纸和纸板耐油脂测试
不干胶标贴耐油测试标准
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不干胶标贴耐油测试标准不干胶标贴是一种常见的贴纸材料,具有粘附性强、方便使用的特点,在各个行业中广泛应用。
然而,在一些特殊的工作环境中,如工业领域、食品加工等,不干胶标贴常常需要经受各种严峻的考验,其中之一就是耐油性能。
耐油测试标准可以通过一系列实验,评估不干胶标贴对油性介质的粘附能力和耐久性,以确保其在油脂环境下的质量和可靠性。
耐油测试标准通常包括以下内容:1.测试样本准备:从批量生产的不干胶标贴中随机选取一定数量的样本,在干燥的环境下等待一段时间,确保其表面达到完全干燥状态,以保证测试的准确性。
2.油脂介质选择:根据实际使用环境和要求,选择适当的油脂介质进行测试。
常见的油脂介质有机油、合成油、食用油等。
测试前需要确定油脂介质的浓度和温度。
3.耐油实验过程:将干燥的不干胶标贴平均涂抹在待测试的表面上,保证贴附均匀,然后将待测试的样本浸入事先准备好的油脂介质中,保证其完全浸泡。
根据标准要求和测试需要,可以设定不同的浸泡时间和温度。
4.油脂渗透测试:浸泡一定时间后,将样本从油脂中取出,按一定的方法将其表面的油脂擦拭干净,然后观察不干胶标贴的表面是否有明显的色变、脱落和起皱等情况,评估其油脂渗透性能。
5.贴合力测试:将浸泡过的样本立即粘贴到一块干燥的不沾油材料上,确保其贴附牢固。
然后用一定的力量进行剥离测试,评估不干胶标贴在油脂环境中的粘附力度和耐久性。
6.重复浸泡测试:根据实际需要,可以对不干胶标贴进行多次浸泡测试,以模拟长期使用和暴露于油脂环境下的情况,评估其耐久性和使用寿命。
以上是不干胶标贴耐油测试标准的主要内容,通过这些测试可以评估不干胶标贴在油脂环境中的性能和可靠性。
测试的结果可以作为生产和质量控制的依据,确保不干胶标贴的质量稳定和符合实际使用要求。
同时,也有助于优化产品设计和材料选择,提高不干胶标贴在油脂环境中的性能,满足用户的需求。
硅油纸耐油性检验方法
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硅油纸耐油性检验方法
试样的采取和检验前试样的处理按GB/T 450和GB/T 10739规定的方法进行。
尺寸按GB/T 451. 1规定的方法检测
定量按GB/T 451.2规定的方法检测
卷简纸端面平整度通过钢尺测量每卷跑出的长度及为端面平整度
厚度按GB/T 451.3规定的方法检测
渗油性取检测纸样置于餐巾纸上,再将70士5C食用油滴10ml 于纸样.上,放置1h后观
巾纸上是否有油点,无油点为合格,反之为不合格。
.
尘埃度按GB/T 1541 规定的方法检测
耐破指数按GB/T 454规定的方法检测
白度按GB/T 7974规定的方法检测
透明度GB/T 2679. 1规定的方法检测
水分按GB/T 462 规定的方法检测
灰分按GB/T 742规定的方法检测
撕裂度按GB/T 455规定的方法检测
t剥离力按GB/T 27731-2011附录A检测
耐高温将检测纸样置于恒温250C士5C烤箱中,保持20min后取出,置于常温下观察(室温23C土2"C),纸样颜色允许有变黄,但不允许有碎裂现象。
产品的卫生指标按GB/T 4806. 8-2016规定的方法检测。
包装用纸与纸板的性能检测分析(二)
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包装用纸与纸板的性能检测分析(二)某些包装用纸和纸板又可通过一定检验方法,以确定其最终使用时的性能,例如多层纸袋纸的摔袋试验,瓦楞纸箱的跌落试验和转鼓试验,这些试验测得的结果属于动态强度。
1、定量定量是纸和纸板最基本的一项指标,因为多数纸和纸板都是按重量销售的。
定量是指单位面积的重量,—般以每平方米纸重量的克数表示。
定量与厚度的比值即为紧度。
定量影响纸张的物理、光学和电性能。
一般的物理性能如抗张强度、撕裂度等都与定量有关。
2.透气度纸是由许多纤维交错构成的,其间必有空隙,由于压差作用气体可由空隙中透过,这种现象表明纸具有一定的透气性,透气性的大小由透气度衡量。
透气度是在一定面积、一定真空度下,以每秒透过的空气量或透过100立方厘米空气所需的时间表示。
透气度是纸袋纸的一项重要指标,关系到水泥等粉状物品装袋时的排气速度。
防油纸的抗油性、卷烟纸的燃烧速度也与透气度有关。
3.抗张强度(裂断长)与伸长度抗张强度是纸与纸板的一项重要性能指标,它是指一定宽度(15mm)的试样所能承受的最大张力,单位为kN/m。
抗张强度更普遍地以裂断长表示,裂断长与抗张强度的关系为:抗张强度与纸本身的水分有关,水分少的纸质硬脆,水分适当的纸韧性较大。
抗张强度也与纸内纤维排列情况、打浆程度以及抄纸干燥时的张力大小等因素有关。
伸长率是试样受到张力至断裂时所增加的长度对原试样长度的百分率。
伸长率是衡量纸和纸板韧性的一项指标,伸长率高,韧性好。
纸张的韧性对于包装用纸,尤其是纸袋纸,是很重要的,因为抗张强度、耐破度等昔标不能全面衡量纸的质量。
常常出现这种情况,即抗张强度较大、伸长率较小的纸在立装时破损程度比抗张强度较小、伸长率较大的纸要严重。
因此,近些年来在普通纸袋氏的基础上,发展了伸缩性纸袋纸以及与人工合成高分子材料复合的纸袋纸。
(待续)。
纸和纸板物理性能的检测
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(三)试样处理的步骤
1.试样的预处理 为避免纸张试样水分平衡滞后引起测试误差,要在温湿处理前, 进行试样的预处理。 在恒温恒湿处理前,可先在温度低于40℃,湿度不大于35%的环 境中处理。(相对密度大于1.3951的硫酸干燥器中进行预处理 24h)。
如果试样水分含量很低,可以省去预处理。
(二)测定步骤
1. 单层厚度的测定 (1)按标准规定取样,将试样在标准温湿度条件下进行处理,并 在同样的大气条件下进行后续操作。 (2)将试样切成200 mm×250 mm的长方形(200 mm为纸的纵向) 或100 mm×100 mm的正方形。 (3)把厚度仪放在无振动的水平面上,旋转表盘调好零点,把试 样平整地放在已张开的测量面间,慢慢以低于3 mm/s的速度将测 量头移到试样上,注意避免产生冲击作用。在指针稳定后及纸被 “压陷”下去之前读数。对每个试样进行一次测量,测定点应离 试样任何一端不小于20 mm或在试样的中间点。
三、纸和纸板紧度和松厚度的测 定
紧度:单位体积纸和纸板的质量,以g/cm3或kg/m3表示,又称表 观密度(纸页内部有空隙,空气填充),对纸的物理性能和光学 性能(光的散射)产生较大影响。 紧度与原料种类、打浆程度、湿压及压光程度、施胶度等因素有 关。 反映纤维结合情况,与抗张强度密切相关。
