2015年职称英语理工类新增文章

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2015职称外语-理工类新增文章及译文.

2015年职称英语考试理工类教材对比2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类阅读理解第二十二篇Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless,box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.【词汇】envision v. 想象，预想device n. 装置accentuate v. 强调，重读artificial intelligence n. 人工智能limb n. 臂antennae n. 天线incline v. 倾斜pendulum n. 钟摆ultrasonic adj. 超声的metallic adj. 金属的monotone n. 单调的humanoid adj. 像人的axle n. 轮轴rotate v. 旋转swivel n. 旋转teeter v. 摇晃gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪vertical n. 直立的【注释】1．To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路……2．the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。

2015职称英语阅读翻译理工7-9

7、Sugar Power for Cell PhonesUsing enzymes commonly found in living cells，a new type of fuel cell produces small amounts of electricity from sugar.If the technology is able to succeed in mass production，you may some day share your sweet drinks with your cell phone.In fuel cells，chemical reactions generate electrical currents.The process usually relies on precious metals，such as platinum.In living cells，enzymes perform a similar job，breaking down sugars to obtain electrons and produce energy.When researchers previously used enzymes in fuel cells，they had trouble keeping them active，says Shelley D.Minteer of St Louis University1.Whereas biological cells continually produce fresh enzymes，there’s no mechanism in fuel cells to replace enzymes as they quickly degrade.Minteer and Tamara Klotzbach，also of St Louis University，have now developed polymers that wrap around an enzyme and preserve it in a microscopic pocket.“We tailor these pocke ts to provide the ideal microenvironment” for the enzyme，Minteer says.The polymers keep the enzyme active for months instead of days.In the new fuel Cell，tiny polymer bags of enzyme are embedded in a membrane that coats one of the electrodes.When glucose from a sugary liquid gets into a pocket，the enzyme oxidizes it，releasing electrons and protons.The electrons cross the membrane and enter a wire through which they travel to the other electrode，where they react with.oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water.The flow of electrons through the wire constitutes an electrical current that can generate power.So far，the new fuel cells don’t produce much power，but the fact that they work at all is exciting，says Paul Kenis，a chemical engineer at the University of Illinois2 at Urhana-Champaign3.“Just getting it to work.” Kenis says，“is a major accomplishment.”Sugar-eating fuel cells could be an efficient way to make electricity.Sugar is easy to find. And the new fuel cells that run on it are biodegradable，so the technology wouldn’t hurt the environment.The scientists are now trying to use different enzymes that will get more power from sugar.They predict that popular products may be using the new technology in as little as 3 years.词汇：enzyme/5enzaIm/n.酶 electrode/I5lektrEJd/n.电极platinum/5plAtinEm/n.铂，白金 membrane/5membrein/n.膜，薄膜electron/I5lektrRn/n.电子 oxidize/5Cksi7daiz/v.氧化degrade/di5reid/v.降解glucose/5lu:kEus/n.葡萄糖polymer/5pClimE/n.聚合物 biodegradable/7baiEudi5reidEbl/adj.能进行生物降解的microenvironment n.微环境 embed/im5bed/v.埋置，插入proton/5prEutCn/n.质子试题1. According to the first paragraph，when can we share our sweet drinks with our cell phones?A When enzymes can be commonly found in living ceils.B When the technology of producing a new type of fuel cell appears.C When the technology of a new type of fuel cell is suitable for mass production.D When the technology of mass producing cell phones appears.2. What trouble did Minteer and Klotzhach have in their research?A They had trouble keeping enzymes in fuel cells active.B They had trouble keeping biological cells active.C They had trouble producing fresh enzymes.D They had trouble finding mechanism for producing enzymes.3. According to Paragraph 5，electrons are releasedA when bags of enzyme are embedded in the new fuel cell.B when glucose from a sugary liquid goes through the enzyme.C when the enzyme oxidizes the glucose from a sugary liquid that goes througha pocket.D when the enzyme oxidizes the sugary liquid that goes through a pocket.4. What is exciting about the new fuel cells?A Their limitless power generation capacity is amazing.B Their limited power generation capacity is a good beginning.C Their limited power generation capacity is the result of great efforts.D Their limitless power generation capacity is a major accomplishment,5. According to the last paragraph，what is NOT true of the new fuel cells?A The new fuel cells run on sugar that is easy to find.B The new fuel cells are environment friendly.C The new fuel cells are biologically degradable,D It will take some time before the new fuel cells can be used in popular products.答案与题解：1. C A和D明显不是正确答案。

