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chancefavorsthepreparedmind

Editorial CommentChance Favors the Prepared MindMark C.Bates,*MD,FACC,FSCAIDepartment of Surgery,Charlesto Area Medical Center,Charleston,West VirginiaIn1894,during his inaugural lecture as the new Dean of University of Lille in Douai France,Louis Pasteur[1]commented;‘‘Dans les champs de l’obser-vation,le hazard ne favorise que les esprits pre´pare´s’’(In theﬁelds of observation,chance favors only pre-pared minds).Such is the case100years later when Dr.Juan Parodi began his meticulous observation of changes in transcranial Dopplerﬂow patterns during different stages of carotid endarterectomy(CEA).It is likely many of us had seen these patterns before but after reﬂecting on theﬁndings Dr.Parodi recognized some interesting subtle cerebralﬂow physiology sig-nals.He was able to then amplify middle cerebralﬂow patterns during CEA with passive and active back bleeding of the internal carotid artery(ICA)in wake patients without causing symptoms.Through this work he then postulated that transcatheter carotidﬂow con-trol and even reversal may be possible with a balloon tipped sheath in the common carotid artery(CCA).He also recognized the importance of collateralﬂow from the external carotid artery(ECA)and that persistent antegrade ICAﬂow via retrograde ECA collateraliza-tion could be expected during CCA occlusion and accordingly ECA occlusion would also be required to achieve protection.He believed occlusion of the ECA using a balloon on a wire navigated through the bal-loon tipped CCA sheath would solve the issue and the two components proximal carotid protection system reported herein was born.Interestingly,around the same time,a group of innovative well-known clini-cians in Italy were also considering proximal protec-tion alternatives toﬁlters and their pioneering work gave rise to the single component proximalﬂow con-trol system(Mo.Ma.,Invatec,Roncadelle,Italy) While Dr.Parodi was solidifying his proximal protec-tion vision our team was developing a distalﬁlter protection system for carotid stenting.Based on our interpretation of past basic science embolization research and clinical analysis of the particle size thresh-old associated with documented neurologic events caused by particles from10to50microns,it seemed theﬁlter pore size threshold should be well below50 microns[2].Unfortunately animal studies with sub-50 micron poreﬁlter prototypes were disastrous as theﬂow resistance not only occluded the vessel but also caused a‘‘sail’’effect forcing the system forward withﬂow while also frequently causing theﬁlter material to sepa-rate from the cage.Like many others,we began arbitra-rily increasing pore size to solve theﬂow resistance issue.In the end,we found the ideal pore size needed to ensure normal end organﬂow was best calculated by balancing the individual pore size and number of pores with the cone length to achieve the sameﬁnal total pore cross-sectional area as the target vessel cross-sectional area(note:In carotids this turned out to be around100 microns with our25mm cone length).Thus,the current ﬁlter pore size for available distal protection systems was selected based on the ability to maintainﬂow rather than objective data on particle size safety.Coincident with our work Dr.Takao Ohki[3]began studyingﬁlter embolic capture performance with a unique ex vitro model and found embolization(although minor)occurs during crossing with the wire andﬁlter before protection can be initiated.Dr.Ohki’s work ampliﬁed our concerns aboutﬁlters and it was at this time we were introduced to Dr.Parodi’s concept which seemed to solve some of the theoretical concerns related toﬁlters.We then teamed up with Drs Parodi,Ohki, and Claudio Schonholz to move the proximal protection vision forward.The initial method ofﬂow reversal with the Parodi system was passive back bleeding through the Touhy valve or via10cc syringe suction.During theﬁrstﬂow reversal animal studies in Charleston,we found there was signiﬁcant blood loss and saturation of the opera-tiveﬁeld during passive back bleeding.Out of neces-sity,we worked on several remedies and found gradient Conﬂict of interest:Nothing to report.*Correspondence to:Mark C.Bates,MD,Department of Surgery, Charlesto Area Medical Center,3110MacCorkle Avenue,SE Char-leston,WV25304.E-mail:********************Received14October2012;Revision accepted15October2012DOI10.1002/ccd.24714Published online5December2012in Wiley Online Library ().'2012Wiley Periodicals,Inc.Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions80:1069–1071(2012)driven passiveﬂow may be achieved by simply creating a connection between the CCA balloon occlusion sheath and a venous sheath.We obtained adapters and an in-lineﬁlter from our hospital perfusion department and with a simple sheath to sheath connection we were able to maintain continuous retrograde carotidﬂow without blood loss or ICC vessel collapse due to inadvertent excess syringe suction.Theﬁlter was added to avoid paradoxical embolization in patients with unrecognized PFO.After establishing the A-V connection,the egress of lead particles injected into the porcine carotid artery could be observed onﬂuoroscopy,then followed retro-grade back into the sheath and ultimately captured in the shuntﬁlter outside the body.In1999,theﬁrst carotidﬂow reversal case was per-formed in Buenos Aires,Argentina by Dr Parodi.We selected a patient with a baseline ECA occlusion to simplify theﬁrst-in-man index case.Note in Fig.1, the left ICA lesion is imaged by contrast injection into the right carotid artery conﬁrmingﬂow-reversal.Dur-ing the subsequent formative years of carotid artery stent(CAS)maturation,distalﬁlter systems were favored over proximal protection due to ease-of-use and acceptable results.Reﬂecting on our early enthusi-asm regardingﬂow reversal in the context of recent successful large randomizedﬁlter trials,one could argue our concerns about embolization during crossing the lesion and risk of reduced cognitive function due to microembolization may have been overreaching. However,in the lead article by Demitrios Nikas and col-leagues evaluating CAS withﬂow reversal,weﬁnd one of the lowest neurologic event rates reported to date (<1%major stroke).The intolerance was lower than reported in previousﬂow reversal studies and this was likely related to patient selection.The authors noteﬂow reversal seems to be better tolerated thanﬂow arrest and speculate this may be related to favorable changes in in-tracranialﬂow patterns.We were also surprised in early years regarding theﬁnding thatﬂow reversal paradoxi-cally seemed to be better tolerated than distal ICA bal-loon occlusion.The intracranialﬂow change explanation by the authors is interesting but this unexpectedﬁnding may also be due to recruitment of collateralﬂow from the pial arteries duringﬂow reversal.The remarkable low MAE in this series is notewor-thy but there are some limitations to the study that soften the conclusions as detailed by the authors.Obvi-ously,the sample size and nonrandomized design limits our ability to compare against other protection systems.In addition,the trialists were all well-known, experienced CAS experts,so we must be cautious about extrapolation of theseﬁndings to the general population of interventional physicians.Indeed,we cannot conclude from this study thatﬂow reversal should replace distal protection but this study adds to the increasing argument that a randomized trial against distal protection may be warranted.In the meantime, we believeﬂow reversal should be considered in patients with complex or echolucent plaque as well as those with poor cerebral reserve who may not be able to tolerate microembolization.It may also have a role in symptomatic patients and octogenarians but addi-tional data are needed.The neurologic beneﬁt will always need to be counterbalanced by the need fora Fig.1.A:Contralateral carotid contrast injection during left carotidﬂow reversal.B:Contrast from the contralateral injec-tion nowﬁlling the left carotid retrograde illustrating the target critical left carotid lesion undergoing treatment.Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions DOI10.1002/ccd.Published on behalf of The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions(SCAI). 1070Mark Bateslarger sheath and potential increased risk of access complications along with the need for venous access,ﬂow reversal intolerance,and procedure complexity. Dr.Parodi dramatically changed medicine through his pioneering work in the stent graft treatment of aneurysmal disease and once again seems to have posi-tively impacted patient care though his gift of seeing what others have observed but with a creative and ‘‘prepared mind.’’REFERENCES1.Pasteur L.Respectfully quoted,no174.Available at:http:///73/174.html(accessed October14,2012).2.Moody DM,Bell MA,Challa VR,Johnston WE,Prough DS.Brain microemboli during cardiac surgery or aortography.Ann Neurol1990;28:477–486.3.Ohki T,Roubin GS,Veith FJ,Iyer SS,Brady E.Efﬁcacy of aﬁl-ter device in the prevention of embolic events during carotid angioplasty and stenting:An ex vivo analysis.J Vasc Surg 1999;30:1034–1044.Chance Favors the Prepared Mind1071 Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions DOI10.1002/ccd.Published on behalf of The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions(SCAI).。

