英语语言学第二章 Phonetics and Phonology

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2.Phonetics_&_Phonology 简明英语语言学戴炜栋

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Preview Questions
What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why? What are the three branches of phonetics? How do they contribute to the study of speech sounds?
Welcome To:
Phonetics & Phonology
2.1
Thuage
The Phonic Medium of Language
Q1: What’s the phonic medium of language?
The phonic medium of language refers to the limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication.
Broad and Narrow Transcription
2. Broad transcription（宽式音标）： The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols only. / _ / This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks. 3. Narrow transcription（严式音标）: The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. [ _ ] This is the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sound.

Phonetics and Phonology

第二章语音学一、导读2.1 语音研究人类交际包括两种形式：语言交际(linguistic communication) 和非语言交际(paralinguistic communication)。

非语言交际包括手势、表情、眼神或图表等。

语言交际包括口语（spoken language）和书面语(written language)。

在多数情况下，人们主要是通过口语进行交际。

口语交际的媒介是语音(speech sounds)，也就是说人们通过声道（vocal track）发出的音来表达意义。

这种对语音的研究被叫做语音学(phonetics)。

口语交际是一个复杂的过程。

可以想象，当人们交际时，语音首先被说话者发出，然后，它在空气中被传递并被听话者接收。

也就是说，口语交际包括三个基本步骤：语音的发出→语音在空气中的传导→语音的接收。

根据这三个步骤, 语音研究也自然地分成三个主要研究领域。

对第一个步骤的研究是发声语音学(articulatory phonetics)，研究语音的产生。

对第二个步骤的研究是声学语音学(acoustic phonetics)，研究语音的物理特征。

对第三个步骤的研究是听觉语音学(auditory phonetics），研究和语音感知有关的内容。

2.2 发音机制语音是由各种发音器官（speech organ）而产生的。

因此，正确理解语音需要掌握相关的发音系统知识。

人体发声器官（见《语言学概论》杨忠主编，高等教育出版社2002：15）使流出的气流产生各种各样的变化，从而产生不同的音。

肺部的气流是发声的原动力。

肺部扩大时，空气从外流入，形成吸气音（ingressive sounds）。

肺部收缩时，气流流经气管(trachea)、喉头（larynx）、咽腔（pharyngeal cavity）再经口腔(oral cavity)或鼻腔(nasal cavity) 排除，形成呼气音(egressive sounds)。

语言学第二章

语言学第二章《Summary》特刊语言学第二章总结编辑：孙波任冲校对：汪燕华老师康亮亮一、Phonetics 语音学1、definition：Studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.研究语音是如何产生，传递和感知。

2、Articulatory Phonetics、Acoustic Phonetics、Perceptual Phonetics发音语言学、声学语言学、感知语言学3、二、Phonology 音系学the study of the sound patterns and sound systems languages 研究语音模式和语音系统三、Voiceless & Voiced Sounds 清音和浊音1、Voiceless sounds：The sounds produced without causing vibration of the vocal cords. 在发音过程中，发音时声带不振动。

2、Voiced sounds：The sounds produced with causing vibration of the vocal cords. 在发音过程中，发音时声带振动。

四、Consonants & vowels 辅音和元音1、Consonants：sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. 发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞所发出的音。

2、Vowels：sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. 发音时，声道不受到任何压缩或阻碍，因此不会有气流的紊乱或停滞所发出的音。

Chapter 2 Phonetics and phonology

It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897.
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▪ One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription.
▪ As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
14
2.1 Consonants
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▪ Bilabial ▪ Labiodental ▪ Dental ▪ Alveolar ▪ Postalveolar ▪ Retroflex ▪ Palatal ▪ Velar ▪ Uvular ▪ Pharyngeal ▪ Glottal
19
2.2 Vowels
▪ Cardinal Vowels, as exhibited by the vowel diagram in the IPA chart, are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.