13-15年职称英语理工ABC出自教材文章汇总

2016年职称英语理工A考生必看——2013年到2015年职称英语理工A出自教材文章汇总职称英语考试在2014年之前，都会从职称英语教材中选取两篇文章作为真题，一篇阅读理解，一篇完形填空，而且阅读理解就是从教材的阅读理解里面出题，完形填空也是从教材中的完形填空出题。

2014年职称英语考试开始改革，跨级别跨类别跨题型出题。

2015年职称英语出题，依然延续2014年职称英语出题风格。

2016年职称英语出题，应该依然延续跨题型出题风格。

在此为2016年职称理工A类考生总结一下从2014年到2015年职称英语理工A 从教材出题情况，分析一下这几年职称英语理工A出题难易程度。

预测一下2016年职称英语理工A出题情况。

职称英语理工A自2013年到2015年从教材选取文章汇总一篇完形填空。

有原题。

没有跨题型出题。

难度级别低。

2014年职称英语理工A从教材中选取了2篇文章。

阅读理解从教材中选了理工A 阅读判断。

完形填空选取的是补全短文的文章。

属于跨题型出题。

2014年是职称英语第一年改革，跨题型出题，考生没有复习到，也没有心理准备，所以难度级别高。

2015年职称英语理工A从教材中选取了3篇文章，2篇阅读理解，1篇完形填空。

两篇阅读理解一篇选自理工A的完形填空，一篇选自理工A的概括大意与完成句子。

两篇文章都是属于理工A的文章。

完形填空选自理工A的补全短文，属于跨题型出题。

2015年考生已经知道职称英语出题风格变化，有心理准备，而且三篇文章都是A级别的文章，所以2015年理工A的难度中等。

值得大家注意的是，Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light这篇文章，在2013年理工A完形填空中考过，2015年又作为阅读理解来出题。

所以教材上考过的文章并不是百分之百不会再考了。

预测2016年职称英语理工A会延续2014年和2015年的出题风格，依然是跨题型出题，会从教材选取2到3篇左右的文章。

职称英语理工类新增文章篇目实务知识资料

Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception5, not in thinking processes, Radel says.
词汇：
threshold/‘θre?h?uld/ｎ起点,开端；
门槛neutral/'nju：tml/aｄj.中性的；中立的
strive/stralv/v.努力,力求；斗争
disposal/dｉs’paool/ｎ.处理,处置；配置
motive/mzotlv/ｎ．动机,目的
注释：
1．Our senses aren’t just delivering a strict view of…in our heads：这个句子的大概意思是：我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界；五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响.
B. An experiment with hungry and non—hungry participants is not reliable.
C. Our thinking processes are independent of our senses.
D. Humans call perceive what high—level thinking processes
+第四十八篇：Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright

职称英语理工类C级新增文章(终审稿)

职称英语理工类C级新增文章文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年职称英语理工类C级新增文章完形填空（2篇）第三篇 Germs on Banknotes第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food FightsLoneliness阅读理解（2篇）第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength1第三篇 Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .。