介绍白芍的英语作文

白芍：中国传统草药的瑰宝White Peony Root, a much-esteemed herb in traditional Chinese medicine, holds a unique position in the annals of natural healing. Also known as "Bai Shao" in Mandarin, this remarkable root has been used for centuries in a vast array of medicinal preparations, owing to its diverse range of therapeutic properties. Its name, derived from its resemblance to the petals of the peony flower, is a testament to its beauty and value in the field of herbal medicine.Native to China, White Peony Root belongs to the family of Ranunculaceae, and is primarily harvested from the roots of several species of peony. It is renowned for its ability to nourish the blood, regulate the menstrual cycle, and harmonize the liver, making it a staple in many formulas designed to alleviate a wide range of ailments.The therapeutic uses of White Peony Root can be traced back to ancient Chinese texts such as the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing," one of the earliest known pharmaceutical compilations. Over the centuries, its popularity has grown, with practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)incorporating it into numerous formulas to treat conditions like anemia, menstrual irregularities, and liver discomfort. In terms of its pharmacology, White Peony Root is richin compounds such as paeoniflorin, which are believed to contribute to its therapeutic effects. These compounds are thought to work by regulating certain biochemical processes in the body, such as the release of inflammatory mediators and the activity of certain enzymes.Modern research has also begun to explore the potential of White Peony Root in treating more contemporary health concerns. Studies have suggested that it may have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and even anti-cancer properties, making it a promising candidate for further pharmacological investigation.However, the true essence of White Peony Root lies not just in its pharmacological properties, but also in the philosophy behind its use in TCM. In the TCM paradigm, the body is seen as a complex system in which different organs and processes must be kept in balance. White Peony Root,with its ability to harmonize and nourish, is a primeexample of how herbs can be used to restore this balance and promote overall health and well-being.In conclusion, White Peony Root is not just a herb; it is a symbol of the profound wisdom and rich heritage of traditional Chinese medicine. Its therapeutic value, combined with the principles of harmony and balance inherent in TCM, make it a valuable addition to any discussion on the wonders of natural healing.**白芍：中国传统草药的瑰宝**白芍，这一在中国传统医学中备受推崇的草药，凭借其独特的疗效在天然药物领域占据了重要地位。

