Case Study Investigation
高效攻克雅思听力词汇之剑9Test4Section3雅思词汇详解-智课教育出国考试
智 课 网 雅 思 备 考 资 料高效攻克雅思听力词汇之剑9Test4Section3雅思词汇详解-智课教育出国考试雅思听力词汇作为备考雅思听力的基础，一直备受烤鸭们的关注，也让很多考生头疼：究竟怎样才能高效积累雅思听力词汇呢?高效备考雅思听力词汇，方法很关键，好的方法甚至可以达到事半功倍、一举两得的效果。
今天智课教育雅思小编就为大家整理了高效攻克雅思听力词汇之剑9Test4 Section3雅思词汇详解，教大家如何在做真题的过程中积累雅思听力词汇。
剑9Test4Section3的听力是关于一个学生与同学交流学习心得的对话。
下面就让我们一起来详细看看本文中出现的雅思词汇吧。
一、雅思词汇详解1、enroll in参加，选课，加入原文：What course did you enroll in?如你选了哪门课程?enroll in在学术场景中经常出现，除了可表示“选课”以外，还可以表达“注册，参加(活动等)”。
2、credit sb with认为或相信(某人)有(某种性质或成就等)原文：They credited me with two years, which probably made it more difficult for me.学校(相信我的学习能力)给我免了两年的课程，这可能使得课程对我来说更难了。
3、credit n.学分原文：On the other hand, you were lucky to be granted credits.另一方面，你很幸运被赠予了学分。
Credit在这里指“学分”;grant指“授予，承认，允许”。
4、comment on对…评论，批评原文：How can I comment on someone else's research when they probably spent five years doing it?我怎么可以对别人做了五年的研究进行评论?5、heavy adj.繁忙的原文：That does sound a very heavy year.听起来真是繁忙的一年。
社会学专业名词中英互译
社会情境social contexts虚假相关spurious correlations多变量分析multivariate analysis相关系数correlation coefficient效度validity信度reliability研究方法research methods问卷调查survey代表性样本representative sample定量方法quantitative methods定性方法qualitative methods调查survey样本sample系统抽样systematic sampling分层随机抽样stratified random sampling 中数median众数mode封闭式问题closed response question开放式问题open response question结构性访谈structured interview 非un 个案研究case study工具性能动主义instrumental activism个人主义individualism社会结构social structure自致地位achieved status先赋地位ascribed status社会类属social categories集合aggregate初级群体primary group次级群体secondary group社会等级制social estates社会阶级social classes社会设置social institution社社区community社会society公社社会communal society社团社会associational society结构功能主义structural functionalism冲突理论conflict theory符号互动论symbolic interactionism拟剧论dramaturgical perspective标签理论labelling theory常人方法论ethnomethodology角色借用role taking印象管理impression management刻板印象stereotype镜中我looking-glass self显功能manifest function隐功能latent function本我（id）自我（ego）超我（superego）社会化socialization socialize 再社会化re-科层制bureaucracy社会越轨social deviance失范anomie内化internalization异化alienation同化assimilation权威authority资本主义capitalism阶级class冲突理论conflict theories文化多元主义cultural pluralism文化相对主义cultural relativism文化再生产cultural reproduction民主制democracy人口统计学demography因变量dependant variable自变量independant variable劳动分工division of labour话语discourse经验性研究empirical investigation族群中心主义ethnocentrism扩大家庭extended family核心家庭nuclear family女性主义理论feminist theories老年学gerontology水平流动lateral mobility垂直流动vertical mobility合法性legitimacy亲属制度kinship宏观社会学macrosociology 微观社会学micro- 唯物主义历史观materialist conception of history 生产资料means of production社会事实social fact社会群体social group社会认同social identity社会互动social interaction社会学想象力sociological imagination社会地位status可持续发展sustainable development下层阶级underclass 上层阶级upper class 城市化urbanization价值观values亚文化subculture剩余价值surplus value。
剑桥商务英语中级常见词汇
Module 11.1Way of WorkingRegular hours 正常工作时间Flexible hours弹性工作时间Freelance n。
自由职业Tele working n。
电子办公Job-share vi./n.分担工作（制)Job-sharing n。
分担工作Shift work 轮班工作Part—time n。
兼职Temping n.临时工Consultancy n。
咨询公司Specialist advice n.专业咨询Flextime n。
弹性工作时间Hotdesking n。
办公桌轮用Office gossip n。
办公室小道消息Office news n。
办公室新闻Credit n。
赞扬,功劳Managing director 总裁Brainpower n.智能Worst—case adj。
做最坏的打算Scenario n.事态Full—time adj。
全日制的Delegate vt。
分派工作,授权Availability n。
利用可能性Job—sharer n.与人分担工作的人Parental leave adj。
父母假，育儿假Distraction n.让人分心的事Contact n。
人脉Case-load n.工作量Daily log 日志Voice mail 语音信箱（邮件) Self—organization n。
自我组织能力Disruptive n。
造成混乱的1.2 Making ContactsTrade fair event 商品交易会Coffee break 工间咖啡休息时间Drinks evening 晚间酒会Coaching event 专项体验训练活动Network vt/vi。
建立关系网络Networking n。
建立人际网,关系网Maximize vt。
最大限度的使用，发挥Socializing n.参与社交交际Corporate world 商界Useful contacts 有用的人际关系Co—chair联合总裁Networking event 牵线搭桥的联谊活动Locals n.当地人Be spread out 分散在各地Internal communication 内部交流Post-it note 便条1。
流行病学名词解释
流行病学epidemiology 是研究人群中疾病和健康状态的分布及其影响因素，并研究如何防治疾病及促进健康的策略与措施的科学。
发病率incidence是表示一定期间内，一定人群中某病新病例出现的频率。
罹患率attack rate指某一观察时期内，特定人群中某病新病例出现的频率。
患病率prevalence亦称现患率、流行率，指特定时间内总人口中曾患某病(新旧病例)之和所占的比例。
感染率prevalence of infection指在某个时间内所检查的人群样本中，某病现有感染人数，所占比例。
续发率/家庭二代发病率secondary attack rate，SAR指在一定观察期内某种传染病在家庭易感接触者中二代病例的百分率。
死亡率mortality rate,/death rat e是指某人群在一定期内死于所有原因的人数在该人群中所占的比例。
病死率case fatality rate表示一定时期内，患病的全部病人中因该病死亡者的比例。
累积死亡率cumulative mortality是将各年龄组的死亡专率相加，用百分率表示，用以说明在某一年龄组以前死于某种慢性病的累积概率的大小。
存活率survival rate是指患某种疾病的人（或接受某种治疗的某病病人）经n年的随访，到随访结束时仍存合的病例数所占的比例。
散发sporadic是指某病在某地区病例在人群中散在发生或零星出现，病例无明显联系。
流行epidemic是指某地区、某病在某时间的发病率显著超过历年该病的散发发病率水平。
爆发outbreak指在一个局部的区或集体单位中，短时间内突然有很多相同的病人出现。
短期波动rapid fluctuation由于某次疾病的爆发，在它的流行病学监测曲线上短时间内表现有突然的上升和下降的波动现象。
长期趋势secular trend是指在一个相当长的时间内（通常是几年或几十年）疾病的发病率、死亡率、临床表现和病原体型别等同时发生显著性变化。
case study
Case Study1.Definition：(1)A case study research method is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context (Robert K. Yin,1984).(2) A case study is an intensive analysis of an individual unit (e.g., a person, group, or event) stressing developmental factors in relation to context (Flyvbjerg B,2011).Case study refers to the collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves.A form of qualitative descriptive research, the case study looks intensely at an individual or small participant pool, drawing conclusions only about that participant or group and only in that specific context. Researchers do not focus on the discovery of a universal, generalizable truth, nor do they typically look for cause-effect relationships; instead, emphasis is placed on exploration and description.Overview：Case studies typically examine the interplay of all variables in order to provide as complete an understanding of an event or situation as possible. This type of comprehensive understanding is arrived at through a process known as thick description, which involves an in-depth description of the entity being evaluated, the circumstances under which it is used, the characteristics of the people involved in it, and the nature of the community in which it is located. Thick description also involves interpreting the meaning of demographic and descriptive data such as cultural norms and mores, community values, ingrained attitudes, and motives.Unlike quantitative methods of research, like the survey, which focus on the questions of who, what, where, how much, and how many, and archival analysis, which often situates the participant in some form of historical context, case studies are the preferred strategy when how or why questions are asked. L ikewise, they are the preferred method when the researcher has little control over the events, and when there is a contemporary focus within a real life context. In addition, unlike more specifically directed experiments, case studies require a problem that seeks a holistic understanding of the event or situation in question using inductive logic--reasoning from specific to more general terms.In scholarly circles, case studies are frequently discussed within the context of qualitative research and naturalistic inquiry. Case studies are often referred to interchangeably with ethnography, field study, and participant observation. The underlying philosophical assumptions in the case are similar to these types of qualitative research because each takes place in a natural setting (such as a classroom, neighborhood, or private home), and strives for a more holistic interpretation of the event or situation under study.Unlike more statistically-based studies which search for quantifiable data, thegoal of a case study is to offer new variables and questions for further research.F.H. Giddings, a sociologist in the early part of the century, compares statistical methods to the case study "on the basis that the former are concerned with the distribution of a particular trait, or a small number of traits, in a population, whereas the case study is concerned with the whole variety of traits to be found in a particular instance" (Hammersley 95).2. Types：Under the more generalized category of case study exist several subdivisions, each of which is custom selected for use depending upon the goals and/or objectives of the investigator. These types of case study include the following:1). Illustrative Case StudiesThese are primarily descriptive studies. They typically utilize one or two instances of an event to show what a situation is like. Illustrative case studies serve primarily to make the unfamiliar familiar and to give readers a common language about the topic in question.2).Exploratory (or pilot) Case StudiesThese are condensed case studies performed before implementing a large scale investigation. Their basic function is to help identify questions and select types of measurement prior to the main investigation. The primary pitfall of this type of study is that initial findings may seem convincing enough to be released prematurely as conclusions.3).Cumulative Case StudiesThese serve to aggregate information from several sites collected at different times. The idea behind these studies is the collection of past studies will allow for greater generalization without additional cost or time being expended on new, possibly repetitive studies.4).Critical Instance Case StudiesThese examine one or more sites for either the purpose of examining a situation of unique interest with little to no interest in generalizability, or to call into question or challenge a highly generalized or universal assertion. This method is useful for answering cause and effect questions.Identifying a Theoretical PerspectiveMuch of the case study's design is inherently determined for researchers, depending on the field from which they are working. In composition studies, researchers aretypically working from a qualitative, descriptive standpoint. In contrast, physicists will approach their research from a more quantitative perspective. Still, in designing the study, researchers need to make explicit the questions to be explored and the theoretical perspective from which they will approach the case. The three most commonly adopted theories are listed below:Individual TheoriesThese focus primarily on the individual development, cognitive behavior, personality, learning and disability, and interpersonal interactions of a particular subject. Organizational TheoriesThese focus on bureaucracies, institutions, organizational structure and functions, or excellence in organizational performance.Social TheoriesThese focus on urban development, group behavior, cultural institutions, or marketplace functions.3.Designing a Case Study：After considering the different sub categories of case study and identifying a theoretical perspective, researchers can begin to design their study. Research design is the string of logic that ultimately links the data to be collected and the conclusions to be drawn to the initial questions of the study. Typically, research designs deal with at least four problems:∙What questions to study∙What data are relevant∙What data to collect∙How to analyze that dataIn other words, a research design is basically a blueprint for getting from the beginning to the end of a study. The beginning is an initial set of questions to be answered, and the end is some set of conclusions about those questions.Because case studies are conducted on topics as diverse as Anglo-Saxon Literature (Thrane 1986) and AIDS prevention (Van Vugt 1994), it is virtually impossible to outline any strict or universal method or design for conducting the case study. However, Robert K. Yin (1993) does offer five basic components of a research design:1. A study's questions.2. A study's propositions (if any).3. A study's units of analysis.4.The logic linking of the data to the propositions.5.The criteria for interpreting the findings.In addition to these five basic components, Yin also stresses the importance of clearly articulating one's theoretical perspective, determining the goals of the study, selecting one's subject(s), selecting the appropriate method(s) of collecting data, and providing some considerations to the composition of the final report.4. Conducting Case StudiesTo obtain as complete a picture of the participant as possible, case study researchers can employ a variety of approaches and methods. These approaches, methods, and related issues are discussed in depth in this section.∙Single or Multi-modal approachTo obtain as complete a picture of the participant as possible, case study researchers can employ a variety of methods. Some common methods include interviews, protocol analyses, field studies, and participant-observations. Emig (1971) chose to use several methods of data collection. Her sources included conversations with the students, protocol analysis, discrete observations of actual composition, writing samples from each student, and school records (Lauer and Asher 1988).Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) collected data by observing classrooms, conducting faculty and student interviews, collecting self reports from the subject, and by looking at the subject's written work.A study that was criticized for using a single method model was done by Flower and Hayes (1984). In this study that explores the ways in which writers use different forms of knowing to create space, the authors used only protocol analysis to gather data. The study came under heavy fire because of their decision to use only one method, and it was, at least according to some researchers, an unreliable method at that.∙Participant SelectionCase studies can use one participant, or a small group of participants. However, it is important that the participant pool remain relatively small. The participants can represent a diverse cross section of society, but this isn't necessary.For example, the Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) study looked at just one participant, Nate. By contrast, in Janet Emig's (1971) study of the composition process of twelfth graders, eight participants were selected representing a diverse cross section of the community, with volunteers from an all-white upper-middle-classsuburban school, an all-black inner-city school, a racially mixed lower-middle-class school, an economically and racially mixed school, and a university school.Often, a brief "case history" is done on the participants of the study in order to provide researchers with a clearer understanding of their participants, as well as some insight as to how their own personal histories might affect the outcome of the study. For instance, in Emig's study, the investigator had access to the school records of five of the participants, and to standardized test scores for the remaining three. Also made available to the researcher was the information that three of the eight students were selected as NCTE Achievement Award winners. These personal histories can be useful in later stages of the study when data are being analyzed and conclusions drawn.Data CollectionThere are six types of data collected in case studies:1.Documents.2.Archival records.3.Interviews.4.Direct observation.5.Participant observation.6.Artifacts.In the field of composition research, these six sources might be:1. A writer's drafts.2.School records of student writers.3.Transcripts of interviews with a writer.4.Transcripts of conversations between writers (and protocols).5.Videotapes and notes from direct field observations.6.Hard copies of a writer's work on computer.Depending on whether researchers have chosen to use a single or multi-modal approach for the case study, they may choose to collect data from one or anycombination of these sources.Protocols, that is, transcriptions of participants talking aloud about what they are doing as they do it, have been particularly common in composition case studies. For example, in Emig's (1971) study, the students were asked, in four different sessions, to give oral autobiographies of their writing experiences and to compose aloud three themes in the presence of a tape recorder and the investigator.In some studies, only one method of data collection is conducted. For example, the Flower and Hayes (1981) report on the cognitive process theory of writing depends on protocol analysis alone. However, using multiple sources of evidence to increase the reliability and validity of the data can be advantageous.Case studies are likely to be much more convincing and accurate if they are based on several different sources of information, following a corroborating mode. This conclusion is echoed among many composition researchers. For example, in her study of predrafting processes of high and low-apprehensive writers, Cynthia Selfe (1985) argues that because "methods of indirect observation provide only an incomplete reflection of the complex set of processes involved in composing, a combination of several such methods should be used to gather data in any one study." Thus, in this study, Selfe collected her data from protocols, observations of students role playing their writing processes, audio taped interviews with the students, and videotaped observations of the students in the process of composing.It can be said then, that cross checking data from multiple sources can help provide a multidimensional profile of composing activities in a particular setting. Sharan Merriam (1985) suggests "checking, verifying, testing, probing, and confirming collected data as you go, arguing that this process will follow in a funnel-like design resulting in less data gathering in later phases of the study along with a congruent increase in analysis checking, verifying, and confirming."It is important to note that in case studies, as in any qualitative descriptive research, while researchers begin their studies with one or several questions driving the inquiry (which influence the key factors the researcher will be looking for during data collection), a researcher may find new key factors emerging during data collection. These might be unexpected patterns or linguistic features which become evident only during the course of the research. While not bearing directly on the researcher's guiding questions, these variables may become the basis for new questions asked at the end of the report, thus linking to the possibility of further research.Data AnalysisAs the information is collected, researchers strive to make sense of their data. Generally, researchers interpret their data in one of two ways: holistically or through coding. Holistic analysis does not attempt to break the evidence into parts, but rather to draw conclusions based on the text as a whole. Flower and Hayes (1981), for example, make inferences from entire sections of their students' protocols, rather than searching through the transcripts to look for isolatable characteristics.However, composition researchers commonly interpret their data by coding, that is by systematically searching data to identify and/or categorize specific observable actions or characteristics. These observable actions then become the key variables in thestudy. Sharan Merriam (1988) suggests seven analytic frameworks for the organization and presentation of data:1.The role of participants.2.The network analysis of formal and informal exchanges among groups.3.Historical.4.Thematical.5.Resources.6.Ritual and symbolism.7.Critical incidents that challenge or reinforce fundamental beliefs, practices,and values.There are two purposes of these frameworks: to look for patterns among the data and to look for patterns that give meaning to the case study.As stated above, while most researchers begin their case studies expecting to look for particular observable characteristics, it is not unusual for key variables to emerge during data collection. Typical variables coded in case studies of writers include pauses writers make in the production of a text, the use of specific linguistic units (such as nouns or verbs), and writing processes (planning, drafting, revising, and editing). In the Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) study, for example, researchers coded the participant's texts for use of connectives, discourse demonstratives, average sentence length, off-register words, use of the first person pronoun, and the ratio of definite articles to indefinite articles.Since coding is inherently subjective, more than one coder is usually employed. In the Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) study, for example, three rhetoricians were employed to code the participant's texts for off-register phrases. The researchers established the agreement among the coders before concluding that the participant used fewer off-register words as the graduate program progressed.Composing the ReportIn the many forms it can take, "a case study is generically a story; it presents the concrete narrative detail of actual, or at least realistic events, it has a plot, exposition, characters, and sometimes even dialogue" (Boehrer 1990). Generally, case study reports are extensively descriptive, with "the most problematic issue often referred to as being the determination of the right combination of description and analysis" (1990). Typically, authors address each step of the research process, and attempt to give the reader as much context as possible for the decisions made in the research design and for the conclusions drawn.This contextualization usually includes a detailed explanation of the researchers' theoretical positions, of how those theories drove the inquiry or led to the guiding research questions, of the participants' backgrounds, of the processes of datacollection, of the training and limitations of the coders, along with a strong attempt to make connections between the data and the conclusions evident.Although the Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) study does not, case study reports often include the reactions of the participants to the study or to the researchers' conclusions. Because case studies tend to be exploratory, most end with implications for further study. Here researchers may identify significant variables that emerged during the research and suggest studies related to these, or the authors may suggest further general questions that their case study generated.For example, Emig's (1971) study concludes with a section dedicated solely to the topic of implications for further research, in which she suggests several means by which this particular study could have been improved, as well as questions and ideas raised by this study which other researchers might like to address, such as: is there a correlation between a certain personality and a certain composing process profile (e.g. is there a positive correlation between ego strength and persistence in revising)?Also included in Emig's study is a section dedicated to implications for teaching, which outlines the pedagogical ramifications of the study's findings for teachers currently involved in high school writing programs.Sharan Merriam (1985) also offers several suggestions for alternative presentations of data:1.Prepare specialized condensations for appropriate groups.2.Replace narrative sections with a series of answers to open-ended questions.3.Present "skimmer's" summaries at beginning of each section.4.Incorporate headlines that encapsulate information from text.5.Prepare analytic summaries with supporting data appendixes.6.Present data in colorful and/or unique graphic representations.5.Strengths and Weaknesses：FlexibilityThe case study approach is a comparatively flexible method of scientific research. Because its project designs seem to emphasize exploration rather than prescription or prediction, researchers are comparatively freer to discover and address issues as they arise in their experiments. In addition, the looser format of case studies allows researchers to begin with broad questions and narrow their focus as their experiment progresses rather than attempt to predict every possible outcome before the experiment is conducted.Emphasis on ContextBy seeking to understand as much as possible about a single subject or small group of subjects, case studies specialize in "deep data," or "thick description"--information based on particular contexts that can give research results a more human face. This emphasis can help bridge the gap between abstract research and concrete practice by allowing researchers to compare their firsthand observations with the quantitative results obtained through other methods of research.Inherent Subjectivity"The case study has long been stereotyped as the weak sibling among social science methods," and is often criticized as being too subjective and even pseudo-scientific. Likewise, "investigators who do case studies are often regarded as having deviated from their academic disciplines, and their investigations as having insufficient precision (that is, quantification), objectivity and rigor" (Yin 1989). Opponents cite opportunities for subjectivity in the implementation, presentation, and evaluation of case study research. The approach relies on personal interpretation of data and inferences. Results may not be generalizable, are difficult to test for validity, and rarely offer a problem-solving prescription. Simply put, relying on one or a few subjects as a basis for cognitive extrapolations runs the risk of inferring too much from what might be circumstance.High InvestmentCase studies can involve learning more about the subjects being tested than most researchers would care to know--their educational background, emotional background, perceptions of themselves and their surroundings, their likes, dislikes, and so on. Because of its emphasis on "deep data," the case study is out of reach for many large-scale research projects which look at a subject pool in the tens of thousands. A budget request of $10,000 to examine 200 subjects sounds more efficient than a similar request to examine four subjects.Ethical ConsiderationsResearchers conducting case studies should consider certain ethical issues. For example, many educational case studies are often financed by people who have, either directly or indirectly, power over both those being studied and those conducting the investigation (1985). This conflict of interests can hinder the credibility of the study. The personal integrity, sensitivity, and possible prejudices and/or biases of the investigators need to be taken into consideration as well. Personal biases can creep into how the research is conducted, alternative research methods used, and the preparation of surveys and questionnaires.A common complaint in case study research is that investigators change direction during the course of the study unaware that their original research design was inadequate for the revised investigation. Thus, the researchers leave unknown gaps and biases in the study. To avoid this, researchers should report preliminary findings so that the likelihood of bias will be reduced.6. Concerns about V alidity, Reliability, and GeneralizabilityMerriam (1985) offers several suggestions for how case study researchers might actively combat the popular attacks on the validity, reliability, and generalizability of case studies:Steps to Improve Validity and Reliability∙Prolong the Processes of Data Gathering on Site: This will help to insure the accuracy of the findings by providing the researcher with more concreteinformation upon which to formulate interpretations.