and accelerated development cycles. But at the same time, development flexibility could become constrained by APIs if they’re not truly open. Cloud computing can usher in a new era of productivity for developers if they build on platforms that are designed to be federated rather than centralized. But there’s a major shift underway in programming culture and the languages that will be used inclouds.Today, the integrated, optimized, open-source Apache, MySQL, PHP/Perl/Python (AMP) stack is the preferred platform for building and deploying new Web applications and services. Cloud computing will be the catalyst for the adoption of an even newer stack of more lightweight, agile tools such as lighttpd, an open-source Web server; Hadoop, the free Java software framework that supports data-intensive distributed applications; and MogileFS, a file system that enables horizontal scaling of storage across any number of machines.(2)Compelling New Opportunities: The Cloud EcosystemBut cloud computing isn’t just about a proliferation of Xen image stacks on a restricted handful of infrastructure providers. It’s also about an emerging ecosyst em of complementary services that provide computing resources such as on-ramps for cloud abstraction, professional services to help in deployment, specialized application components such as distributed databases, and virtual private datacenters for the entire range of IT providers and consumers.These services span the range of customer requirements, from individual developers and small startups to large enterprises. And they continue to expand the levels of virtualization, a key architectural component of the cloud that offers ever-higher abstractions of underlying services.(3) How Did Cloud Computing Start?At a basic level, cloud computing is simply a means of delivering IT resources as services. Almost all IT resources can be delivered as a cloud service: applications, compute power, storage capacity, networking, programming tools, even communications services and collaboration tools.Cloud computing began as large-scale Internet service providers such as Google, Amazon, and others built out their infrastructure. An architecture emerged: massively scaled, horizontally distributed system resources, abstracted as virtual IT services and managed as continuously configured, pooled resources. This architectural model was immortalized by George Gilder in his Oc tober 2006 Wired magazine article titled “The Information Factories.” The server farms Gilder wrote about were architecturally similar to grid computing, but where grids are used for loosely coupled, technical computing applications, this new cloud model was being applied to Internet services.Both clouds and grids are built to scale horizontally very efficiently. Both are built to withstand failures of individual elements or nodes. Both are charged on a per-use basis. But whilegrids typically process batch jobs, with a defined start and end point, cloud services can be continuous. What’s more, clouds expand the types of resources available—file storage, databases, and Web services — and extend the applicability to Web and enterprise applications.At the same time, the concept of utility computing became a focus of IT design and operations. As Nick Carr observed in his book The Big Switch, computing services infrastructure was beginning to parallel the development of electricity as a utility. Wouldn’t it b e great if you could purchase compute resources, on demand, only paying for what you need, when you need it?For end users, cloud computing means there are no hardware acquisition costs, no software licenses or upgrades to manage, no new employees or consultants to hire, no facilities to lease, no capital costs of any kind —and no hidden costs. Just a metered, per-use rate or a fixed subscription fee. Use only what you want, pay only for what you use.Cloud computing actually takes the utility model to the next level. It’s a new and evolved form of utility computing in which many different types of resources (hardware, software, storage, communications, and so on) can be combined and recombined on the fly into the specific capabilities or services customers require. From CPU cycles for HPC projects to storage capacity for enterprise-grade backups to complete IDEs for software development, cloud computing can deliver virtually any IT capability, in real time. Under the circumstances it is easy to see that a broad range of organizations and individuals would like to purchase “computing” as a service, and those firms already building hyperscale distributed data centers would inevitably choose to begin offering this infrastructure as a service.(4)Harnessing Cloud ComputingSo how does an individual or a business take advantage of the cloud computing trend? It’s not just about loading machine images consisting of your entire software stack onto a public cloud like AWS — there are several different ways to exploit this infrastructure and explore the ecosystem of new business models.Use the CloudThe number and quality of public, commercially available cloud-based service offerings is growing fast. Using the cloud is often the best option for startups, research projects, Web 2.0 developers, or niche players who want a simple, low-cost way to “load and go.”If you’re an Internet startup today, you will be mandated by your investors to keep you IT spend to aminimum. This is certainly what the cloud is for.Leverage the CloudTypically, enterprises are using public clouds for specific functions or workloads. The cloud is an attractive alternative for:Development and testing — this is perhaps the easiest cloud use case for enterprises (not just startup developers). Why wait to order servers when you don’t even know if the project will pass the proof of concept?Functional offloading —you can use the cloud for specific workloads. For example, SmugMug does its image thumbnailing as a batch job in the cloud.Augmentation — Clouds give you a new option for handling peak load or anticipated spikes in demand for services. This is a very attractive option for enterprises, but also potentially one of the most difficult use cases. Success is dependent on the statefulness of the application and the interdependence with other datasets that may need to be replicated and load-balanced across the two sites.Experimenting — Why download demos of new software, and then install, license, and test it? In the future, software evaluation can be performed in the cloud, before licenses or support need to be purchased.Build the CloudMany large enterprises understand the economic benefits of cloud computing but want to ensure strict enforcement of security policies. So they’re experimenting fir st with “private” clouds, with a longer-term option of migrating mature enterprise applications to a cloud that’s able to deliver the right service levels.Other companies may simply want to build private clouds to take advantage of the economics of resource pools and standardize their development and deployment processes.Be the CloudThis category includes both cloud computing service providers and cloud aggregators —companies that offer multiple types of cloud services.As enterprises and service providers gain experience with the cloud architecture model and confidence in the security and access-control technologies that are available, many will decide to deploy externally facing cloud services. The phenomenal growth rates of some of the publiccloud offerings available today will no doubt accelerate the momentum. Amazon’s EC2 was introduced only two years ago and officially graduated from beta to general availability in October 2008.Cloud service providers can:Provide new routes to market for startups and Web 2.0 application developersOffer new value-added capabilities such as analyticsDerive a competitive edge through enterprise-level SLAsHelp enterprise customers develop their own cloudsIf you’re building large datacenters today, you should proba bly be thinking about whether you’re going to offer cloud services.