纸和纸板的种类繁多,并随应用领域的扩展而不断增加。 某种产品所要求的物理性能指标随其用途的不同而不同。 新闻纸:适应抄造、印刷和阅读的需要,对白度、不透明度、抗 张强度、表面强度等指标。 包装纸:强度指标和施胶度。 书写纸:裂断长、平滑度、尘埃度、施胶度、白度等。
物理特性分类
纸张防油等级测试标准和测试方法
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纸张防油等级测试标准和测试方法嘿,咱今儿就来聊聊纸张防油等级测试标准和测试方法这档子事儿!你说这纸张啊,平日里看着普普通通,可真到了有些用场的时候,那防油性能可就重要得很啦!想象一下,你要是拿着一张纸去垫个油汪汪的食物,结果那油“哧溜”一下就渗过去了,那多闹心呀!所以这防油等级可不能马虎。
那这防油等级咋测试呢?嘿,有好些办法呢!比如说可以弄点油滴在纸上,看看它渗不渗,渗得快不快。
这就好比是一场纸和油的“战斗”,纸要是能把油给“挡”住,那它可就算厉害啦!有一种常见的测试方法叫“油渗透时间测试”。
就是把油滴在纸上,然后盯着看,看它啥时候渗到另一面去。
这时间越久,就说明这纸的防油等级越高呀。
就好像一个守卫,能坚守岗位的时间越长,就越值得信赖呗。
还有呢,可以用专门的仪器来测。
这些仪器就像是纸张防油性能的“裁判员”,能准确地给出个评判来。
它们能检测出油渗透的各种细节,厉害得很呢!咱再说说这防油等级标准。
就跟考试有及格线一样,纸张防油也有个标准线在那呢。
不同的用途可能需要不同等级的防油纸张。
要是用来包个干点心啥的,可能要求就没那么高;但要是要接触那些油乎乎的炸鸡啥的,那可得高标准严要求啦!你说这纸张的世界是不是也挺奇妙的?小小的一张纸,里面的门道可不少呢!咱平时可能没太注意,但真要讲究起来,那还真得好好研究研究。
不然到时候用错了纸,弄出一堆麻烦事,那不就糟糕啦!而且啊,这防油等级测试和标准可不是随便定的,那都是经过好多专家研究、实践得出来的呢。
就像是盖房子,得有牢固的根基一样,这测试标准就是纸张防油性能的根基呀。
你想想,要是没有这些标准和测试方法,那市场上的纸张不就乱套啦?咱消费者也不知道该咋选呀。
所以说呀,这些东西可重要着呢!总之呢,纸张防油等级测试标准和测试方法可不能小瞧。
它们就像是纸张的“体检报告”,让我们知道这纸到底靠不靠谱。
下次你再看到一张纸的时候,说不定就会想起我今天说的这些呢,哈哈!。
纸箱过油环保标准
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纸箱过油环保标准
根据流域生态环境监测所发布的纸板和纸片污染排放标准(DB33/508-2019),规定单墨点表面积大于0.35mm²以下型号、尼龙墨点干燥时间30小时以下型号,禁止使用超过1%的饱和脂肪酸混合油脂进行表面过油。
纸箱过油环保标准通常是指对纸箱进行印刷时所使用的油墨、涂料等材料进行环保控制的标准。
不同的国家和地区有不同的环保标准,下面是一些常见的纸箱过油环保标准:
1.美国FDA标准:美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)对纸箱过油
环保标准做出了规定,要求所使用的油墨、涂料等材料不能对人体健康造成危害,不能污染食品和药品。
2.欧盟REACH标准:欧盟REACH标准对纸箱过油环保标准也做
出了规定,要求所使用的油墨、涂料等材料中不能含有对人体健康造成危害的化学物质,不能污染食品和药品。
3.中国GB/T 23328-2009标准:中国国家标准GB/T 23328-2009
对纸箱过油环保标准做出了规定,要求所使用的油墨、涂料等材料不能对人体健康造成危害,不能污染食品和药品。
除了以上标准,还有一些其他的纸箱过油环保标准,如日本JIS标准、澳大利亚新西兰标准等。
这些标准都对纸箱过油环保
标准做出了规定,要求所使用的油墨、涂料等材料不能对人体健康造成危害,不能污染食品和药品。
纸与纸板的物理性能检测项目
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纸与纸板的物理性能检测项目一、纸与纸板定量、厚度、紧度和松厚度的测定二、水分的测定三、抗张强度和伸长率的测定四、纸和纸板耐破度的测定五、纸和纸板耐折度的测定六、纸板戳穿强度的测定七、纸板挺度的测定一、纸与纸板定量、厚度、紧度和松厚度的测定(一)定量定量是指纸或纸板每平方米的重量,以g/m2表示。
定量是纸和纸板重要的指标之一,定量的大小会影响纸张的技术性能,但为了节约原料,增加单位使用由积,在保证使用性能的前提下,应尽量降低纸张的定量。
1.仪器用感量为0.01g的天平进行称量。
天平要每隔半年用标准砝码校对一次。
2.测定步骤从每张试样上切取100×100mm的试样至少5张为一组,一并称量;宽度在106mm以下的盘纸应按卷盘全宽切取5条长300mm的纸条,一并称量。
并测量纸条的长、短边 (准确至0.1mm),计算面积。
3. 结果计算定量按下式计算:n --试样张数。
以所有测定值的算术平均值表示结果,并报出最大值和最小值。
计算结果取三位有效数字。
(二)厚度厚度是指纸样在测量板间经受一定压力所测得的纸样两面之间的垂直距离,其结果以mm表示。
厚度能影响纸和纸板的很多技术性能,要求一批产品各张纸之间的厚度应趋一致,同一张纸不同部位之间的厚度亦应一致,以保证使用效果。
1.仪器及工作原理厚度测定仪(厚度计)有电动和手动两种形式。
(1)仪器结构包括四部分:①测量机构:由重锤、测量头和量砧组成。
规定测量面积为0.05cm2,测量压力为100±10kPa(1±0.1kg/cm。
)。
②指示机构:为一标准型百分表或干分表,用以记录厚度数值。
其刻度的精确度在0.005mm 之内。
③提升机构:用以升降测量头,以取放纸样。
座体:由底座与上述三部分机构连接构成仪器的整体。
(2)工作原理置纸样于测量头与量砧间,并受重锤—定的压力,纸样所占居的厚度通过测量杆的位移传递给量表内的齿轮机构,使表针转动一个角度而得到厚度的读数。
纸张性能检测 油墨性能检测方法-科标
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纸张性能检测油墨性能检测方法一、纸张的检测:有些检测可以用极简单的设备实现。
(1)厚度:在印机上为保持正确的印刷压力,使用筒径仪。
纸的厚度也应该用千分尺测量,一般用十张纸,测五个点。
(2)不透明度:不透明度目测标尺是一种有效的测量工具。
将一组字符印在逐渐变暗的网点调背景上,将被测纸盖于其上,字符就在标尺的某处开始看不清了,该位置说明了纸的不透明度。