英语语言学概论第二章phonology(共14张PPT)

2.3.1 Coarticulation (协同发音)
Map PK Lamb
[mæp]
[læm]
A nasal + a vowel
Soft palate: from the lowered position to the raised position
Proceeding influenced following (perseverative)
Broad and narrow transcriptions
Velarization rule (软腭化): A vowel + a nasal
the
string,
the
two
sound
combinations
are
phonemic contrast, complementary distribution
when simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.
Broad and narrow transcriptions
[pi:k]
Peak
[pʰi:k]
Broad
Narrow
1. Broad transcription (宽式音标): The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols only. [ _ ]
said to form a minimal pair.
Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill
big/peg; peak/leap
Minimal pairs
Four requirements for identifying minimal pairs:

语言学Chapter+2+phonetics+and__+phonology

The distinction between them lies in the obstruction of airstream.

Description of consonants
How do you describe (classify) the consonants such as [p], [b], [s], [z]? When describing individual sound segments, phoneticians and linguists often employ two parameters to examine how sounds are articulated: manner of articulation and place of articulation. (P30)
The manner of articulation is very important during the production of the sound. It is based on the size of the air passage. (24 consonants)
Describe the six groups respectively according to manner of articulation

The place of articulation: where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of air. (the place of obstruction)
Manner of Articulation

Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sound and is concerned with defining and classifying speech sounds according to how they are produced, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.

语言学第2-3章Phonetics & Phonology

• Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: • how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. • Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
• [t] and [d] are thus important sounds in English, because they enable us to distinguish tin and din, tie and die, and many more word pairs. • Similarly, [f] and [d] can be shown to be important units too, because they distinguish between fish and dish, fine and dine and many other pairs.
Phonetics & Phonology
Phonetics: Speech Sounds
• Speech and writing are the two media or substances used by natural languages as vehicles for communication. Many languages in the world today are both written and spoken. • Language is first perceived through its sounds. Thus the study of sounds is of great importance in linguistics. Naturally, linguists are not interested in all sounds; they are concerned only with those sounds that are produced by humans through their speech organs and have a role to play in linguistic communication.

语言学教程课件2 Phonetics and Phonology

Phonology phonetics and phonology ideas and concepts theories and approaches
2.1 Phonetics
The field study Speech sounds and non-speech sounds Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aperture)
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Description of speech sounds
We use Phonetic Alphabets to describe speech sounds
mouth Soft palate in lowered position Uvula: the loose hanging end of the soft palate Pharynx Blade of the tongue: including the tip, the part
Diacritics: any mark in sound description additional to letters or other basic elements. [¨], [˜]
Narrow description: detailed Broad description: general
opposite the teeth ridge
Speech Organs 2
Front of the tongue: the part opposite the hard palate

语言学_Chapter 2_Phonetics

– The speech sounds: production, transmission, perception – Sound patterns
PHONETICS PHONOLOGY
2.1 The phonic medium
语音学语音的发生、传递、感知不涉及到意义基本单位：音素 phone （或者可以区别意义、或者不可区别意义）
classify and describe them?
• 2. How many consonants are there in English? How • • 3. What is the major difference of English vowels
and consonants? to classify and describe them?
Manner of Articulation
• ... concerns the size of the air
passage:
– the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; – they may narrow the space considerably; or – they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
Of course not! All languages have both voiceless and voiced sounds contrasting in their phonological systems. Try to pronounce English vowels, they are ______. Pronounce [b, g] and [p, k]. Can you find any difference?

Phonetics 语言学方面

2.1 Phonetics
• Three Branches of phonetics
1. Articulatory phonetics 2. Acoustic phonetics 3. Auditory phonetics
Phonetics
----A branch of linguistics which studies the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology
语音学与音系学
Main Contents of the Lecture：
I. Phonetics语音学
II. Phonology音系学
Revision
1. The major branches of linguistics
2. Some important distinctions in linguistics
The diagram of speech organs 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 小舌
The diagram of speech organs
7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 舌面
9. Back of tongue 舌背
Articulatory phonetics
• 发音语音学：研究语音的发生。
• Acoustic phonetics---deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.
Acoustic phonetics

语言学 Phonetics & phonology

Approximants are therefore more open than fricatives. e.g. central: [r] or lateral [l] in lip; semi-vowel approximants: [j] [w] in yes and well
5. Trills （颤音）and taps （触音） Trill: involves a series of rapid repetition of one articulator striking another. E.g., English 'r' in some Scottish accents. Tap (or 'flap' or 'flick'): a momentary variant of the trill. It involves a single rapid contact between one articulator and another without repetition. E.g. /r/ in AmE better.

