2015版AHA心肺复苏(完整通俗版)

合集下载

2015版心肺复苏标准操作流程

2015版心肺复苏标准操作流程

精品文档
. 2015版心肺复苏标准操作流程_心肺复苏机
心肺复苏 ,简称 :CPR(cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR)需要马上帮患者在现场立即进行治疗,胸外按压人工呼吸等,可以为进一步抢救直至挽回心搏骤停伤病员的生命而赢得最宝贵的时间。

心肺复苏流程:
1、意识的判断;用双手轻拍病人双肩,问:“喂!你叫什么名字呀?能听见我说话吗?”告知无反应。

2、检查呼吸:把手指放在鼻孔,观察病人胸部起伏,无呼吸说明:肺呼吸功能丧失。

3、判断是否有颈动脉搏动;用右手的中指和食指从气管正中环状软骨划向近侧颈动脉搏动处,无搏动说明心跳停止
4、呼救:请人帮忙,打急救电话
5、在野外把患者放在平静的地面上,避免石头伤害,非野外得放在硬板床上,松解衣领及裤带,充分露出胸廓。

6、胸外心脏按压;两乳头连线中点(胸骨中下1/3 处),用左手掌跟紧贴病人的胸部,两手重叠,左手五指翘起,双臂深直,用上身力量用力按压30次(按压频率至少100次∕分,按压深度至5cm左右)
7、清理口腔异物打开气道;把头像一侧偏清理口腔泌物,去掉假牙等。

8、人工呼吸:应用简易呼吸器,一手以“CE”手法固定,一手挤压简易呼吸器,每次送气400-600ml,频率10-12次/分。

(胸廓起伏2~3cm)
9、CPR:以心脏按压:人工呼吸=30:2的比例进行,操作5个周期。

(心脏按压开始送气结束)
10、(6~8为半个周期)连续5个周期后再做重复1~3操作,如有意识,呼吸,心跳告知心肺复苏成功,如无意识,呼吸,心跳,进行6~8操作持续30分钟,如无意识,呼吸,心跳,则拯救失败。

11、整理好患者衣服,记录死亡时间,通知患者家属,告知患者已。

2015 心肺复苏指南

2015 心肺复苏指南

基于芬兰坦佩雷医学院开展的170例CPR损伤性分析报告 综合损伤率 28% 27% 49%
按压深度范围 5cm 5-6cm >6cm
推荐标准:(最高级别:Class I,LOE C-LD)
在徒手CPR中,按压深度不超过6cm
如不使用CPR监护及反馈装置,可能难于判断按压深度,并很难确认按压 深度上限
更新5:按压后离开胸壁

每次按压后,双手离开胸壁,以使胸廓充分回 弹
胸廓回弹
基于3项研究胸廓回弹不足与灌注压降低有关 按压间隙依靠在患者胸部→妨碍胸廓充分回弹→胸腔 内↑→静脉回流、灌注压、心肌血流↓→复苏存活率↓ 推荐标准:(级别很高:Class IIa,LOE C-LD)

在被按压间隙不依靠在患者胸上,让胸廓充分回弹

仍坚持C-A-B顺序
2105 AHA成人CPR指南

7大主要更新
更新1:强调快速反应,团队协作
施救者应同时进行几个步骤 由多名施救者形成综合小组 合力完成多个步骤和评估 包括: 急救反应系统、胸外按压、通气或取球囊面罩/ 人工呼吸、取除颤器等

覆盖院外院内的应急反应体系
呼吁成立院内的应急反应体系 院外急救有赖于城市急救中心的体系 院内反应时间标准: 有心电监护:(室颤发作——电击)<3分钟 无心电监护:(室颤发作——电击)<5分钟 在除颤的准备过程中均应同时开始 CPR!
更新4:别再使劲按了!
2010年: 频率》100次/分,深度》5cm 2015年: 频率100-120次/分,5cm《深度》6cm
提高复苏质量的同时减轻损伤
按压频率:100-120次/分钟