(3)吸收性:K&N油墨大概要算最常用、最便宜的测试手段了。
该墨是由灰色染料与油基构成的,将其涂于纸样上,两分钟后揩去,所/灰密度即纸的吸收性。
(4)光泽度:用光泽计顺纸纹方向测量,取平均值。
(5)纸面效率:这种测试综合了纸的光泽度与吸收性,可测出承印材料对墨膜颜色的影响。
无吸收性但有100%光泽度的纸能印出最饱和的色彩。
相反,100%的吸收性但无光泽的纸(如报纸一类)将印出极差的色彩。
(6)颜色及明度:纸张颜色与明度的大概特性可以用反射密度计在定标后,分别通过红、绿、蓝滤色片测量其密度获得。
理想的纸张,各滤色片下的密度应该一致,密度值低,表示明度高。
纸样标本目视比较法对纸的颜色与明度的检测更有意义。
(7)揭皮:丹尼森蜡棒揭皮测试,尽管有其缺点,对测定某一特定承印材料的抗揭皮能力仍不失为一种合适的方法。
将某级蜡棒的端头熔化后压贴于被测的承印材料,十五分钟后快速拔起,在端面上检查揭下的纤维或涂料。
如同其它许多原材料的测试,蜡棒法测试的相对比较意义大于预测意义。
也就是说,如果未发生揭皮,那么,当其抗揭皮强度高于10的纸在同样条件下印刷也不会有揭皮问题。
二、油墨的检测评价油墨的第一步是刮墨样,最好在所要印刷的纸上进行。
通常是用宽墨刀操作,也可以用小墨辊滚出更厚实的墨层。
当比较两种油墨时,一般要求在同一片纸上平行地刮出两个墨样。
刮墨样纸片中部常有一条实地墨杠。
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纸张油吸收性的测定方法 IGT法
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纸张油吸收性的测定方法 IGT法A.1 原理一定体积的油滴在纸张表面经一定压力的印轮以一定的速度碾压后,在纸张表面形成一定长度的油渍。
纸张表面粗糙度或/和表面吸油性越小,油渍的长度则越长。
A.2 仪器设备和材料A.2.1 切纸刀。
A.2.2 印刷适性仪:IGT AIC2-5。
A.2.3 印盘,铝制,宽度50mm。
A.2.4 胶垫:宽度55mm。
A.2.5 针筒。
A.2.6 针管。
A.2.7 支架。
A.2.8 专用印油,配1%苏丹红。
A.2.9 直尺,分度为0.1cm。
A.2.10 清洁用酒精。
A.2.11 洁净柔软的麻布。
A.3 备样A.3.1 每个样品至少切取5条55mm×340mm试样,标明正反面和纵横向,以及样品编号。
A.3.2 试样要求在温度(23±1)℃,湿度(50±2)%的标准环境条件下平衡6小时以上。
A.4 测定步骤A.4.1 在扇轮上安好胶垫,用扇轮的前夹头将试样夹紧。
A.4.2 在上方的印盘轴上安装好印盘,把压力调整到1kN,打印速度调整为“加速,1.2 m/s”。
A.4.3 转动扇轮到起始位置,同时使印盘处于操作位。
A.4.4 水平安装好针筒支架并用螺丝固定。
A.4.5 在针筒内小心注入红色印油,安装到支架上的同时要注意把下方的接液器移到针管下方,避免污染印盘。
A.4.6 准备就绪后,移开接液器,针管内的油滴到印盘表面的同时,按动仪器两侧的按钮执行印刷操作,扇轮止动后松开按钮并取下试样。
A.4.7 立即测量试样上油渍的长度。
A.4.8 从轴上移下印盘,用洁净柔软的麻布和酒精清洁印盘并使之干燥。
A.4.9 更换新的试样重复上述A.4.1至A.4.8步骤。
A.4.10 所有试样测试完成后,清洁全部配件并贮放好。
A.5 结果表示油吸收性以5条试样上油渍的平均长度表示,单位为厘米(cm),结果精确到0.1 cm。
纸张油吸收性的测定方法 Cobb Unger法
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纸张油吸收性的测定方法Cobb Unger法B.1 原理单位面积的纸张在一定压力、温度下,在规定时间内表面吸收的油量,以g/m2计。
B.2 仪器设备和材料B.2.1 切样板:可确保试样面积10cm2。
B.2.2 可勃吸油性测试仪。
B.2.3 擦油纸:建议使用低尘擦拭纸,以保证无纸毛粘附试样表面。
B.2.4 蓖麻油:密度为952g/L~966g/L,碘值为82.0g/100g~90.0g/100g,皂值为177mg/g~187mg/g,粘度为(785±40)mPa·s(23℃)。
B.2.5 电子天平:分度值为0.0001g,量程应适应于称量试样。
B.2.6 酒精或其他表面活性剂(松节油)等。
B.3 备样用切样板(B.2.1)准确裁取试样,每个样品准备5张试样,标明正反面,以及样品编号。
B.4 测定步骤B.4.1 测试环境要求:温度(23±1)℃、湿度(50±2)%。
B.4.2 清洁容器内壁,往容器内壁注入蓖麻油250mL。
B.4.3 点击计时器上的“memory”按钮,即选择事先设定好的“25,28,30”程序(CU30程序),具体按表B.1实验步骤进行操作。
表B.1B.4.4 打开盖子,将准备好的试样测试面面向容器内,平放在容器上,盖上盖子,锁好。
B.4.5 顺时针180°转动控制杆,此时计时器自动倒数计时。
B.4.6 当25秒结束后,计时器报警,此时逆时针180°转动控制杆,松开盖子,但不要打开。
B.4.7 压紧盖子取出试样,这样试样上的油会沿着容器壁流向容器内,防止更多的油带出来。
此操作最好3秒内完成。
B.4.8 迅速将试样吸油面朝上放在一张擦油纸上,用另一张擦油纸快速地擦除测试面的油。
此操作最好2秒内完成。
B.4.9 称重,完成测试。
B.4.10 更换新的试样重复B.4.2至B.4.9的步骤。
B.4.11 所有试样测试完成后,清洁全部配件并贮放好。
《包装测试》2.3纸与纸板表面性能测试
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2.3纸不纸板表面性能测试
二、空气泄露法
1. BeKK平滑度仪测定法 试验原理
将试样放置于玻璃砧上,在试
样上表面施加压力,从环形玻璃砧 的中心孔通入一定压力的空气,测
定空气通过试样不玻璃砧间所需时
间,标定纸张的平滑度。
3
2.3纸不纸板表面性能测试
普通型Bekk平滑度仪
1-玻璃;2-试样; 3-橡胶片;4-压盖; 5-刻度标尺; 6-玻璃管;7-水银; 8-大圆筒;9-小圆筒;10 -真空泵接口; 11-三通阀
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2.3纸不纸板表面性能测试
ZPD-10B型平滑度仪
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2.3纸不纸板表面性能测试
2.