English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation
Fricatives (摩擦音) A fricative is the type of consonant that is formed by forcing air through a narrow gap so that a hissing sound is created. /f/ in fin, / θ / in thin, / ʃ / in shin. /v/ in van, /s/ in sin, /h/ in hat, / θ / in that, /z/ in zoo and / ʒ / sound in genre.

英语语言学第二章讲课

Chapter 2
Phonetics ＆ Phonology
英语语言学第二章讲课
1. Inroduction
(1) Phonetics and phonology are very useful.
With some phonetic knowledge we can give a
much more precise description to speech sounds.
英语语言学第二章讲课
Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription
with letter-symbols only.
Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription
with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to
英语语言学第二章讲课
Three branches of phonetics: (1) Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 is the study
of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how
英语语言学第二章讲课
3. IPA and broad vs. narrow transcription
The international phonetic alphabet﹙IPA﹚system was devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1988 and has undergone a number of revision since then. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound. The application of the phonetic symbols is universal to all languages.

语言学第二章语音学资料

Chapter 2 Phonology
Phonetic & Phonology
———the study of speech sounds
Speech sounds--- Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound.
----A phonetician is mainly interested in the physical properties of the speech sounds. He is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
❖ Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学） ----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”
❖ Acoustic phonetics---- （声学语音学） from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. It tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speakers issues
(alveolar) 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 11. PhaWhen the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.

语言学概论第二章

语言学概论第二章---Phonetics and Phonology这一章学习一定要记住一个词“sound”。

这里的sound 千万不是指音标，就是指人听到的声音，记住这一点对于以后的理解至关重要。

这一章分类讲sound 是怎样产生的，语言学家又是怎样分类的，以及sound 有什么样的特性。

2.1 Production of sounds---声音的产生Phonetics 讲的就是什么是声音和声音的分类，用课本上的话来说，phonetics is the study of speech and is concerned with defining and classifying sound. [这不同于phonology (the study of the system of sounds in a language or the system of sounds itself), phonology 讲的是将声音系统化来研究]那么，声音到底是什么呢？语言学家Ball and Rahilly提出了一个关于“语言链”（speech chain）包括三步：声音的产生（production of message），传播(transmission of message)和接收(reception of message)。

根据这一点，phonetics（研究“什么是声音”的学科）就分为三个领域:声音的本质是什么以及声音是怎么产生的（articulatory phonetics），也就是说，它研究人体产生声音的过程。

什么样的声音（包括波形）能被人接收（acoustic phonetics），研究要用到machine。

声音是怎样被人认知的（auditory phonetics），可能会涉及到人脑的研究。

【理解这三个专有名词的区别，一定要从英英释义上来理解。

既：articulatory: the action of making speech sounds; acoustic: relating to sound and the way people hear things; auditory:relating to the ability to hear.)】看见以上三个领域了吧，发音语言学领域是本章要探讨的，探讨的时候还要应用到声音语音学，这一点对于以后的理解很重要。

语言学第二章要点

Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学1. The phonic medium of language语言的声音媒介Speech and writing are the two media used by natural languages as vehicles for communication. Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing. Speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises.For linguists, the study of sounds is of greater importance than that of writing.The limited ranges of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language (语言的声音媒介) . The individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds （语音）. 2．What is phonetics?什么是语音学？Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language；It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介，即人类语言中使用的全部语音。

Chapter 2 语言学-Phonetics and phonology

some of the basic ideas of articulatory phonetics and phonological analysis.
5
Teaching Focus
1. How speech sounds are made 2. Classification of English speech
2
Phonetics studies how speech sounds
are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Speech Transmission (sound waves)
3
Articulatory Phonetics is the study of
These principles continue to be
followed today.
10
The International
Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2005)
11
2. Classification of English speech sounds
the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
13
The distinction between vowels and
consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream. As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.