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MECCA CIGARETTES"Tastes so good cats ask for it by name."MEOW MIX CATFOOD"A child is someone who passes through your life and then disappears into anadult."METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE"The beer that made Milwaukee jealous ..."MEXICAN BREWERY"No matter what what"s-his-name says, I"m the prettiest and Lite"s the greatest."MILLER BEER"We race for beer"MILLER BEER RACING TEAMS (1996)"Only 1 out of 25 men is color blind. The other 24 just dress that way." MOHARA SUITS"Any melon worth its salt ..."MORTON SALT"Has your girl turned into a refrigerator? If her air is arctic, try ... MUM."MUM DEODORANT"Music is art. Muzak is science."MUZAK CORPORATION"I"m Margie. Fly me."NATIONAL AIRLINES"Our readers knew Henry [Kissinger] was getting married before Henry did." 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OLDSMOBILE"The Other Pill."ONE-A-DAY MULTIPLE VITAMINS PLUS IRON (1967)"Dancing pleats that won"t sit out."ORLON FABRIC"All that glitters is not Pabst."PABST BEER"Thousands of men are denying their wives Packard Six cars." PACKARD AUTOMOBILES"Wherever particular people congregate."PALL MALL CIGARETTES"Give your baby something you never had as a baby. A drier bottom." PAMPERS DIAPERS"Good coffee is like friendship: rich and warm and strong."PAN-AMERICAN COFFEE BUREAU (1961)"Live today. Tomorrow will cost more."PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS"We will sell no wine before its time."PAUL MASSON WINES"Trichinosis, encephalitis, scarlet fever, amoebiasis, jungle rot. We think you"ll find them more challenging than the sniffles." PEACE CORPS"In 1962, the starving residents of an isolated Indian village received 1 plow and 1,700 pounds of seeds. They ate the seeds."PEACE CORPS"I seem to be Achilles ... but, my dear, it happens to be your heel that ismy vulnerable spot.Such slenderness! Such grace! One look and I am slain."PEACOCK SHOES"Sandals being what they are, toes now compete with fingers."PEGGY SAGE LIQUID NAIL POLISH"Come alive! You"re in the PePSi generation."PEPSI-COLA"When they [the enemy] find the PePSi-Cola bottles are empty,their morale will go down another 10 points."PEPSI-COLA"PePSi-Cola hits the spot,12 full ounces, that"s a lot,Twice as much for a nickel tooPePSi-Cola is the Drink for you!Nickel, nickel, nickel, nickleTrickle, trickle, trickle, trickle..."PEPSI-COLA"You"ll wonder where the yellow wentWhen you brush your teeth with PePSodent."PEPSODENT TOOTHPASTE"Call for Philip Morris!!"PHILIP MORRIS CIGARETTES (1940s)"Where will you be when your laxative starts to work?"PHOSPHO-SODA BUFFERED LAXATIVE (1969)"Nothin" says lovin" like somethin" from the oven."PILLSBURY FOODS"The world"s most pleasant alarm clock!"PILLSBURY PANCAKE FLOUR"It is common knowledge today that intestinal putrefaction causes brain fatigue,often reducing efficiency 50 per cent and more."PILLSBURY HEALTH BRAN"The Rendez-vous is so romantic ... it"s downright dangerous." PLAZA HOTEL (1960)"We are driving excitement."PONTIAC"What"s the ugliest part of your body?"PRETTY FEET DEODORANT (1969)"It costs a lot to bring a hero home. Get ready to buy Victory Bonds." PUBLIC SERVICE AD"The More Women at WarThe Sooner We"ll Win"PUBLIC SERVICE AD"I quit school when I were sixteen."PUBLIC SERVICE AD"If you won"t hire her, don"t complain about supporting her."PUBLIC SERVICE AD"If someone"s selling you sacks of diet pills, he"s not in business for yourhealth."PUBLIC SERVICE AD"Accuracy to seconds a month."PULSAR WATCHES"If you choose the wrong executor for your estate, you might as well take itwith you."PUTNAM TRUST"Does it make sense to jump out of a warm bed into a cold cereal?" QUAKER OATS"The cereal that"s shot from guns!QUAKER PUFFED WHEAT CEREAL"All you add is love."RALSTON PURINA PET FOOD"The greatest tragedy is indifference."RED CROSS (1961)"Replique will not turn you into a sultry sex siren.It will not transform you into a simple, unsullied ingenue.Replique is for women who are interesting to begin with."REPLIQUE"How do you spell relief? R-O-L-A-I-D-S."ROLAIDS ANTACID TABLETS"At sixty miles an hour the loudest noise in the new Rolls-Royce comes from the electric clock."ROLLS-ROYCE"Some girls have developed a lot more than just their minds." ROXANNE SWIMSUITS"Women: Stand up for your right to sit down at dinner time."SALTON HOTTRAY"If you have a son 10 years old, you"d better start worrying. Help Unsell the War."SANE"One fiddler you won"t have to pay."SANKA COFFEE"Nobody doesn"t like ... Sara Lee."SARA LEE FOOD PRODUCTS"Schlitz ... the beer that made Milwaukee famous."SCHLITZ BEER"Dryest gin in town. Ask any Martini."SEAGRAM"S GIN (1961)"A child is an island of curiosity surrounded by a sea of question marks." SHELL OIL COMPANY (1961)"All you need to know about paint."SHERWIN-WILLIAMS PAINT"I was a ______ until I discovered Smirnoff."SMIRNOFF VODKA (1970s)"Obey Your Thirst."SPRITE SOFTDRINK"Adam and Eve ate the first vitamins, including the package."E. R. SQUIBB (1958)"Steinway: the instrument of the immortals."STEINWAY PIANOS (1928)"Tired of getting junk mail from someone you don"t know?Try getting junk mail from someone you do know."SURPRISE CLUB, MAIL-ORDER GIFT CLUB"Head for the Border."TACO BELL RESTAURANTS"Even a Policeman can get Stuck in Traffic."TALON ZIPPER"I"d rather fight than switch."TAREYTON CIGARETTES"You can trust your car to the man who wears the star."TEXACO SERVICE STATIONS"Christmas is a time to believe in things you can"t see."3M COMPANY SCOTCH TAPE"If it"s got to be clean, it"s got to be Tide."TIDE LAUNDRY DETERGENT"Which twin has the Toni?"TONI PERMANENTS"I love what you do for me - Toyota!"TOYOTA CARS AND TRUCKS"Sight for Soaring Eyes."TRANS WORLD AIRWAYS"They all laughed when I sat down at the piano, but oh!, when I began to play ..."U.S. SCHOOL OF MUSIC, MAIL-ORDER PIANO LESSONS (1925)Written by John Caples"The better stain getter."ULTRA-BIZ DETERGENT"More Jobs Through Science."UNION CARBIDE AND CARBON"Fly the friendly skies of United."UNITED AIR LINES"A mind is a terrible thing to waste."UNITED NEGRO COLLEGE FUND"Be all that you can be."UNITED STATES ARMY"Some of our best men are women."UNITED STATES ARMY"Friendly Americans win American friends."UNITED STATES TRAVEL SERVICE (1963)"If you think asparagus has a lot of iron, you don"t know beans." VAN CAMP PORK AND BEANS (1979)"You"ve come a long way, baby."VIRGINIA SLIMS CIGARETTES"Visa - It"s everywhere you want to be."VISA CREDIT CARD"Vogue - [for] the overwhelming minority."VOGUE MAGAZINE"If it wasn"t in VOGUE It wasn"t in vogue."VOGUE MAGAZINE"Relieves gas pains."VOLKSWAGEN"While in Europe, pick up an ugly European."VOLKSWAGEN"Ugly is only skin-deep."VOLKSWAGEN"If gas pains persist, try Volkswagen."VOLKSWAGEN。