职称英语理工A 阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章内部讲义冲刺点睛资料【点睛】

2015年职称英语理工类A级点睛资料内部讲义2015职称英语理工A 阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章冲刺资料王霞目录阅读理解+第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses+第三十五篇Putting Plants to Work （2013理工B真题）+第三十六篇Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning+第三十七篇"Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning+第三十八篇"Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan（2012真题）+第三十九篇Clone Farm+第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety（2012新增文章）+ 第四十一篇Too Little for Global Warming+ 第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources+ 第四十三篇Forecasting Methods（2013理工A真题）+ 第四十四篇Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed+ 第四十五篇Small But Wise （2012年真题）+ 第四十六篇Ants have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"（2012新增文章）+ 第四十七篇Listening to Birdsong+ 第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright （2013教材新增）+ 第四十九篇U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars+ 第五十篇Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities完型填空：+第十五篇（2012新增）"Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage+第十二篇（2012新增）Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk*第十篇（2012新增）Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters2015年教材新增文章2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。

2015职称英语理工A阅读理解

Batteries Built by Viruses病毒电池水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。

病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。

难怪大部分人一提到病毒,首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。

然而,并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。

在马萨诸塞州剑桥市,科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。

他们使病毒开始工作,使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。

病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见,但这对于工程师安吉拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。

安吉拉·贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。

在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院,她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。

在由病毒构成的电池里,科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。

贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉·哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。

哈蒙德说,“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。

”许多电池已经很小了。

A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。

硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。

然而,个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。

这些设备变小了,普通电池就无法安装进去了。

理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。

,贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘,看起来就像普通手表电池。

但里面的部件却非常小——小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。

这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发,把它放到白纸上,看看头发的宽度——是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同,每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。

这些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法。

1.According to the first paragraph,people try to C.stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.2.What is Belcher's team doing at present？C.It is making batteries with viruses.3.What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word"shrink"appearing in paragraph 5 ？D.Expand.4.Which of the following is true of Belcher's battery mentioned in paragraph 6？D.It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.5.How tiny is one battery part？A.Its width is one tonth of a hair.Putting Plants to Work太阳能的使用已经不足为奇。

2015年职称英语考试理工类阅读理解文章精选

Passage one（The only way to travel is on foot）The past ages of man have all been carefully labeled by anthropologists.Descriptions like‘Palaeolithic Man’,‘Neolithic Man’,etc.,neatly sum up whole periods.When the time comes for anthropologists to turn their attention to the twentieth century,they will surely choose the label‘Legless Man’.Histories of the time will go something like this:‘in the twentieth century,people forgot how to use their legs.Men and women moved about in cars,buses and trains from a very early age.There were lifts and escalators in all large buildings to prevent people from walking.This situation was forced upon earth dwellers of that time because of miles each day.But the surprising thing is that they didn’t use their legs even when they went on holiday.They built cable railways,ski-lifts and roads to the top of every huge mountain.All the beauty spots on earth were marred by the presence of large car parks.’The future history books might also record that we were deprived of the use of our eyes.In our hurry to get from one place to another,we failed to see anything on the way.Air travel gives you a bird’s-eye view of the world–or even less if the wing of the aircraft happens to get in your way.When you travel by car or train a blurred image of the countrysideconstantly smears the windows.Car drivers,in particular,are forever obsessed with the urge to go on and on:they never want to stop.Is it the lure of the great motorways,or what?And as for sea travel,it hardly deserves mention.It is perfectly summed up in the words of the old song:‘I joined the navy to see the world,and what did I see?I saw the sea.’The typical twentieth-century traveler is the man who always says‘I’ve been there.’You mention the remotest,most evocative place-names in the world like El Dorado,Kabul,Irkutsk and someone is bound to say‘I’ve been there’–meaning,‘I drove through it at100miles an hour on the way to somewhere else.’When you travel at high speeds,the present means nothing: you live mainly in the future because you spend most of your time looking forward to arriving at some other place.But actual arrival,when it is achieved,is meaningless.You want to move on again.By traveling like this,you suspend all experience; the present ceases to be a reality:you might just as well be dead.The traveler on foot,on the other hand,lives constantly in the present.For him traveling and arriving are one and the same thing:he arrives somewhere with every step he makes.He experiences the present moment with his eyes,his ears and thewhole of his body.At the end of his journey he feels a delicious physical weariness.He knows that sound.Satisfying sleep will be his:the just reward of all true travellers.1、Anthorpologists label nowaday’s men‘Legless’becauseA people forget how to use his legs.B people prefer cars,buses and trains.C lifts and escalators prevent people from walking.D there are a lot of transportation devices.2、Travelling at high speed meansA people’s focus on the future.B a pleasure.C satisfying drivers’great thrill.D a necessity of life.3、Why does the author say‘we are deprived of the use of our eyes’?A People won’t use their eyes.B In traveling at high speed,eyes become useless.C People can’t see anything on his way of travel.D People want to sleep during travelling.4、What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?A Legs become weaker.B Modern means of transportation make the world a small place.C There is no need to use eyes.D The best way to travel is on foot.5.What does‘a bird’s-eye view’mean?A See view with bird’s eyes.B A bird looks at a beautiful view.C It is a general view from a high position looking down.D A scenic place.答案详解1.A人们忘了用脚。