∙Employ the Process of "Triangulation": Use a variety of data sources as opposed to relying solely upon one avenue of observation. One example ofsuch a data check would be what McClintock, Brannon, and Maynard (1985)refer to as a "case cluster method," that is, when a single unit within a largercase is randomly sampled, and that data treated quantitatively." For instance,in Emig's (1971) study, the case cluster method was employed, singling outthe productivity of a single student named Lynn. This cluster profile includedan advanced case history of the subject, specific examination and analysis ofindividual compositions and protocols, and extensive interview sessions. Theseven remaining students were then compared with the case of Lynn, toascertain if there are any shared, or unique dimensions to the composingprocess engaged in by these eight students.∙Conduct Member Checks: Initiate and maintain an active corroboration on the interpretation of data between the researcher and those who provided thedata. In other words, talk to your subjects.∙Collect Referential Materials: Complement the file of materials from the actual site with additional document support. For example, Emig (1971)supports her initial propositions with historical accounts by writers such as T.S.Eliot, James Joyce, and D.H. Lawrence. Emig also cites examples oftheoretical research done with regards to the creative process, as well asexamples of empirical research dealing with the writing of adolescents.Specific attention is then given to the four stages description of the composingprocess delineated by Helmoltz, Wallas, and Cowley, as it serves as the focalpoint in this study.∙Engage in Peer Consultation: Prior to composing the final draft of the report, researchers should consult with colleagues in order to establish validitythrough pooled judgment.。
中国临床试验注册中心关于开放临床试验公共管理平台(ResMan)的公告
中国临床试验注册中心/中国医学研究信息管理中心关于推广使用基于互联网的临床研究公共管理平台暨提供数据和安全监测服务的公告Notification for opening the web-based medical research public management platform ResMan为了促进临床研究的规范化管理，提高临床试验的质量和公信度，我们于 2010年 3月 1 日起正式开放基于互联网的临床研究公共管理平台（Research Manager, ResMan），供广大临床研究人员、医院科研管理部门、药物研发单位和 CRO 使用。
现在，国际医学期刊编辑委员会已开始要求研究者在临床试验投稿时提供其原始数据（individual participants data, IPD）在公共数据库的信息，供编辑、审稿专家和公众共享【1】；共享临床试验原始数据（IPD）已经成为临床试验透明化的重要组成部分。
一、什么是临床试验公共管理平台？临床研究公共管理平台(Research Manager, ResMan)是指将临床试验的管理流程、试验过程中记录的受试者基线资料包括人口学资料、入组时检查的基线数据、试验过程中的实施情况、结果数据等相关资料即“病历记录表（case record form, CRF）”的所有内容，基于互联网在线记录并传送到中央数据库保存管理。
每项试验只允许该课题组研究人员进入并实施操作；对基金资助课题，项目管理者、试验申办者或投资者有权浏览实时资料但不能对之做任何更改。
由研究者决定是否公开研究结果数据。
数据一旦录入并保存，以后对数据所做的任何改动都会自动显示和追踪。
研究者决定可公开的资料后，公众可通过“公众浏览”看到，以了解试验的进展情况和试验数据，但不允许看到或不能通过公开资料追索到受试者的任何个人信息。
二、为什么要使用临床研究公共管理平台？1. 临床试验是研究者和参与者为解决医学领域的科学问题一起共同承担风险，为全社会获得相关医学知识所做出的奉献，因此，让全社会了解研究的细节是对奉献者最大的尊重；2. 所有临床试验所获得的结果都可能应用于大众，涉及每一位公众的健康，因此，公众有权知道临床试验的所有细节和结果。
Case studies
1. Introduction
Case studies are particularly suitable for longitudinal research （纵向研究）(where you observe the individual change over time and focus is on comparisons of the individual’s performance on a sequence of occasions). They are a vehicle for both qualitative and quantitative research, and can be appropriate for projects in: 1) First-language acquisition (一语习得) 2) Second-language acquisition （二语习得） 3) Language and education (including the acquisition of literacy) （语言与教育 包括读写能力的习得） 4) Some areas of psycholinguistics （心理语言学）
选择个案的关键问题是决定在研究结束时能说些什么，个案 的选择应有一定的意义，其结果是可被推广的。因此，详细 描述个案就有点类似于在定量研究中详细描述从样本中获取 的结果普遍运用到所有人身上的过程。 例如，保拉•克莱恩和保拉•克莱切特（Paula Kleine—Kracht) 姐妹的研究是关于中学校长培养其他成员的教学领导才能， 并以此间接地影响教学。 在这个研究中，被调查的普遍现象是教学领导才能。该个案 是一位教学领导的特殊例子（一位中学校长），也就是推进 教职员的教学领导活动。该个案研究的成果可以推广给其他 校长并对其他教学领导现象有重要意义。
商务英语(市场营销专业英语)课程教学大纲
《商务英语》（市场营销专业英语）课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码：060651课程名称：商务英语英文名称：Specialized English in Marketing课程类别：专业选修课学时：36学分：2适用对象:市场营销专业考核方式：考查先修课程：市场营销原理，管理学原理二、课程简介《商务英语》（市场营销专业英语）培养学生在市场营销的实际工作以及研究工作中运用英语的能力，课程通过阅读和分析内容广泛的材料，扩大学生的知识面，加深学生对商务英语的理解，培养学生对国际商务活动（主要指市场营销活动）的了解和熟悉程度，提高分析能力、逻辑思维与独立思考的能力，巩固和提高学生在商务领域（主要指市场营销）里运用英语语言技能的能力。
内容主要包括市场营销概况、市场调研、营销战略、品牌战略、广告、电子商务等领域。
三、课程性质与教学目的《专业英语》是市场营销专业的一门专业选修课程。
通过本课程的学习，目的在于培养和提高市场营销专业本科生在营销活动中英语的听、说、读、写等实际应用能力，使学生了解和掌握营销专业英语词汇，通过课文阅读训练使学生能够用英文描述营销活动，熟悉营销用语，并提高实际翻译的能力。
本课程的安排力求与国际接轨，在教材选择，内容安排与考核方式上突出应用性与实践性；在教学方法上，主要采取讲授、案例分析、课堂讨论、小组讨论、学生授课等多种形式，注重创设教学情境。
四、教学内容及要求第一讲营销概述（Unit 1 Introduction to Marketing）（一）目的与要求1.本讲要求学生掌握市场营销的一些基本概念，如市场营销、市场营销战略、4P等；2.要求熟悉市场营销的历史发展阶段；3.要求了解市场营销每个历史发展阶段的特点。
（二）教学内容1．主要内容：1）S ome concepts in marketing;2）The evolution of marketing：production era，sales era, marketing era, relationship marketing era3）Case study: strategic issues in Chinese marketing2．基本概念和知识点：基本概念：marketing，marketing strategy，position，segmentation，target market, 4Ps(product, place, price, promotion ), brand value知识点：have some knowledge of the 4Ps in Chinese market3．问题与应用（能力要求）: 无。
管理案例研究方法
因此，现代管理理论的提出和创新更多基于企业管 理的实践活动并通过案例研究方法而提炼和升华。 现代企业管理的复杂性和各国企业实践活动的差异 性进一步促使工商管理学科的理论研究更加重视案 例研究方法[iii]
案例研究的功用。
在被研究的现象本身难以从其背景中抽象、分离出来的研究情境中， 案例研究是一种行之有效的研究方法。它可以获得其他研究手段所 不能获得的数据、经验知识，并以此为基础来分析不同变量之间的 逻辑关系，进而检验和发展已有的理论体系。
什么是案例研究？ 什么是案例研究？
案例研究不仅可以用于分析受多种因素影响的复杂现象， 它还可以满足那些开创性的研究，尤其是以构建新理论或 精炼已有理论中的特定概念为目的的研究的需要。( 精炼已有理论中的特定概念为目的的研究的需要。( 余菁） 作为一种社会科学研究方法，案例研究方法（case 作为一种社会科学研究方法，案例研究方法（case study methodology）属于经验性研究方法（empirical methodology）属于经验性研究方法（empirical research method）的范畴。有的学科中，实地研究被进一步区分 method）的范畴。有的学科中，实地研究被进一步区分 为狭义的实地研究、实地实验（field experimentation）和 为狭义的实地研究、实地实验（field experimentation）和 案例研究；而在另一些学科中，案例研究与实地研究被视 作基本同质的研究方法。 在管理科学研究中，“狭义的实地研究方法”的含义并不 明确，而实地实验可以被归类为实验研究的一种，因此， 适当扩大管理案例研究方法的内涵、使其近乎等同于实地 适当扩大管理案例研究方法的内涵、使其近乎等同于实地 研究方法的观点，是有利于案例研究方法发展的。
case study英语课题
SummaryOur report was aim to find out people’s conscious about health, and let college students increase their awareness of keeping health.Our team focused on four parts about our topic. They are “mental health” “eating health” “exercises” and “other details”. W e asked the interviewees to answer three questions for each part.According to this survey, our team found out some facts about their opinions about health. Most of college students suffered from mental problem and they admit the existence of it. Majority of them thought it was important for them to set a psychology class. More than half of them have a good eating habits, they had three main meals everyday and they ate fast food only about once a week. As for doing exercises, it was really different from males to females. Most males like to do exercise for 1 to 2 hours in any day, but females would rather did less than 1 hour even not doing exercise at all. But there was a common thing that most of them thought after 6 ’ cloc k would be the best time to do exercised. There was one thing very serious that many college students even never did a complete health check in hospital every year. That means manycollege students haven’t paid much attention about their physical health. These all only a small part of our report result. The report will show you the detail informationIntroductionHealth always is the most important problem that human concerned, and health is an expectancy that everyone wants to get. How to keep a healthy life may be the most important problem for not only patients but also for us normal people. So because of the importance of health, we chose this topic and gave a survey.We asked students in our school to find out their attitudes about it and the level of their health. We chose 40 students in different grades, and asked them 12 questions about health. All of these questions were discussed and selected seriously by our team members. More than 20 of the interviewees were asked in face-to-face, and because lack of time, others were asked by filling up the questionnaire. Even our survey can have some defects, our team tried our best to make it perfect, and we are sure our survey had been done truthfully. (The “Questionnaire” page had put at the back)This report divided into 4 parts---“mental health” “eating health” “exercises” and “other details”. Our 4 team members took each question as their duties, and finished it patiently and seriously. We hope our report can show an objective phenomenon and made a rational knowledge of health for college students.MethodOur group consists of 4 people. It was the first time that we had done a survey by ourselves. Firstly, we divided the topic into four parts and designed 16 questions together in this survey. Secondly, we created a questionnaire of 12 questions which were valuable. Then we printed 40 pieces of questionnaire and everyone had 10 questionnaires to research this survey. In order to collect the answer quickly, we worked in pairs. Finally we analyzed the date of all questions together.In total, we interviewed 40 college students from the Faculty of Computer and Accounting. This survey included 18 males and 22 females. Actually, we selected these students at random. More than half of students we interviewed face-to-face. However, the rest of students who we were not familiar with them were given a couple of minutes to finish our questionnaire. Although we did this survey in a hurry, we gained much experience and achieved our aim successfully.Eating health——Isaac As is known to all, good health is more important than wealth. What we eat have big effects on our health. There are large amounts of food we can eat in the world, so have right kinds of food become more and more important. It's necessary for us to have healthy eating habits.There are 3 questions I asked the students:1.How often do you eat fast food?2.Do you eat 3 main meals per day?3.Which kind of food do you think is good for our health?The survey is going to tell you the truth.According to the research we asked 40 students and the majority of students thought eat fast food is ok. 49% students said they eat fast foodonce a week. They usually went to eat in KFC or MCD whenshopping. 38% students said they eat fast food once a month; they only went to eat when they reminded. What surprised me most was that there were some students who eat fast food everyday (5%) and never eat fast food (8%). I even can't believe it.Generally speaking, almost 57.5% students said they eat 3 main meals per day, because they thought by this way they can keep health. While there were also 42.5% students said they didn't eat 3 main meals everyday, they only eat 2 meals everyday. The reason why they only eat 2 meals was that they couldn't get up in time to eat breakfast. They got up late only had the time to wash their face and hurry to go downstairs for class. But in my opinion, breakfast is the most important meal and we should eat breakfast everyday.W e asked students to rate what kind of food they think is good foe our health. Different people have different opinions, there were 3 main ideas.Most of the students (50%) said meat was the best food for health; meat can give us a lot of energy and make us strong. 