培非格司亭中英文介绍

王婕913103860408NEULASTA（PEGFILGRASTIM）|培非格司亭注射液1.Introduction(简介)【产地英文商品名】:NEULASTA－6mg/0.6ml/Syringe【原产地英文药品名】:PEGFILGRASTIM【中文参考商品译名】:纽拉思塔-6毫克/0.6毫升/支【中文参考药品译名】:培非格司亭【生产厂家中文参考译名】:安进【生产厂家英文名】:Amgen, IncAmgen Announces Novel Drugs for Antitumor Chemotherapy Side Effects of FGT (TM) (pegfilgrastim), a drug developed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Approval. Amphetamycin, the chief executive of Amgen, says that pemetrexedin will make it easier for healthcare workers to prevent chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and its serious complications. The third drug approved by Amgen in the past six months will significantly improve the prognosis of chemotherapy patients and is expected to enter the market in early April.BUSINESS WIRE 2002年2月1日美国加州THOUSAND OAKS消息，安进公司宣布抗肿瘤化疗副作用新药培非格司亭(TM) (pegfilgrastim)通过美国食品与药品管理局（FDA）的审批。

凯撒大帝的一生展示

Taking part in a conspiracy against Caesar is about more than 60 people, is headed by Gaius cassias, Marcus, Brutus, DE moss, Brutus. They called themselves the liberator (Liberators), these people in front of the assassination of Julius Caesar had meeting with cassias, cassias told them if they will have to be out when the suicide. On March 15, 44 years BC, a group of veteran named Julius Caesar to the senate to read a petition, petition demanding is written to veteran Caesar power returned to the parliament. But this petition is false. When mark Antony from a liberator called cascade heard the news, he hurried to the senate to stop on the steps of the Caesar. But the participating premeditated elders in Pompeii theatre found before Caesar, led him to the east doorway of the theatre. Caesar is reading this fake petition, and cascade to Caesar's coat to release and use a knife to his neck. Caesar alert to cascade, turned to catch and cascade, in Latin said: "the wicked and cascade, you're doing?" Scared and cascade to other elders, in Greek said: "brothers, help me!" (" alpha delta epsilon lambda phi which beta &western ή theta epsilon ι! "). Everyone suddenly contains Brutus began to Caesar. Caesar want to escape, but because too many eyes can't see blood flow down, finally these people when he was lying on the ground to kill him.

贝泊斯汀简介

贝泊斯汀简介目录•1拼音•2英文参考•3贝泊斯汀说明书o 3.1药品名称o 3.2英文名称o 3.3贝泊斯汀的别名o 3.4分类o 3.5剂型o 3.6贝泊斯汀的药理作用o 3.7贝泊斯汀的药代动力学o 3.8贝泊斯汀的适应证o 3.9贝泊斯汀的禁忌证o 3.10注意事项o 3.11贝泊斯汀的不良反应o 3.12贝泊斯汀的用法用量1拼音bèi bó sī tīng2英文参考Bepotastine[湘雅医学专业词典]3贝泊斯汀说明书3.1药品名称贝泊斯汀3.2英文名称Bepotastine3.3贝泊斯汀的别名Taliom3.4分类抗变态反应药物 > 抗组胺药3.5剂型5mg，10mg。