The Romance of Arthur

2015年职称英语综合类理工类B级新增文章：The Romance of Arthur第二十四篇 The Romance of ArthurMost cultures have some sort of hero whorepresents the best values of what its people believe in. The unusual thingabout King Arthur is that legend s of his heroism have persisted for severalcenturies and spread far beyond England, the place where they began. The earliest stories of King Arthur represent himas a warrior who fought and subdued the invading Norsemen in the years aroundA. D. 700. This much of the Arthurian tale is probably based on fact. Whethercalled Arthur or not, there is a body of evidence supporting the existence ofsuch a warrior. It is the later embellishments of the tale whose authenticityis questionable. According to these, Arthur was born in a castle in Tintagel onthe stormy western coast of England and because he was the illegitimate son ofKing Uther Pendragon, he was spirited away by the magician Merlin and his trueidentity kept from him. He became king after freeing the sword Excalibur fromthe stone into which it was thrust. He married the beautiful Guinevere andassembled in his court all the noblest knights of the land, including Lancelot,with whom Guinevere would later be unfaithful to him. He was finally defeatedin battle by his illegitimate son Mordred, and his body was spirited away tothe isle of A Valon. This romantic tale greatly appealed to the Englishand the French in the Middle Ages, when the code of chivalry-ideal qualities ofknighthood-constituted an important part of many stories. Tales of the heroismof Galahad, Percival, Gawain, and many other of Arthur's knights werecirculated as well. In England today, there are many sites claiming apiece of the Arthurian an legend. There is a mined castle at Tintagel. NearGlastonbury are the remains of an ancient abbey where Arthur’s and Guinevere'sbodies were supposedly exhumed in the 12th century. Neither of these provesthat the legend is true, but they do keep its mystique alive.P>词汇： Arthurn.亚瑟（中世纪传奇故事中的不列颠国王，圆桌骑士团的首领）authenticityn.可靠性，真实性 spiritv.偷偷地带走；拐走；绑架 warriorn. 战士，勇士chivalryn. 骑士 subduev. 制服，慑服 embellishmentn. 美化，修饰 mystiquen. 神秘气氛注释： 1. This much of theArthurian tale……：许多这类亚瑟王的故事 2. ...was spirited awayby ……被偷偷地带走……练习： 1. King Arthur’s famer was ______ A. Lancelot B. Avalon C. Mordred D. Uther Pendragon 2. The writer seems to feel that the truth aboutArthur is that he ______.A. existedB. was married to GuinevereC. had many knightsD. was born at Tintagael3. The information in the second paragraph ismostly presented in ______. A. spatialorder B. order from latest to earliest C. order from earliest to latest D. order from least persuasive 4. In the last paragraph the word “exhumed” means_____ A. dug up from the grave B. buried C. quarreled over D. built a church around 5. Another good title for this passage would be ______ A. Kings in the Seventh Century B. The Knights of the Round Table C. Real or Legend? D. Arthur’s Marriage to Guinevere.。

2015年职称英语综合类教案资料新增文章(汇总整编)