基于美国复苏联盟分析10371例心肺复苏数据, 发现: 按压频率范围 100-119次/分钟 120-139次/分钟 按压深度不足率 35% 50%

2015 AHA心肺复苏指南

2015 AHA心肺复苏指南

IntroductionPublication of the 2015 American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) marks 49 years since the first CPR guidelines were published in 1966 by an Ad Hoc Committee on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation estab-lished by the National Academy of Sciences of the National Research Council.1 Since that time, periodic revisions to the Guidelines have been published by the AHA in 1974,2 1980,3 1986,4 1992,5 2000,6 2005,7 2010,8 and now 2015. The 2010 AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC provided a comprehensive review of evidence-based recommendations for resuscitation, ECC, and first aid. The 2015 AHA Guidelines Update for CPR and ECC focuses on topics with significant new science or ongoing controversy, and so serves as an update to the 2010 AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC rather than a complete revision of the Guidelines.The purpose of this Executive Summary is to provide an overview of the new or revised recommendations contained in the 2015 Guidelines Update. This document does not contain extensive reference citations; the reader is referred to Parts 3 through 9 for more detailed review of the scientific evidence and the recommendations on which they are based.There have been several changes to the organization of the 2015 Guidelines Update compared with 2010. “Part 4: Systems of Care and Continuous Quality I mprovement” is an important new Part that focuses on the integrated struc-tures and processes that are necessary to create systems of care for both in-hospital and out-of-hospital resuscitation capable of measuring and improving quality and patient out-comes. This Part replaces the “CPR Overview” Part of the 2010 Guidelines.Another new Part of the 2015 Guidelines Update is “Part 14: Education,” which focuses on evidence-based recommen-dations to facilitate widespread, consistent, efficient and effec-tive implementation of the AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC into practice. These recommendations will target resuscitationeducation of both lay rescuers and healthcare providers. This Part replaces the 2010 Part titled “Education, Implementation, and Teams.” The 2015 Guidelines Update does not include a separate Part on adult stroke because the content would rep-licate that already offered in the most recent AHA/American Stroke Association guidelines for the management of acute stroke.9,10Finally, the 2015 Guidelines Update marks the begin-ning of a new era for the AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC, because the Guidelines will transition from a 5-year cycle of periodic revisions and updates to a Web-based format that is continuously updated. The first release of the Web-based inte-grated Guidelines, now available online at is based on the comprehensive 2010 Guidelines plus the 2015 Guidelines Update. Moving forward, these Guidelines will be updated by using a continuous evidence evaluation process to facilitate more rapid translation of new scientific discoveries into daily patient care.Creation of practice guidelines is only 1 link in the chain of knowledge translation that starts with laboratory and clini-cal science and culminates in improved patient outcomes. The AHA ECC Committee has set an impact goal of doubling bystander CPR rates and doubling cardiac arrest survival by 2020. Much work will be needed across the entire spectrum of knowledge translation to reach this important goal.Evidence Review and GuidelinesDevelopment ProcessThe process used to generate the 2015 AHA Guidelines Update for CPR and ECC was significantly different from the process used in prior releases of the Guidelines, and marks the planned transition from a 5-year cycle of evidence review to a continuous evidence evaluation process. The AHA con-tinues to partner with the I nternational Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (I LCOR) in the evidence review process. However, for 2015, ILCOR prioritized topics for systematic review based on clinical significance and availability of new© 2015 American Heart Association, Inc.Circulation is available at DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000252The American Heart Association requests that this document be cited as follows: Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Gent LM, Atkins DL, Bhanji F, Brooks SC, de Caen AR, Donnino MW, Ferrer JME, Kleinman ME, Kronick SL, Lavonas EJ, Link MS, Mancini ME, Morrison LJ, O’Connor RE, Sampson RA, Schexnayder SM, Singletary EM, Sinz EH, Travers AH, Wyckoff MH, Hazinski MF. Part 1: executive summary: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation . 2015;132(suppl 2):S315–S367.(Circulation. 2015;132[suppl 2]:S315–S367. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000252.)Part 1: Executive Summary2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for CardiopulmonaryResuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular CareRobert W. Neumar, Chair; Michael Shuster; Clifton W. Callaway; Lana M. Gent; Dianne L. Atkins; Farhan Bhanji; Steven C. Brooks; Allan R. de Caen; Michael W. Donnino; Jose Maria E. Ferrer; Monica E. Kleinman; Steven L. Kronick; Eric J. Lavonas; Mark S. Link; Mary E. Mancini; Laurie J. Morrison; Robert E. O’Connor; Ricardo A. Samson; Steven M. Schexnayder;Eunice M. Singletary; Elizabeth H. Sinz; Andrew H. Travers; Myra H. Wyckoff; Mary Fran HazinskiS316 Circulation November 3, 2015evidence. Each priority topic was defined as a question in PICO (population, intervention, comparator, outcome) format. Many of the topics reviewed in 2010 did not have new pub-lished evidence or controversial aspects, so they were not rere-viewed in 2015. In 2015, 165 PICO questions were addressed by systematic reviews, whereas in 2010, 274 PICO questions were addressed by evidence evaluation. In addition, ILCOR adopted the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) process for evidence evaluation and expanded the opportunity for public comment. The output of the GRADE process was used to generate the 2015 International Consensus on CPR and ECC Science With Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR).11,12The recommendations of the I LCOR 2015 CoSTR were used to inform the recommendations in the 2015 AHA Guidelines Update for CPR and ECC. The wording of these recommendations is based on the AHA classification system for evidentiary review (see “Part 2: Evidence Evaluation and Management of Conflicts of Interest”).The 2015 AHA Guidelines Update for CPR and ECC con-tains 315 classified recommendations. There are 78 Class I rec-ommendations (25%), 217 Class II recommendations (68%), and 20 Class III recommendations (7%). Overall, 3 (1%) are based on Level of Evidence (LOE) A, 50 (15%) are based on LOE B-R (randomized studies), 46 (15%) are based on LOE B-NR (non-randomized studies), 145 (46%) are based on LOE C-LD (lim-ited data), and 73 (23%) are based on LOE C-EO (consensus of expert opinion). These results highlight the persistent knowledge gap in resuscitation science that needs to be addressed through expanded research initiatives and funding opportunities.As noted above, the transition from a 5-year cycle to a continuous evidence evaluation and Guidelines update process will be initiated by the 2015 online publication of the AHA I ntegrated Guidelines for CPR and ECC at ECCguidelines. . The initial content will be a compilation of the 2010 Guidelines and the 2015 Guidelines Update. In the future, the Scientific Evidence Evaluation and Review System (SEERS) Web-based resource will also be periodically updated with results of the ILCOR continuous evidence evaluation process at /seers.Part 3: Ethical IssuesAs resuscitation practice evolves, ethical considerations must also evolve. Managing the multiple decisions associated with resuscitation is challenging from many perspectives, espe-cially when healthcare providers are dealing with the ethics surrounding decisions to provide or withhold emergency car-diovascular interventions.Ethical issues surrounding resuscitation are complex and vary across settings (in or out of hospital), providers (basic or advanced), patient population (neonatal, pediatric, or adult), and whether to start or when to terminate CPR. Although the ethical principles involved have not changed dramatically since the 2010 Guidelines were published, the data that inform many ethical discussions have been updated through the evi-dence review process. The 2015 ILCOR evidence review pro-cess and resultant 2015 Guidelines Update include several recommendations that have implications for ethical decision making in these challenging areas.Significant New and Updated Recommendations That May Inform Ethical Decisions• The use of extracorporeal CPR (ECPR) for cardiac arrest • Intra-arrest prognostic factors for infants, children, and adults• Prognostication for newborns, infants, children, and adults after cardiac arrest• Function of transplanted organs recovered after cardiac arrestNew resuscitation strategies, such as ECPR, have made the decision to discontinue cardiac arrest measures more complicated (see “Part 6: Alternative Techniques and Ancillary Devices for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation” and “Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support”). Understanding the appropriate use, implications, and likely benefits related to such new treat-ments will have an impact on decision making. There is new information regarding prognostication for newborns, infants, children, and adults with cardiac arrest and/or after cardiac arrest (see “Part 13: Neonatal Resuscitation,” “Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support,” and “Part 8: Post–Cardiac Arrest Care”). The increased use of targeted temperature management has led to new challenges for predicting neurologic outcomes in comatose post–cardiac arrest patients, and the latest data about the accuracy of particular tests and studies should be used to guide decisions about goals of care and limiting interventions.With new information about the success rate for trans-planted organs obtained from victims of cardiac arrest, there is ongoing discussion about the ethical implications around organ donation in an emergency setting. Some of the different view-points on important ethical concerns are summarized in “Part 3: Ethical I ssues.” There is also an enhanced awareness that although children and adolescents cannot make legally bind-ing decisions, information should be shared with them to the extent possible, using appropriate language and information for their level of development. Finally, the phrase “limitations of care” has been changed to “limitations of interventions,” and there is increasing availability of the Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) form, a new method of legally identifying people who wish to have specific limits on interven-tions at the end of life, both in and out of healthcare facilities.Part 4: Systems of Care andContinuous Quality ImprovementAlmost all aspects of resuscitation, from recognition of cardio-pulmonary compromise, through cardiac arrest and resuscita-tion and post–cardiac arrest care, to the return to productive life, can be discussed in terms of a system or systems of care. Systems of care consist of multiple working parts that are interdependent, each having an effect on every other aspect of the care within that system. To bring about any improvement, providers must recognize the interdependency of the various parts of the system. There is also increasing recognition that out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) systems of care must function differently. “Part 4: Systems of Care and Continuous Quality I mprovement” in this 2015 Guidelines Update makes a clear distinction between the two systems, noting that OHCA frequently is the result of an unexpected event with a reactive element, whereasNeumar et al Part 1: Executive Summary S317the focus on IHCA is shifting from reactive resuscitation to prevention. New Chains of Survival are suggested for in-hospital and out-of-hospital systems of care, with relatively recent in-hospital focus on prevention of arrests. Additional emphasis should be on continuous quality improvement by identifying the problem that is limiting survival, and then by setting goals, measuring progress toward those goals, creating accountability, and having a method to effect change in order to improve outcomes.This new Part of the AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC summarizes the evidence reviewed in 2015 with a focus on the systems of care for both I HCA and OHCA, and it lays the framework for future efforts to improve these systems of care. A universal taxonomy of systems of care is proposed for stakeholders. There are evidence-based recommendations on how to improve these systems.Significant New and Updated RecommendationsI n a randomized trial, social media was used by dispatch-ers to notify nearby potential rescuers of a possible cardiac arrest. Although few patients ultimately received CPR from volunteers dispatched by the notification system, there was a higher rate of bystander-initiated CPR (62% versus 48% in the control group).13 Given the low risk of harm and the poten-tial benefit of such notifications, municipalities could consider incorporating these technologies into their OHCA system of care. I t may be reasonable for communities to incorporate, where available, social media technologies that summon res-cuers who are willing and able to perform CPR and are in close proximity to a suspected victim of OHCA (Class I I b, LOE B-R).Specialized cardiac arrest centers can provide comprehen-sive care to patients after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. These specialized centers have been proposed, and new evi-dence suggests that a regionalized approach to OHCA resus-citation may be considered that includes the use of cardiac resuscitation centers.A variety of early warning scores are available to help identify adult and pediatric patients at risk for deterioration. Medical emergency teams or rapid response teams have been developed to help respond to patients who are deteriorating. Use of scoring systems to identify these patients and creation of teams to respond to those scores or other indicators of deterioration may be considered, particularly on general care wards for adults and for children with high-risk illnesses, and may help reduce the incidence of cardiac arrest.Evidence regarding the use of public access defibrillation was reviewed, and the use of automated external defibril-lators (AEDs) by laypersons continues to improve survival from OHCA. We continue to recommend implementation of public access defibrillation programs for treatment of patients with OHCA in communities who have persons at risk for cardiac arrest.Knowledge Gaps• What is the optimal model for rapid response teams in the prevention of IHCA, and is there evidence that rapid response teams improve outcomes?