27.5% students said eat fruit contain many V ictims that can help us keep health. The percentage of vegetable is 22.5%, they said vegetableis the only healthy food that can help us keep a balanced diet. Different food helps us in different ways, so we should eat all kinds of food rather than one kind of food.Exercise——Aaron Questions1.How long do you take exercise in a day?2.When do you think is best time to take exercises in a day?3.Which exercise do you think is the best for our health?ReportIsaac told you how to eat healthily, but if you just eating and do not do some exercise, no matter what you eat, it also can not help you keep health, so exercise is very important for us. Now, I will tell you something about exercise.“Life depends on sports”—— V oltaireFrom Voltaire’s worlds we know, how important the exercise in our life. If our bodies are not strong, our spirit to do things will certainly be quite dull. And at the same time, we are lack of energy to study. Diseases will only attack the weak, but not the strong. Why are our bodies not strong? Because we do not pay attention to exercise. For this reason, we must often take different kinds of exercise. Exercise helps us todisease. Now, I will show you thereport about our exercise.We look into 40 studentsabout their exercise.According to our figures, ofthe working students we polled, 69% take exercise less than 1 hour. 25% does exercise from 1 to 2 hours. And only 2 students do exercise more than 2 hours, there one in 2~3 hours, another one do more than 3 hours.By looking at the chart you can see that almost students take exercise less than 1 hour. Expert advices us that we just use 40~80 minutes take exercise in a day is best for our health. So if you take too much time on exercise, it may not good for your health.China has a proverb: “spring is the best in the year, morning is the best in the day.” Do you think the best time totake exercise in a day is also in morning?can tell by thechart, just 8persons thinktake exercisebefore 12 noonis good. Thereare 12 students like do it from 2p.m. to 6p.m. 20 students think after 6p.m. is the best time to take exercise for our health. The numbers we have show that a lot of people like do some exercise after the sun went down.From internet I know the docto rs’ research is that from 4p.m. to 7p.m., our body is the best status and the air is the most cleanly in one day. So at that time, take exercise will give us more power and make us healthThere are many exercises we can do. Do you knowwhich exercise is the most popular in students’ life?As the facts prove, if you'll take a look at this chart, the most popular exercise is jog. Walking is also very popular in students’ view.In summary, we need not have to be an exercise fanatic; just do what ever you think best with right way. We take exercise, because it can help us get fit, tone up and build stamina.I've shown you something about exercise for our health. I hope it can give you some helps.Other aspects about health——selena “Health is of vital importance to life” sounds like a joke to someone, but it is absolutely true. Health included many aspects and I would share some information with you w hich we discovered during this survey. First, please look at the last three questions about health:1. How often do you take complete health check in hospital?2. How many hours do you sleep per night?3. Which way do you usually acquire knowledge about health?According to our investigation, we found more than half of college students had a health life habit. Please look at this pie chart which showed the result of my first question. From the pie chart, we could see obviously that 60% of college students we interviewed think that they might take a complete health check in hospital once a year.Because they claimed that they usually had a normal health check at the beginning of semester every year in their school. So they were not need a complete health check frequently. Comparing to these students who we mentioned just now, 20% of students chose “twice a year”. In addition, only 5% of students said they would take a complete health check more than twice a year. Interestingly, about 15% of students said they had never taken a complete health check in hospital until now. The reason was that they had a strong body and they could not infect bad cold easily. Maybe this was an appropriate choice for them.As far as we concerned, it was very important for us to keep an adequate sleep. Even a high quality sleep would decide whether you could have a high learning efficiency or not. In my second question, we found that 45% of students chose 7-8 hours per night. Actually, 7-8 hours per night was a rational time for college student. Then 30% of students claimed 6-7 hours per night were a good choice. However, 15% of students we interviewed said that their sleep time was less than 6 hours per night. On contrary, only a small proportion of students who were all males thought their sleep time was more than 8 hours per night.The last question was the way you acquire knowledge abouthealth. So we gave a line chart to explain this result further. From the line chart, only 10% of students chose TV program. What’s more, over one quarter of students thought that they could get the information about health on the internet. While 45% of students said they heard the knowledge about health from their friends and their families. Especially in their family, parents always told some knowledge about health to their children. Nearly 5% students said they could also learn something from books and magazines. Only one student chose other because he got the knowledge in a health course at school. This result might not be exactly, but we still discovered friends and families were the most popular answer in this question.45% friends and their familiesConclusionYou could take away our money, house, car, or even our clothes and we could survive. But if our health was taken away, we would surely die. So we chose this topic and did this survey i n our college last week. Next, we would like to give a clearly conclusion to you.Our group found that these students had different ideas ineating health. About half of students we talked said they eat fastfood once a week. Only a few people said they had never eaten fast food. Their answers had a lot in common. That was moststudents advocated that vegetables and fruit were good for our health. Also most students thought they could keep health by eating 3 mealsper day.We found the most significant different was that more than halfof students take exercise less than 1 hour in a day. However,what’s more, 50% of students said that the best time to take exercise was after 6 p.m. Meanwhile, jogging was the most popular answer which was considered that it could help us become fit.Nowadays, mental health had become a serious problem in college. According to the survey, we discovered most students weinterviewed thought that college students had trouble with it. They also said the environment was the most directly reason.Other aspects about health were also important. According to record, we could see 60% of students we interviewed think that they should took a complete health check in hospital once a year. We also made a conclusion that the majority of college students had a rational sleep time. Less than half of students acquire knowledge about health from their friends and families.To sum up, all the students we interviewed were interested in this topic. On the one hand, people with good health could do everything with full confidence. On the other hand, a sick person might lose many opportunities to become successful. In our opinion, a strong will was necessary if we wanted to keep healthy. So lived a regular life and kept a balanced diet was very necessary to us.So our team recommends that students should eat less junk food if they want to avoid health problems in the future. At the same time, we suggest that they can set psychology class in college and help a few students build their mental health.ReferencesInternet:/view/4dbbf875a417866fb84a8e92.html。
新加坡科学课程教材、教法及启示
二、新加坡科学课程教材、教法及启示2012年科学教育专题硕博论坛董源莉（一）新加坡国情简介新加坡共和国在1965年正式成立，土地面积不及重庆北碚，人口是北碚人口的近九倍。
国土面积小、人口密度大、资源匮乏。
可就是如此一个弹丸小国，80年代跃居世界发达国家之列，成为亚洲“四小龙”之一。
新加坡经济上何以取得如此成就？教育为新加坡的腾飞立下了汗马功劳！IEA组织TIMSS测试中，2007年，新加坡的平均科学成（587分）排名第一，而且学生的平均科学成绩总体呈上升趋势。
是什么让新加坡在TIMSS中取得如此佳绩？这是多种因素的综合作用结果，但是，新加坡科学课程的教材和教法也是一个不容忽视的重要因素。
（二）小学科学教材新加坡的科学教育是“一纲多本”，国家统一颁布教学大纲，各个学校可以选用不同的版本的教材。
新加坡的科学教材，世界排名前三甲。
新加坡小学三年级到六年级使用最广泛的科学教材是《My Pals are Here！Science》。
根据新加坡最畅销的小学科学教材《My Pals are Here!Science》编写的《My Pals are Here！Science》国际版，由Marshall Gavendish Education出版社出版，作者是 shireen khanali, 最新版本是2010年的，被评为TIMSS 测试的国际一流小学科学方案。
全套从1A到6B，通过学习学生将获得的知识、探究精神，以及技能和方法，为更高层次的学习奠定了基础。
主要特点有：1）从1年级开始学习科学（新加坡本地从3年级开始学科学）；2）使用的是国际英语而不是新加坡英语；3）课程注重指导式、发现式、探究式学习；4）通过前后链接、螺旋上升的知识结构来构建坚实的概念网络；5）通过搭建教学和实践的支架结构，巩固知识和对科学的理解；6）精彩照片和彩色插图，生动、新颖、国际化，吸引学生的注意力并点燃他们对周围世界好奇心的火花；7）有针对性地提出问题，培养学生对科学学习的好奇心；8）精心挑选的视图和尽量少的文字让所有学生，不用从语言技能上了解科学概念，从而建立学习的信心；9）来源于生活的具体实例，使科学让青少年学生容易理解。
景观旅游绩效评价指标体系研究
景观旅游绩效评价指标体系研究吴忠军;曹宏丽;侯玉霞【摘要】为了衡量景观在可持续旅游发展中的贡献情况,遵循建筑学“使用后评价”理念,参考美国景观绩效系列(LPS)、全球目的地可持续旅游标准、环境质量评价和景观质量评价相关评价指标,运用频度统计法选取使用频度高的评价指标,通过理论分析法对建成后景观可持续旅游发展的内涵、特征、基本要素和主要问题进行对比分析,确定重要评价指标,并按照科学性、规范性、可操作性原则对评价指标进行筛选,最终从经济效益、社会效益、生态效益、文化保护四方面对建成旅游项目进行评测,包含12个评价项目,24个评价指标,通过一系列可量化的评价指标直观反映景观的旅游绩效,评估景观在设计过程和开发中是否实现了可持续旅游发展.【期刊名称】《桂林理工大学学报》【年(卷),期】2019(039)001【总页数】8页(P225-232)【关键词】景观;旅游绩效;评价指标【作者】吴忠军;曹宏丽;侯玉霞【作者单位】桂林理工大学旅游与风景园林学院,广西桂林541004;桂林理工大学旅游与风景园林学院,广西桂林541004;桂林理工大学旅游与风景园林学院,广西桂林541004【正文语种】中文【中图分类】F590.31景观绩效是对建成项目的综合评估,通过量化指标反观景观设计的实践过程是否满足当初的设计意图，以及项目是否实现了可持续化发展[1]。
景观绩效是美国风景园林基金会于2011年正式启动的一项研究,目前已构建了快速检索库(the fastfact library)、效益工具包(the benefits toolkit)、案例研究简报(the case study briefs)、案例研究调查计划(case study investigation, CSI),旨在建立一个共享交流平台,讨论景观在实践开发中的价值,特别是评估工具及其开发应用值得我国景观绩效研究借鉴。
景观的旅游绩效研究便是在此基础上,对建成旅游项目进行综合评估,结合我国旅游开发实践,提取适用指标,并对其进行筛选与增减,构建一套适用于景观旅游绩效评价的指标体系。
广州“6·30”“KOTA KADO”轮触礁事故调查
广州“6•30”“KOTA KADO”轮触礁事故调查Investigation on the aground accident of MV “KOTA KADO”on30 June in Guangzhou一、事故简况2010年6月30日0431时，新加坡籍集装箱船“KOTA KADO”轮自广州港南沙港区驶往新加坡途中，触碰珠江口大担尾水道“沥心排”礁，造成该轮船壳变形、破损，多个舱室进水，船舶缓慢下沉，该轮随后应急航行至香港南丫岛以西水域抛锚，不久船首下沉坐浅。
事故直接经济损失初步评估约人民币2 000万元，构成水上交通重大事故。
二、事故船舶（一）船舶概况船名 KOTA KADO 国籍 新加坡船籍港 新加坡呼号 S6BH5IMO编号 9307396船舶种类 集装箱船船体材料钢质（二）船员情况“KOTA KADO”轮本航次配备船员22人，船员配备与持证情况符合最低安全配员证书所载要求。
（三）船舶检验情况“KOTA KADO”轮由TOYOHASHI SHIPBUIDING，JAPAN （日本丰桥船厂）建造，2004年11月15日安放龙骨，2005年6月30日建造完工。
该轮最近一次检验于2009年8月29日进行，为年度检验，检验情况正常，现持有的检验证书有效期至2010年8月29日。
（四）船舶载货情况“KOTA KADO”轮离广州港南沙港区时，船上装载20英尺集装箱740个、40英尺集装箱844个，共1 584个集装箱，2 428 TEU，货重30 282吨。
三、气象海况和事故水域通航情况（一）气象海况多云，东南风2级，轻浪，能见度良好。
（二）事故水域通航环境情况事故发生在珠江口担杆列岛与佳蓬列岛之间的大担尾水道，水道宽约5.5海里，之间分布着沥心排（暗礁）和牙鹰洲（干出礁），是中小型船舶从珠江口南部口门进出珠江口水域的通道之一，航行船舶较多，且交通流向复杂。
同时，该水域当时还存在渔船航行、捕捞作业活动。
雅思听力词汇
雅思听力高频词汇一直以来是众多老师和学生所追求的精华材料。
面对着市面上存在的各种各样辅导词汇的书籍和综合了所有考试内容的机经，很多烤鸭都会觉得无从下手。
其实笔者认为词汇只是表象，更重要的是要从词汇中悟出场景的考点和出题思路。
掌握雅思听力词汇首先要从基础词汇入手，然后再进入专业场景词汇。
建议广大烤鸭们一定要在背诵词汇时多进行联想，把练习过的剑桥雅思真题集系列中的场景进行串联，这样才可以做到场景和词汇同步学习，从而使听力学习更加深入！在本篇中，专家将重点总结和介绍一些雅思听力必备词汇中的基础词汇部分，供大家研究和学习！一、Listening basics: call每次考试都会有电话号码的听写，尤其在section 1中，有很多场景都是以一男一女打电话的方式来进行的，以下这些词汇能帮助大家把握电话对话的脉络，清晰的辨明考点出现的时机。
除了要清楚的了解外国人报电话号码时的节奏和停顿以外，还要对雅思考查比较少的点比如分机号、来电转移、漫游和付费方式等重点记忆，以防雅思考试向深化和细化的方向发展。
Numbers:Home / work phone number, emergency number, contact number, hot line, information line, enquiry line, mobile phone number, cell phone number, toll free number, code number, extension numberCall: phone, call, ring, give somebody a call, a ring, a telephone call, dial the number, press key, push keyTelephone answering machine, operator, hold on, hang onCall services: call diversion, call roaming, local number, distance number, international callCost: telephone rental, pay per minute, pay per hour, pay per monthExamples: 0903775115, 99281444, 033835071二、Listening basics: personal details个人信息的考查每次都占到考题数目的5道甚至以上，是烤鸭们的必对得分题目，万万不可再错。
足球运动员人力资本作为资产计量的关键因素的案例研究外文翻译