3.6贝泊斯汀的药理作用贝泊斯汀为组胺H2受体阻断药，其特点在于快速有效地抑制过敏性鼻炎的三大主要症状——喷嚏、流涕和鼻塞。

由于贝泊斯汀能抑制嗜酸粒细胞浸润至外周组织，故在缓解鼻黏膜炎症反应（鼻塞）方面较现用其他药物有效。

贝泊斯汀很少进入脑内，嗜睡和其他不良反应较少。

3.7贝泊斯汀的药代动力学贝泊斯汀口服可吸收，1小时可达血药峰值，食物不影响贝泊斯汀的吸收。

约有80%的用量以原药随尿排出。

tl/2约为2～3小时。

老年人和肾功能不全者的血药浓度较高。

3.8贝泊斯汀的适应证治疗变应鼻炎性（过敏性鼻炎）。

3.9贝泊斯汀的禁忌证1.对贝泊斯汀过敏者、孕妇、哺乳者禁用。

2.肾功能不全者慎用。

3.10注意事项1.据贝泊斯汀与特非那丁对照研究表明，贝泊斯汀疗效明显优于后者。

2.老年病人应减量慎用。

3.11贝泊斯汀的不良反应1.最常发生的仍为嗜睡。

2.还可发生口干、恶心、胃痛、腹泻。

3.可能出皮疹。

4.γGTP有可能升高。

3.12贝泊斯汀的用法用量成人口服10mg，2次/d。

免责声明：本文内容来源于网络，不保证100%正确，涉及到药方及用法用量的问题，不保证正确，仅供参考。

由此造成的问题，本站概不负责。

李斯特的作品列表

1.1 Opera(歌剧)•S.1, Don Sanche, ou Le château de l'amour (1824–25) 歌剧《唐切桑》1.2 Sacred Choral Works(神圣的合唱作品)•S.2, The Legend of St. Elisabeth (1857–62) 清唱剧《圣伊丽莎白传奇》•S.3, Christus (1855–67) 清唱剧《基督》•S.4, Cantico del sol di Francesco d'Assisi [first/second version] (1862, 1880–81) 清唱剧《阿西西的圣方济圣歌》•S.5, Die heilige Cäcilia (1874)•S.6, Die Glocken des Strassburger Münsters (Longfellow) (1874)•S.7, Cantantibus organis (1879)•S.8, Missa quattuor vocum ad aequales concinente organo [first/second version] (1848, 1869)•S.9, Missa solennis zur Einweihung der Basilika in Gran (Gran Mass) [first/second version] (1855, 1857–58)•S.10, Missa choralis, organo concinente (1865)•S.11, Hungarian Coronation Mass (1866–67)•S.12, Requiem (1867–68)•S.13, Psalm 13 (Herr, wie lange ?) [first/second/third verion] (1855, 1858, 1862)•S.14, Psalm 18 (Coeli enarrant) (1860)•S.15, Psalm 23 (Mein Gott, der ist mein Hirt) [first version: chorus, soloist & orchestra] [second version: chorus, soloist & violin, piano, harp, organ] (1859, 1862)•S.15a, Psalm 116 (Laudate Dominum) (1869)•S.16, Psalm 129 (De profundis) (1880–83)•S.17, Psalm 137 (By the Rivers of Babylon) [first/second version] (1859–62)•S.18, Five choruses with French texts [5 choruses] (1840–49)•S.19, Hymne de l'enfant à son réveil (Lamartine) [first/second version] (1847, 1862)•S.20, Ave Maria I [first/second version] (1846, 1852)•S.21, Pater noster II [first/second version] (1846, 1848)•S.22, Pater noster IV (1850)•S.23, Domine salvum fac regem (1853)•S.24, Te Deum II (1853?)•S.25, Beati pauperes spiritu (Die Seligkeiten) (1853)•S.26, Festgesang zur Eröffnung der zehnten allgemeinen deutschen Lehrerversammlung (1858)•S.27, Te Deum I (1867)•S.28, An den heiligen Franziskus von Paula (b. 1860)•S.29, Pater noster I (b. 1860)•S.30, Responsorien und Antiphonen [5 sets] (1860)•S.31, Christus ist geboren I [first/second version] (1863?)•S.32, Christus ist geboren II [first/second version] (1863?)•S.33, Slavimo Slavno Slaveni! [first/second version] (1863, 1866)•S.34, Ave maris stella [first/second version] (1865–66, 1868)•S.35, Crux! (Guichon de Grandpont) (1865)•S.36, Dall' alma Roma (1866)•S.37, Mihi autem adhaerere (from Psalm 73) (1868)•S.38, Ave Maria II (1869)•S.39, Inno a Maria Vergine (1869)•S.40, O salutaris hostia I (1869?)•S.41, Pater noster III [first/second version] (1869)•S.42, Tantum ergo [first/second version] (1869)•S.43, O salutaris hostia II (1870?)•S.44, Ave verum corpus (1871)•S.45, Libera me (1871)•S.46, Anima Christi sanctifica me [first/second version] (1874, ca. 1874)•S.47, St Christopher. Legend (1881)•S.48, Der Herr bewahret die Seelen seiner Heiligen (1875)•S.49, Weihnachtslied (O heilige Nacht) (a. 1876)•S.50, 12 Alte deutsche geistliche Weisen (Chorales) [12 chorals] (ca. 1878-79) •S.51, Gott sei uns gnädig und barmherzig (1878)•S.52, Septem Sacramenta. Responsoria com organo vel harmonio concinente (1878) •S.53, Via Crucis (1878–79)•S.54, O Roma nobilis (1879)•S.55, Ossa arida (1879)•S.56, Rosario [4 chorals] (1879)•S.57, In domum Domino imibus (1884?)•S.58, O sacrum convivium (1884?)•S.59, Pro Papa (ca. 1880)•S.60, Zur Trauung. Geistliche Vermählungsmusik (Ave Maria III) (1883)•S.61, Nun danket alle Gott (1883)•S.62, Mariengarten (b. 1884)•S.63, Qui seminant in lacrimis (1884)•S.64, Pax vobiscum! (1885)•S.65, Qui Mariam absolvisti (1885)•S.66, Salve Regina (1885)• 1.3 Secular Choral Works(世俗的合唱作品)•S.67, Beethoven Cantata No. 1: Festkantate zur Enthüllung (1845)•S.68, Beethoven Cantata No. 2: Zur Säkularfeier Beethovens (1869–70)•S.69, Chöre zu Herders Entfesseltem Prometheus (1850)•S.70, An die Künstler (Schiller) [first/second/third verion] (1853, 1853, 1856)•S.71, Gaudeamus igitur. Humoreske (1869)•S.72, Vierstimmige Männergesänge [4 chorals] (for Mozart-Stiftung) (1841)•S.73, Es war einmal ein König (1845)•S.74, Das deutsche Vaterland (1839)•S.75, Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh (Goethe) [first/second version] (1842, 1849)•S.76, Das düstre Meer umrauscht mich (1842)•S.77, Die lustige Legion (A. Buchheim) (1846)•S.78, Trinkspruch (1843)•S.79, Titan (Schobert) (1842–47)•S.80, Les quatre éléments (Autran) (1845)•S.81, Le forgeron (de Lamennais) (1845)•S.82, Arbeiterchor (de Lamennais?) (1848)•S.83, Ungaria-Kantate (Hungaria 1848 Cantata) (1848)•S.84, Licht, mehr Licht (1849)•S.85, Chorus of Angels from Goethe's Faust (1849)•S.86, Festchor zur Enthüllung des Herder-Dankmals in Weimar (A. Schöll) (1850)•S.87, Weimars Volkslied (Cornelius) [6 versions] (1857)•S.88, Morgenlied (Hoffmann von Fallersleben) (1859)•S.89, Mit klingendem Spiel (1859–62 ?)