• What are the most effective methods for increasing bystander CPR for OHCA?• What is the best composition for a team that responds to IHCA, and what is the most appropriate training for that team?Part 5: Adult Basic Life Support andCardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality New Developments in Basic Life Support Science Since 2010The 2010 Guidelines were most notable for the reorientation of the universal sequence from A-B-C (Airway, Breathing, Compressions) to C-A-B (Compressions, Airway, Breathing) to minimize time to initiation of chest compressions. Since 2010, the importance of high-quality chest compressions has been reemphasized, and targets for compression rate and depth have been further refined by relevant evidence. For the untrained lay rescuer, dispatchers play a key role in the recognition of abnor-mal breathing or agonal gasps as signs of cardiac arrest, with recommendations for chest compression–only CPR.This section presents the updated recommendations for the 2015 adult basic life support (BLS) guidelines for lay res-cuers and healthcare providers. Key changes and continued points of emphasis in this 2015 Guidelines Update include the following: The crucial links in the adult Chain of Survival for OHCA are unchanged from 2010; however, there is increased emphasis on the rapid identification of potential cardiac arrest by dispatchers, with immediate provision of CPR instructions to the caller. These Guidelines take into consideration the ubiq-uitous presence of mobile phones that can allow the rescuer to activate the emergency response system without leaving the victim’s side. For healthcare providers, these recommenda-tions allow flexibility for activation of the emergency response to better match the provider’s clinical setting. More data are available indicating that high-quality CPR improves survival from cardiac arrest. Components of high-quality CPR include • Ensuring chest compressions of adequate rate• Ensuring chest compressions of adequate depth• Allowing full chest recoil between compressions• Minimizing interruptions in chest compressions• Avoiding excessive ventilationRecommendations are made for a simultaneous, choreo-graphed approach to performance of chest compressions, airway management, rescue breathing, rhythm detection, and shock delivery (if indicated) by an integrated team of highly trained rescuers in applicable settings.Significant New and Updated Recommendations Many studies have documented that the most common errors of resuscitation are inadequate compression rate and depth; both errors may reduce survival. New to this 2015 Guidelines Update are upper limits of recommended compression rate based on pre-liminary data suggesting that excessive rate may be associated with lower rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). In addition, an upper limit of compression depth is introducedS318 Circulation November 3, 2015based on a report associating increased non–life-threatening injuries with excessive compression depth.• I n adult victims of cardiac arrest, it is reasonable for rescuers to perform chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120/min (Class IIa, LOE C-LD). The addition of an upper limit of compression rate is the result of 1 large registry study associating extremely rapid compression rates with inadequate compression depth.• During manual CPR, rescuers should perform chest compressions at a depth of at least 2 inches or 5 cm for an average adult, while avoiding excessive chest com-pression depths (greater than 2.4 inches [6 cm]) (Class I, LOE C-LD). The addition of an upper limit of com-pression depth followed review of 1 publication suggest-ing potential harm from excessive chest compression depth (greater than 6 cm, or 2.4 inches). Compression depth may be difficult to judge without use of feedback devices, and identification of upper limits of compres-sion depth may be challenging.• I n adult cardiac arrest, total preshock and postshock pauses in chest compressions should be as short as pos-sible (Class I, LOE C-LD) because shorter pauses can be associated with greater shock success, ROSC, and, in some studies, higher survival to hospital discharge. The need to reduce such pauses has received greater empha-sis in this 2015 Guidelines Update.• In adult cardiac arrest with an unprotected airway, it may be reasonable to perform CPR with the goal of a chest compression fraction as high as possible, with a target of at least 60% (Class IIb, LOE C-LD). The addition of this target compression fraction to the 2015 Guidelines Update is intended to limit interruptions in compressions and to maximize coronary perfusion and blood flow during CPR.• For patients with known or suspected opioid addic-tion who have a definite pulse but no normal breathing or only gasping (ie, a respiratory arrest), in addition to providing standard BLS care, it is reasonable for appro-priately trained BLS providers to administer intramus-cular or intranasal naloxone (Class IIa, LOE C-LD). It is reasonable to provide opioid overdose response educa-tion with or without naloxone distribution to persons at risk for opioid overdose in any setting (Class IIa, LOE C-LD). For more information, see “Part 10: Special Circumstances of Resuscitation.”• For witnessed OHCA with a shockable rhythm, it may be reasonable for emergency medical service (EMS) systems with priority-based, multi-tiered response to delay positive-pressure ventilation by using a strategy of up to 3 cycles of 200 continuous compressions with passive oxygen insufflation and airway adjuncts (Class IIb, LOE C-LD).• We do not recommend the routine use of passive ven-tilation techniques during conventional CPR for adults, because the usefulness/effectiveness of these techniques is unknown (Class IIb, LOE C-EO). However, in EMS systems that use bundles of care involving continuous chest compressions, the use of passive ventilation tech-niques may be considered as part of that bundle (Class IIb, LOE C-LD).• I t is recommended that emergency dispatchers deter-mine if a patient is unconscious with abnormal breathingafter acquiring the requisite information to determine the location of the event (Class I, LOE C-LD).• I f the patient is unconscious with abnormal or absent breathing, it is reasonable for the emergency dispatcher to assume that the patient is in cardiac arrest (Class IIa, LOE C-LD).• Dispatchers should be educated to identify unconscious-ness with abnormal and agonal gasps across a range of clin-ical presentations and descriptions (Class I, LOE C-LD).• We recommend that dispatchers should provide chest compression–only CPR instructions to callers for adults with suspected OHCA (Class I, LOE C-LD).• It is reasonable for healthcare providers to provide chest compressions and ventilation for all adult patients in cardiacarrest, from either a cardiac or a noncardiac cause (Class IIb, LOE C-LD). When the victim has an advanced airway in place during CPR, rescuers no longer deliver cycles of30 compressions and 2 breaths (ie, they no longer interruptcompressions to deliver 2 breaths). Instead, it may be rea-sonable for the provider to deliver 1 breath every 6 seconds(10 breaths per minute) while continuous chest compres-sions are being performed (Class IIb, LOE C-LD). When the victim has an advanced airway in place during CPR, it may be reasonable for the provider to deliver 1 breath every 6 seconds (10 breaths per minute) while continuous chest compressions are being performed (Class IIb, LOE C-LD). This simple rate, rather than a range of breaths per minute, should be easier to learn, remember, and perform.• There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of artifact-filtering algorithms for analysis of electrocardio-graphic (ECG) rhythm during CPR. Their use may be con-sidered as part of a research program or if an EMS system has already incorporated ECG artifact-filtering algorithms in its resuscitation protocols (Class IIb, LOE C-EO).• It may be reasonable to use audiovisual feedback devices during CPR for real-time optimization of CPR perfor-mance (Class IIb, LOE B-R).• For victims with suspected spinal injury, rescuers should initially use manual spinal motion restriction (eg, plac-ing 1 hand on either side of the patient’s head to hold it still) rather than immobilization devices, because use of immobilization devices by lay rescuers may be harmful (Class III: Harm, LOE C-LD).Knowledge Gaps• The optimal method for ensuring adequate depth of chest compressions during manual CPR• The duration of chest compressions after which venti-lation should be incorporated when using Hands-Only CPR• The optimal chest compression fraction• Optimal use of CPR feedback devices to increase patient survivalPart 6: Alternative Techniques and Ancillary Devices for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation High-quality conventional CPR (manual chest compressions with rescue breaths) generates about 25% to 33% of normal cardiac output and oxygen delivery. A variety of alternativesNeumar et al Part 1: Executive Summary S319and adjuncts to conventional CPR have been developed with the aim of enhancing coronary and cerebral perfusion during resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Since the 2010 Guidelines were published, a number of clinical trials have provided new data regarding the effectiveness of these alternatives. Compared with conventional CPR, many of these techniques and devices require specialized equipment and training. Some have been tested in only highly selected subgroups of cardiac arrest patients; this selection must be noted when rescuers or healthcare systems consider implementation of the devices. Significant New and Updated Recommendations• The Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Prehospital Resuscitation mpedance V alve and EarlyV ersus Delayed Analysis (PRI MED) study (n=8718)14failed to demonstrate improved outcomes with the use ofan impedance threshold device (ITD) as an adjunct to con-ventional CPR when compared with use of a sham device.This negative high-quality study prompted a Class III: NoBenefit recommendation regarding routine use of the ITD.• One large randomized controlled trial evaluated the use ofactive compression-decompression CPR plus an ITD.15 Thewriting group found interpretation of the true clinical effectof active compression-decompression CPR plus an I TDchallenging because of wide confidence intervals aroundthe effect estimate and also because of methodological con-cerns. The finding of improved neurologically intact sur-vival in the study, however, supported a recommendationthat this combination may be a reasonable alternative withavailable equipment and properly trained providers.• Three randomized clinical trials comparing the use ofmechanical chest compression devices with conventionalCPR have been published since the 2010 Guidelines.None of these studies demonstrated superiority ofmechanical chest compressions over conventional CPR.Manual chest compressions remain the standard of carefor the treatment of cardiac arrest, but mechanical chestcompression devices may be a reasonable alternativefor use by properly trained personnel. The use of themechanical chest compression devices may be consid-ered in specific settings where the delivery of high-qualitymanual compressions may be challenging or dangerousfor the provider (eg, prolonged CPR during hypothermiccardiac arrest, CPR in a moving ambulance, CPR in theangiography suite, CPR during preparation for ECPR),provided that rescuers strictly limit interruptions in CPRduring deployment and removal of the device (Class IIb,LOE C-EO).• Although several observational studies have been pub-lished documenting the use of ECPR, no randomizedcontrolled trials have evaluated the effect of this therapyon survival.Knowledge Gaps• Are mechanical chest compression devices superior tomanual chest compressions in special situations suchas a moving ambulance, prolonged CPR, or proceduressuch as coronary angiography?• What is the impact of implementing ECPR as part of thesystem of care for OHCA?Part 7: Adult AdvancedCardiovascular Life SupportThe major changes in the 2015 advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) guidelines include recommendations regard-ing prognostication during CPR based on end-tidal carbon dioxide measurements, use of vasopressin during resuscita-tion, timing of epinephrine administration stratified by shock-able or nonshockable rhythms, and the possibility of bundling steroids, vasopressin, and epinephrine administration for treatment of IHCA. In addition, vasopressin has been removed from the pulseless arrest algorithm. Recommendations regard-ing physiologic monitoring of CPR were reviewed, although there is little new evidence.Significant New and Updated Recommendations • Based on new data, the recommendation for use of the maximal feasible inspired oxygen during CPR was strengthened. This recommendation applies only while CPR is ongoing and does not apply to care afterROSC.• The new 2015 Guidelines Update continues to state that physiologic monitoring during CPR may be use-ful, but there has yet to be a clinical trial demonstrating that goal-directed CPR based on physiologic parametersimproves outcomes.• Recommendations for ultrasound use during cardiac arrest are largely unchanged, except for the explicit pro-viso that the use of ultrasound should not interfere with provision of high-quality CPR and conventional ACLS therapy.• Continuous waveform capnography remained a Class I recommendation for confirming placement of an endo-tracheal tube. Ultrasound was added as an additional method for confirmation of endotracheal tube placement.• The defibrillation strategies addressed by the 2015 ILCOR review resulted in minimal changes in defibrilla-tion recommendations.• The Class of Recommendation for use of standard dose epinephrine (1 mg every 3 to 5 minutes) was unchangedbut reinforced by a single new prospective randomized clinical trial demonstrating improved ROSC and survivalto hospital admission that was inadequately powered to measure impact on long-term outcomes.• Vasopressin was removed from the ACLS Cardiac ArrestAlgorithm as a vasopressor therapy in recognition of equivalence of effect with other available interventions (eg, epinephrine). This modification valued the simplic-ity of approach toward cardiac arrest when 2 therapies were found to be equivalent.• The recommendations for timing of epinephrine admin-istration were updated and stratified based on the initial presenting rhythm, recognizing the potential difference inpathophysiologic disease. For those with a nonshockablerhythm, it may be reasonable to administer epinephrine as soon as feasible. For those with a shockable rhythm, there is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation。