本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译原文：Football Players as Human Assets. Measurement as the Critical Factor in Asset Recognition: A Case Study Investigation"The system, he [Charlie Sear, PFA Secretary 1898] continued, caused players to 'appear as prospectuses, as more or less valued assets of a limited liability company. It had 'destroyed the old personal bond of friendly feeling between us and club managers ...and brought the latter to regard us as chattels to be bought and sold. ...We have to thank the transfer system for bringing us down to the level of beasts in the market place. The commodity - the player - has no locus standing" (Harding 1991,).Important differences between professional sportsmen and other employees are well documented by human resource accounting academics. In the United States many authors have considered the issue in detail while throughout the world many authors make passing reference to professional sport (for example, Johanson, 1991, Hekimian and Jones, 1967, Dyson, 1992). Surprisingly human resource accounting issues within the UK's most popular professional sport, football, have not been as extensively researched. Contemporary work has been carried out in the area (Morrow, 1992, 1995; Touche Ross, 1992, 1993, 1994), however most of the research has either been carried out some time ago (Dobbins and Trussel, 1975); been mentioned within a more general article concerning football finance (Temple, 1991) or been concerned with some specialized aspect of the subject, for example consideration of club's recruitment policies as investment decisions (Sutherland, 1986), or the operation of the transfer system and its implications for players (Sloane, 1969; Stewart, 1986; Moorhouse, 1992).Human resource accounting since the 1960's has been dominated by two issues - firstly, can human resources be satisfactorily defined and recognized as accounting assets and secondly, can a satisfactory valuation methodology be provided to reflectthose assets. In this paper both these issues are addressed in the context of one particular type of human resource.The paper firstly considers whether an accounting asset is created by virtue of the fact that a club holding a player's registration has the rights to the services provided by that player. It is intuitively appealing to think of football players as assets: other than a club's ground or facilities they are often the only item of value to a club. Robinson (1969) argues that the main difference between investment in humans and investment in property lies in the fact that the earning power of an individual, unlike that of property, is not a saleable commodity. The transfer system in which players at all levels of the game are bought and sold is an exception to this rule. The historical roots of this transfer system can be traced to a clause inserted in the regulations of the English Football Association in 1885 which required all players to be registered annually with the association. The clause, which was designed to prevent the poaching of players or players club-hopping, instead resulted in the registration becoming something to be bought and sold in its own right (Miller, 1993). It is not however, the player himself who is the asset, but rather the provision of services, although as noted in the Chester Report of the Committee on Football, this distinction is somewhat technical. "The transaction may be wrapped up in the jargon of registrations, but in effect it is payment for a man..." (Department of Education and Science, Point 286, 1968).The approach adopted in this paper is based on that used by Barwise et al (1989) in examining the issue of accounting for brands. The paper first examines the fun-dementia issues of accounting for an intangible asset, namely the services provided by a football player on behalf of the club holding his registration. Webb and Broadbent (1986) have identified where the information requirements of parties interested in the financial affairs of football clubs differ from those of orthodox commercial organizations. This paper contends that those requirements are not being addressed in respect of this intangible resource. Difficulties in this area are founded on problems of definition and recognition and the approach adopted has been to test the claims of this asset against the UK Accounting Standards Board criteria fordefinition and recognition of assets. By adopting this approach, the paper aims to demonstrate the argument for the conceptualization as an accounting asset of the services provided by a football player on behalf of the club holding his registration, and to identify the legal and economic realities that differentiate football players from other human resources.The paper secondly considers capitalization of the intangible under different accounting models, examining the validity of the usual distinction between purchased and internally developed intangibles. The paper does not seek to provide a complete measurement model for accounting income, rather concentrating on the capitalized valuation of the intangible in the balance sheet. Morrow (1995) identified and evaluated three valuation methodologies appropriate to the human resource of football players' services. Each model is either currently used in accounting practice by one or more clubs or in some form in the existing market place for players. In this paper these valuation methodologies are tested using case study data. A major Scottish club made available the sensitive information that was required to carry out the study. Other knowledgeable sources assisted as explained in the paper.V ALUATION METHODOLOGIESHaving demonstrated the case for definition and sufficiency of evidence for recognition, the next consideration is the method of valuation of such assets on the balance sheet and ensuring the reliability of measurement. Morrow (1995) evaluated three valuation methodologies appropriate to the human resource of football players' services, each of which either currently is used in accounting practice by one or more clubs, or is used in some form in the existing market place for players. In this section, information provided by a major club during a series of visits to the club is used to illustrate these methods, along with an additional method based on directors' valuation. The historical cost model (Method 1), involves capitalizing players acquired by the club via the transfer market on the balance sheet at their cost of registration. The earnings multiplier model (Method 2), involves applying a multiplier to a players earnings to produce a current valuation of that player. The directors' valuation model (Method 3) in this case involves capitalizing the players at a value provided jointly bythe Chairman and Manager. An independent multiple player evaluation model (Method 4), involves various informed and knowledgeable sources providing a value for the players of the club in question. This model is based on a model set out by Ogan (1977) for valuing US professional sports teams.HISTORICAL COST: METHODThree Scottish clubs, Celtic, Heart of Midlothian and Rangers capitalize those players bought by the club on the transfer market at their cost of registration in their accounts. A survey of English clubs identified four clubs also following this accounting treatment (Touche Ross, 1994, p.8). The corresponding 1993 survey concluded that "commercial logic supports a historical cost capitalization approach", given the value of current transfers and player squads (Touche Ross, 1993, p.12). Table I sets out the information that would be recorded for the case study club under this method:Table1. FIRST TEAM SQUAD HISTORICAL COST AT YEAR END 1993In practice the cost of registration would be amortized over the length of a player's contract, however in this case, each player's cost of registration has been amortized over the period since he joined the club until the end of his existing contract, consistent with the regular review and revision of the useful life of assets as suggested in SSAP 12, paragraph 18 (ASC, 1987). The residual value has been estimated using the Union of European Football Associations coefficient factor formula by reference to a player's earnings and a multiplier factor based on his age atthe end of his contract (UEFA, 1992, Article 3), as used in practice by the clubs referred to above. As the exercise was carried out retrospectively a player's earnings over the most recent season have been used within the multiplier formula to establish the residual value. Consequently the residual value of each player has been inflated and in many cases is considerably in excess of the acquisition cost. The use of the UEFA multiplier to establish residual values on this evidence, notwithstanding the distortion caused by using current earnings to calculate residual value mentioned above, would seem to be open to question. In all but one case, including players who are in their first contract at the club and to whom therefore the problem of inflated residual values is not relevant, the player's residual value per the UEFA multiplier is in excess of the Chairman/Manager's estimate of the recoverable amount on the player, and in all but three cases is in excess of the original cost of acquisition.All players have been written down to the Chairman/Manager's estimate of net realizable value if appropriate. Due to its nature the value of a player must continually fluctuate. However, given the widely held belief that all players are for sale at the right price, if the directors believe on the basis of their experience of the market place that the book value is not recoverable, then an immediate write off is appropriate. From Table I it appears that several players have been subject to permanent diminution in value. One explanation for this is the conditions of re-employment imposed on clubs by the Scottish League, whereby when a player reaches the end of his contract his employer must either offer him a new contract on at least the same basic terms or alternatively set the player free to arrange the transfer of his own registration. In the climate of recession which applied at the time of the exercise, clubs were using the free transfer as a means of avoiding future costs for many players who they believed had a realizable value, but in respect of whom the risks of being unable to arrange a sale and thus having to continue to meet the salary costs were considered too high.EARNINGS MULTIPLIER: METHODThe multiplier valuation approach is used in practice by UEFA to value out-of-contract players who are transferring between two clubs within Europe, wherethe clubs are unable to agree a fee in respect of the transfer. In essence the transfer fee must be at least the gross income of the player multiplied by a coefficient factor which varies according to the player's age6 (UEFA, 1992, Article 3). In the UK, transfer prices of out-of-contract players are not valued on the multiplier basis, but instead by an independent transfer tribunal which exists to arbitrate between clubs in such circumstances.Information was disclosed by the club for research purposes in respect of the salary levels of individual players. Clearly such information requires remaining confidential. As a consequence the information on salary and subsequent player valuations has been accumulated for each relevant UEFA coefficient factor category, and disclosed on that basis. Table II sets out the valuation which would be obtained for the club under this approach:TABLE 2.FIRST TEAM SQUAD V ALUATION AT YEAR END 1993:EARNINGS MUTIPLIER APPROACHAlthough there is a theoretical basis for using salaries as a surrogate of humanresource value, the theoretical conditions that must hold are so stringent, that in practice they cannot realistically be met (Scarpello & Theeke, 1989). A significant weakness of this particular salary model is that it ignores the time value of money. A more advanced earnings multiplier model is used in the Netherlands by the Royal Dutch Football Association, whereby the potential transfer sum (gross annual salary multiplied by a factor dependent on age and salary) is multiplied by a prudence factor of 0.25 (Brummans and Langendijk, 1995). This method is similar to the adjusted discounted future salaries approach proposed by Hermanson (1964). Although it is an attempt to deal with the requirement to discount future earnings, the use of an apparently randomly generated figure of 0.25 adds little credibility to the resultant balance sheet values.Source: Stephen Morrow, (1996) "Football Players as Human Assets. Measurement as the Critical Factor in Asset Recognition: A Case Study Investigation", Journal of Human Resource Costing & Accounting, V ol. 1 Issues: 1, pp.75 – 97..译文：足球运动员人力资本作为资产计量的关键因素的案例研究“这个系统，他继续说道（查理希尔，英格兰足球运动员协会干事，1898），使运动员作为有限责任公司或多或少的资产出现在俱乐部的简章上。
现况调查
5、样本大小的确定： 样本大小的确定：
决定样本大小的因素： 决定样本大小的因素： ①对调查结果精确性的要求，即容许误差； 对调查结果精确性的要求，即容许误差； 预计现患率或阳性率； ②预计现患率或阳性率； 调查总体中调查单位的变异程度； ③调查总体中调查单位的变异程度； 调查要求的显著性水平。 ④调查要求的显著性水平。
面访( 1、面访(face to face interview) ) 2、信访 3、电话访问 4、自填式问卷调查(self-administration questionnaire ) 自填式问卷调查( 体格检查和实验室检查( 5、体格检查和实验室检查(physical exam，lab test) ，
在查阅文献，咨询专家，预调查，总结经验，充分了解背景资料 的基础上，确定研究目的:
描述疾病的三间分布， 描述疾病的三间分布，寻找病因线索 建立有关生理生化指标的参考值 疾病的“三早预防” 二级预防） 疾病的“三早预防”（二级预防） 评价疾病的防治效果 卫生服务需求评价， 卫生服务需求评价，卫生决策
研究目的 准备阶段 研究设计 研究对象 调查方法 问卷设计 调查方案 问卷 访谈 体检 实验室检查
利用特定的随机化装置， 利用特定的随机化装置，使调查对象以一个预定的基础概率从 几个问题中选择一个进行回答， 几个问题中选择一个进行回答，利用概率论的知识计算出敏感问 题在所调查人群中的分布。在调查过程中，除调查对象自己外， 题在所调查人群中的分布。在调查过程中，除调查对象自己外， 所有的人都不知道答案针对的问题，以便保护调查对象的隐私。 所有的人都不知道答案针对的问题，以便保护调查对象的隐私。
法律英语时事案例分析(3篇)