2015年职称英语综合类教材新增第二部分阅读判断第九篇What Is a Dream？（B级）For centuries，people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact，many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person‘s mind and emotions.Before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist，Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book，The interpretation of Dreams （1900），Freud wrote that dreams are an e xpression of a person‘s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud‘s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example，people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example，psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California，Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person‘s daily life，thoughts，and behavior. A criminal，for example，might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff，dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example，t he people in men‘s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world，including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves？Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However，one thing they agree on this：If you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldn‘t panic. The dream may have mean ing，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the worldof dreams is not the real world.词汇：psychologist n.心理学家psychiatrist n.精神病学家（医生）Austrian adj.奥地利的gender n.性别注释：1.Sigmund Freud西格蒙德弗洛伊德（1856—1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。

2015年职称英语新增文章

第三篇Across the Deserts(阅读判断)The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day it's very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That's a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn't see. One time they got lost. But they didn't quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the waterof the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.词汇：stretch v. 延伸，伸展calorie n. 卡(路里)，小卡，大卡quit v. 停止，放注释：1. ... made the decision to run across ...：......决正跑步横跨......练习：1. It’s not always hot m the Sahara Desert.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned2. Each day the men ran for approximately eight hours.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned3. In the middle of the day: the men usually stopped running.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned4. They sometimes felt sick because it was so hot.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned5. Sometimes they couldn't see the road because it was windy.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned6. Luckily, they never got lost.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned7. On their trip across the desert: the three men ran through five countries.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned答案与题解：1. A文中提到撒哈拉沙漠白天很热晚上有时很冷，所以不是总是很热。

2015职称英语(理工A类)真题及答案(文字版)

“It seems clear that there is a f-iorsrdt er difference
inthe nature of Earth surfa ce Cr cycling ” before and after the rise of animals.
“If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment, ” saidco -author Tim Lyons of the University of California- Riverside. “This could be agame changer. ”
2015 年职称英语考试
《理工 A》真题
Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth
Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn?t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth?s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?

2015职称英语真题：理工A阅读判断

2015职称英语真题：理⼯A阅读判断　本⽂为2015年职称英语考试理⼯A阅读判断真题及答案，⼴⼤考⽣可以参考本⽂，对照答案。

Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen? Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all. Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur. “There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.” Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere. Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen. Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life. Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals. “If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.” Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons. Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology. 16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned更多推荐：更多推荐：。

2015职称英语理工类B级真题(阅读理解)