2015年心肺复苏指南(1)

2015年心肺复苏指南(1)

6、设定固定的高级气道通气频率
对于实施了高级气道措施(气管插管、
喉罩等)的患者,2010年指南要求通气频
率为每分钟80次,这次为了更方便学习和
实施,将通气频率设定为每6秒1次(即10
次/分)
8. 瘾君子的福音
纳洛酮
新版指南指出,对于已知或疑似阿片类药 物成瘾的患者,如果无反应且呼吸正常, 但有脉搏,救治同时可以给予患者肌内注 射或鼻内给予纳洛酮。同时给出了纳洛酮 的用法,即纳洛酮 2 mg 滴鼻或 0.4 mg 肌 注。并可根据患者反应情况,在 4 分钟后 重复给药。
3秒--黑朦
5-10秒—意识丧失,突然倒地,晕厥 15-30秒—全身抽搐 45秒—瞳孔散大 60秒—自主呼吸逐渐停止 4分钟—开始出现脑水肿 6分钟—开始出现脑细胞死亡

10分钟—脑细胞出现不可逆转的损害,进入“脑死亡”“植物状态”
“4-6分钟”黄金救命时间
时间就是生命
心肺复苏存活率
CPR开始的时间 CPR成功率 >90%
前 言
2015年10月,新版《美国心脏学会 CPR和ECC指南》隆重登场。今年的指南 到底有啥变动?是否如同5年前那样几乎彻 底颠覆?下面我们就梳理一下该指南中标 准CPR流程的主要变更点。
1、生命链一分为二
AHA成人生存链分为两链:一链为院内急救 体系,另一链为院外急救体系
Hale Waihona Puke 院外心脏骤停(OHCA)生存链
婴幼儿胸外心脏按压方法
定位:双乳连线与胸骨垂直交叉点下方1横指。 幼儿:一手手掌下压。 婴儿:环抱法,双拇指重叠下压;或一手食指、中指并拢 下压。 下压深度:(婴儿 )胸部前后径的三分之一,(4 厘 米)。 儿童 (5 厘米)。按压频率:100--120次。

2015年AHA国际心肺复苏指南详解

2015年AHA国际心肺复苏指南详解

对于急性 ST 段升高型心肌梗死( STEMI )的患者,新版 的指南更加推荐 PCI,因其可以减少颅内出血的发生。即 使在不能 PCI 的医院中对 STEMI 患者进行溶栓治疗,患 者也应在溶栓后的最初 3 到 6 h,最多 24 h 内进行常规血 管造影,以防再梗死的发生。
对于 STEMI 患者,入院前可给予普通肝素(UFH)或比 伐卢定;对于正在向 PCI 中心转移的 STEMI 疑似患者, 可以用依诺肝素代替普通肝素。


阿托品

阿托品在指南更新中出现于儿童高级生命支持的部分,新 版指南纠正了旧版关于气管插管术前,给予阿托品存在最 小剂量预防心动过缓的说法。
知识延伸


阿托品用法:麻醉前单次 0.01-0.03 mg/kg,最大剂量 0.6 mg。
纳洛酮

新版指南指出,对于已知或疑似阿片类药物成瘾的患者, 救治同时可以给予患者肌内注射或鼻内给予纳洛酮。同时 给出了纳洛酮的用法,即纳洛酮 2 mg 滴鼻或 0.4 mg 肌注。 并可根据患者反应情况,在 4 分钟后重复给药。

知识延伸

利多卡因用法:起始剂量 1-1.5 mg/kg 静推(一般用 50100 mg),静脉注射 2-3 min。根据患者反应,5-10 min 后可再用 0.5-0.75 mg/kg 静推,1 h 内最大剂量不得超过 300 mg。利多卡因易引起除颤后心脏停搏,使用时应予以 注意。
溶栓治疗


非专业人士该怎么做

1. 继续强调简化后的通用成人基础生命支持(BLS)流程;

2. 施救者在不离开患者的情况下紧急反应(通过手机等电子设备), 未经培训的旁观者应该立即拨打急救电话(中国为 120);

2015年AHA国际心肺复苏指南(1)