(5)Public, Private, and Hybrid CloudsA company may choose to use a service provider’s cloud or build its own — but is it always all or nothing? Sun sees an opportunity to blend the advantages of the two primary options: Public clouds are run by third parties, and jobs from many different customers may be mixed together on the servers, storage systems, and other infrastructure within the cloud. End users don’t know who else’s job may be me running on the same server, network, or disk as their own jobs.Private clouds are a good option for companies dealing with data protection and service-level issues. Private clouds are on-demand infrastructure owned by a single customer who controls which applications run, and where. They own the server, network, and disk and can decide which users are allowed to use the infrastructure.But even those who feel compelled in the short term to build a private cloud will likely want to run applications both in privately owned infrastructure and in the public cloud space. This gives rise to the concept of a hybrid cloud.Hybrid clouds combine the public and private cloud models. You own parts and share other parts, though in a controlled way. Hybrid clouds offer the promise of on-demand, externally provisioned scale, but add the complexity of determining how to distribute applications across these different environments. While enterprises may be attracted to the promise of a hybrid cloud, this option, at least initially, will likely be reserved for simple stateless applications that require no complex databases or synchronization.3. Cloud Computing Defined(1)Cornerstone TechnologyWhile the basic technologies of cloud computing such as horizontally scaled, distributed compute nodes have been available for some time, virtualization — the abstraction of computer resources —is the cornerstone technology for all cloud architectures. With the ability to virtualize servers (behind a hypervisor-abstracted operating system), storage devices, desktops, and applications, a wide array of IT resources can now be allocated on demand.The dramatic growth in the ubiquitous availability of affordable high-bandwidth networking over the past several years is equally critical. What was available to only a small percentage of Internet users a decade ago is now offered to the majority of Internet users in North America, Europe, and Asia: high bandwidth, which allows massive compute and data resources to be accessed from the browser. Virtualized resources can truly be anywhere in the cloud — not just across gigabit datacenter LANs and WANs but also via broadband to remote programmers and end users.Additional enabling technologies for cloud computing can deliver IT capabilities on an absolutely unprecedented scale. Just a few examples:Sophisticated file systems such as ZFS can support virtually unlimited storage capacities, integration of the file system and volume management, snapshots and copy-on-write clones, on-line integrity checking, and repair.Patterns in architecture allow for accelerated development of superscale cloud architectures by providing repeatable solutions to common problems.New techniques for managing structured, unstructured, and semistructured data can provide radical improvements in data-intensive computing.Machine images can be instantly deployed, dramatically simplifying and accelerating resource allocation while increasing IT agility and responsiveness.(2)The Architectural Services Layers of Cloud ComputingWhile the first revolution of the Internet saw the three-tier (or n-tier) model emerge as a general architecture, the use of virtualization in clouds has created a new set of layers: applications, services, and infrastructure. These layers don’t just encapsu late on-demand resources; they also define a new application development model. And within each layer ofabstraction there are myriad business opportunities for defining services that can be offered on a pay-per-use basis.Software as a Service (SaaS)SaaS is at the highest layer and features a complete application offered as a service, on demand, via multitenancy —meaning a single instance of the software runs on the provider’s infrastructure and serves multiple client organizations.The most widely known example of SaaS is , but there are now many others, including the Google Apps offering of basic business services such as e-mail. Of course, ’s multitenant application has preceded the definition of cloud computing by a few years. On the other hand, like many other players in cloud computing, now operates at more than one cloud layer with its release of , a companion application development environment, or platform as a service.Platform as a Service (PaaS)The middle layer, or PaaS, is the encapsulation of a development environment abstraction and the packaging of a payload of services. The archetypal payload is a Xen image (part of Amazon Web Services) containing a basic Web stack (for example, a Linux distro, a Web server, and a programming environment such as Pearl or Ruby).PaaS offerings can provide for every phase of software development and testing, or they can be specialized around a particular area, such as content management.Commercial examples include Google App Engine, which serves applications on Google’s infrastructure. PaaS services such as these can provide a great deal of flexibility but may be constrained by the capabilities that are available through the provider.Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)IaaS is at the lowest layer and is a means of delivering basic storage and compute capabilities as standardized services over the network. Servers, storage systems, switches, routers, and other systems are pooled (through virtualization technology, for example) to handle specific types of workloads — from batch processing to server/storage augmentation during peak loads.The best-known commercial example is Amazon Web Services, whose EC2 and S3 services offer bare-bones compute and storage services (respectively). Another example is Joyent whose main product is a line of virtualized servers which provide a highly scalable on-demandinfrastructure for running Web sites, including rich Web applications written in Ruby on Rails, PHP, Python, and Java.中文译文：云计算1.更高层次的云计算在很多情况下，云计算仅仅是互联网的一个隐喻，也就是网络上运算和数据资源日益增加的一个隐喻。
英文版云计算学习资料
Not A New Idea
Late 70’s – Networked operating systems
Late 80’s – Distributed operating system Early 90’s – Heterogeneous computing
Mid 90’s - Metacomputing Then the “Grid” – Foster and Kesselman,
PCs PDAs
The Second Story
Gestisci
Comunica
Lavora
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Condividi
Google Charts
Outline
Stories
Background Web 2.0, Grid Computing and Cloud
Computing Cloud Computing Cases Future
1999
Also called parallel distributed computing
Why is this hard/different?