语言学——语音及其音位体系(Linguistics-Phonetics_and_Phonology)

depending on how forcefully it is said, and
in yet and wet the initial segments are
obviously vowels.
To get out of this problem, the usual solution is to say that these segments are neither vowels nor consonants but midway between the two categories. For this purpose, the term ‘semivowel’ is often used.
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
2.2 Vowels
Cardinal Vowels, as exhibited by the vowel diagram in the IPA chart, are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.
Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them, and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages.

英语语言学 Chapter 2(2) phonetics

Word-final /s,z/ become palato-alveolar before palato-alveolar fricatives and the palatal frictionless continuant/; This ship This year has she those young men
1) the position of the tongue in the mouth Front vowels are the ones in the production of which the front part of the tongue is raised the highest such as [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a].
Phonology and phonetics
Phonetics is general, classificatory and descriptive Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
Give the following phonetic symbols: Voiced palatal affricate
Voiceless labiodental fricative
Voiced alveolar stop Front close short Voiced bilabial stop
Word-final /d/ becomes a nasal before a nasal, at the place of articulation of the nasal; Word-final /v/ becomes a nasal before a nasal; Word-final lenis fricatives become fortis before an initial fortis consonant;

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scope of phonetics

articulatory phonetics

auditory phonetics
acoustic phonetics

articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 From the speaker’s point of view： studying how a speaker uses his or her speech organ to articulate sounds （研究语音的产生）

当声带分离时，气流容易通过，由此产生的语音叫清音（voiceless），如 [p, s, t]。当声带贴近时，气流使其产生震动（vibration），形成的声音成为浊音（voicing），如[ b, z, d]。当声带完全紧贴时，气流无法通过，不发出声音。

pharyngeal cavity: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.
2.1 the phonic medium of language

two media of language : speech and writing Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.
2.2.2 speech

organs (发音器官)
speech organs: vocal cords & three cavities the pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 — the throat the oral cavity 口腔 — the mouth the nasal cavity 鼻腔 — the nose
口腔：包括舌头（tongue), 小舌(uvula)，软腭(soft palate)，硬腭(hard palate)，齿龈 (teeth ridge)，牙齿(teeth)和嘴唇(lips)。

口腔是气流产生变化最明显的地方，而其中舌头是最灵活的部位。舌背和软腭相摩擦发出[k, g]；舌前和硬腭相摩擦发出[j]；舌尖和上齿龈摩擦发出[t, d]。此外，上齿和下唇相摩擦可发出[f, v]；双唇间可发出[p, b]。

2.3 phonology 2.3.1 phonetics and phonology 2.3.2 phone，phoneme，and allophone 2.3.3 phonemic contrast ,complementary distribution and minimal pair 2.3.4 some rules in phonology 2.3.5 suprasegmental featuresFra bibliotek
auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 From the hearer’s point of view: studying how the sounds are perceived by the hearer ( 研究语音的感知)

acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 From the way sounds travel: studying how sounds are transmitted through air from one person to another （研究语音的物理特征）

2.2.1 What is phonetics?

phonetics :
—— the study of the phonic medium of language; —— the study of how speech sounds are produced and classified； —— studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. speech production speech perception speaker A speaker B

When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.

Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology
Phonetics & Phonology

2.1 the phonic medium of language 2.2 phonetics 2.2.1 What is phonetics? 2.2.2 speech organs 2.2.3 orthographic representation of speech sounds 2.2.4 classification of English speech sounds

2.2.2 Organs of speech Throat pharyngeal cavity
articulatory apparatus The oral cavity mouth
Nasal cavity nose

咽腔: 气流从肺部(lungs)发出, 经过气管 (windpipe), 到达气管顶部的声门(glottis)。声门里有两个声带（vocal cords），一般处于三种状态：分离（apart）；贴近( close together)；完全贴紧(totally closed)。