2015职称英语理工类B级真题(阅读理解) 第四部分：阅读理解第一篇Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy(树冠)of taller indigenous(土生土长的)trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren’t any trees. With increased production come increased profits.Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreaseslocal-wildlife habitat. Native birds nest and hide from predators(捕食者)in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then thebirds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and "bird friendly." Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.31. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.C. Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.32. The function of the word "Traditionally" in Paragraph 2 is to show_____.A. the positive effects of coffee.B. a change of coffee growth.C. something that is the most important.D. how coffee production used to be.33.What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?A. More insects.B. Better quality coffee.C. Larger farms.D. Higher profits.34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?A. They buy more land from other farmers.B. They cut down trees.C. They move to another country.D. They turn grassland into farmland.35.The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_____ full sunA. insects.B. air.C. birdsD. humans第二篇More Rural Research is NeededAgricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year but with modern technologies and the development of new ones, the world should be able to stay ahead.“The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition(营养不良)and poverty.” he said.Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation(贫瘠化)and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which is turn, slowed population growth. Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the world’s ability to feed itself in the first 25 years, when the world’s population is expected to rise from 5 X to X billion people. He said that things will probably hold or improve but there’ll still be a lot of hungry people. The biggest concentratio n of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in 2020, similar to the current pattern. If there is any change, a slight improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia, South America and South-East Asia.The developing world was investing about 0.5%, or $8 billion a year, of its agricultural gross domestic product(GDP)on research and developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries.He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries, such as wheat production research having spin-offs(有用的副产品)for Mexico, China or India.“Technologies still need to be refined for the local cond itions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficiently.” Dr. Fischer said.Yields of rice, wheat ad maize(玉米)havegrown impressively in the past 30 years, especially in developing countries. For example, maize production rose from 2 to 8 tonnes per hectare between 1950 and 1995. But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties, fertilizers, and irrigation, were becoming exhausted. “If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities, for forests and wildlife, you’re going to have to increase yield.” Dr. Fischer said.36. What is the passage mainly about?A. Shortage of food supplies.B. Development of agricultural technologies.C. Impact of agricultural research.D. Expectation of population growth.37. Which of the following statements is true about the world’s agricultural research funding?A. It is increasing among developed countries.B. It is decreasing worldwide.C. Less is demanded from developing countries.D. Most of it is spent very efficiently.38. What is the picture of Asia’s food supplies in the first 25 years?A. Food shortage will not be a problemB. There will be more hungry people in southern Asia.C. Population growth will result in more hungry people.D. There will be fewer hungry people in East Asia.39. What does Dr. Fischer say about technologies? Dr FischerA. They are costly.B. They have to be improved to meet local needs.C. Their application is limited.D. They have to be applied locally.40. It can be infered from the last paragraph that_____.A. there is a demand for saving land for non-agricultural activities.B. crop production is growing faster in developing countries.C. maize production reached its peak in the 1990s.D. technologies improving maize production have been well developed.第三篇Dangers await babies with altitudeWomen who live in the world's highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasn't clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished — many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998. The babies were born inboth rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. L Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high andlow-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. "We were very surprised by this result," says Giussani.The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. "This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child," says Giussani.His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body.Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birth weight is a risk factor for coronary(冠状的) heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.41. What does the new study discover?A. Babies born to wealthy families are heaver.B. Women living at high altitude tend to give birth to underweight babies.C. Newborns in cities are lighter than average.D. Low-altitude babies have a high risk of heart disease in later life.42. Giussani and his team are sure that _____.A. babies born in Lance Paz are on average lighter than in Santa Cruz.B. people living at high altitudes tend to give birth to underweight babies.C. the birth weight of babies born to wealthy families is Santa Cruz.D. mothers in La Paz are commonly under-nourished.43. It can be inferred from what Giussani says in Paragraph 4 that_____.A. the finding was unexpectedB. he was very tired.C. the study took longer than expected.D. he was surprised to find low-income families in La Paz.44. The results of the study indicate the reason for the underweight babies is _____.A. lack of certain nutrition.B. power of their mother.C. different family backgrounds.D. reduction of oxygen levels.45. It can be learned about form the paragraph that_____.A. high-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure in later life.B. under-weight babies have a shorter life span.C. babies born to poor families lack hormones before birth.D. new born wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies. 更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。

2015年职称英语考试理工类教材新增文章-已经精心翻译

2015年职称英语考试理工类教材新增题型2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类补全短文第十三篇Affectionate Androids-多情的机器人Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic（逼真的）cyber companions（伙伴）, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence.They will be programmed（设定） to tend（照料） to your every need.-计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代。

不久，我们将看到逼真机器人伙伴，完整的皮肤，敏捷，智力。

他们将编程倾向于你所有的需要。

Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial（人工） intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming（声称）human‐robot relationships will become popular（受欢迎） in the next few decades （十年）. ____1____Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures（生物、动物、人）—even objects （目标）.-我们会想结婚的机器人吗？人工智能研究者戴维已经出版了一本书，声称人类‐机器人关系将成为未来几十年将人类真的能够形成深厚的感情的机器？它会，事实上，是比较容易形成这些强大的附件，因为人类喜欢人格化：给人的属性的其他生物甚至物体For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2____The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down（躺下） because its batteries were flat（电用尽），the kids（孩子） even covered it with a blanket（毛毯）.-例如，在圣迭戈的研究人员最近提出一个小型人形机器人与几个月的幼儿游戏小组。