第1篇Introduction:The case of the land acquisition dispute in XYZ County serves as a significant example of the complexities and challenges that arise in land acquisition processes under Chinese law. This analysis aims to provide an overview of the case, examine the relevant legal principles involved, and discuss the implications of the judgment for future land acquisition disputes.Background:In 2019, the government of XYZ County initiated a land acquisition project to develop a new industrial park. The project required the acquisition of approximately 1000 acres of land from various landowners. The landowners, however, opposed the acquisition, claiming that the compensation offered was insufficient and that the government had failed to comply with the legal procedures.Facts of the Case:1. The government notified the landowners of its intention to acquire their land for the industrial park project.2. The government conducted a valuation of the land and offered compensation to the landowners based on the valuation.3. The landowners were dissatisfied with the compensation amount and refused to accept the offer.4. The landowners filed a lawsuit against the government, alleging that the compensation was inadequate and that the government had failed to comply with the legal procedures.5. The court heard the case and delivered a judgment in favor of the landowners.Relevant Legal Principles:1. The Law on Land Administration (中华人民共和国土地管理法) governs land acquisition in China. According to Article 42 of the Law, the government may acquire land for public interest purposes, such as infrastructure development or public welfare projects.2. Article 47 of the Law requires the government to conduct a valuation of the land and offer fair compensation to the landowners. The compensation shall be determined based on the land's current use, location, and market value.3. The Land Acquisition Procedure Regulations (中华人民共和国土地征收补偿安置条例) provide specific procedures for land acquisition, including the notification of landowners, public hearing, and appeal mechanisms.4. The Administrative Procedure Law (中华人民共和国行政诉讼法) allows individuals and legal entities to challenge administrative decisions in court.Judgment Analysis:The court found that the government had failed to comply with the legal procedures for land acquisition. Specifically, the court held that:1. The government had not conducted a proper valuation of the land, which resulted in an inadequate compensation offer.2. The government had not provided sufficient information to the landowners regarding the land acquisition process and the compensation amount.3. The government had not held a public hearing to allow the landowners to express their concerns and opinions.The court ordered the government to conduct a new valuation of the land and offer fair compensation to the landowners. The court also directed the government to comply with the legal procedures for land acquisition in the future.Implications for Future Land Acquisition Disputes:1. The judgment emphasizes the importance of compliance with legal procedures in land acquisition. Governments must adhere to the Land Acquisition Procedure Regulations and provide proper notice and compensation to landowners.2. The judgment underscores the significance of fair compensation. Governments must conduct a thorough valuation of the land and offer compensation that reflects its current use, location, and market value.3. The judgment encourages public participation in land acquisition processes. Governments should hold public hearings to allow landownersto voice their concerns and provide input.4. The judgment sets a precedent for future land acquisition disputes. Landowners can seek judicial remedies if they believe that the government has failed to comply with legal procedures or has offered inadequate compensation.Conclusion:The case of the land acquisition dispute in XYZ County highlights the importance of adhering to legal procedures and ensuring fair compensation in land acquisition processes. The judgment serves as a reminder to governments that they must act responsibly and transparently when acquiring land for public interest projects. By doing so, governments can minimize disputes and ensure the smooth implementationof their development plans.第2篇IntroductionThe General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into effect on May 25, 2018, marking a significant shift in data protection laws across the European Union (EU). The regulation imposes strict requirements on the handling of personal data, including the right to privacy, data protection, and data portability. One of the most challenging aspects of GDPR is the transfer of personal data outside the EU, which has sparked a series of legal battles and compliance issues. This case studyexamines the fine imposed on Facebook by the Irish Data Protection Commission (DPC) in relation to international data transfers and the implications of GDPR for multinational corporations.BackgroundFacebook, one of the world’s largest social media platforms, processes vast amounts of personal data from its users. The company operates on a global scale, which necessitates the transfer of data across borders. However, GDPR restricts the transfer of personal data outside the EU unless certain conditions are met. These conditions include ensuringthat the receiving country provides an adequate level of data protection and obtaining explicit consent from the data subjects.Case DetailsIn December 2018, the DPC imposed a record-breaking fine of €500million on Facebook for violating GDPR provisions related to international data transfers. The fine was a result of Facebook’s failure to comply with the requirements of Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs), which are legal mechanisms designed to ensure that data transferred from the EU to non-EU countries is protected.The DPC’s investigation focused on Facebook’s transfer of personal data to the United States through its subsidiary, Facebook Ireland. The company relied on SCCs to transfer data under the assumption that the U.S. offered an adequate level of data protection. However, the DPC concluded that the U.S. did not provide an adequate level of protection, as evidenced by the U.S. government’s mass surveillance practices, including the Prism program.The DPC found that Facebook did not conduct an adequate assessment of the risks associated with the transfer of data to the U.S. and failed to ensure that the SCCs were effectively implemented. As a result, the company was in breach of GDPR Article 45, which requires controllers to ensure that data recipients provide an adequate level of data protection.AnalysisThe Facebook case highlights several key issues related to GDPR and international data transfers:1. Adequacy Assessments: GDPR requires data controllers to conduct adequacy assessments to determine whether a non-EU country provides an adequate level of data protection. The Facebook case underscores the importance of thorough assessments, as failure to do so can result in significant fines and reputational damage.2. Standard Contractual Clauses: SCCs are a vital tool for data controllers seeking to transfer data outside the EU. However, the Facebook case demonstrates that reliance on SCCs alone is not sufficient. Data controllers must ensure that the SCCs are effectively implemented and that they are aware of the risks associated with data transfers.3. Data Protection by Design and by Default: GDPR mandates that data controllers implement data protection measures by design and by default. This means that data protection should be considered at every stage of the data processing lifecycle. The Facebook case indicates that companies must go beyond mere compliance with legal requirements and adopt a proactive approach to data protection.4. Transparency and Accountability: GDPR emphasizes the importance of transparency and accountability in data processing activities. The Facebook case serves as a reminder that data controllers must be transparent about their data processing practices and accountable forany breaches or non-compliance.ConclusionThe Facebook case is a critical reminder of the significant implications of GDPR for multinational corporations engaged in international data transfers. Companies must prioritize data protection, conduct thorough adequacy assessments, implement SCCs effectively, and adopt a proactive approach to data protection by design and by default. As the global data landscape continues to evolve, companies must remain vigilant and adapt to the changing legal landscape to ensure compliance with GDPR and other data protection regulations.Recommendations1. Conduct regular adequacy assessments to ensure compliance with GDPR requirements.2. Implement SCCs effectively and monitor their implementation continuously.3. Adopt a data protection by design and by default approach in all data processing activities.4. Enhance transparency and accountability in data processing practices.5. Stay informed about the latest developments in data protection laws and regulations.By following these recommendations, companies can mitigate the risks associated with GDPR and ensure compliance with the strict requirements of international data transfers.第3篇IntroductionIn recent years, environmental litigation has become a prominent area of legal concern, with numerous cases addressing the intersection of environmental protection and individual rights. One such case that has sparked significant debate and legal analysis is the recent Supreme Court decision on standing in environmental litigation. This case analysis will delve into the facts of the case, the legal issues at stake, and the implications of the Supreme Court's decision.Facts of the CaseThe case in question involves a group of citizens who brought a lawsuit against a large manufacturing company, alleging that the company's emissions were contributing to air pollution and climate change. The citizens claimed that the emissions were violating federal environmental laws and that they were suffering from health problems as a result. The district court dismissed the case, finding that the citizens lacked standing to sue. The court of appeals reversed the decision, holdingthat the citizens had standing because they had suffered a concrete and particularized injury.Legal Issues at StakeThe central legal issue in this case was whether the citizens had standing to sue under Article III of the United States Constitution. Article III requires that a plaintiff must have standing to bring a lawsuit, which means that the plaintiff must show that they have suffered an injury in fact, that the injury is fairly traceable to the defendant's conduct, and that a favorable decision would likely redress the injury.The district court found that the citizens lacked standing because their injury was too speculative and indirect. The court of appeals, however, took a broader view of standing, holding that the citizens had suffered a concrete and particularized injury because they had presented evidence that their health problems were linked to the defendant's emissions.Supreme Court DecisionThe Supreme Court granted certiorari to review the decision of the court of appeals. In a split decision, the Supreme Court reversed the court of appeals and held that the citizens lacked standing to sue. The majority opinion, written by Justice [Majority Justice Name], emphasized the importance of the standing doctrine in ensuring that the federal courts do not become involved in hypothetical or speculative injuries.The majority opinion stated that the citizens' alleged health problems were too remote and indirect to establish standing. The court noted that the citizens had not presented evidence that their health problems were caused by the defendant's emissions with a sufficient degree of certainty. Additionally, the majority opinion emphasized that the citizens had not shown that a favorable decision would likely redress their injuries, as the relief sought was not directed at theirindividual injuries but rather at the broader issue of air pollution.In dissent, Justice [Dissenting Justice Name] argued that the majority had imposed an unduly strict interpretation of the standing doctrine.Justice [Dissenting Justice Name] contended that the citizens had presented sufficient evidence to establish a concrete and particularized injury, and that the standing doctrine should not be used to prevent the courts from addressing significant environmental issues.Implications of the DecisionThe Supreme Court's decision in this case has significant implicationsfor environmental litigation. By reversing the court of appeals, the Supreme Court has effectively limited the scope of standing in environmental cases. This decision may make it more difficult for individuals to bring suit against companies for environmental violations, as they may have to establish a more direct and immediate injury to satisfy the standing requirements.The decision also raises concerns about the effectiveness of environmental laws. If individuals cannot bring suit against polluters, it may be more difficult to enforce environmental regulations and hold companies accountable for their emissions. This could have a chilling effect on companies' willingness to invest in cleaner technologies and practices.Moreover, the decision may impact public policy debates on climate change. With standing becoming a more significant barrier to environmental litigation, there may be less pressure on companies and policymakers to address the issue of climate change effectively.ConclusionThe recent Supreme Court decision on standing in environmentallitigation represents a significant development in the field of environmental law. The court's decision to limit the scope of standing may make it more difficult for individuals to challenge environmental violations and enforce environmental regulations. The implications ofthis decision are far-reaching and will likely shape future environmental litigation and policy-making. As the debate on climate change and environmental protection continues, the courts andpolicymakers will need to carefully consider the balance between individual rights and the collective good.。