2015年AHA国际心肺复苏指南(1)
若有能力,则应按照 30 次按压给与 2 次人工呼 吸的比例给予人工呼吸。
阿片类药物相关的危及生命的紧急情况下旁 观者给与纳洛酮
2014年,美国食品和药物管理局审批通过了非专 业施救者和医护人员使用纳洛酮自助注射器,这 种注射器的各种相关信息已经以最优方式融入成 人BLS指南和培训中。这项建议已经纳入了新通 过的治疗方法。
成人高级心血管生命支持(修改)
用于复苏的血管加压药 :加压素
2015(更新):联合使用加压素和肾上腺素,替代 标准剂量的肾上腺素治疗心脏骤停时没有优势。
2010(旧):一剂静脉/骨内推注的 40 单位加压 素可代替第一或第二剂肾上腺素治疗心脏骤停。
成人高级心血管生命支持(修改)
用于复苏的血管加压药 :肾上腺素
昏迷(即对语言指令缺乏有意义的反应)的成年患 者都应采用 TTM,目标温度选定在 32 ℃ 到 36 ℃ 之间,并至少维持 24 小时。 2010(旧):对于院外室颤性心脏骤停后恢复自 主循环的昏迷(即对语言指令缺乏有意义的反应) 的成人患者,应将体温冷却到 32 ℃到 34 ℃,维 持 12 到 24 小时。
生存链-2015(更新) 院外心脏骤停
利用社会媒体呼叫施救者-2015(更新)
对社区来说,利用社会媒体技术,帮助在院外疑 似发生心脏骤停的患者呼叫附近愿意帮助并有能 力实施心肺复苏的施救者是有一定的合理性的。
使用手机调度系统时,旁观者启动心肺复苏的比 率显著上升,考虑到这种情况危害较低而有潜在 益处,同时电子设备无处不在,市政机构可以考 虑将这些技术融入到院外心脏骤停救治系统中。
胸外按压的速率
胸外按压速率:100 至 120 次/分钟
2015(更新):对于心脏骤停的成年患者,施救者以每 分钟 100 至 120 次的速率进行胸外按压较为合理。

2015版心肺复苏

2015版心肺复苏

人工呼吸引起胃胀气的风险
• 如果你进行人工呼吸的速度太快或太用力,气体可能进入 胃部而不是肺部,这可能引起胃胀气。 • 在口对口、口对面罩或口对球囊通气时,经常发生胃胀气。 胀气可能引起严重的并发症,如呕吐、误吸或肺炎。施救者 避免给予过于迅速、过于用力或过大的人工呼吸。 为降低胃胀气的风险: 1、每次施以人工呼吸时持续1秒。 2、吹气,直至患者胸廓隆起。
成人高质量心肺复苏注意事项
开放气道进行呼吸
• 仰头提颏法 将一只手至于患者的前额,然后用手掌推动,使其头 部后仰,另一只手的手指置于颏骨附近的下颌下方,提起下颌,使颏 骨上抬。 • 托颌法 当患者存在脊柱损伤时,采取托举下颌法。将双手分别置 于患者的头部两侧,将你的双肘置于患者仰卧的平面上,将手指置于 患者的下颌角下方并用双手提起下颌,使下颌前移,如双唇紧闭,用 拇指推开下唇,使嘴张开。
• 如果另一名施救者回应,让他或她去启动应急反应系 统,如有可能,拿到AED或除颤仪。 • 如果没有人回应你的呼救,你需要自己去启动应急反 应系统,获得AED或除颤仪,然后返回到患者身边检 查脉搏并开始CPR(C-A-B程序)。
步骤三:脉搏检查
• 使用2个或3个手指找到气管 • 将这2个或3个手指滑到气管 与劲侧肌肉之间的沟内,此 处你可以触摸到颈动脉的搏 动。 • 感触脉搏至少5秒,但不超过 10秒。如果你没有明显的感 受到脉搏,从胸外按压开始 CPR.
口对口人工呼吸
• 用仰头提颏法开放患者的气道 • 用拇指和食指捏住其鼻子(使用放在前 额的手) • 正常吸一口气(不必深吸气),用嘴唇 包住患者的口周,使完全不漏气。 • 给予一次呼吸(吹气约1秒),给予呼吸 时,请观察胸廓是否起伏。 • 如果胸廓未见隆起,请重复仰头提颏法。 • 给予第二次呼吸(吹气约1秒),观察胸 廓隆起。 • 如果尝试两次后,您仍然无法对患者进 行通气,应迅速恢复胸外按压。

2015标准心肺复苏

2015标准心肺复苏

内吹入。
四、人工呼吸 4.口咽管吹气 是通过口咽管将空气吹入患者体内。
四、人工呼吸
口对口 口对鼻 口对口鼻
口咽管吹气
每次吹气应该持续1秒钟以上,气量因人而异,一般为 500-600ml。有高级气道时,成人吹气频率一般10次/ 分钟,6秒钟一次。
四、人工呼吸
四、人工呼吸 (三)面罩气囊正压人工呼吸
一、识别与复苏准备
1、判断反应(意识、呼吸、脉搏、10秒)
2、同时呼救并寻找除颤器、
3、置患者为救生体位(硬质平面、仰卧位)
4、检查颈动脉搏动及呼吸
二、 胸 外 心 脏 按 压
Circulation
(一)胸外按压的目的 连续不断的按压,可以产生 60 到 80mmHg 的收缩压, 保证重要脏器的供血。
可以使患者的呼吸道充 分开放。
三、开放呼吸道
(四) 垫肩法
将枕头置于仰卧患者的双肩下,使呼吸道通畅。
禁忌症是颈椎损伤。
四、 人工呼吸
四、人工呼吸
Breathing (一)人工呼吸的目的 打开呼吸道后,通过外界的力量, 人为地将空气吹入到伤员的呼吸道内。
四、人工呼吸
(二)吹气人工呼吸
吹气 人工呼吸 口对口 吹气
3-4秒钟 10-20秒钟 30-45秒钟
患者表现
头晕、黑蒙 突然意识丧失,可伴有抽搐 双侧瞳孔散大,对光反射消失
30-60秒钟
呼吸停止,可伴有大小便失禁
3
心肺复苏的时间与成功率的关系
时间
1min以内 4min内 4-6min内 6-10min内
成功率
>90% 50% 10% 4%
>10min
<2%
(二)传统开放呼吸道方法

2015版AHA心肺复苏指南解读-1

2015版AHA心肺复苏指南解读-1
上版指南仅建议,每次按压后,施 救者应让胸廓完全回弹,以使心脏在下 次按压前完全充盈。如果在两次按压之 间,施救者倚在患者胸壁上,会妨碍患 者的胸壁回弹。
无论是否因心脏病所导致的心 4 脏骤停,医护人员都应提供胸外按 压和通气
上版指南仅指出,急救人员和院内 专业救援人员都可以为心脏骤停患者实 施胸外按压和人工呼吸。
上版指南仅规定了按压频率不少于100次 /min,但一项大样本注册研究发现,若按压 频率过快(﹥140次/min),按压幅度则不 足。新指南也指出,在心肺复苏过程中,施 救者应该以适当的速度(100~120次/min) 和深度进行有效按压,同时尽可能减少胸部 按压中断次数和持续时间。
为保证每次按压后时胸廓充分 3 回弹,施救者在按压间隙双手不要 倚在患者胸壁上
美国心肺复苏指南 十大更新要点
首次规定按压深度的上限:在 1 胸外按压时,按压深度至少5cm, 但应避免超过6cm
上版指南仅仅规定了按压深度不低 于5cm。新指南认为。按压深度不应超 过6cm,否则可能出现并发症,但指南 也指出大多数胸外按压不是过深,而是 过浅。
2 按压频率规定为100~120次/min
关于先除颤,还是先胸外按压 5 的问题,新指南建议,当可以立即 取得体外自动除颤器(AED)时, 应尽快使用除颤器。当不能立即取 得AED时,应立即开始心肺复苏, 并同时让人获取AED,视情况尽快 尝试进行除颤。
当患者的心律不适合电除颤时, 6 应尽早给予肾上腺素
有研究发现,针对不适合电除颤的 心律时,及早给予肾上腺素可增加生存 出院率和神经功能完好生存率。
胸痛中心培训系列
2015版心肺复苏指南解读
承德市第三医院
心肺复苏发展史
1960年:W.Kouwenhouen发表了第 一篇有关闭式心脏按压的文章; 1966年:第一次全美复苏大会; 2000年:第一届国际CPR会议; 2005年AHA心肺复苏指南; 2010年AHA心肺复苏指南; 2015年AHA心肺复苏指南。

2015版AHA心肺复苏(步骤)

2015版AHA心肺复苏(步骤)

全民CPR,尤其是医务人员
以下疾病表现预示猝死可能发生(尤其要在院内重 点监测和预防这些疾病!)