Gurley三用仪测试方法
将试样置于夹头上,
抬起内圆筒,内圆筒靠
自重自由落下,使得定 量空气(100ml)在一定
压力下通过给定面积的
试样。测得所需时间即 为平滑度值。
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2.3纸不纸板表面性能测试
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2.3纸不纸板表面性能测试
1)调节仪器水平,移开内圆筒,将与用油注入外圆筒,油面高度达到 外圆筒中部表面的环状纹线。 2)升高内圆筒,把弹簧指针连接于内圆筒凸缘下方。将测量头、垫圈 安装于仪器上。
3)将标准温湿度环境下处理至平衡的试样插入底座上的冲孔器中,冲1 个小圆孔。取8层纸张。
4)将已冲孔的纸样夹于夹头,保证冲孔没有被夹头的任何部位遮住。 5)用棒状螺旋把纸垫慢慢夹紧,逆转离开,借杆臂重量加载。 6)自由落下内圆筒,待零刻度线不外圆筒顶部对齐时,立即启动秒表或 计时器计时。内圆筒靠自重将系统内空气压出,待内圆筒50ml刻度 线不外圆筒对齐时,停止计时,所计时间即为平滑度,单位s/50ml。
大小管的使用原则:平滑度< 300 s的纸张用大管,>300s用小管。
厨房纸国际标准
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厨房纸国际标准一、分类和要求1. 厨房纸按用途可分为家用厨房纸和工业厨房纸。
家用厨房纸适用于家庭日常清洁和食品处理,要求无毒、无味、无污染,具有较好的吸水性和抗油性;工业厨房纸适用于餐饮业和食品加工厂等场所,要求具有更高的抗油性和吸水性,同时具有较好的耐热性和耐腐蚀性。
2. 厨房纸应符合相关国家和地区的环保标准,使用可再生、可降解的原材料制作。
二、试验方法1. 吸水性:将厨房纸放在装有水的烧杯中浸泡10秒钟,取出后用滤纸吸取多余水分,称重计算吸水率。
2. 抗油性:将厨房纸放在装有食用油的烧杯中浸泡10秒钟,取出后用滤纸吸取多余油分,称重计算抗油率。
3. 耐热性:将厨房纸放在恒温鼓风干燥箱中,在120℃下加热30分钟,取出后观察纸的外观和物理性能变化情况。
4. 耐腐蚀性:将厨房纸在常温下浸泡在3%的NaCl溶液中24小时,取出后观察纸的外观和物理性能变化情况。
三、检验规则1. 出厂检验:每批产品需进行外观、尺寸、重量、包装等项目的检验,其中外观检验需用目测或仪器观察纸的外观、色泽、质地等是否符合要求。
2. 型式检验:每半年进行一次全面检验,包括吸水性、抗油性、耐热性、耐腐蚀性等项目,以确定产品是否符合相关标准要求。
四、标志、包装、运输和贮存1. 标志:每批厨房纸应有产品名称、生产日期、规格型号、生产厂家名称及地址等信息的标签。
2. 包装:厨房纸应采用防潮、防污染的包装材料进行包装,同时应易于搬运和打开使用。
3. 运输:厨房纸在运输过程中应避免潮湿、雨淋和污染,同时应按照包装标签上的要求进行搬运和堆放。
4. 贮存:厨房纸应存放在干燥、通风、无污染的仓库中,同时应按照产品标签上的要求进行分类存放和标识。
五、使用性能1. 厨房纸应易于使用,方便消费者取用和丢弃,同时应在使用过程中不产生过多的垃圾和污染。
2. 厨房纸在使用过程中应具有良好的清洁效果,能够有效地吸收水分和油脂,同时应在使用后保持清洁和干燥的状态。
纸张防油加工考核试卷
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B.涂层与油墨的兼容性
C.纸张的吸收性
D.印刷机的性能
13.防油纸张的储存条件应该考虑以下哪些因素?()
A.温度
B.湿度
C.光照
D.货架寿命
14.以下哪些是防油纸张的市场优势?()
A.提升产品外观
B.增加包装的实用性
C.符合食品安全标准
D.降低运输成本
15.防油加工对纸张的其他性能可能产生以下哪些影响?()
B.改变涂层材料
C.降低纸张湿度
D.提高加工温度
16.防油加工纸张在食品包装中的主要作用是()
A.提高包装美观度
B.延长食品保质期
C.防止食品受潮
D.防止食品氧化
17.下列哪种纸张在防油加工后,其透气性能会降低?()
A.铜版纸
B.道林纸
C.瓦楞纸
D.纸巾
18.防油加工纸张在高温环境下的稳定性主要取决于()
A.改变纸张的柔软度
B.影响纸张的气味
C.提高纸张的耐化学性
D.降低纸张的白度
16.以下哪些情况可能需要使用到防油加工纸张?()
A.包装油脂类食品
B.包装潮湿环境下的产品
C.包装需要高温杀菌的产品
D.制作实验室记录本
17.防油纸张的涂层材料选择标准包括以下哪些?()
A.耐油性
B.环保性
C.经济性
D.加工性
A.铜版纸
B.道林纸
C.瓦楞纸
D.纸巾
3.防油加工的纸张主要用于()
A.食品包装
B.书籍印刷
C.服装标签
D.室内装饰
4.防油加工纸张的主要特点是什么?()
A.强度高
B.透明度高
C.防水性能好
纸和纸板 耐脂度的测定 第3部分:松节油法-最新国标
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纸和纸板耐脂度的测定第3部分:松节油法1 范围本文件规定了纸和纸板耐脂度的一种测定方法。
本文件适用于玻璃纸、植物羊皮纸和防油纸等通过机械方式来获得防油能力的纸和纸板,不适用于经过浆内或表面施胶等处理的纸和纸板。
本方法提供了预计可渗透纸和纸板孔隙的油或油脂渗透速率的快速对比。
2 规范性引用文件下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。
其中,注日期的引用文件,仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件;不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
GB/T 450 纸和纸板试样的采取及试样纵横向、正反面的测定(GB/T 450—2008,ISO 186:2002,MOD)GB/T 10739 纸、纸板和纸浆试样处理和试验的标准大气条件(GB/T 10739—2023,ISO 187:2022,MOD)3 术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.1耐脂度grease resistance纸和纸板抗表面污点形成及油脂渗透的能力。
3.2孔隙 voids纸张中由于纤维排列形成的可使油脂渗透的部位。
4 原理将试样放在一张表面平整的铜版纸上,然后在试样上放置一小堆沙子,用彩色松节油溶液渗透沙子,记录铜版纸上出现油污所需的时间,所需时间越长,耐脂度越好。
5 试剂5.1 松节油20 ℃时密度为860 kg/m3~875 kg/m3。
5.2 无水氯化钙分析纯。
5.3 油溶性染料例如苏丹红。
5.4 沙子测试专用沙。
沙子可通过800μm网孔筛,但截留在630μm网孔筛上。
注:沙子从某些实验室供应商处购得,例如石英砂。
5.5 测试溶液向100 mL松节油(5.1)中加入5 g无水氯化钙(5.2)和1.0 g油溶性染料(5.3),并储存于带塞玻璃瓶中。
充分摇匀,溶液至少静置10 h,偶尔摇晃。
然后在23℃±1℃下用干燥滤纸过滤,储存于玻璃瓶中。
6 仪器和设备6.1 空心管以刚性材料制成,内径25 mm,长度至少为25 mm,且两端打磨光滑。
纸和纸板耐油脂测试
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T 559 cm-02PROVISIONAL METHOD – 1996CLASSICAL METHOD – 20022002 TAPPIThe information and data contained in this document were preparedby a technical committee of the Association. The committee and theAssociation assume no liability or responsibility in connection withthe use of such information or data, including but not limited to anyliability under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user isresponsible for determining that this document is the most recentedition published.Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group for this Test MethodTAPPICAUTION:This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safety issues related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that the safety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This method may require the use, disposal, or both, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Procedures for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potentially hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user must determine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authorities for safe use and disposal of these chemicals.Grease resistance test for paper and paperboard1.Scope and significance1.1 This classical method is an expanded and updated version of TAPPI UM 557 “Repellency of Paper and Board to Grease, Oil, and Waxes (Kit Test).”1.2 Commonly known as the kit test, the method describes a procedure for testing the degree of repellency and/or the antiwicking characteristics of paper or paperboard treated with fluorochemical sizing agents (1,2).1.3 Fluorochemical agents may impart both organophobic and hydrophobic characteristics to paper through a reduction in the surface energy of the sheet. This is done by a surface treatment of the fibers without the formation of continuous films.1.4 This test was originally developed to allow papermakers to know when the applied fluorochemical was incorporated into the sheet and the approximate level of resistance. These were accomplished by testing production samples with a series of numbered reagents (varying in surface tension and viscosity or “aggressiveness”) held in bottles in a specially designed kit. The highest numbered solution (the most aggressive) that remained on the surface of the paper without causing failure was reported as the “kit rating” (hence the term “kit test”). This concept forms the basis for the current classical method.1.5 Designed primarily as a surface repellency test for fluorochemical treatments, the use of this test for papers with film-like barriers or those treated with nonfluorochemical agents would have to be evaluated.1.6 A related test is TAPPI T 454 “Turpentine Test for Voids in Glassine and Greaseproof Papers” which is more limited in terms of paper type and may detect a different failure mechanism than the current method.2. Apparatus2.1 Absorbent tissue or cotton ; to wipe away kit solutions at end of test.2.2 Balance, capable of weighing 4000 g to within 0.1 g.2.3 Graduated cylinders , glass, 100 and 500 mL; for preparing kit solutions.2.4 Stock bottles , glass with foil-lined caps, glass stoppers, or polyethylene-lined caps to prevent evaporation losses; for storing kit solutions.2.5 Stopwatch or timer.2.6 Test bottles , with glass stoppers and glass droppers; for use during testing.2.7 Testing area , e.g., well-lit bench with dark top located in standard-conditions