英语语言学 第二章 Phonetics and Phonology
2.Phonetics_&_Phonology 简明英语语言学 戴炜栋
Phonetics
Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the sounds of speech, the description and classification of speech sounds, word and connected speech, etc. (胡壮麟 2001：17-18)
2.2.2 Organs of Speech
Speech organs: three important areas
•Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat;
•The oral cavity ---- the mouth; •Nasal cavity ---- the nose.
Hello, Everyone!
Preview Questions
What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why? What are the three branches of phonetics? How do they contribute to the study of speech sounds?
Phonetics and Phonology
第二章语音学
一、导读
2.1 语音研究
人类交际包括两种形式：语言交际(linguistic communication) 和非语言交际(paralinguistic communication)。非语言交际包括手势、表情、眼神或图表等。语言交际包括口语（spoken language）和书面语(written language)。在多数情况下，人们主要是通过口语进行交际。口语交际的媒介是语音(speech sounds)，也就是说人们通过声道（vocal track）发出的音来表达意义。这种对语音的研究被叫做语音学(phonetics)。
口语交际是一个复杂的过程。可以想象，当人们交际时，语音首先被说话者发出，然后，它在空气中被传递并被听话者接收。也就是说，口语交际包括三个基本步骤：语音的发出→语音在空气中的传导→语音的接收。根据这三个步骤, 语音研究也自然地分成三个主要研究领域。对第一个步骤的研究是发声语音学(articulatory phonetics)，研究语音的产生。对第二个步骤的研究是声学语音学(acoustic phonetics)，研究语音的物理特征。对第三个步骤的研究是听觉语音学(auditory phonetics），研究和语音感知有关的内容。
2.2 发音机制
语音是由各种发音器官（speech organ）而产生的。因此，正确理解语音需要掌握相关的发音系统知识。人体发声器官（见《语言学概论》杨忠主编，高等教育出版社2002：15）使流出的气流产生各种各样的变化，从而产生不同的音。肺部的气流是发声的原动力。肺部扩大时，空气从外流入，形成吸气音（ingressive sounds）。肺部收缩时，气流流经气管(trachea)、喉头（larynx）、咽腔（pharyngeal cavity）再经口腔(oral cavity)或鼻腔(nasal cavity) 排除，形成呼气音(egressive sounds)。
Chapter 2_Phonetics and Phonology
The nasal cavity
• The nasal cavity is connected with the oral cavity. The soft part of the roof of the mouth, the velum, can be drawn back to close the passage so that all air exiting from the lungs can only go through the mouth. The sounds produced in this condition are not nasalized. Then the passage can also be left open to allow air to exit through the nose. In this case, the sounds pronounced are nasalized. Generally, the passage is definitely open or closed.
• “Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.” (Jones)
Chapter 2 Phonetics and phonology
• Stop (or Plosive) • Nasal • Fricative • (Median) Approximant • Lateral (Approximant) • Trill • Tap or Flap • Affricate
17
▪ The place of articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made.
▪ Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
4
▪ Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.
This chapter will introduce and discuss some of the basic ideas of articulatory phonetics and phonological analysis.
5
Teaching Focus
▪ 1. How speech sounds are made ▪ 2. Classification of English speech
▪ The categories of consonant, therefore, are established on the basis of several factors.
语言学教程 chapter2
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Phonetics and Phonology
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Three main areas: Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of
speech sounds.
Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties
of speech sounds.
Perceptual or auditory phonetics is concerned with the
perception of speech sounds.
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. Begin by analyzing an individual language, then discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages.
英语语言学概论第二章phonology(共14张PPT)
Following influenced
proceeding (anticipatory)
Broad transcription (宽式音标): The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols only.
identical in every way except for one sound Diacritics (发音符号/辨音符): the set of symbols in IPA, which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out finer distinctions than the
2.3.1 Coarticulation (协同发音)
Map PK Lamb
[mæp]
[læm]
A nasal + a vowel
Soft palate: from the lowered position to the raised position
Proceeding influenced following (perseverative)
A vowel + a nasal Soft palate: from the raised
position to the lowered position
Following influenced proceeding (anticipatory)
语言学Chapter+2+phonetics+and__+phonology
The manner of articulation: the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of vocal tract. (1) the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; (2) they may narrow the space considerably; (3) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
the nose
(3)Fricatives（摩擦音） such as [f], [v], [s], [z], [ θ],[ ], [∫ ], [ ], [h]—close approximation, partially obstructed, turbulent airflow, audible friction.
Consonants vs vowels
(What is the difference between them in English?)
语言学第2-3章Phonetics & Phonology
Phonology: Sound Patterns
• Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language -- the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approach and focus.