Lack of central control Where things run When they run Shared resources Contention, variability
What is a Grid
Resource sharing Computers, storage, sensors, networks, … Sharing always conditional: issues of trust, policy, negotiation, payment, …
云计算ppt课件英文
Benefits of Cloud Computing
Cost effective
Cloud computing allows organizations to reduce their capital expenses by current computing resources from a cloud service provider installed of purchasing and maintaining their own hardware
Detailed description
IaaS is a cloud computing service model that provides infrastructure such as computing, storage, and networking. Users can run and manage their applications through the resources of cloud service providers. IaaS has high scalability and flexibility, can be used on demand and paid for on demand, and is suitable for applications that require high-performance computing and large-scale storage.
Cloud computing allows users to access data 03 and services without the need for physical
hardware or local storage
云计算演讲PPT(英文版)
是不是每一个具体的图书馆都应关注这一新的技术趋势？
云计算是前十五个重要的技术发展趋势之一；
尽快开始对云计算的投入可以保证你获得必要的经验去享用云计算带来的各个方面 的多种多样的好处； 最终使得你所负责的机构成为一个更有效率的和反应迅速的服务提供者。
What is it? 云计算是什么？
Wikipedia Definition The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing used to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents. 云是Internet的比喻。计算机网络图中使用云图形来抽象表现底层架构。 serious definitions McKinsey: “Clouds are hardware-based services offering compute, network and storage capacity where: Hardware management is highly abstracted from the buyer, Buyers incur infrastructure costs as variable OPEX(operational expenditure), and Infrastructure capacity is highly elastic”
云计算中英版
姓名：孙维班级：计科1102班学号：2011013740The Cumulus Project:Build a Scientific Cloud for a Data CenterLizhe Wang, Jie Tao, Marcel Kunze, Dharminder RattuSteinbuch Centre for Computing (SCC), Research CenterKarlsruhe(FZK)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany Alvaro Canales CastellanosDepartment of Computer Science, University Karlsruhe (TH)76128 Karlsruhe, GermanyAbstractCloud computing emerges as a new computing paradigm which aims to provide reliable, customized andQoS guar- anteed dynamic computing environments for end-users. This paper reviews our early experience of Cloud computing based on the Cumulus project for data centers. In this paper, we introduce the Cumulus project with its various aspects, such as testbed, infrastructure, middleware and application models.1 IntroductionCloud computing currently emerges as a hot topic due to its abilities to offer flexible dynamic IT infrastructures, QoS guaranteed computing environments and configurable software services. As reported in Google trends (Figure 1),Cloud computing (blue line), which is enabled by Virtualizationtechnology (yellow line), has already outpaced Grid computing by far [8] (red line).Numerous projects in industry and academia have already started, for example, the RESERVOIR project [31]- an IBM and European Union joint research initiative for Cloud computing, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud [21],IBM’s Blue Cloud [17], scientific Cloud projects such as Nimbus [26] and Stratus [34], and OpenNEbula [29]. HP, Intel Corporation and Yahoo! Inc. recently announced.the creation of a global, multi-data center, open source Cloud computing test bed for industry,research and education [12, 23].In this paper we present the Cumulus Cloud computing project. The Cumulus project is intended to built a scientific cloud for data centers by merging existing Grid infrastructures with new Cloud technologies. This paper discusses the infrastructure, middleware and application models for the Cumulus project and is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the definition of Cloud computing in terms of concepts, characterization and enabling technologies. In Section 3 the Cumulus project is presented. Section 4 concludes the paper.2 Cloud computing:Definition, characterization and enabling technologi es2.1 Cloud computing, a recurrence of the history?Cloud Computing is becoming one of the next IT industry buzz words: users move out their data and applications to remote “Cloud”and then access them in a simple and pervasive way. This is again a central processing use case. Similar scenario occurred around50 years ago: time-sharing computing server served for multiple users. Until 20 years ago when personal computers came to us, data and programs were mostly again located in local resources. Certainly currently Cloud computing paradigm is not a recurrence of the history. 50 years ago we had to adopt the time-sharing server due to limited computing resource. Nowadays Cloud computing comes into fashion due to the complex IT infrastructure. Users have to manage various software installation, configuration and update. Computing resource and other hardware are prone to be outdated.Therefore outsourcing computing platforms is a natural solution for users to handle complex IT infrastructures.At the current stage, Cloud computing is still evolving and there exists no widely accepted definition. Based on our experience, we propose an early definition of Cloud computing as follows:A computing Cloud is a set of network enabled services,providing scalable, QoSguaranteed, normally personalized, inexpensive computing platforms on demand, which could be accessed in a simple and pervasive way.2.2 FunctionalitiesComputing clouds render users with services to access hardware, software and data resourcesin transparent ways:•HaaS: Hardware as a ServiceHardware as a Service was coined possibly in 2006. As the result of rapid advances in hardware virtualization, IT automation, and usage metering and pricing, users could buy IThardware - or even an entire data center as a pay-as-you-go subscription service. The HaaS is exible, scalable and manageable to meet your needs[2].