testing room; for conducting test(s) and rating results.3. Reagents3.1 Castor oil.3.2 n-heptane.3.3 Toluene.3.4 Kit solutions.3.4.1 Prepare the kit (test) solutions from the above reagents using the mixtures shown in Table 1.CAUTION:Consult appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets and applicable safety requirements and regulations before working with n-heptane and toluene. Both are highly flammable and are reported to be healthhazards. Keep away from heat and sparks and avoid prolonged or repeated breathing of vapors andcontact with skin.3.4.2 Do not measure the reagents by addition since there will be a loss of volume after mixing.3.4.3 Weight measurements are used for castor oil as its high viscosity makes volume measurements less accurate. The density of castor oil is 0.969 g/cm3.3.4.4 Store the solutions in labeled stock bottles. As required, fill each test bottle with the appropriate kit number solution from the stock bottles.3.4.5 The stock and test bottles should be tightly closed when not in use to prevent loss of solvent from evaporation (and a consequent change in the composition and properties of the solution).3.4.6 The solutions in the test bottles should be changed regularly depending on usage. For frequent daily usage, solutions should be replaced weekly with fresh solution from the stock bottles; for less frequent usage, a monthly solution change is adequate.NOTE 1: For certain applications, it has been reported that the upper limit of the range of kit ratings has been extended beyond 12 by continuing to adjust the proportion of toluene and n-heptane. The validity of doing this is uncertain. If done, the reportshould state clearly the ratio of toluene to n-heptane used to arrive at the extended kit values.precautions4. Safety4.1 As previously noted, various hazards including (but not limited to) flammability, explosivity, and toxicity, singly or in combination, are reportedly associated with reagents which may be used in this method.4.2 It is the responsibility of the user to determine current applicable requirements and regulations which may be in force for the materials used at the time this method is applied. Those requirements and regulations take precedence where they are, or appear to be, in conflict with any of the provisions in this document.4.3 General precautions include (but are not limited to): avoidance of an open flame in any part of this test and the use of approved safety goggles, gloves, lab coat, and ventilated hood.5. Sampling5.1 The method used to obtain samples for testing depends on the scope and intent of the sampling program. Sample the paper or paperboard to be tested in a manner which has been agreed to in advance.Table 1.Mixtures of reagents for preparing kit solutions.Kit No. Castor Oil, Toluene, n-heptane,g mL mL0 01 969.02 872.1 50 503 775.2 100 1004 678.3 150 1505 581.4 200 2006 484.5 250 2507 387.6 300 3008 290.7 350 3509 193.8 400 40010 96.9 450 45011 0 500 50012 0 450 5505.2 If the testing is being done to determine the properties of a lot (for instance, to determine whether the lot meets specifications), take a sample in accordance with T 400 “Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper, Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product.” For other specialized purposes, take a representative sample.specimens6. Test6.1 From each test unit of the sample, cut five test specimens at least 51 mm × 152 mm (2 in. × 6 in.). Standard sheets cut 216 mm × 279 mm (8.5 in. × 11 in.) are an easy size to work with; if both sides are to be tested, these sheets can be cut in half in the long direction to make a set of paired (felt side/wire side) specimens. Label or identify in some manner each side of the test specimens. Since paper and paperboard may be treated on one side or both sides, or the treatment may be different between sides, depending on the end use, the tester must decide which side(s) to test. A fluorochemical treatment applied uniformly to both sides of a paper may differ by as much as one kit value, depending on the difference in fines content between the two sides.6.2 Use care in handling the test specimens. The use of plastic disposable gloves to protect the sample is recommended. Do not test in an area that has fingerprints, oil from a previous test, an abraded surface, wrinkles, or scores.7. ConditioningPrecondition (on the dry side), condition, and test specimens in atmospheres in accordance with TAPPI T 402 “Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products.”8. Procedure8.1 Select an area of the testing lab that is clean and well illuminated. A laboratory bench with a dark gray top works well and provides contrast for viewing the tested paper. The lighting should be uniform and consistent in quality over time.8.2 Place each test specimen on a clean, flat surface, test side up.8.3 Select a specimen to be tested and back it with a darker material if a dark benchtop is not available.8.4 Select an intermediate kit number test solution (test bottles). From a height of about 13 mm (0.5 in.), gently release a drop onto the surface of the test specimen, and start the timer. Be careful not to touch the glass eyedropper to the surface of the paper.8.5 After 15 s, quickly remove the excess test solution with a clean tissue or cotton swatch, and immediately examine the test area. A failure is denoted by a darkening of the test specimen, even in a small area. (The darkening results from wetting of the specimen due to penetration of the test solution.) If the tested area is not examined immediately, volatile components of the test solution will be lost and the area may regain its original light reflectance value and be scored as “passed”.8.6 If the specimen fails this first test, select an untested area on the same test specimen and repeat the test using the next lower numbered kit solution. Repeat until the highest numbered kit solution that rests on the surface for 15 s without causing failure is identified. If the specimen passes this first test, repeat the test on an untested area using a higher numbered kit solution. Repeat until the highest numbered kit solution that does not cause failure is identified. The number of this kit solution is the kit rating for the specimen.8.7 Repeat the procedure in 8.6 for the remaining four test specimens and record each of their kit ratings. (Results from the first test can be used as an indication of which kit solution to use for the first drop on these remaining four specimens.)9. CalculationCalculate the arithmetic average of the five determinations (kit ratings) for each unit of