•S.90, Für Männergesang [12 chorals] (1842–60)•S.91, Das Lied der Begeisterung. A lelkesedes dala (1871)•S.92, Carl August weilt mit uns. Festgesang zur Enthüllung des Carl-August-Denkmals in Weimar am 3 September 1875 (1875)•S.93, Ungarisches Königslied. Magyar Király-dal (Ábrányi) [6 version] (1883)•S.94, Gruss (1885?)1.4 Orchestral Works(管弦乐作品)1.4.1 Symphonic Poems(交响诗)•S.95, Poème symphonique No. 1, Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne (Berg Symphonie) [first/second/third version] (1848–49, 1850, 1854) 第一交响诗山间所闻•S.96, Poème symphonique No. 2, Tasso, Lamento e Trionfo [first/second/third version] (1849, 1850–51, 1854) 《塔索，哀叹与胜利》•S.97, Poème symphonique No. 3, Les Préludes (1848) 第三交响诗“前奏曲”•S.98, Poème symphonique No. 4, Orpheus (1853–54) 第四交响诗《奥菲欧》•S.99, Poème symphonique No. 5, Prometheus [first/second version] (1850, 1855) 第五交响诗《普罗米修斯》•S.100, Poème symphonique No. 6, Mazeppa [first/second version] (1851, b. 1854) 第六交响诗《马捷帕》•S.101, Poème symphonique No. 7, Festklänge [revisions added to 1863 pub] (1853) 第七交响诗《节日之声》•S.102, Poème symphonique No. 8, Héroïde funèbre [first/second version] (1849–50, 1854) 第八交响诗《英雄的葬礼》•S.103, Poème symphonique No. 9, Hungaria (1854) 第九交响诗《匈牙利》•S.104, Poème symphonique No. 10, Hamlet (1858) 第十交响《哈姆雷特》•S.105, Poème symphonique No. 11, Hunnenschlacht (1856–57) 第十一交响诗《匈奴之战》•S.106, Poème symphonique No. 12, Die Ideale (1857) 第十二交响诗《理想》•S.107, Poème symphonique No. 13, Von der Wiege bis zum Grabe (From the Cradle to the Grave) (1881–82) 第十三交响诗《从摇篮到坟墓》1.4.2 Other Orchestral Works(其他管弦乐作品)•S.108, Eine Faust-Symphonie [first/second version] (1854, 1861)•S.109, Eine Symphonie zu Dante's Divina Commedia (1855–56)•S.110, Deux épisodes d'apres le Faust de Lenau [2 pieces] (1859–61)•S.111, Zweite Mephisto Waltz (1881)•S.112, Trois Odes Funèbres [3 pieces] (1860–66)•S.113, Salve Polonia (1863)•S.114, Künstlerfestzug zur Schillerfeier (1857)•S.115, Festmarsch zur Goethejubiläumsfeier [first/second version] (1849, 1857)•S.116, Festmarsch nach Motiven von E.H.z.S.-C.-G. (1857)•S.117, Rákóczy March (1865)•S.118, Ungarischer Marsch zur Krönungsfeier in Ofen-Pest (am 8 Juni 1867) (1870)•S.119, Ungarischer Sturmmarsch (1875)1.5 Piano and Orchestra(钢琴与乐队)•S.120, Grande Fantaisie Symphonique on themes from Berlioz Lélio (1834)•S.121, Malédiction (with string orchestra) (1833) 诅咒钢琴与弦乐队•S.122, Fantasie über Beethovens Ruinen von Athen [first/second version] (1837?, 1849) •S.123, Fantasie über ungarische Volksmelodien (1852) 匈牙利民歌主题幻想曲为钢琴与乐队而作•S.124, Piano Concerto No. 1 in E flat [first/second version] (1849, 1856) 降E大调第一钢琴协奏曲•S.125, Piano Concerto No. 2 in A major [first/second version] (1839, 1849) A大调第二钢琴协奏曲•S.125a, Piano Concerto No. 3 in E flat (1836–39)•S.126, Totentanz. Paraphrase on Dies Irae [Feruccio Busoni's 'De Profundis'/final version] (1849, 1859) 死之舞为钢琴与乐队而作•S.126a, Piano Concerto "In the Hungarian Style" [probably by Sophie Menter] (1885)1.6 Chamber Music(室内乐等)S.126b, Zwei Waltzer [2 pieces] (1832)•S.127, Duo (Sonata) - Sur des thèmes polonais (1832-35 ?)•S.128, Grand duo concertant sur la romance de font Le Marin [first/second version] (ca.1835-37, 1849)•S.129, Epithalam zu Eduard. Reményis Vermählungsfeier (1872)•S.130, Élégie No. 1 [first/second/third version] (1874)•S.131, Élégie No. 2 (1877)•S.132, Romance oubliée (1880)•S.133, Die Wiege (1881?)•S.134, La lugubre gondola [first/second version] (1883?, 1885?)•S.135, Am Grabe Richard Wagners (1883)1.7 Piano Solo1.7.1 Studies(钢琴练习曲)•S.136, Études en douze exercices dans tous les tons majeurs et mineurs [first version, 12 pieces] (1826) 12首钢琴练习曲•S.137, Douze grandes études [second version, 12 pieces] (1837) 《12首超技练习曲》•S.138, Mazeppa [intermediate version of S137/4] (1840) 练习曲“玛捷帕”•S.139, Douze études d'exécution transcendante [final version, 12 pieces] (1852) 12首超技练习曲•S.140, Études d'exécution transcendante d'après Paganini [first version, 6 pieces] (1838) 帕格尼尼超技练习曲•S.141, Grandes études de Paganini [second version, 6 pieces] (1851) 6首帕格尼尼大练习曲•S.142, Morceau de salon, Étude de perfectionnement [Ab Irato, first version] (1840) 高级练习曲“沙龙小品”•S.143, Ab Irato, Étude de perfectionnement [second version] (1852) 高级练习曲“愤怒”•S.144, Trois études de concert [3 pieces] (1848?) 3首音乐会练习曲1. Il lamento2. La leggierezza3. Un sospiro•S.145, Zwei Konzertetüden [2 pieces] (1862–63) 2首音乐会练习曲1. Waldesrauschen2. Gnomenreigen•S.146, Technische Studien [68 studies] (ca. 1868-80) 钢琴技巧练习1.7.2 Various Original Works(各种原创作品)•S.147, Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli (1822) 狄亚贝利圆舞曲主题变奏曲•S.148, Huit variations (1824?) 降A大调原创主题变奏曲•S.149, Sept variations brillantes dur un thème de G. Rossini (1824?)•S.150, Impromptu brilliant sur des thèmes de Rossini et Spontini (1824) 罗西尼与斯蓬蒂尼主题即兴曲•S.151, Allegro di bravura (1824) 华丽的快板•S.152, Rondo di bravura (1824) 华丽回旋曲•S.152a, Klavierstück (?)•S.153, Scherzo in G minor (1827) g小调谐谑曲•S.153a, Marche funèbre (1827)•S.153b, Grand solo caractèristique d'apropos une chansonette de Panseron [private collection, score inaccessible] (1830–32) [1]•S.154, Harmonies poétiques et religieuses [Pensée des morts, first version] (1833, 1835) 宗教诗情曲•S.155, Apparitions [3 pieces] (1834) 显现三首钢琴小品•S.156, Album d'un voyageur [3 sets; 7, 9, 3 pieces] (1835–38) 旅行者札记•S.156a, Trois morceaux suisses [3 pieces] (1835–36)•S.157, Fantaisie romantique sur deux mélodies suisses (1836) 浪漫幻想曲•S.157a, Sposalizio (1838–39)•S.157b, Il penseroso [first version] (1839)•S.157c, Canzonetta del Salvator Rosa [first version] (1849)•S.158, Tre sonetti del Petrarca [3 pieces, first versions of S161/4-6] (1844–45) 3首彼特拉克十四行诗•S.158a, Paralipomènes à la Divina Commedia [Dante Sonata original 2 movement version] (1844–45)•S.158b, Prologomènes à la Divina Commedia [Dante Sonata second version] (1844–45)•S.158c, Adagio in C major (Dante Sonata albumleaf) (1844–45)•S.159, Venezia e Napoli [first version, 4 pieces] (1840?) 