Phonetics & Phonology
Phonetics: Speech Sounds
• Speech and writing are the two media or substances used by natural languages as vehicles for communication. Many languages in the world today are both written and spoken. • Language is first perceived through its sounds. Thus the study of sounds is of great importance in linguistics. Naturally, linguists are not interested in all sounds; they are concerned only with those sounds that are produced by humans through their speech organs and have a role to play in linguistic communication.
语言学_Chapter 2_Phonetics
• • • • • •
Stop (or Plosive) 爆破音 Fricative 摩擦音 Affricate 破擦音 Liquid 流音 Nasals 鼻音 Glides 滑音
（参照p19）
Place of Articulation
• ... refers to the point where a
• • • • • • •
Bilabial (双唇音) Labiodental （唇齿音） Dental （齿音） Alveolar （齿槽音） Palatal （上腭音） Velar （软颚音） Glottal （声门音）
（参19-20）
• Retroflex （卷舌音属齿槽音）
2.2.4 Vowels: Articulation and Classification
• 元音20个,辅音28个
一、元音部分： 1）、单元音：[i:]、[i]、[ɔ:]、[ɔ]、[u:]、[u]、 [ə:]、[ə]、[ɑ:]、[ʌ]、[e]、[æ ] 2）、双元音：[ei]、[ai]、[ɔi]、[ɛə]、[uə]、[iə]、 [au]、[əu] 二、辅音部分： [p]、[b]、 [t]、[d]、[k]、[g]、[f]、[v]、[s]、 [z]、[θ]、[ð] [tr]、[dr]、[ts]、[dz]、[m]、[n]、[ŋ]、[h]、[l]、 [r]、[j]、[w]
语言学 Phonetics & phonology
Articulatory variables
Articulatory variables : some dimensions on which speech sounds may vary. The major variables are voicing, nasality, and aspiration. Voicing is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords. Nasality When the airstream passes through the nasal cavity instead of the oral, the speech sound produced is nasal or nasalized. Aspiration A sound is aspirated when its production is accompanied by a puff of breath, e.g. [thip], [phil], [khæ t]. Aspirated sounds are indicated by a small h. The same voiceless stops are unaspirated, i.e. the puff of breath is withheld when they occur in a different position, e.g. [st=i:l], [sp=i:k].
英语语言学第二章讲课
Phonetics ＆ Phonology
英语语言学第二章讲课
1. Inroduction
(1) Phonetics and phonology are very useful.
With some phonetic knowledge we can give a
much more precise description to speech sounds.
the letter-symbols to bring out the finer
distinctions than the letters alone may possibly
do.
英语语言学第二章讲课
4. Classifications of English speech sounds
Question: Analyze the important features of vowels and
organs located in this cavity are the tongue, the soft palate, the hard palate, the teeth ridge, the teeth and the lips; The nasal cavity鼻腔— the nose.
greatest contribution to “teaching” machines to
语言学第二章chapter2
• A fricative： pay horse tough rice breath push sing wreathe hang cave message • A nasal： train bang leaf limb • A stop： drill pipe fit crab fog ride laugh rack through • An affricate: rack such ridge booze
在《圣经》中有这样一个故事。很久以前，地球 上的人只讲一种语言，他们沟通没有障碍，彼此之间 没有隔阂。他们集体决定要修建一座通天塔，从地面 直通天堂。工程进展得十分顺利，通天塔越建越高， 高耸入云。上帝在天上看到了，他为人类的强大和统 一感到惊恐，人都能够把塔建到天上，他们还有什么 做不到的呢？于是上帝来到人间，变乱了人们的语言。 人们各自操起不同的语言，感情无法交流，思想很难 统一，出现互相猜疑，各执己见，争吵斗殴。这就是 人类之间误解的开始，修造工程因语言纷争而停止了， 通天塔终于半途而废。人们分裂了，按照不同的语言 形成许多部族，又分散到世界各地。
• A central vowel: mad lot but boot word • A front vowel: reed pad load fate bit bed cook • A rounded vowel: who he bus her hit true boss bar walk • A back vowel: paid reap fool top good father
语言学概论第二章
语言学概论第二章---Phonetics and Phonology
这一章学习一定要记住一个词“sound”。这里的sound 千万不是指音标，就是指人听到的声音，记住这一点对于以后的理解至关重要。这一章分类讲sound 是怎样产生的，语言学家又是怎样分类的，以及sound 有什么样的特性。
2.1 Production of sounds---声音的产生
Phonetics 讲的就是什么是声音和声音的分类，用课本上的话来说，phonetics is the study of speech and is concerned with defining and classifying sound. [这不同于phonology (the study of the system of sounds in a language or the system of sounds itself), phonology 讲的是将声音系统化来研究]
那么，声音到底是什么呢？
语言学家Ball and Rahilly提出了一个关于“语言链”（speech chain）包括三步：声音的产生（production of message），传播(transmission of message)和接收(reception of message)。
根据这一点，phonetics（研究“什么是声音”的学科）就分为三个领域:声音的本质是什么以及声音是怎么产生的（articulatory phonetics），也就是说，它研究人体产生声音的过程。什么样的声音（包括波形）能被人接收（acoustic phonetics），研究要用到machine。声音是怎样被人认知的（auditory phonetics），可能会涉及到人脑的研究。
语言学第二章要点
Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学
1. The phonic medium of language
语言的声音媒介
Speech and writing are the two media used by natural languages as vehicles for communication. Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing. Speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises.