•SaaS: Software as a ServiceSoftware or an application is hosted as a service and provided to customers across theInternet. This mode eliminates the need to install and run the application on the customer’s local computer. SaaS therefore alleviates the customer’s burden of software maintenance, and reduces the expense of software purchases by on demand pricing. •DaaS: Data as a ServiceData in various formats and from various sources could be accessed via services by users on the network, in a transparent, logical or semantic way. Users could, for example, manipulate remote data just like operate on a local disk or access data in a semantic way in the Internet.Based on the support of HaaS, SaaS, and DaaS, Cloud computing in addition can deliver Platform as a Service(PaaS) for users. Users thus can on-demand subscribe to their favorite computing platforms with requirements of hardware configuration, software installation and data access demands. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the services.2.3 Key featuresCloud computing distinguishes itself from other computing paradigms, like Grid computing [8], Global computing [7], Internet Computing [14] in the following aspects:•User-centric interfacesCloud services could be accessed with user-centric interfaces:–The Cloud interfaces do not force users to changetheir working habits, e.g., programming language,compiler, or operating system.–The Cloud client which is required to be installedlocally is lightweight. For example, the NimbusCloudkit client size is around 15 MB.–Cloud interfaces are location independent and can beaccessed by some well established interfaces like Webservices framework or Internet browser.•On-demand service provisionComputing Clouds provide resources and services for users on demand. Users can customize their computing environments later on,for example, software installation, network configuration, asusers usually own administrative privileges.•QoS guaranteed offerThe computing environments provided by computing Clouds canguarantee QoS for users,e.g., hardware performance like CPU speed, I/O bandwidth andmemory size.• Autonomous SystemThe computing Cloud is an autonomous system and managedtransparently to Cloud users. Hardware, software and data insideClouds can be automatically reconfigured, orchestrated andconsolidated to a single platform image, finally rendered to Cloudusers.2.4 Enabling technologiesA lot of enabling technologies contribute to the Cloudcomputing, here we identify severalstate-of-the-art techniques:•VirtualizationVirtualization technologies partition hardware and thusproviding flexible and scalablecomputing platforms. Virtual machine techniques, such as VMware[37] and Xen [1], offer virtualized IT-infrastructures on demand.Virtual network advances, such as VPN [6], support users with acustomized network environment to access cloud resources.•Serviceow and workow orchestrationComputing Clouds offer a complete set of service templates ondemand, which could be composed by services inside the Cloud. Cloudshould be able to automatically orchestrate services fromdifferent sources and of different types to form a serviceow orworkow for users.•Web service and SOACloud services are normally exposed as Web services, whichfollow the industry standards like WSDL [36],SOAP [32] and UDDI[27]. The service organization and orchestration inside cloudscould be managed in a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). A setof Cloud servicesfurthermore could be organized in a SOA, make themselves availableon various distributed plat forms and could thus beaccessed across networks.•Web 2.0The Web 2.0 describes the trend in the use of World Wide Webtechnology and Web design to enhance creativity, informationsharing, and, most notably, collaboration among users. Theseconcepts have led to the development and evolution of Web-basedcommunities and hosted services [5].The essential idea behind Web 2.0 is to improve theinterconnectivity and interactivity of Web applications. The newparadigm to develop and access Web applications enables usersaccess the Web more easily and efficiently. Cloud computingservices in nature are Web applications. It is thus a naturaltechnical merging that Cloud computing adopts the Web 2.0techniques.•World-wide distributed storage systemA Cloud storage model should foresee:- A network storage system, which is backed bydistributed storage providers (e.g., data centers), offersstorage capacity for users to lease. The data storage couldbe migrated, merged, and managed transparently to end usersfor whatever data formats. Examples are Google File System [11]and Amazon S3 [22]. A Mashup is a Web application that combinesdata from more than one source into a single integrated storagetool [20]. SmugMug [33] is an example of Mashup, which is adigital photo sharing Website, allowing the upload of anunlimited number of photos for all account types, providinga published API which allows programmers to create newfunctionality, and supporting XMLbased RSS and Atom feeds.