【精编范文】15年的全国职称英语理工类阅读理解(2)-word范文 (1页)

【精编范文】15年的全国职称英语理工类阅读理解(2)-word范文本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==15年的全国职称英语理工类阅读理解(2)15年全国职称英语理工类阅读理解In the last 500 years , nothing about people --- not their clothes , ideas , or languages --- has changed as much as what they eat . The original chocolate drink was made form the seeds of the cocoa tree by South American Indians . The Spanish introduced it to the rest of the world during the 1500 s . And although it was very expensive , it quickly became fashionable . In London shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places . Some still exist today .The potato is also from the New World . Around 1600, the Spanish brought it from Peru to Europe , where it soon was widely grown . Ireland became so dependent on it that thousands of Irish people starved when the crop failed during the Potato Famine of 1845-6, and thousands more were forced to emigrate to America .There are many other foods that have traveled from south America to the Old World . But some others went in the opposite direction . Brazil is now the worlds largest grower of coffee , and coffee is an important crop in Colombia and other South American countries . Butit is native to Ethiopia . It was first made into a drink by Arabs during the 1400 s .According to an Arabic legend , coffee was discovered when a goatherd named Kaldi noticed that his goats were attracted to the red berries on a coffee bush . He tried one and experienced the wide - awake feeling that one - third of the worlds population now starts the day with .。

2015年职称英语真题：理工A（文字版部分）

2015年职称英语真题：理⼯A(⽂字版部分) 第2部分阅读判断 Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen? Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all. Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur. “There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.” Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere. Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen. Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life. Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals. “If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.” Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons. Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology. 16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise ofanimals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 第3部分概括⼤意与完成句⼦ FirstImage-recognition Software 1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial 1 ,software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far gre jthan ever before. 2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to , Ishows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则)or ,ma9e I recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough toimprove large seaie , document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素)data in images and potentia y video — rather than just text — to locatedocuments. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase bystudying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledgegleaned (收集) from those results can then beapplied to other photos without tags or captions making for more accuratedocument search results. 3."Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the study, "the Web has evolved from a small collection ofmostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia dataset,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a personlooks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popularsearch engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained inthe photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the documentretrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systemsare accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the informationcontained in image pixels to improve document search." 4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system — a type ofartificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitlyprogrammed — that extracts semantic (语义的) information from thepixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich thedescription of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. Theresearchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retheval searchengine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additionalsemantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Webpages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision overthe original search engine purely based on text. 23. Paragraph 1 __B__ 24. Paragraph 2 __C__ 25. Paragraph 3 __E__ 26. Paragraph 4 __D__ A.Popularity of the new system B.Publication of the new discovery C.Function of the new system D.Artificial intelligence software created E.Problems of the existing search engines F.Improvement in document retrieval 27. The new system does documentretrieval by __C__. 28. The new system is expected toimprove precision in __B__. 29. When performing documentretrieval the existing search engines ignore __A__ 30. The new system was found moreeffective in document search than the __E__ rmation in images B.current popular search engines ing photos D.machine vision systems E.document search F.description of the HTML page 第4部分阅读理解 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat,More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’ta very efficient way to gather heat. That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, anassociate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada. Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. “That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light— pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market. However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film siliconin a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent. 31. PVTs are not efficient in A. creating electricity. B. cooling silicon solar cells. C. generating heat. D. powering solar thermal collectors. 32. One of the problems PVTs have is that A. their thermala pplications are costly. B. they are too expensive to afford. C. it is hard to fix them on the roof. D. they occupy too much space. 33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells? A. They are flexible. B. They are less expensive. C. They are electrically efficient. D. They are environment friendly. 34. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market because A. they do not work well if exposed to light. B. their advantages are not well-recognized. C. they need improving in appearance. D. they are not advertised. 35 Which of the following statements is true? A. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon. B Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature. C Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up. D Anew material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created. 译⽂：第⼗三篇更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光太阳能光伏热能系统，也叫PVT，能够⽣成热量和电能。