For linguists, the study of sounds is of greater importance than that of writing.
The limited ranges of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language (语言的声音媒介) . The individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds （语音）. 2．What is phonetics?
英语语言学 第二章
●When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless. e.g. [p, s, t ]
●When they are close together, the airstreams causes them to vibrate and produces voiced sounds. e.g. [b, z, d]
Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view: (3 sub-branches of phonetics)
From the speaker‟s point of view: how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds, which results in articulatory phonetics.
Lecture 2
Phonetics and Phonology: Speech Sounds
Language is a “system of vocal symbols”. Speech sounds had existed long before writing was invented, and even today, in some parts of the world, there are still languages that have no writing systems. Therefore, the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics.
语言学Chapter 2
Complementary Distribution
allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They occur in different phonetic contexts, e.g. aspirated [p] & unaspirated [p]; dark [l] (mill) & clear [l] (life)
Variants (phones) of the same Allophone phoneme
教材P40 教材P40
3. Phonemic contrast complementary distribution minimal pair
Phonemic Contrast
different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast, e.g. /b/ and /p/ in [ bit ] and [pit] /t/ and /d/ in [tear] and [dear]
Sentence stress
Generally, nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals and demonstrative pronouns are stressed. Other categories like articles, person pronouns, auxiliary verbs prepositions and conjunctions are usually not stressed. Note: for pragmatic reason, this rule is not always right, e.g. we may stress any part in the following sentences.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2.2.2 speech
organs (发音器官)
speech organs: vocal cords & three cavities the pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 — the throat the oral cavity 口腔 — the mouth the nasal cavity 鼻腔 — the nose
口腔：包括舌头（tongue), 小舌(uvula)， 软腭(soft palate)，硬腭(hard palate)，齿龈 (teeth ridge)，牙齿(teeth)和嘴唇(lips)。
口腔是气流产生变化最明显的地方，而其 中舌头是最灵活的部位。舌背和软腭相摩 擦发出[k, g]；舌前和硬腭相摩擦发出[j]；舌 尖和上齿龈摩擦发出[t, d]。此外，上齿和下 唇相摩擦可发出[f, v]；双唇间可发出[p, b]。
Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology
Phonetics & Phonology
2.1 the phonic medium of language 2.2 phonetics 2.2.1 What is phonetics? 2.2.2 speech organs 2.2.3 orthographic representation of speech sounds 2.2.4 classification of English speech sounds
当声带分离时，气流容易通过，由此产生的语 音叫清音（voiceless），如 [p, s, t]。 当声带贴近时，气流使其产生震动 （vibration），形成的声音成为浊音 （voicing），如[ b, z, d]。 当声带完全紧贴时，气流无法通过，不发出声 音。
pharyngeal cavity: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.
When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.
2.1 the phonic medium of language
two media of language : speech and writing Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.
2.2.2 Organs of speech Throat pharyngeal cavity
articulatory apparatus The oral cavity mouth
Nasal cavity nose
咽腔: 气流从肺部(lungs)发出, 经过气管 (windpipe), 到达气管顶部的声门(glottis)。 声门里有两个声带（vocal cords），一般 处于三种状态： 分离（apart）；贴近( close together)；完全贴紧(totally closed)。
2.2.1 What is phonetics?
phonetics :
—— the study of the phonic medium of language; —— the study of how speech sounds are produced and classified； —— studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. speech production speech perception speaker A speaker B
来自百度文库
2.3 phonology 2.3.1 phonetics and phonology 2.3.2 phone，phoneme，and allophone 2.3.3 phonemic contrast ,complementary distribution and minimal pair 2.3.4 some rules in phonology 2.3.5 suprasegmental features
auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 From the hearer’s point of view: studying how the sounds are perceived by the hearer ( 研究语音的感知)
acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 From the way sounds travel: studying how sounds are transmitted through air from one person to another （研究语音的物理特征）
scope of phonetics
articulatory phonetics
auditory phonetics
acoustic phonetics
articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 From the speaker’s point of view： studying how a speaker uses his or her speech organ to articulate sounds （ 研究语音的产生）