- A distributed data system which provides data sourcesaccessed in a semantic way. Users could locate data sourcesin a large distributed environment by the logical name insteadof physical locations. Virtual Data System (VDS) [35] couldbe good reference.• Programming modelUsers drive into the computing Cloud with data andapplications. Some Cloud programmingmodels should be proposed for users to adapt to the Cloud infrastructure. To the simplicity and easy access of Cloud services, the Cloud programming model, however, should not be too complex or too innovative for end users.MapReduce [3, 4] is a programming model and an associated implementation for processingand generating large data sets across the Google worldwide infrastructures. The MapReduce model firstly involves applying a “map” operation to some data records a set of key/value pairs, and then processes a “reduce” operation to all the values that shared the same key. The Map-Reduce-Merge [38] method evolves the MapReduce paradigm by adding a “merge” operation.Hadoop [25] is a framework for running applications on large clusters built of commodity hardware. It implements the MapReduce paradigm and provides a distributed le system - Hadoop Distributed File System.The MapReduce and Hadoop are adopted by recently created international Cloud computing project of Yahoo!, Intel and HP [12, 23].3 Cumulus: A scientific Cloud3.1 OverviewThe Cumulus project is an on-going Cloud computing project at the recently established Steinbuch Centre for Computing (SCC) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). It intends to provide virtual machines, virtual applications and virtual computing platforms for scientific computing applications.The Cumulus project currently is running on high performance HP and IBM blade servers with Linux and the Xen hypervisor. Cumulus aims to build a testbed and infrastructure in the context mentioned above and integrates mainly already existing technology.We design the Cumulus in a layered architecture (see also Figure 3):•The Cumulus frontend service resides on the access pointof Cumulus and accepts users’requirements of virtual machine operation.•The OpenNEbula works as Local Virtualization ManagementSystem (LVMS). Thefrontend of OpenNEbula communicates with the Globus virtual workspace service via SSH.•The OpenNEbula frontend communicates to its backends andXen hypervisors on the hostsvia SSH for virtual machine manipulation.•OS FarmOS Farm [18] is a service for generating and storing Xen VM images and Virtual Appliances. We use OS Farm as a tool for virtual machine template management.This design philosophy could bring scalability on the one hand and keep the autonomy of data centers. The Cumulus frontend does not depend on a specic Local Virtualization Management System. The data center inside the Cloud could dene its own resource management policy such as IP address lease or virtual machine resource allocation.3.2 Cumulus frontend: re-enforcement of the Globus virtualworkspace service The Globus virtual workspace servicecontains two pieces of software:•the workspace service frontend, • the workspace controlagent.The workspace service frontend receives the virtual machine requirements and distributes them to various backend servers. The workspace control agent is installed on each backends of a Cloud service and thus be transparent to deploy a workspace.In principal the Globus virtual workspace service could be employed as a Cloud service frontend. However we identied some limitations of the Globus virtual workspace service:•Computer Data centers in general run their own specific Local Virtualization Management Systems(LVMS), like OpenNEbula or VMware Virtual Infrastructure, to manage their local infrastructures. The Globus virtual workspace service however demands to install the workspace control agents directly on thebackend servers. This use scenario provided by Globus workspace service lacks the generality.•Globus virtual workspace service provides three network settings: the AcceptAndConfigure mode, the AllocateAndConfigure mode and the Advisory mode. Ingeneral users do not care about network configuration for virtual machines. Users only demand the virtual machine IP address in order to access virtual machines.We suggest that a network IP address lease is associated with virtual machine resource allocation within clouds. The network setting could be provided by the backends of a Cloud service and thus be transparent to end users.We re-engineered the Globus virtual workspace service to adapt it as a Cumulus frontendservice. This comprised the following steps:•Remove the control agent such that the Globus virtualworkspace service could talkdirectly to the virtual machine hypervisors installed on the backend servers.•Extend the Globus frontend service and make it work withvarious virtual machinehypervisors and LVMS,such as OpenNEbula, VMware server and VMware Virtual Infrastructure.