paper or paperboard tested.10. Report10.1 Report the test value as the arithmetic-average kit rating to the nearest 0.5 units.10.2 Report the number of determinations per test value and the standard deviation (or minimum and maximum).10.3 State clearly and conspicuously any deviations from the standard procedure (see Note 1), and note any unusual features of the sample.11. Precision11.1 The average maximum expected difference between two test results, each of which is the average of five test determinations, is:Repeatability (within a laboratory) = 0.7 kit rating units or 9%.Table 2.Precision (repeatability) data for “Grease Resistance Test for Paper and Paperboard” (Kit Ratings).Determination Paper Paper Paper Paper No. 1 2 3 41 11 6 7 82 9 8 7 83 9 7 7 84 9 6 7 85 11 7 8 8Ave. 9.8 6.8 7.2 8 Dev. 1.0954 0.8367 0.4472 0Std.Std. Dev. of Test Result 0.4899 0.3742 0.2000 0r 1.36 1.04 0.55 0Repeatability,13.8 15.2 7.7 0%Repeatability,r 0.74Ave.r% 9.19Ave.Reproducibility (between laboratories) = not known.11.2 Repeatability value was determined in accordance with the definitions of this term in TAPPI T 1200 “Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Methods to Determine TAPPI Repeatability and Reproducibility.” and is the average value for four commercially made papers or paperboard obtained in one laboratory by an experienced tester (see Table 2).NOTE 2: The standard deviation of a test result was calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the square root of 5.12. KeywordsFluorine compounds, Size, Grease resistance, Oil, Repellence, Paper, Paperboard.13. Additional information13.1 Effective date of issue: March 5, 2002.13.2 During the balloting for the five-year review (3/19/01) several negatives were received based on the lack of a complete precision statement. Contact with some of the voters during this period indicated this test is subject to interpretation and useful within a test laboratory for quality control. A round-robin could not be organized to determine its reproducibility. The method was sent for ballot as a Classical Method.13.3 This Classical Method is an expanded update of TAPPI UM 557 “Repellency of Paper and Board to Grease, Oil, and Waxes (Kit Test).” Due to the extensive use of this test in the paper industry, and because TAPPI Useful Methods will no longer be published, request was made to the Physical Properties Committee to develop a Provisional Method based on TAPPI UM 557. The current draft lacks reproducibility data.13.4 Detection of failure is sometimes difficult in “tight” sheets (those that are highly refined and have high apparent density and/or low air permeability) and “thin” sheets (those with low thickness and low opacity). Backing these sheets with a darker material, such as a dark bench top, may be helpful in deciding if the test specimen has passed or failed a kit test.13.5 Fines and fillers may preferentially attract some fluorochemicals. Thus, the two sides of a sheet having marked two-sidedness may differ by as much as one kit unit. This should be considered in devising a sampling and testing plan.13.6 Related methods: TAPPI UM 557.Literature cited1. Rengel, G. L., and Young, R. C., “Internal Sizing with Fluorochemicals for Oil Resistance,” In Swanson, J.W. (ed.), TAPPI Monograph 33 - Internal Sizing of Paper and Paperboard: 170-188, TAPPI, NY (1971). 2. Chad, R. M., and Schwartz, C. A., “Fluorochemical Sizing,” In Reynolds, W. F. (ed.), The Sizing of Paper(2nd ed.): 87-101, TAPPI Press, Atlanta (1989).Your comments and suggestions on this procedure are earnestly requested and should be sent to the TAPPI Director of Quality and Standards.g。
食品包装材料需要做哪些测试
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食品包装材料需要做哪些测试GBT1014-2010 食品包装纸规定了食品包装纸的分类、要求、试验方法、检验规则及标志、包装、运输、贮存。
根据该标准,食品包装纸需要检测的物理指标有:一、定量测试:按规定的试验方法,测定纸和纸板单位面积的质量,以克每平方米(g/m²)表示。
测试方法:将五张样品沿纸幅纵向叠成五层,然后用HD-A518圆形定量取样器取沿横向均匀切取0. 01 m2的试样两叠,共10片试样,用相应分度值的天平称量,试样质量为5g以下的,用分度值0.001g 天平,试样质量为5g以上的,用分度值0.01 g 天平,试样质量为50g 以下的,用分度值0.1 g 天平。
二、抗张测试:抗张强度除以定量,以牛顿米/克(N.m/g)表示测试方法:用标准切纸刀切取15mm宽的试样,一次切取足够数量的试样,以保证纸和纸板在纵向和横向上,各有10个有效的测定结果。
再用HD-A512电脑抗张拉力仪进行测试,调节夹头间距为180mm,再将切取好的样品夹在两个夹头之间,调节拉伸速度为(20±5)mm/min,测试好后,把样品的定量输入到仪器里,仪器将自动计算出抗张指数。
HD-A512电脑抗张试验机配有内置打印机,也可以连接电脑,将数据保存到电脑里。
三、吸水性测试:纸张及其制品在水中吸收水的性能,以克/平方米(g/m²)表示,不适用于定量低于50g/m²,施胶度较低或有较多针孔的原纸和压花纸,不适用于未施胶的纸盒纸板。
测试方法:先用HD-A518-1可勃取样器取直径(125±5)mm的圆形试样(正反面各5张),再用HD-A518-1可勃吸收性测定仪测试,用量筒取100ml水倒入圆筒中,然后将已称好质量的试样放置于圆筒的环形面上。
且测试面向下,将压盖盖在试样上并夹紧,使之与圆筒固定在一起。
将圆筒翻转180°,同时打开秒表计时。
在吸水结束前10~15s,将圆筒翻正,松开压盖夹紧装置,取样试样。
纸和纸板的防油性能实验
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81在 实验 室选 择 一个 干 净 、 . 明亮 的试验 区域 。 实验 室 的工作 台配 置深 灰 色 的台面 , 以更 好 地观 察 和对 可 比试 验纸 张 。在试 验期 间 , 明要保 持 均匀和 一致 。 照 8 将 每个 试验 样 品放 置 在一 个 干净 平 整 的表 面 , . 2 待
是 不 确 定 的 。 如 果 完成 了试 验 。 报 告 应 裁 明 甲 苯和 正庚 烷 的 该
2 实 验仪 器
21吸水 性 纸 巾或 者洗 水棉 ; 验做 完 后把 溶 液擦 拭 . 实 干净。
22 天平 : . 称重 范 围 4 0 g 01 。 00 到 . g 23刻 度 容器 ,玻 璃 瓶 ,10和 5 0 ;用 于 制备 kt . 0 0 mL i 溶液 。
机 理
3- .3蓖麻油称重 , 4 因为蓖麻油的粘度 比较高 , 测量体 积不 准确 。蓖麻 油 的密度 为 09 9/m。 .6 gc 。 3 . 将 溶液 存放 在贴 有标 签 的储 液 瓶 内 。 .4 4 如有需 要 , 将储 液瓶 内 kt 液 适量灌 人 每个试 验 瓶 内。 i溶 3 . 液瓶 和试 验 瓶不 用 时要 盖 紧 ,防止 溶 剂挥 发 . 5储 4 而 损失 掉 ( 发 过 程 中 , 液 的成 分 和 性 能也 会 发 生 挥 溶
27 试验 区域 , 如 : 明 良好 的工作 台 , . 例 照 台面深 色 , 放
置 在标 准 的试验 室 内 。
3 试 剂
板对 油 脂 、 和 石蜡 的抵 抗性 ” 油 的扩展 和更 新版 本 ( 抗 油脂 实 验 ) 。 1 这是 我 们 通 常所 知 的 防油 性 能 实验 , . 2 该试 验 方 法 描 述 了测 试 排 斥 度 的步 骤 和 / 者 经 过 氟 化 施 胶 剂 或
包装材料纸和纸板的性能及测试方法教学PPT
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8、施胶度 施胶度也称抗水度或耐水度,指用 标准墨划线后不发生扩散和渗透的线条的最 大宽度,单位mm。它反应加入胶料的程度。
别克(Bekk)式平滑度测定仪
9、透气度 指单位压差作用下,在单位时间内 通过单位面积试样的平均气流量。单位m3/s。
3、孔眼和破洞 指纸张上完全穿通的窟窿,小 的叫孔眼,大的叫破洞。孔眼多的纸影响防 潮性,不适宜作为包装用。
4、折子 纸张本身折叠过产生的条痕, 能伸展开的(仍有折痕)叫活折子,不 能伸展开的叫死折子。
5、皱纹 纸面出现凹凸不平的曲皱,破 坏纸张的平滑匀称,妨碍印刷。
此外还有斑点、裂口、硬质块、有 无光泽等。根据等级不同分别规定不允 许存在或加以限制。
(6)挺度
挺度反映了弯曲时纸板面层的伸长能力与内 层的承压能力,是包装纸板的重要性能。
挺度是指在一定条件下,弯曲一端夹紧的试样 至15°的力矩。
挺度与纸板厚度、长度、宽度的关系如下:
S=(ET3/12)·B/L2 E——杨式模量 T——纸板厚度 B——纸板宽度 L——纸板长度 S——纸板的挺度
(四)光学性质 1、白度 指白色或接近白色的纸或纸板的
4、成纸方向 与造纸机运行方向平行的方向为 纵向,与造纸机运行方向垂直的方向为横向。 纸与纸板的许多性能都有显著的方向性。
5、纸面 正面:指抄纸时与毛毯接触的一面, 也称毯面;反面:指抄纸时贴向抄纸网的一 面,也称网面。纸张的反面由于有铜网纹, 比较粗糙,也比较疏松,正面则比较平滑、 紧密。
6、水分 指单位重量的试样在100℃~105℃温 度烘干至重量不变时所减少的重量与试样原 重量的百分比,以百分率表示。