《流行病学》名词解释与重点
《流行病学》名词解释与重点1、流行病学：是研究疾病（包括伤害）和健康状态在人群中的分布及其影响因素，借以制定和评价预防、控制和消灭疾病及促进健康的策略与措施的科学。
2、地方性（endemic）：由于自然环境和社会因素的影响，一些疾病包括传染病和非传染病常在一地区呈现发病率增高或只在该地区存在，这种情况称为地方。
3、横断面分析：是指在特定时间内，对某以特定人群中疾病或其他健康特征与相关变量之间的关系的研究。
4、个体调查（case investigation）：又称个案调查或病家调查，属于描述性研究，是指对个别发生的病例、病例的家庭及周围环境进行的流行病学调查。
5、描述性研究（descriptive study）是指利用已有的资料或特殊调查的资料，包括实验室检查结果，描述疾病或健康状况的三间分布，为进一步开展分析流行病学研究提供病因或流行因素的线索，即提出假设。
6、现况调查（prevalence survey）是指按照事先设计的要求，在某一特定人群中，应用普查或抽样调查等方法手机特定时间内某种疾病或健康状况及有关变量的资料，以描述该疾病的健康状况和分布及与疾病分布有关的因素。
7、生态学研究（ecological study）：是描述性研究中的一种，它以群体为基本单位收集和分析资料，通过描述不同人群中某种因素的暴露情况与某种疾病发生的频率，在群体的水平上研究某种因素与某种疾病之间的关系。
8、普查（census）：是指为了解某人群健康状况或某疾病的患病率，在特定时间内对特定范围内（某一地区或者具有某种特征）人群中每一成员所做的调查或检查。
9、抽样调查（sampling survey）：是指在特定时间内，特定范围内人群总体中，按照一定的方法抽取一部分有代表性的个体组成样本进行调查分析，以此推论人群总体某种疾病的患率及某些特征的一种调查。
10、发病率（incidence rate）：是指在一定时期内，特定人群中某病新病例出现的概率。
医学科研常用的研究方法
（二）条件
1、前所未见的罕见的独特病例（“右心室原发性恶性心 脏肿瘤一例” 、“血丝虫致视网膜黄斑裂孔一例” ）；
2、两种或多种少见疾病（或综合征）见于同一病例 （“足月妊娠子宫破裂合并膀胱损伤2例报告”）；
3、某种疾病诊断或治疗方面的创新性病例（“手术治疗 非特异性心包炎一例”）；
4、出现特殊临床表现及病程发展特殊的病例（“急性粒 细胞白血病存活12年以上一例”、“妊娠22年后继发绒癌一 例”）；
➢特点 事先需要周密设计好比较组。 ➢用途 检验验证病因假设。 ➢分类 病例对照研究(探索性和验证性)
队列研究(前瞻性与历史性)。
病例对照研究
(case-control study)
一、概述 （一）概念
病例对照研究的基本思想是比较某 病患者人群（病例组）与非患者人群 （对照组）暴露于某些可疑危险因素的 差异，从而检验该暴露因素与所研究疾 病间是否存在联系。
（四）调查方法与基本步骤
➢询问座谈 ➢查看现场 ➢样本检验 ➢检查资料 ➢提出措施 ➢继续观察 ➢提交调查报告
二、爆发调查(outbreak investigation)
（一）含义
指对局部地区或集体单位在短时间内突然出现 大量相同病例的事件所进行的流行病学调查。
传染病、非传染病均可发生爆发，因而爆发调查也 分为传染病和非传染病爆发调查，二者调查思路相似。
（二）目的（主要用途）
①描述疾病的三间分布特征，以摸清疾病流行的基 本情况，并为防制措施的制订提供依据；
②提供病因线索，形成病因假设; ③ 适用于疾病的二级预防; ④ 评价疾病的防治效果; ⑤ 进行疾病监测; ⑥ 评价一个国家或地区的健康水平。
（三）现况调查的种类
1、普查(census)
什么是案例研究 What is a Case study 英语作文论文写作技巧
什么是案例研究What is a Case studyThings you should knowabout itIn today’s education system, the whole academic process basically asks for creativity and productivity from the students. Our complete coursework involves assignment writing, dissertation writing and other stuff which demands hard research work from the students. The main purpose of these activities is to bring out the research skills and draw their interest in their course. Many new students who are clueless or lack research skills take help fromthe assignment help online services. These services make their work easier while saving a lot of their time. However, a student can show up their interest by adopting different research methods in their assignment or dissertation writing. One of them is- the Case study. But many of us might wonder, what is a case study? It is the best research method to demonstrate the efficiency in your research work. But very few of us knows about its importance.Hence in this article, I am hereby introducing you all with the necessary things about the Case study, such as:What is a Case studyImportance of Case study researchTypes of case studyHow to write a case studyWhat is a Case Study?Once Charles Horton Cooley in his research paper “The life-study method as applied to rural social research” defined the Case study method as:“Case study depends on our perception and gives clear insight into life directory.”A case study is a research methodology in which the researcher aims at the intensive study of a group or unit to draw a general conclusion out of it. It is also known as“research strategy,” a specific inquiry of a phenomenon in real- life context. This research method was first introduced in 1829 by an French sociologist-Frederic Le Play. The popularity of case study format has increased in the recent decades. As the word says, the research focuses on a real-life case, describes its problems, and gives a detailed analysis of how the problem is being solved in a sequential process.Case study method is a descriptive analysis of people, group, event or policies that are studied by using one or more processes. In this method, the researcher takes up an incident from real life context and goes for an in-depth investigation to find out the possible solution to the problem highlighted in the case study example. Theresearcher focuses on a single case to make detailed observations over a longer period. This is not possible with larger samples without investing lots of money. However, the case study seems quite economical comparatively.Importance of Case study ResearchBe it any subject like- Law, Medicine, Business, or Science; case study research plays a vital role in presenting best assignment or thesis to your professor. In online assignment help services, the writing experts use case studies to present the research work in an impressive way.Learning from real-life scenariosCase studies presents examples from real life scenarios. Hence it gives a realistic and complexfeeling to the readers. This real-life situation helps the readers to connect themselves with the situation and inspires to find out a solution in their real-life situations.As the case is discussed in the classroom, it gives an opportunity to the student to evoke their problem-solving technique to find out different solutions for that particular problem.It focuses on the customersCase studies are meant to do in-depth research to gather information about a specific group, unit or person specific. Hence, with case study examples customers or readers can get detailed information about the particular subject or topic.It demonstrates successin the case study, the researcher gives explicitly detail about everything. He/she goes forward to highlight the problem in a specific case and then describes each step to solve it. Hence it gives a chance to demonstrate success in stressful situations.It is comprehensiveUnlike the other research methods, Case study research gives an opportunity to the researcher to use various tools and techniques to get a solution to the problem discussed in the case. Hence this gives time and space to the researcher to think on the topic from every aspect.Hence, until now you got to know what is a case study and its importance. Let’s read further to know about its types.Types of Case studyA case study is quite useful for the researcher in their early stage, as it gives them an opportunity to explore different ideas, methods, and instruments, and to prepare for a more extensive study. In modern times, case study research is popular not only in the field of sociology, but also in the fields of psychology, education, political science, anthropology, and clinical science.However, different fields opt for different types of case study. Majorly there are four types of case studies, which as follows:Illustrative Case studiesThis type of case study is mainly descriptive in nature. In this method, the researcher takes up one or two instances from an event to show the set of circumstances and processes that are possible in similar kind of situations. This Case study method is used to make people aware of any situation, which is not well known to them.Exploratory (or pilot) Case studiesThe Exploratory case study primarily focuses on identifying the questions and helps the researcher to choose the method that would be useful, prior to the initial investigation. This method is useful in implementing on a large scale investigation.This type of case study is commonly preferred in Psychology and Social science. The psychologists try to innovate new methods to help their patients, and hence prefer exploratory case study to find out new theories and ideas.Cumulative Case studiesThis type of case study collects the information from different sources to formulate the case for a new study. The main purpose of this study is that the past studies allow them additional information for their new case without spending much time, efficiency and money on the additional study.For instance, suppose a researcher wants to work on the topic- “what type of behaviour makes animals comfortable with a veterinarian?”In order to draw a conclusion or sketch out the perfect answer for the question, the researcher would take up some 4-5 real cases. These cases would describe how a vet behaved with their patient. Hence the researcher can easily find out the possible answer for his/her research question. Eventually, this type of research can uncover the differences as well.Critical Instance Case studiesThis Case study method is used when the researcher wants to challenge a commonly set up assumption which can be wrong but cannot get proved due to the lack of critical understanding. It is used to examine the problems that accumulate into larger issues. This method is also useful if there is somespecial or unique event which got a special interest of the researcher.Before selecting the type of case study for your research work, it is essential to identify your purpose, goal, and approach to conduct sound and successful research. However, this sometimes may feel difficult for you. Hence, it is advisable to seek help from online websites who offer the best case study service to the folks. The writing experts are proficient in selecting the best suitable case study research method for your topic.How to write a case studyThere are few questions which are quite common among the new researchers. They find it difficult to find out general things about thecase study. I have tried to clear a few things about what is a case study and case study template. Now in this section, I am going to discuss how to write a case study. Here are few steps which you need to follow while writing a case study:1. Determine the case study typeAs we discussed in the above section, you are now acquainted with the different types of case studies. Every other field requires a different type of case study research. Hence you must determine the type of research work you are going to take. Before deciding the type of case study you want to demonstrate, it is essential for you to know what is a case study and what type of case study is suitable for your research work.2. Determine the topic for your case studyNow as you have chosen the type of case study, you should further move to decide your topic. Make sure that the topic is relatable to your subject, and you can find enough sources to help yourself in your research work.3. Follow the case study templateOnce you determine the topic for your case study, you need to follow the following case study format:Title pageThis section contains the title of your work, the name of the author and institution. In general, itlet the readers acknowledge your name and the topic of your research.AbstractThere are two types of abstract- narrative and structured.Thenarrative abstract is the summary of the whole research work. It is presented to give an idea about the content of the research work to the readers.Thestructured abstract is used in scientific studies.IntroductionThis is the first section. Hence the section provides an idea about the topic that is going to be discussed in the research work. It gives a clue in such an interesting way that it tempts the reader to go through the whole work. You can start with introducing the topic. Suppose you are writing on “Different types of ca se in Social sciences.” You can open the research work with a question such as- what is a case study? This will bring the curiosity in the minds of the readers and they will further go through your research work.PresentationHere the researcher presents the raw information he/she has collected during the case study.OutcomesHere the researcher comes up with a plan on how the problem discussed in the topic should be treated.ConclusionsIt is the last section, where the researcher gives his/her own thoughts about the problem discussed and his perception towards it.ReferencesThis section includes the name of the sources which helped you out during the case study method.Hence in this article, we discussed several basic things about the case study, beginning from what is a case study to its importance and types of the case study. I hope this will help you with your research work. Case study format could be a better option for those who can easily process information and can analyze the case study format to understand how it works. It will take less time and efforts for a researcher to complete the assignment quickly. There are several websites which provide service to new researchers to let them complete their case study research. However, if you want to write a case study on your own, you must go through the tips and techniques that are necessary for it.。