威尼斯和拿波里•S.160, Années de pèlerinage. Première année; Suisse [9 pieces] (1848–55) 旅行岁月（第一集）- 瑞士游记•S.161, Années de pèlerinage. Deuxième année; Italie [7 pieces] (1839–49) 旅行岁月（第二集）- 意大利游记•S.162, Venezia e Napoli. Supplément aux Années de pèlerinage 2de volume [3 pieces] (1860) 旅行岁月（第二集补遗）- 威尼斯和拿波里•S.162a, Den Schutz-Engeln (Angelus! Prière à l'ange gardien) [4 drafts] (1877–82) •S.162b, Den Cypressen der Villa d'Este - Thrénodie II [first draft] (1882)•S.162c, Sunt lacrymae rerum [first version] (1872)•S.162d, Sunt lacrymae rerum [intermediate version] (1877)•S.162e, En mémoire de Maximilian I [Marche funèbre first version] (1867)•S.162f, Postludium - Nachspiel - Sursum corda! [first version] (1877)•S.163, Années de pèlerinage. Troisième année [7 pieces] (1867–77) 旅行岁月（第三集）•S.163a, Album-Leaf: Andantino pour Emile et Charlotte Loudon (1828) [2] 降E大调纪念册的一页•S.163a/1, Album Leaf in F sharp minor (1828)降E大调纪念册的一页•S.163b, Album-Leaf (Ah vous dirai-je, maman) (1833)•S.163c, Album-Leaf in C minor (Pressburg) (1839)•S.163d, Album-Leaf in E major (Leipzig) (1840)•S.164, Feuille d'album No. 1 (1840) E大调纪念册的一页•S.164a, Album Leaf in E major (Vienna) (1840)•S.164b, Album Leaf in E flat (Leipzig) (1840)•S.164c, Album-Leaf: Exeter Preludio (1841)•S.164d, Album-Leaf in E major (Detmold) (1840)•S.164e, Album-Leaf: Magyar (1841)•S.164f, Album-Leaf in A minor (Rákóczi-Marsch) (1841)•S.164g, Album-Leaf: Berlin Preludio (1842)•S.165, Feuille d'album (in A flat) (1841) 降A大调纪念册的一页•S.166, Albumblatt in waltz form (1841) A大调圆舞曲风格纪念册的一页•S.166a, Album Leaf in E major (1843)•S.166b, Album-Leaf in A flat (Portugal) (1844)•S.166c, Album-Leaf in A flat (1844)•S.166d, Album-Leaf: Lyon prélude (1844)•S.166e, Album-Leaf: Prélude omnitonique (1844)•S.166f, Album-Leaf: Braunschweig preludio (1844)•S.166g, Album-Leaf: Serenade (1840–49)•S.166h, Album-Leaf: Andante religioso (1846)•S.166k, Album Leaf in A major: Friska (ca. 1846-49)•S.166m-n, Albumblätter für Prinzessin Marie von Sayn-Wittgenstein (1847)•S.167, Feuille d'album No. 2 [Die Zelle in Nonnenwerth, third version] (1843) a小调纪念册的一页•S.167a, Ruhig [catalogue error; see Strauss/Tausig introduction and coda]•S.167b, Miniatur Lieder [score not accessible at present] (?)•S.167c, Album-Leaf (from the Agnus Dei of the Missa Solennis, S9) (1860–69)•S.167d, Album-Leaf (from the symphonic poem Orpheus, S98) (1860)•S.167e, Album-Leaf (from the symphonic poem Die Ideale, S106) (1861)•S.167f, Album Leaf in G major (ca. 1860)•S.168, Elégie sur des motifs du Prince Louis Ferdinand de Prusse [first/second version] (1842, 1851) 悲歌•S.168a, Andante amoroso (1847?)•S.169, Romance (O pourquoi donc) (1848) e小调浪漫曲•S.170, Ballade No. 1 in D flat (Le chant du croisé) (1845–48) 叙事曲一•S.170a, Ballade No. 2 [first draft] (1853)•S.171, Ballade No. 2 in B minor (1853) 叙事曲二•S.171a, Madrigal (Consolations) [first series, 6 pieces] (1844)•S.171b, Album Leaf or Consolation No. 1 (1870–79)•S.171c, Prière de l'enfant à son reveil [first version] (1840)•S.171d, Préludes et harmonies poétiques et religie (1845)•S.171e, Litanies de Marie [first version] (1846–47)•S.172, Consolations (Six penseés poétiques) (1849–50) 6首安慰曲•S.172a, Harmonies poétiques et religieuses [1847 cycle] (1847)•S.172a/3&4, Hymne du matin, Hymne de la nuit [formerly S173a] (1847)•S.173, Harmonies poétiques et religieuses [second version] (1845–52) 诗与宗教的和谐•S.174, Berceuse [first/second version] (1854, 1862) 摇篮曲•S.175, Deux légendes [2 pieces] (1862–63) 2首传奇•1. St. François d'Assise. La prédication aux oiseaux (Preaching to the Birds)•2. St. François de Paule marchant sur les flots (Walking on the Waves)•S.175a, Grand solo de concert [Grosses Konzertsolo, first version] (1850)•S.176, Grosses Konzertsolo [second version] (1849–50 ?) 独奏大协奏曲•S.177, Scherzo and March (1851) 谐谑曲与进行曲•S.178, Piano Sonata in B minor (1852–53) b小调钢琴奏鸣曲•S.179, Prelude after a theme from Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen by J. S. Bach (1859) 前奏曲“哭泣、哀悼、忧虑、恐惧”S.179 - 根据巴赫第12康塔塔主题而作•S.180, Variations on a theme from Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen by J. S. Bach (1862) 巴赫康塔塔主题变奏曲•S.181, Sarabande and Chaconne from Handel's opera Almira (1881)•S.182, Ave Maria - Die Glocken von Rom (1862) 圣母颂“罗马的钟声”•S.183, Alleluia et Ave Maria [2 pieces] (1862) 哈利路亚与圣母颂•S.184, Urbi et orbi. Bénédiction papale (1864)•S.185, Vexilla regis prodeunt (1864)•S.185a, Weihnachtsbaum [first version, 12 pieces] (1876)•S.186, Weihnachtsbaum [second version, 12 pieces] (1875–76) 钢琴曲集《圣诞树》•S.187, Sancta Dorothea (1877) 圣多萝西娅•S.187a, Resignazione [first/second version] (1877)•S.188, In festo transfigurationis Domini nostri Jesu Christi (1880) 我主耶稣基督之变形•S.189, Klavierstück No. 1 (1866)•S.189a, Klavierstück No. 2 (1845)•S.189b, Klavierstück (?)•S.190, Un portrait en musique de la Marquise de Blocqueville (1868)•S.191, Impromptu (1872) 升F大调即兴曲“夜曲”•S.192, Fünf Klavierstücke (for Baroness von Meyendorff) [5 pieces] (1865–79) 5首钢琴小品•S.193, Klavierstuck (in F sharp major) (a. 1860) 升F大调钢琴小品•S.194, Mosonyis Grabgeleit (Mosonyi gyázmenete) (1870) 在莫佐尼墓前•S.195, Dem andenken Petofis (Petofi Szellemenek) (1877) 纪念裴多菲•S.195a, Schlummerlied im Grabe [Elegie No 1, first version] (1874)•S.196, Élégie No. 1 (1874)•S.196a, Entwurf der Ramann-Elegie [Elegie No 2, first draft] (1877)•S.197, Élégie No. 2 (1877)•S.197a, Toccata (1879–81) 托卡塔•S.197b, National Hymne - Kaiser Wilhelm! (1876)•S.198, Wiegenlied (Chant du herceau) (1880) 摇篮曲•S.199, Nuages gris (Trübe Wolken) (1881) 灰色的云•S.199a, La lugubre gondola I (Der Trauergondol) [Vienna draft] (1882)•S.200, La lugubre gondola [2 pieces] (1882, 1885) 葬礼小船。