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T 559 cm-02PROVISIONAL METHOD – 1996CLASSICAL METHOD – 20022002 TAPPIThe information and data contained in this document were preparedby a technical committee of the Association. The committee and theAssociation assume no liability or responsibility in connection withthe use of such information or data, including but not limited to anyliability under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user isresponsible for determining that this document is the most recentedition published.Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group for this Test MethodTAPPICAUTION:This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safety issues related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that the safety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This method may require the use, disposal, or both, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Procedures for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potentially hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user must determine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authorities for safe use and disposal of these chemicals.Grease resistance test for paper and paperboard1.Scope and significance1.1 This classical method is an expanded and updated version of TAPPI UM 557 “Repellency of Paper and Board to Grease, Oil, and Waxes (Kit Test).”1.2 Commonly known as the kit test, the method describes a procedure for testing the degree of repellency and/or the antiwicking characteristics of paper or paperboard treated with fluorochemical sizing agents (1,2).1.3 Fluorochemical agents may impart both organophobic and hydrophobic characteristics to paper through a reduction in the surface energy of the sheet. This is done by a surface treatment of the fibers without the formation of continuous films.1.4 This test was originally developed to allow papermakers to know when the applied fluorochemical was incorporated into the sheet and the approximate level of resistance. These were accomplished by testing production samples with a series of numbered reagents (varying in surface tension and viscosity or “aggressiveness”) held in bottles in a specially designed kit. The highest numbered solution (the most aggressive) that remained on the surface of the paper without causing failure was reported as the “kit rating” (hence the term “kit test”). This concept forms the basis for the current classical method.1.5 Designed primarily as a surface repellency test for fluorochemical treatments, the use of this test for papers with film-like barriers or those treated with nonfluorochemical agents would have to be evaluated.1.6 A related test is TAPPI T 454 “Turpentine Test for Voids in Glassine and Greaseproof Papers” which is more limited in terms of paper type and may detect a different failure mechanism than the current method.2. Apparatus2.1 Absorbent tissue or cotton ; to wipe away kit solutions at end of test.2.2 Balance, capable of weighing 4000 g to within 0.1 g.2.3 Graduated cylinders , glass, 100 and 500 mL; for preparing kit solutions.2.4 Stock bottles , glass with foil-lined caps, glass stoppers, or polyethylene-lined caps to prevent evaporation losses; for storing kit solutions.2.5 Stopwatch or timer.2.6 Test bottles , with glass stoppers and glass droppers; for use during testing.2.7 Testing area , e.g., well-lit bench with dark top located in standard-conditions testing room; for conducting test(s) and rating results.3. Reagents3.1 Castor oil.3.2 n-heptane.3.3 Toluene.3.4 Kit solutions.3.4.1 Prepare the kit (test) solutions from the above reagents using the mixtures shown in Table 1.CAUTION:Consult appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets and applicable safety requirements and regulations before working with n-heptane and toluene. Both are highly flammable and are reported to be healthhazards. Keep away from heat and sparks and avoid prolonged or repeated breathing of vapors andcontact with skin.3.4.2 Do not measure the reagents by addition since there will be a loss of volume after mixing.3.4.3 Weight measurements are used for castor oil as its high viscosity makes volume measurements less accurate. The density of castor oil is 0.969 g/cm3.3.4.4 Store the solutions in labeled stock bottles. As required, fill each test bottle with the appropriate kit number solution from the stock bottles.3.4.5 The stock and test bottles should be tightly closed when not in use to prevent loss of solvent from evaporation (and a consequent change in the composition and properties of the solution).3.4.6 The solutions in the test bottles should be changed regularly depending on usage. For frequent daily usage, solutions should be replaced weekly with fresh solution from the stock bottles; for less frequent usage, a monthly solution change is adequate.NOTE 1: For certain applications, it has been reported that the upper limit of the range of kit ratings has been extended beyond 12 by continuing to adjust the proportion of toluene and n-heptane. The validity of doing this is uncertain. If done, the reportshould state clearly the ratio of toluene to n-heptane used to arrive at the extended kit values.precautions4. Safety4.1 As previously noted, various hazards including (but not limited to) flammability, explosivity, and toxicity, singly or in combination, are reportedly associated with reagents which may be used in this method.4.2 It is the responsibility of the user to determine current applicable requirements and regulations which may be in force for the materials used at the time this method is applied. Those requirements and regulations take precedence where they are, or appear to be, in conflict with any of the provisions in this document.4.3 General precautions include (but are not limited to): avoidance of an open flame in any part of this test and the use of approved safety goggles, gloves, lab coat, and ventilated hood.5. Sampling5.1 The method used to obtain samples for testing depends on the scope and intent of the sampling program. Sample the paper or paperboard to be tested in a manner which has been agreed to in advance.Table 1.Mixtures of reagents for preparing kit solutions.Kit No. Castor Oil, Toluene, n-heptane,g mL mL0 01 969.02 872.1 50 503 775.2 100 1004 678.3 150 1505 581.4 200 2006 484.5 250 2507 387.6 300 3008 290.7 350 3509 193.8 400 40010 96.9 450 45011 0 500 50012 0 450 5505.2 If the testing is being done to determine the properties of a lot (for instance, to determine whether the lot meets specifications), take a sample in accordance with T 400 “Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper, Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product.” For other specialized purposes, take a representative sample.specimens6. Test6.1 From each test unit of the sample, cut five test specimens at least 51 mm × 152 mm (2 in. × 6 in.). Standard sheets cut 216 mm × 279 mm (8.5 in. × 11 in.) are an easy size to work with; if both sides are to be tested, these sheets can be cut in half in the long direction to make a set of