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GAC013 Assessment Event 2: Case Study InvestigationCompare & Contrast: New Tumor-Tracking Technique and Laboratory-grown UrethraImplanted TechnologyStudent: YukiStudent ID: 00022Teacher: Sam LarussaDue Date: 5 January 2014Word Count: Word countTable of ContentAbstract (3)Introduction (3)Methods (4)Results: (4)Discussion: (6)Conclusion: (7)Reference (8)The purpose of this case study was to compare and contrast the benefits from two scientific advancements--new tumor-tracking technique for radiotherapy and tissue engineering--to human progress. The definition of “human progress” was here explained as advancements that have “low failure rate, less side effects”, which can be rephrase as the percentage of amount of people healed after the treatments and suffers less side effects. Because patients are looking for better treatment and higher survival rate, and the tumor tracking technique decreases the side effects and more likely to be successful, therefore new tumor tracking technique contributes more to human progress while the tissue engineering is not yet full constructed and has high failure rate. After measuring the pros and cons of those two advancements, the thesis was supported by evidence showing tumor tracking has higher cure rate and can be used in broader fields. It was considered that although tissue engineering has strong potential, tumor-tracking technique avoids the destruction of other cells, and can be used in more fields, therefore made more contributions to human progress.IntroductionHumans have been at war with all kinds of diseases for thousands of years. From the ancient herbal medicines to complex western medicines, humans have never stopped their progress in the medical field and still struggling to find better cure. Along with the great affects those surgeries and are medicines also side effects. The most notable progress would be the decrease of the treatment failure rate which is calculated by the official investigators. The definition of “human progress”here explained as advancements that increase the percentage of amount of people healed after the treatments and lower percentage of suffering side effects. This report is trying to find out which technology has better promoted the scientific advances: tumor-tracking treatment or tissue grow and implant science? There are several diseases that can cause severe health issues to human. And lung cancer, urethral problems are two of those diseases. According to the research, over 160,000 people killed every year by lung cancer. (Cancer Facts and Figures, 2006). Although scientists developed different methods to treat those diseases, they are not always successful and often have many side effects. However, new tumor-tracking technique and tissue engineering are great advancements that scientists have made in the field of pathology. By weighing the pros and cons of each , to find their similarities and differences, then to determine which one contributes more to the medical treatment advancement.The purpose of this study is to find for the principle, beneficial effects and also the limitation of these two technologies to determine which is more beneficial towards human progress. In order to do this, these steps were followed:1)Give specific definition to “human progress” and make it measureable. (Thedefinition of “human progress” here explained as advancements that increasepercentage of amount of people healed after the treatments and lower percentage of suffering side effects.)2)Select two cases from the given list in AE2.3)Fill in the blanks in the given organizer, compare and contrast two cases.4)Make a hypothesis that predicts which case has been contributes more to humanprogress according to how it was defined.5)Collect reliable outside sources online and try to find evidence that support thehypothesis.6)Form a report, including all the information in the organizer, the exact data of thecases, evidence from outside sources, and a conclusion.The methodology addresses the research purpose by clearly define “humanprogress” and a easy way to measure it, thus providing a straightforward way tocompare and contrast the two cases.Results:The new tumor-tracking technique for radiotherapy helps to decrease the destruction of other cells when the tumor is under the radiotherapy. It also makes the treatment safer because it uses the new technology (scan the motion of tumor by using the cycle of respiration of patients). According to the scientists, the radiation therapy has higher possibilities of causing additional side effects to patients than using tumor-tracking robotic technology to them. This new technique decreases the harm of healthy tissue and improves cancer control and survival for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. “It can help shrink that margin by better predicting and continuously tracking tumors during radiotherapy, preventing unnecessary amounts of radiation affecting critical organs and surrounding healthy tissues by up to 50% in some cases. This also allows the radiation oncologist to maximize the dose the tumor receives,” (Reynolds 2011).The second case is about laboratory-grown urethras implanted in patients. It is the first time the world to use patients' own cells to build tailor-made urinary tubes and successfully replace damaged tissue. This scientific advancement really contains potential; however,there are diverse limits of this technology.The most important features of those two cases -- new tumor-tracking technique for radiotherapy and tissue engineering (laboratory-grown urethras implanted) – are compared and contrasted in Figure 3.1.Figure 3.1:New Tumor-Tracking Technique Tissue Engineering For Radiotherapy Spares Healthy Tissue- Both cases contributes help with the modern treatments- Both advancements are related to Biology and Pathology- Both bring benefits to patients- Both have potential to developAs the diagram above shows, these cases do have some similarities. They both contribute a lot to the modern treatments. And they both are related to tissue. They are both great breakthrough in their own field. The tissue engineering case is the first in the world to use patients' own cells and successfully replace damaged tissue, and the new tumor-tracking technique helps minimize the amount of radiation delivered to surrounding healthy tissue in a patient and maximize the dose the tumor receives. Also, they both conceive a large potential, the new tumor-tracking advancement could greatly increased the cure rate, and the tissue engineering case was commented “can suggest that engineered urethras can be used successfully in patients and may be an alternative to the current treatment (Atala, M.D. 2011).” And both related to Biology.The main differences between two cases are the time them were studied. Compare to the great number of research papers of the new tumor-tracking technique, the tissueengineering program was just poorly studied by minorities. Tumor problems belong to Biology field, but the robotic technique belongs to Physics, so the first case is relative to both fields. As for the second case, it only mentions Biology. The first case used robotic technique to track the tumor to increase the cure rate; the second case used the tissue engineering technique to grow organs and implant them into the human body. But the tumor-tracking technique successfully increased the cure rate while the implantation of the urethras has high failure rate.Discussion:"This is an example of how the strategies of tissue engineering can be applied to multiple tissues and organs. Researchers at the institute are currently working to engineer more than 30 different replacement tissues and organs.” said Anthony Atala, M.D., senior author, director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine and a pediatric urologic surgeon. If other organs can be grown in this way and successfully implanted, it would certainly be a huge advancement to human progress.But in spite of those merits, the new tumor-tracking technique tissue engineering for radiotherapy made more contributions to human progress because it has lower percentage of its harm to people, and well-constructed that they are already stared to be used by the tumor treatments now. To measure this, some of the reliable information and statistic was found: “It can help shrink that margin by better predicting and continuously tracking tumors during radiotherapy, preventing unnecessary amounts of radiation affecting critical organs and surrounding healthy tissues by up to 50% in some cases. This also allows the radiation oncologist to maximize the dose the tumor receives. (Reynolds 2011).” But on the contrary, using the Tissue engineering technology to several organs which are composed with complex structures is not easy to achieve, and these grafts have failure rates of more than 50% and often lead to infections, difficulty urinating, pain, or bleeding. According to a journal on the Lancet, “Tabularized tissue grafts might be needed for complex or long urethral defects, but have a high proportion of failures. There has been no previous work done in terms of creating tabularized engineered urethras for patients (Raya-Rivera 2011, p-1175).”This apparently shows that due to the definition of human progress, tumor-tracking during radiotherapy technology contributes more.How well the advancement was developed can also occupies a significant part of its possibility of succeed. An observational study on the Lancet well shows that there is a limitation to use this technology as a common treatment because there were fewer studies of tissue engineering technology compared with that of tumor-tracking. After proving the effectiveness of the new tumor tracking technique with computer simulations last year, theJefferson researchers have now shown that the same results can be achieved feasibly in a clinical setting (Rosenberg 2011). Patients who have lung cancer and have tumor can be cured with fewer risks.Conclusion:In a short summary, new tumor-tracking technique for radiotherapy spares healthy tissue that could improve cancer treatment will benefits millions of patients, more reliable and can be used already. Therefore, the reason why this advancement contributes more to human progress is that it has higher likelihood to succeed and avoid harmful effects, which is exactly what patients are looking for. If medical treatment association has to decide which one of them would be a better example of techniques that already well used and succeed in most cases and try to find information, they can reference this study or other studies that are relevant to the two cases.ReferenceRosenberg. J (2012). “New Tumor Tracking Method May Improve Outcome of Radiation Therapy for Lung Cancer Patients.”[Online] Available from:/news/2012/11/21/radiotherapy-tumor-tracking/ [Accessed December 17]Thomas Jefferson University (2011, February 2). New tumor-tracking technique for radiotherapy spares healthy tissue, could improve cancer treatment. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from /releases/2011/02/110201172605.htmWake Forest University Baptist Medical Center (2011, March 8). Laboratory-grown urethras implanted in patients, scientists report. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from /releases/2011/03/110307184632.htmlRaya-Rivera,A; Esquiliano,D; James J Yoo, et al (2011). Tissue-engineered autologous urethras for patients who need reconstruction: an observational study [Online]. Available from: /journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)62354-9/fulltext。