•Support a new networking solution –the forward mode: usersdon’t need to inputnetwork conguration information, the backend servers allocate the IP address for the virtual machine and return it to the users.3.3 OpenNEbula as Local Virtualization Management SystemThe OpenNEbula is used to manage our distributed blade servers. It provides the resources for virtual machine deployment. Currently the OpenNEbula employs NIS (Network Information System) to manage a common user system and NFS (Network File System) for OpenNEbual shared directory management. However it has been widely recognized that NIS has a major security aw: it leaves the users’password le accessible by anyone on the entire network. To employ OpenNEbula in a more professional way, we merged OpenNEbula with some modern secure infrastructure solutions like LDAP [13] and Oracle Cluster File System [30].3.4 OS Farm for virtual machine imageWe based our virtual machine image repository on the OS Farm service. OS Farm renderstwo interfaces for Cloud users:• A Web interface where users can input parameters for virtualmachine image construction,and• A HTTP service which could be accessed via wget, for example:wgethttp://www.fzk.de/osfarm/create?name=&transfer=http&class=slc_old&arch=i386&filetype=.tar&group=core&group=baseWe have built an OS Farm client and embedded it into the Cumulus frontend. When users require virtual machine images, the Cumulus frontend service invokes a wget command to generate virtual machine images for users. This implementation frees users from the pain to generate and submit virtual machine images manually.3.5 Networking solutionWe provide a new networking solution: the “forward”mode. Usersdo not have to specifyanything for the network requirements. TheO penNEbula starts the Xen virtual machine images, allocates dynamic IP addresses for the virtual machines and then returns them to the users. In addition the backend servers could implement some complex•Support a new networking solution –the forward network management policies andreturn IP addresses to the users. The new networking solution is transparent to users, thus it is named as the “forward”mode. 3.6 Access to the Cumulus serviceThe Cumulus service provides the following access•via Globus virtual workspace service client or Nimbus cloudkit client,•with Grid computing workbench or existing Gridportals, like g-Eclipse [10], Open Grid Computing Environment[15] and GridShell [16].The g-Eclipse project [9] is an international research effort,which aims to build an integratedworkbench framework to leverage the power of existing Grid infrastructures. The g-Eclipseproject plans to extend itself to access our Cumulus Cloud service by the following steps: 1. create a VO for theCumulus user,2.provide a Gridcredential,3.browse the availablevirtual machine images,4. launch the desiredvirtual machines,5. access the virtual machine.We also expect to integrate the OS Farm into the g-Eclipse platform using its generic Grid connection concept. In the g-Eclipse project, a connection allows the user to link to a local or remote le system. To establish a connection, users need only to provide the necessary. 3.7 Typical use casesIn the following we present several typical use cases and patterns for Cumulus usage:•GridKa school training supportResearch Center Karlsruhe yearly holds the GridKa school, which is a training session covering topics related to Scientific Grid Computing. In GridKa school, more than 100 participants take courses and practice various Grid middle wares. To manage such a scenario, the server blades inside Cumulus are required to provide several hundreds identical virtual machines with some pre-installed software. Each virtual machine is allocated a dynamic IP address and the trainees are able to access their own virtual machine directly.•Virtual e-Science infrastructureUsers could dynamically organize their customized e-Science infrastructure on the distributedvirtual machines provided by Cumulus. The OS Farm server provides prototype virtual machines which are then enriched with the requested software configuration, for example, an e-Science infrastructure could contain GridSAM [24] as Grid middleware, ActiveBPEL engine [28] as work ow engine to build a workow system. With these pre-configured virtual machine images, users could build an e-Science infrastructure at run-time by multiple service orchestration and invocation.•Virtual computing centerUsers could lease a large set of virtual machines from the Cumulus, deploy a middleware onthe distributed virtual machines to build a virtual computing center, for example, a complete UNICORE [19] installation. A virtual computing center functions in the same way as a realcomputing center. It provides portals or Web services via which users can access computing resources in the virtual computing center. The builder of the virtual computing center, who normally works as the administrator of the virtual center, provides application level software and libraries on the computing resources and defines the management policies and access control rules.4 ConclusionThis paper reviews the recent advances of Cloud computing and presents our early results from the Cumulus Cloud computing project. The Cumulus project aims to build ascalable scientific cloud: Cumulus could adaptive to various virtual machine hypervisors as backend, furthermore delegates users’requirements to other Clouds. This objective defines the resource re-organization and service orchestration for Cloud computing. References[1]P. Barham, B. Dragovic, K. Fraser, S. Hand, T. L. Harris,A. Ho, R. Neugebauer, I. Pratt,and A. Wareld.Xen and the art of virtualization. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pages 164–177, New York, U. S. A., Oct. 2003.[2]Here comes HaaS [URL]./archives/2006/03/here comeshaas.php/, access on June 2008.[3]J. Dean. Mapreduce and other building blocks forlarge-scale distributed systems atgoogle. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference,2007.[4]J. Dean and S. Ghemawat. Mapreduce: simplified dataprocessing on large clusters. Commun. ACM,51(1):107–113,2008.[5]Web 2.0 definition[URL]./wiki/web 2/, access on June2008.[6] B. Gleeson etc. A framework for ip based virtual privatenetworks. Rfc2764, The Internet Engineering Task Force,Feb. 2000.[7]G. Fedak, C. Germain, V. Neri, and F. Cappello.Xtremweb:A generic global computing system. In Proceedings of the1st IEEE International Symposium on Cluster Computing andthe Grid, pages 582–587,2001.[8]I. Foster and C. Kesselman. The grid: blueprint for a newcomputing infrastructure. Morgan Kaufmann, 1998.[9]g-Eclipse project [URL]./, access on Oct. 2008.[10]The g-Eclipse project [URL]./, access on July 2008.[11]S. Ghemawat, H. Gobioff, and S. Leung. The google le system.In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Symposium on OperatingSystems Principles, pages 29–43, 2003.[12]Intel HP and Yahoo! Create Global Cloud Computing ResearchTest Bed [URL]./hpinfo/newsroom/press/2008/080729xa.html, access on Sep. 2008.[13]V. A. Koutsonikola and A. Vakali. LDAP: framework,practices, and trends. IEEE InternetComputing,8(5):66–72, 2004.[14]M. Milenkovic, S. H. Robinson, R. C. Knauerhase, D. Barkai,S. Garg, V. Tewari, T. A.Anderson, and M. Bowman. Toward internet distributed computing. IEEE Computer, 36(5):38–46, 2003.[15]The Open Grid Computing Environments Portal and GatewayToolkit [URL]. , access on July 2008.[16]Grid Shell project [URL]./wiki/doku.php/grid:shell/, access on July 2008.[17]IBM Blue Cloud project [URL].http://www /press/us/en/pressrelease/22613.wss/, access on June 2008.[18]OA Farm project [URL].http://cern.ch/osfarm /, access on July 2008.[19]Unicore project [URL]. /, accesson Nov. 2007.[20]Mashup project[URL]./wiki/mashup web application hybrid/,access on June 2008.[21]Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud [URL]./ec2, access on Nov. 2007.[22]Amazon Simple Storage Service [URL]./s3, access on Sep. 2008.[23]Global Cloud Computing Research Test Bed Wiki[URL]. /, access on Oct. 2008.[24]GridSAM [URL]. /, accesson Nov. 2007.[25]Hadoop [URL]./, access on Sep. 2008.[26]Nimbus Project [URL]./clouds/nimbus.html/,access on June 2008.[27]OASIS UDDI Specication [URL]./committees/uddi-spec/doc/tcspecs.htm, access on June 2008.[28]OMII-BPEL [URL]./omiibpel/, access on Nov. 2007.[29] OpenNEbula Project [URL]./, access on Apr. 2008.[30]Oracle Cluster File System[URL]./projects/ocfs/, access on June 2008.[31]Reservoir Project [URL]./press/us/en/pressrelease/23448.wss/,access on June 2008.[32]Simple Object Access Protocol(SOAP) [URL]./tr/soap/,access on Nov. 2007.[33]SmugMug [URL]./,access on June 2008.[34]Status Project [URL]./vws/,access on June 2008.[35]Virtual Data System [URL]./,access on Nov. 2007.36] Web Service Description Language (WSDL) [URL]. /tr/wsdl/, access on Nov. 2007.[37]VMware virtualization technology [URL]., access on Nov. 2007.[38]H. Yang, A. Dasdan, R. Hsiao, and D. S. Parker Jr.Map-reduce-merge: simplifiedrelational data processing on large clusters. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, pages 1029–1040, 2007.云项目：建立一个科学的云数据中心李贽王陶杰马塞尔库泽Dharminder RattuSteinbuch中心计算SCC卡尔斯鲁厄研究中心FZK赫尔曼冯-亥姆霍兹- Platz 1号76344 Eggenstein - Leopoldshafen德国阿尔瓦罗卡纳莱斯Castellanos的计算机科学系卡尔斯鲁厄大学TH的76128卡尔斯鲁厄德国摘要云计算出现的一个新的计算模式目的是提供可靠的定制和 QoS瓜尔- anteed为最终用户动态的计算环境。
英语作文 云计算
Cloud computing is a transformative technology that has revolutionized the way we access and utilize computing resources.It refers to the delivery of computing services, including storage,processing power,databases,networking,software,and analytics,over the internet.Heres a detailed look at the various aspects of cloud computing:1.Definition and Concept:Cloud computing is a model for delivering various services that are typically provided by data centers over the internet.It enables businesses and individuals to access and use these services on a payasyougo basis without the need for significant upfront investment in hardware or software.2.Types of Cloud Computing:Public Cloud:Services are offered over the public internet by thirdparty providers who own and operate the cloud infrastructure.Private Cloud:A dedicated environment for a single organization,providing greater control over security and customization.Hybrid Cloud:A combination of public and private clouds,allowing for the best of both worlds in terms of flexibility and control.Community Cloud:Shared by several organizations with common concerns,such as security,policy,and compliance considerations.3.Service Models:Infrastructure as a Service IaaS:Offers virtualized computing resources over the internet.Platform as a Service PaaS:Provides a platform allowing