paired (felt side/wire side) specimens. Label or identify in some manner each side of the test specimens. Since paper and paperboard may be treated on one side or both sides, or the treatment may be different between sides, depending on the end use, the tester must decide which side(s) to test. A fluorochemical treatment applied uniformly to both sides of a paper may differ by as much as one kit value, depending on the difference in fines content between the two sides.6.2 Use care in handling the test specimens. The use of plastic disposable gloves to protect the sample is recommended. Do not test in an area that has fingerprints, oil from a previous test, an abraded surface, wrinkles, or scores.7. ConditioningPrecondition (on the dry side), condition, and test specimens in atmospheres in accordance with TAPPI T 402 “Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products.”8. Procedure8.1 Select an area of the testing lab that is clean and well illuminated. A laboratory bench with a dark gray top works well and provides contrast for viewing the tested paper. The lighting should be uniform and consistent in quality over time.8.2 Place each test specimen on a clean, flat surface, test side up.8.3 Select a specimen to be tested and back it with a darker material if a dark benchtop is not available.8.4 Select an intermediate kit number test solution (test bottles). From a height of about 13 mm (0.5 in.), gently release a drop onto the surface of the test specimen, and start the timer. Be careful not to touch the glass eyedropper to the surface of the paper.8.5 After 15 s, quickly remove the excess test solution with a clean tissue or cotton swatch, and immediately examine the test area. A failure is denoted by a darkening of the test specimen, even in a small area. (The darkening results from wetting of the specimen due to penetration of the test solution.) If the tested area is not examined immediately, volatile components of the test solution will be lost and the area may regain its original light reflectance value and be scored as “passed”.8.6 If the specimen fails this first test, select an untested area on the same test specimen and repeat the test using the next lower numbered kit solution. Repeat until the highest numbered kit solution that rests on the surface for 15 s without causing failure is identified. If the specimen passes this first test, repeat the test on an untested area using a higher numbered kit solution. Repeat until the highest numbered kit solution that does not cause failure is identified. The number of this kit solution is the kit rating for the specimen.8.7 Repeat the procedure in 8.6 for the remaining four test specimens and record each of their kit ratings. (Results from the first test can be used as an indication of which kit solution to use for the first drop on these remaining four specimens.)9. CalculationCalculate the arithmetic average of the five determinations (kit ratings) for each unit of paper or paperboard tested.10. Report10.1 Report the test value as the arithmetic-average kit rating to the nearest 0.5 units.10.2 Report the number of determinations per test value and the standard deviation (or minimum and maximum).10.3 State clearly and conspicuously any deviations from the standard procedure (see Note 1), and note any unusual features of the sample.11. Precision11.1 The average maximum expected difference between two test results, each of which is the average of five test determinations, is:Repeatability (within a laboratory) = 0.7 kit rating units or 9%.Table 2.Precision (repeatability) data for “Grease Resistance Test for Paper and Paperboard” (Kit Ratings).Determination Paper Paper Paper Paper No. 1 2 3 41 11 6 7 82 9 8 7 83 9 7 7 84 9 6 7 85 11 7 8 8Ave. 9.8 6.8 7.2 8 Dev. 1.0954 0.8367 0.4472 0Std.Std. Dev. of Test Result 0.4899 0.3742 0.2000 0r 1.36 1.04 0.55 0Repeatability,13.8 15.2 7.7 0%Repeatability,r 0.74Ave.r% 9.19Ave.Reproducibility (between laboratories) = not known.11.2 Repeatability value was determined in accordance with the definitions of this term in TAPPI T 1200 “Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Methods to Determine TAPPI Repeatability and Reproducibility.” and is the average value for four commercially made papers or paperboard obtained in one laboratory by an experienced tester (see Table 2).NOTE 2: The standard deviation of a test result was calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the square root of 5.12. KeywordsFluorine compounds, Size, Grease resistance, Oil, Repellence, Paper, Paperboard.13. Additional information13.1 Effective date of issue: March 5, 2002.13.2 During the balloting for the five-year review (3/19/01) several negatives were received based on the lack of a complete precision statement. Contact with some of the voters during this period indicated this test is subject to interpretation and useful within a test laboratory for quality control. A round-robin could not be organized to determine its reproducibility. The method was sent for ballot as a Classical Method.13.3 This Classical Method is an expanded update of TAPPI UM 557 “Repellency of Paper and Board to Grease, Oil, and Waxes (Kit Test).” Due to the extensive use of this test in the paper industry, and because TAPPI Useful Methods will no longer be published, request was made to the Physical Properties Committee to develop a Provisional Method based on TAPPI UM 557. The current draft lacks reproducibility data.13.4 Detection of failure is sometimes difficult in “tight” sheets (those that are highly refined and have high apparent density and/or low air permeability) and “thin” sheets (those with low thickness and low opacity). Backing these sheets with a darker material, such as a dark bench top, may be helpful in deciding if the test specimen has passed or failed a kit test.13.5 Fines and fillers may preferentially attract some fluorochemicals. Thus, the two sides of a sheet having marked two-sidedness may differ by as much as one kit unit. This should be considered in devising a sampling and testing plan.13.6 Related methods: TAPPI UM 557.Literature cited1. Rengel, G. L., and Young, R. C., “Internal Sizing with Fluorochemicals for Oil Resistance,” In Swanson, J.W. (ed.), TAPPI Monograph 33 - Internal Sizing of Paper and Paperboard: 170-188, TAPPI, NY (1971). 2. Chad, R. M., and Schwartz, C. A., “Fluorochemical Sizing,” In Reynolds, W. F. (ed.), The Sizing of Paper(2nd ed.): 87-101, TAPPI Press, Atlanta (1989).Your comments and suggestions on this procedure are earnestly requested and should be sent to the TAPPI Director of Quality and Standards.g。