1.胸痛:多见ACS、肺栓塞、夹层、气胸等 2.呼吸困难:急性心衰、重症哮喘、气胸等 3.心慌:室上速、室速、重度传导阻滞 4.剧烈头痛:急性脑血管病 5.肢体瘫痪:急性脑血管病或神经系统的其他严重疾病 6.昏迷:心脏骤停、急性脑血管病、脑损伤、低血糖、各 种急性中毒等急危重症 7.抽搐:可见于心脏骤停瞬间,癫痫等 8.急性腹痛:ACS、危重急腹症、夹层等 9.窒息:气道阻塞、喉头水肿、累及气道的外伤



开放气道
开放气道之前清理口腔
(将病人头偏向一侧)
开放气道方法:

仰头举颏法——
下颌角与耳垂连 线与地面垂直
看胸是否 起伏!
捏鼻 子
人工呼吸 球囊—活瓣-面罩装置人工呼吸
用一指手将面罩置于患者的脸部,用鼻梁来做正确位置的依据。 将中指、无名指、小指放在下颌部,用同一只手的拇指和食指按 在面罩上,保持头部后仰、下颌抬高以保持气道通畅,以及面罩 密闭,用另一只手挤压气囊,并观察胸部以确定由适当的通气。 以2秒钟给予呼吸。气管插管后呼吸频率10次/分。
高质量人工通气需注意


应:给予患者足够的通气( 30次按压后 2次人工呼吸,每 次呼吸超过 1 秒,潮气量以能够使胸廓扩张为准,不需要 作深呼吸) 不应:给予过量通气,(即呼吸次数太多,或呼吸用力过 度)以免出现胃胀、反流、误吸 在气管插管等高级气道后,每 6秒钟给 一次通气,即每分 钟 10 次 ,同时进行持续胸外按压
共勉!!
Thanks for your patience!
感谢
大家 关注

2015年AHA心肺复苏指南

2015年AHA心肺复苏指南

儿童基础生命支持和心肺复苏质量
• BLS的程序为C-A-B。心肺复苏应从30次/分 按压(单人)或15次/分按压(由两名医护 人员为婴儿和儿童进行复苏)开始,而不 是从2次通气开始。(目前仍存在知识差距, 需要具体研究来检验儿童心肺复苏的最佳 程序)。 • 按压深度:婴儿约4厘米左右,儿童5厘米左 右。 • 按压速率:100-120次/分。
用于复苏的血管加压药:肾上腺素
• 因不可电击心律引发心脏骤停后,应尽早 给予肾上腺素。研究发现,及早给予肾上 腺素可以增加ROSC、存活出院率和神经功 能完好存活率。
ETCO2预测复苏失败
• 经20分钟心肺复苏后,二氧化碳波形图检测 的ETCO2 仍不能达到10毫米汞柱,则恢复 自主循环和存活的机率极低。但不建议单 纯依靠ETCO2来决定终止复苏的时间。
用于复苏的血管加压药
• 肾上腺素在心脏骤停过程中可以给予。在 建议级别中略有下调。可以提高自主循环 恢复率和24小时存活率,但不能提高出院率。
新生儿复苏
• 新生儿的心脏骤停绝大部分是窒息性的,因此开始通气仍 然是最初心肺复苏的重点。 • 胎粪污染的羊水中出生的婴儿,肌张力差,呼吸不足,应 在辐射台下开展心肺复苏的初始步骤后如没有呼吸或心率 低于100次/分,则开始PPV,不建议常规插管用于气管内 吸引。 • 小于35周的早产儿复苏应该在低氧(21-30%)下开始,调 整氧浓度使氧饱和度达到健康足月儿达到的范围。 • 胸部按压和按压通气比(3:1)。在提供胸部按压时全部 使用100%氧气,心率一旦恢复,应立即降低氧浓度。 • 药物的使用没有变化。
2015年AHA心肺复苏及心 血管急救指南更新
米易县人民医院麻醉科 张劲涛
成人基础生命支持和心肺复苏质量
• 非专业施救者心肺复苏 • 医护人员BLS

2015年版心肺复苏

2015年版心肺复苏
4.立即呼救,看抢救时间,推抢救车,拉窗帘,移开床旁桌。
5.摆放体位:去枕平卧,施救者在患者右侧。
6.判断颈动脉搏动:术者示指和中指触及患者气管正中部(相当于喉结的部位,)旁开两指,至胸锁乳突肌前缘凹陷处,判断时间为5-10秒。
)放按压板,搬脚垫,行胸外按压;
3
3
2
2
操作
质量
10%
1.仪表端庄,认真严肃。
2.关心患者,观察病情细致。
3.动作敏捷,迅速准确。
3
3
4
2
2
10
2
5
2
2
注意
事项
10%
1.按压应确保足够的速度与深度,尽量减少中断,如需安插人工气道或除颤时,中断不应超过10s。
2.成人使用1-2L的简易呼吸器,1L简易呼吸器挤压1/2-2/3,2L简易呼吸器挤压1/3。
3.人工通气时,避免过度通气,以免引起患者胃部胀气。
4.如患者没有人工气道,吹气时稍停按压;有建立人工气道者,吹气时可不暂停按压。
(6)按压频率:100次/分~120次/分
(7)按压过程中要观察患者的面色;
9.检查清除口鼻腔分泌物,取下义齿。
10.人工呼吸:以压额抬颌法充分开放气道,简易呼吸器连接氧气,调节氧流量至少8-10L/min(有氧情况下)。以“EC”或者“OK”手法固定面罩,使面罩与患者面部紧密衔接无漏气,送气时间>1s,使胸廓抬举,潮气量400-600ml(无氧情况下潮气量500-600ml),频率为10-12次/分。
心肺复苏(成人,简易呼吸气囊)
项目
具体内容
分值
目的
5%
对呼吸停止、心跳停搏的患者,进行人工呼吸和胸外按压,以维持呼吸和循环功能。

2015年AHA国际心肺复苏指南详解

2015年AHA国际心肺复苏指南详解






7. 高质量的心肺复苏,足够的速率和按压幅度:按压速率 为 100 - 120 次 / 分钟;幅度至少是 2 英寸(5 厘米)。 不超过 2.4 英寸(6 厘米);
8. 患者有疑似生命危险,或与阿片类药物相关的紧急情况, 应给与纳洛酮:在相关人员指导进行纳洛酮治疗。


美国每年有 20 万例院内心脏骤停发生。CPR 培训是基础 必会的课程。然而,研究显示,这一技能会在接受培训后 数月内逐渐生疏。所以应进行反复、高频的培训来保证院 内持续掌握,并熟悉如何将患者转运到最高质量的心血管 急救部门。
专业人员该怎么做

BLS 中成人高质量心肺复苏的注意事项
BLS 人员进行高质量 CPR 的要点总结

1. 基本原则:施救者应同时进行几个步骤,如同时检查呼 吸和脉搏,以缩短开始首次按压的时间; 由多名施救者形成综合小组,同时完成多个步骤和评估 (分别由施救者实施急救反应系统;胸外按压、进行通气 或取得球囊面罩进行人工呼吸、取回并设置好除颤器同时 进行);


非专业人士该怎么做

1. 继续强调简化后的通用成人基础生命支持(BLS)流程;

2. 施救者在不离开患者的情况下紧急反应(通过手机等电子设备), 未经培训的旁观者应该立即拨打急救电话(中国为 120);
3. 建议在有心脏骤停风险人群社区执行公共场所除颤器(PAD)方案, 可在社区、健身房、运动场等场所配备除颤器; 4. 鼓励非专业人士进行心肺复苏:快速识别心脏骤停,立即向呼叫者 提供心肺复苏指导(调度员指导下的心肺复苏); 5. 单一施救者的施救顺序:应先开始胸外按压再进行人工呼吸(C - A - B),减少首次按压的延时; 非专业人员在指导下自行对心脏骤停的成人患者进行单纯胸外按压 (Hands - Only)式心肺复苏,指导自动体外除颤仪或有参加过训练 的施救者胸外按压;不必进行口对口人工呼吸,仅在胸部中心进行快 速有力的按压,频率为 100-120 次 / 分钟。若有能力,则应按照 30 次按压给与 2 次人工呼吸的比例给予人工呼吸。

2015版AHA心肺复苏(完整通俗版)

2015版AHA心肺复苏(完整通俗版)