customers to develop,run, and manage applications without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure.Software as a Service SaaS:Delivers software applications over the internet,managed and hosted by the provider.4.Benefits of Cloud Computing:Cost Efficiency:Reduces the need for capital expenditure on hardware and software. Scalability:Allows businesses to scale resources up or down according to demand. Flexibility:Provides the ability to access applications and data from anywhere with an internet connection.Reliability:Cloud providers typically offer high levels of reliability and uptime.5.Challenges of Cloud Computing:Security Concerns:Data breaches and cyberattacks are a significant concern, especially for sensitive information.Compliance:Ensuring that cloud services meet regulatory requirements can bechallenging.Data Privacy:Concerns about where data is stored and who has access to it. Interoperability:Challenges in integrating cloud services with existing systems.6.Cloud Adoption in Various Industries:Healthcare:Cloud computing enables secure storage and sharing of patient data. Finance:Banks and financial institutions use cloud services for data analytics and risk management.Retail:Ecommerce platforms leverage cloud computing for inventory management and customer relationship management.7.Future of Cloud Computing:Edge Computing:Processing data closer to the source to reduce latency.Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning:Integration of AI and ML in cloud services to offer advanced analytics and automation.Hybrid MultiCloud:Organizations will likely use multiple cloud services to optimize costs and performance.8.Ethical Considerations:The use of cloud computing must be balanced with ethical considerations,such as data privacy and the digital divide.9.Conclusion:Cloud computing has become an integral part of the digital landscape,offering numerous benefits but also presenting challenges that need to be addressed.As technology continues to evolve,the cloud will play an even more significant role in shaping the future of computing and data management.。
云计算英语作文
云计算英语作文Cloud computing has revolutionized the way we access and manage data. It has become an integral part of our dailylives, from personal use to large-scale business operations.In this essay, we will explore the concept of cloud computing, its benefits, and its impact on the modern world.Firstly, cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services over the internet, which includes storage, processing, and software. It allows users to access these services on-demand, without the need for physical infrastructure. This is particularly beneficial for businesses, as it reduces the need for upfront investment in hardware and software.One of the key advantages of cloud computing is scalability. Companies can easily scale up or down their computing resources according to their needs, which is especiallyuseful during peak times. This flexibility helps businessesto manage costs more effectively and avoid unnecessary expenses.Another significant benefit is the accessibility of data.With cloud computing, data can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection. This is particularly useful forremote workers or for businesses with multiple locations. It allows for greater collaboration and communication among team members, regardless of their physical location.Security is a common concern with cloud computing, but many providers offer robust security measures to protect data. These measures include encryption, secure access protocols, and regular backups. By choosing a reputable cloud provider, businesses can ensure that their data is well-protected.The impact of cloud computing on the modern world is profound. It has enabled the growth of startups and small businesses by providing them with access to resources that were previously only available to larger companies. It has also transformedthe way we consume media, with streaming services likeNetflix and Spotify relying heavily on cloud infrastructure.In conclusion, cloud computing has become a vital part of our digital landscape. Its benefits, such as scalability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness, make it an attractive option for businesses and individuals alike. As technology continues to advance, the role of cloud computing is only set to grow, shaping the future of data management and accessibility.。
云计算——专业英语
Computing Research," New York Times, 2007.
2. The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing：Cloud computing is a
Douglas Gourlay 云计算指的是一个大的宏图，基本上说，就是让用户 透过 Internet 访问技术服务，现在，我每次登陆 Facebo ok 或搜索航班，事实上都是在使用云计算。 Praising Gaw 云计算就是新的 Web2.0，一种既有技术上的市场绽 放。就象以前人们在自己的网站上放一点 ajax 就宣称自 己是 Web2.0 一样，云计算是一个新的流行词。 积极的一面是，Web2.0 最终抓住了主流眼球，同样， 云计算概念最终也会改变人们的思想，最终爆发出各种 各样的概念，托管服务，ASP，网格计算，软件作为服 务，平台作为服务，任何东西作为服务。
云计算 简介
何为云计算？
“云计算”的概念，是由Google的CEO艾里克.施密 特在2006年的讲座上第一次提出并使用的。
云计算中的“云”的出现是以因特网作为大前提的。 自初始以来，因特网就以“云”一样的存在形式表 现出来。 云计算就是，把到目前为止由个人计算机或公司服 务器上所进行的信息处理，通过因特网使其运行在 外部巨大服务器上的方法。 可以想象信息的处理在互联网上，即在“云”中实 现。
Kevin Hartig 云是一个庞大的资源池，你按需购买；云是虚拟化 的；云可以象自来水，电，煤气那样计费。 Jan Pritzker 云计算是用户友好的网格计算。 Trevor Doerksen 云计算的意思是，外包的，用多少买多少的，各取 所需的，一些来自 Internet 的东西。Thorsten von Eicken要想讨论围绕着云计算这个概念的问题，我 们需要在一个历史背景中进行，看看云计算的先驱 者，他们所遇到的问题，会给我们一些指引，以避 免同样的问题。