1. 快速反应,团队协作
• 施救者应同时进行几个步骤,如同时检查 呼吸和脉搏,以缩短开始首次按压的时间;
• 由多名施救者形成综合小组,同时完成多 个步骤和评估(分别由施救者实施急救反 应系统;胸外按压、进行通气或取得球囊 面罩进行人工呼吸、设置除颤器同时进 行)。
2. 生存链「一分为二」
AHA 成人生存链分为两链:一链为院内 急救体系,另一链为院外急救体系。
• 如果当患者的心律不适合电除颤时,应尽早给予 肾上腺素。
• 有研究发现,针对不适合电除颤的心律时,及早 给予肾上腺素可以增加存活出院率和神经功能完 好存活率。
10、及早冠脉造影
• 新指南建议,所有疑似心源性心脏骤停患 者,无论是ST段抬高的院外心脏骤停患者, 还是疑似心源性心脏骤停而没有心电图ST 段抬高的患者,也无论其是否昏迷,都应 实施急诊冠状动脉血管造影。
1.确认现场安全
判断现场的安全性,在紧急情况下通过实地感受、眼睛观察、 耳朵听声、鼻子嗅味等来对异常情况做出判断。
事发地点,先想安全,防止次生扩大
2.判断意识
• 拍打双肩,凑近耳 边大声呼唤:“喂! 你怎么了?”
• 如均无反应,则确 定为意识丧失
轻拍重喊
3、呼 救
• 镇定 • 大声喊叫来人 • 自己或吩咐他人拨打电话,
11、及早PCI
• 患者若在急诊科出现ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI), 而医院不能进行冠脉介入治疗(PCI),应立即转移 到PCI中心,而不应在最初的医院先立即接受溶 栓治疗。

如果SEMEI患者不能及时转诊至能够进行
PCI的医院,可以将先接受溶栓治疗,在溶栓治
疗后最初的3到6小时内,最多24小时内,对所有
一、心脏骤停复苏过程中气管插管后,急救 人员应该多久给一次通气?

2015新指南心肺复苏

2015新指南心肺复苏

心脏骤停
4种类型:
• 心室纤颤(VF):在临床一般死亡中占30%,在猝 死中占90%。 • 无脉室速:出现快速致命性室性心动过速不能启动 心脏机械收缩,心排血量为零或接近为零,以致 患者意识丧失,大动脉搏动消失,呼吸停止。 • 无脉电活动(PEA):有组织心电活动存在,但无有 效的机械活动。 • 心室停搏:心肌完全失去电活动能力,心电图上表 现为一条直线。
心脏骤停
• 争分夺秒
黄金4分钟
大量实践证明:
• • • • 4分钟内进行复苏者,可能有50%被救活。 4--6分钟内进行复苏者,10%被救活。 超过6分钟存活率仅4%。 超过10分钟存活率几乎为0。
心脏骤停
• 成人常见原因: 心脏疾病(冠心病最多见) 创伤、淹溺、药物过量、窒息、出血 • 小儿常见原因: 非心脏性,如气道梗阻、烟雾吸入、 溺水、感染,中毒等
心肺复苏—BLS(CAB)
心肺复苏—BLS(CAB)
• 心肺复苏成功与否的初步判断(非专业)
• 每个心肺复苏循环大约23-24秒,连续5个循环后,观察病人:
• • • • •
神志反应(吞咽动作 或咳嗽) 呼吸(胸廓起伏) 面色(颜面、口唇、由紫疳转红润) 肢体活动(抽动、挣扎) 瞳孔(瞳孔缩小) 如出现上述反应则证明心肺复苏成功。 若未出现上述反应,则继续进行下一次心肺复苏直至120 的到来。
专业人员BLS整体流程
没有反应,没有呼吸, 没有脉搏(判断不超过10秒) 启动EMS,取AED
胸外按压 人工通气
(30:2)
AED到达
可以除颤 电击一次后 继续5个周期CPR
分析心律
不可除颤
继续 5个周期CPR
自主循环恢复,复苏成功

2015AHA心肺复苏

2015AHA心肺复苏

类固醇 对于常规治疗复苏无反应时,可酌情使用类 固醇激素。氢可/甲强龙,未推荐剂量 甲强龙:30mg/kg,>30 min ivgtt 4-6h 氢可:100-200mg+NS500ml ivgtt

10.心肺复苏中药物的使用

利多卡因 指南更新中被提及两次。 第1次:成人高级生命支持有关 ROSC 后使用 利多卡因的研究存在矛盾,不建议常规使用 利多卡因。但是室颤/无脉性室性心动过速导 致心脏骤停,在出现 ROSC 后,可以考虑立 即开始或继续使用利多卡因。 第2次:儿童高级生命支持提升了利多卡因在 治疗电击难以纠正的室颤或无脉性室性心动 过速的心律失常中的作用,与胺碘酮同等级
2015版成人心血管急救生存链
院内心脏骤停
成人心血管急救生存链
立即识别心脏骤停并启动急救系统
尽早进行心肺复苏,着重于胸外按压 快速除颤 有效的高级生命支持 综合的心脏骤停后治疗
11
院外复苏

建议:在有可能目击者的院外心脏骤停发生 率相对较高的公共场所,实施PAD 更新:如果患者没有反应与呼吸或者呼吸不 正常,施救者和调度员应假设患者发生心脏 骤停


8.心肺复苏的替代技术和辅助装置

不建议例行使用ITD辅助传统心肺复苏 无证据表明使用机械胸外按压装置相对于人 工按压更有优势,但是可在特殊条件下运用: 施救者有限,时间长,低温,移动救护车, 血管造影室,准备体外复苏期间
9.ECRP

对于发生心脏骤停且怀疑病因可逆的选定患 者,可以考虑ECRP替代CRP

10.心肺复苏中药物的使用

利多卡因 利多卡因用法:起始剂量 1-1.5 mg/kg 静推 (一般用 50-100 mg),静脉注射 2-3 min。 根据患者反应,5-10 min 后可再用 0.50.75 mg/kg 静推,1 h 内最大剂量不得超过 300 mg。利多卡因易引起除颤后心脏停搏, 使用时应予以注意。
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
共勉!!!
Thanks for your patience!
是针对心脏、呼吸骤停者所采取 的急救措施 以挽救其生命。即胸外按压形成暂时 的人工循环,电击除颤转复心室颤动,促使心脏 恢复自主搏动,人工呼吸纠正缺氧,并努力恢复
自主呼吸。
— 中国心肺复苏指南
二、病理生理
心脏骤停后,主要损害(缺氧所致)依次为
大脑 -→心肺系统 -→肾脏及内分泌……
脑组织占体重的 2% 静息时耗氧量占人体氧总摄取量的 20% 血液供3应量为心排出量的 15% 大脑只能有氧代谢,没有氧储备。 5分钟是大脑的G(葡萄糖)和ATP(三磷酸腺苷) 储存耗竭的时限!
1. 快速反应,团队协作
• 施救者应同时进行几个步骤,如同时检查 呼吸和脉搏,以缩短开始首次按压的时间;
• 由多名施救者形成综合小组,同时完成多 个步骤和评估(分别由施救者实施急救反 应系统;胸外按压、进行通气或取得球囊 面罩进行人工呼吸、设置除颤器同时进 行)。
2. 生存链「一分为二」
AHA 成人生存链分为两链:一链为院内 急救体系,另一链为院外急救体系。
院外急救
手机时代,充分利用社会媒体呼叫施救 者,手机等现代化电子设备能够在院外急 救中发挥重要作用
院内急救
院内急救应以团队形式实施心肺复苏:早期 预警系统、快速反应小组(RRT)和紧急 医疗团队系统(MET)。
3、按压深度变更
• 首次规定按压深度的上限:在胸外按压时,按压 深度至少5厘米,但应避免超过6厘米。
三、时间就是生命!
心脏骤停的严重后果以分秒来计算:
● 3~5 秒:
黑蒙
● 5~10 秒:
昏厥
● 15 秒左右:
Adams-Stokes综合征发作
● 10~20 秒: 意识丧失
● 30~60 秒: ● 60 秒:
● 1~2 分3 钟:
瞳孔散大 呼吸渐停止 瞳孔固定、二便失禁
● 3 分钟:
开始出现脑水肿
患者尽早转诊,进行常规血管造影,不建议只在
患者因缺血需要血管造影时,才转诊。
12、低温治疗
• 所有在心脏骤停后恢复自主循环的昏迷, 即对语言指令缺乏有意义的反应的成年患 者,都应采用目标温度管理(TTM),选定在 32到36度之间,并至少维持24小时。
13、及早EMMS
• 一旦发现患者没有反应,医护人员必须立 即呼救同时检查呼吸和脉搏,然后再启动 应急反应系统或请求支援。
前言
2015 年 10 月 15 日,新版《美国心脏 学会 CPR 和 ECC 指南》隆重登场。时隔 5 年,AHA 会对指南的哪些部分进行更改? 是否提出了颠覆性的观点?在新的心肺复 苏指南中强调如何做到快速行动、合理培 训、使用现代科技及团队协作来增加心脏 骤停患者的生存几率
以下为该指南的14大更新要点:
• 如果当患者的心律不适合电除颤时,应尽早给予 肾上腺素。
• 有研究发现,针对不适合电除颤的心律时,及早 给予肾上腺素可以增加存活出院率和神经功能完 好存活率。
10、及早冠脉造影
• 新指南建议,所有疑似心源性心脏骤停患 者,无论是ST段抬高的院外心脏骤停患者, 还是疑似心源性心脏骤停而没有心电图ST 段抬高的患者,也无论其是否昏迷,都应 实施急诊冠状动脉血管造影。
4、按压的频率
• 按压频率规定为100~120次/分。 • 原指南仅仅规定了每分钟按压频率不
少于100次/分,但一项大样本的注册研究发 现,如果按压频率(超过140次/分)过快,按 压幅度则不足。
• 指南也指出,在心肺复苏过程中,施 救者应该以适当的速率(100至120次/分)和 深度进行有效按压,同时尽可能减少胸部 按压中断的次数和持续时间。
● 6 分钟:
开始出现脑细胞死亡
● 8 分钟:
“脑死亡”
●心肺复苏的——“黄金8分钟”
三、时间就是生命!!
心脏骤停时间内复苏
1min
4min 6min 38min 10min
CPR成功率
>90%
>60% >40% >20% 几乎0 %
即:每延长1分钟施救,成活率就下降10%!
内容
• 心复苏的概念 • 2015版心肺复苏指南更新要点 • 心肺复苏步骤
14、C-A-B 顺序仍需坚持
对于施救顺序,最新的指南重申应遵循 10 年版指南内容,即单一施救者的施救顺 序:应先开始胸外按压再进行人工呼吸(C - A - B),减少首次按压的延时;30 次胸 外按压后做 2 次人工呼吸。
内容
• 心肺复苏的概念 • 2015版心肺复苏指南更新要点 • 心肺复苏步骤
别再使劲按了!费劲!
• 新指南规定,胸部按压在整个心肺复苏中的目标 比例为至少60%。

指南把心肺复苏与驾车行驶进行了比较。在
驾车行驶时,一天行驶的里程数不仅受行驶速度
影响,还受中途停顿的次数和时间影响。以60英
里/小时的速度不中断行驶,则实际行驶距离为一
小时60英里。以60英里每小时的速度行驶,但中
获得AED • 告知科室、楼层、床号
来人呐! 救命啊!
右侧, 一拳之 隔
防止压
伤患者的 胳膊!
仰卧便于施救
一岁以下 两乳头连 线下方
(1).乳中线定位法
确定按压位置
胸骨下半部
按压的手法要领:
按压的手法
下手指 上翘
身体直、 手臂直。



十十指指交交叉叉
呼 吸
胸部按压: ●按压方法:
按压时上半身前 倾,腕、肘、肩 关节伸直,以髋 关节为支点,垂 直向下用力,借 助上半身的重力 进行按压。
11、及早PCI
• 患者若在急诊科出现ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI), 而医院不能进行冠脉介入治疗(PCI),应立即转移 到PCI中心,而不应在最初的医院先立即接受溶 栓治疗。

如果SEMEI患者不能及时转诊至能够进行
PCI的医院,可以将先接受溶栓治疗,在溶栓治
疗后最初的3到6小时内,最多24小时内,对所有

旧指南仅仅规定了按压深度不低于5厘米。新
指南认为,按压深度不应超过6厘米,超过此深度
可能会出现并发症,但指南也指出,大多数胸外
按压不是过深,而是过浅。

对于儿童(包括婴儿[小于一岁]至青春期开始
的儿童),按压深度胸部前后径的三分之一,大约
相当于婴儿4厘米,儿童5厘米。对于青少年即应
采用成人的按压深度,即5~6厘米。
频率:100-120/分
深度:5-6厘米
5-6cm
掌根不要离开胸壁 放松要充分
开放气道
开放气道之前清理口腔 (将病人头偏向一侧)
开放气道方法:
仰头举颏法
双手抬颌法 仰头抬颈法
捏鼻 子
看胸是否 起伏!
人工呼吸
球囊—活瓣-面罩装置人工呼吸
用一指手将面罩置于患者的脸部,用鼻梁来做正确位置的依据。 将中指、无名指、小指放在下颌部,用同一只手的拇指和食指按 在面罩上,保持头部后仰、下颌抬高以保持气道通畅,以及面罩 密闭,用另一只手挤压气囊,并观察胸部以确定由适当的通气。 以2秒钟给予呼吸。气管插管后呼吸频率10次/分。
8. 瘾君子的福音
若患者有疑似生命危险或与阿片类药物
相关的紧急情况,应给与纳洛酮。瘾君子 的福音!对于已知或疑似阿片类药物成瘾 的患者,如果无反应且呼吸正常,但有脉 搏,可由经过正规培训的非专业施救者和 BLS 施救者给与肌肉注射或鼻内给予纳洛 酮。
9、加压素被「除名」
• 10 年版指南认为一剂静脉 / 骨内推注的 40 单位 加压素科替代第一或第二剂肾上腺素治疗心脏骤 停。而新版则指出,联合使用加压素和肾上腺素, 相比使用标准剂量的肾上腺素在治疗心脏骤停时 没有优势。给与加压素相对使用肾上腺素也没有 优势,因此,加压素已被新版指南「除名」。
6、通气
• 无论是否因心脏病所导致的心脏骤停,医 护人员都应提供胸外按压和通气。
• 旧版指南仅指出,急救人员和院内专业救 援人员都可为心骤停患者实施胸外按压和 人工呼吸。
7、除颤
10 年的指南中,在 AED 就绪时,应先 进行 1.5 - 3 分钟的 CPR, 然后再除颤。最 新版则提出:当施救者可以立即取得 AED 时,对于成人心脏骤停患者,应尽快使用 除颤器;若不能立刻取得 AED,应该在他 人前往获取以及转变 AED 的时候开始心肺 复苏,在设备提供后尽快尝试进行除颤。
1.确认现场安全
判断现场的安全性,在紧急情况下通过实地感受、眼睛观察、 耳朵听声、鼻子嗅味等来对异常情况做出判断。
事发地点,先想安全,防止次生扩大
2.判断意识
• 拍打双肩,凑近耳 边大声呼唤:“喂! 你怎么了?”
• 如均无反应,则确 定为意识丧失
轻拍重喊
3、呼 救
• 镇定 • 大声喊叫来人 • 自己或吩咐他人拨打电话,
途停顿10分钟,则实际行驶距离为―小时的英里。
停顿越频繁,停顿时间越长,则实际行驶里程越
少。
5、离开胸壁
• 为保证每次按压后使胸廓充分回弹,施救 者在按压间隙,双手应离开患者胸壁。
• 原指南仅建议,每次按压后,施救者应让 胸廓完全回弹,以使心脏在下次按压前完 全充盈。如果在两次按压之间,施救者依 靠在患者胸壁上,会妨碍患者的胸壁会弹。
2015心肺复苏指南(AHA)
浙江医院 呼吸与危重医学科
内容
• 心肺复苏的概念 • 2015版心肺复苏指南更新要点 • 心肺复苏步骤
内容
• 心肺复苏的概念 • 2015版心肺复苏指南更新要点 • 心肺复苏步骤
一、定 义
复 苏:( Resuscitation ) 复活、苏醒 = 死而复生
心肺复苏 :(Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation = CPR )
相关文档
最新文档