贝西沙星英文说明书

HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATIONThese highlights do not include all the information needed to use Besivance safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for Besivance.Besivance TM (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension) 0.6%Sterile topical ophthalmic dropsInitial U.S. Approval: 2009INDICATIONS AND USAGEBesivance™ (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension) 0.6%, is a quinolone antimicrobial indicated for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis caused by susceptible isolates of the following bacteria:CDC coryneform group GCorynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum*, Corynebacterium striatum*, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella lacunata*, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis*, Staphylococcus lugdunensis*, Streptococcus mitis group, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus salivarius**Efficacy for this organism was studied in fewer than 10 infections. (1)DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONInstill one drop in the affected eye(s) 3 times a day, four to twelve hours apart for 7 days. (2)DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS7.5 mL size bottle filled with 5 mL of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension, 0.6% (3)CONTRAINDICATIONSNoneWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONSTopical Ophthalmic Use Only. (5.1)Growth of Resistant Organisms with Prolonged Use. (5.2)Avoidance of Contact Lenses. Patients should not wear contact lenses if they have signs or symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis or during the course of therapy with Besivance™ (5.3)ADVERSE REACTIONSThe most common adverse event reported in 2% of patients treated with Besivance™ was conjunctival redness. (6)To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Bausch & Lomb Incorporated at 1-800-323-0000 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or /medwatchTo report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact at or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or /medwatchSee 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATIONRevised: 04/2009FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS *1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS4 CONTRAINDICATIONS5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS5.1 Topical Ophthalmic Use Only5.2 Growth of Resistant Organisms with Prolonged Use5.3 Avoidance of Contact Lenses6 ADVERSE REACTIONS8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS8.1 Pregnancy8.3 Nursing Mothers8.4 Pediatric Use8.5 Geriatric Use11 DESCRIPTION12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY12.1 Mechanism of Action12.3 Pharmacokinetics12.4 Microbiology13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility14 CLINICAL STUDIES16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATIONPACKAGE/LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL* Sections or subsections omitted from the full prescribing information are not listedFULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION1 INDICATIONS AND USAGEBesivance™ (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension) 0.6%, is indicated for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis caused by susceptible isolates of the following bacteria:CDC coryneform group GCorynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum*Corynebacterium striatum*Haemophilus influenzaeMoraxella lacunata*Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus epidermidisStaphylococcus hominis*Staphylococcus lugdunensis*Streptococcus mitis groupStreptococcus oralisStreptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus salivarius**Efficacy for this organism was studied in fewer than 10 infections.2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONInvert closed bottle and shake once before use.Instill one drop in the affected eye(s) 3 times a day, four to twelve hours apart for 7 days.3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS7.5 mL bottle filled with 5 mL of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension, 0.6%.4 CONTRAINDICATIONSNone5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS5.1 Topical Ophthalmic Use OnlyNOT FOR INJECTION INTO THE EYE.Besivance™ is for topical ophthalmic use only, and should not be injected subconjunctivally, nor should it be introduced directly into the anterior chamber of the eye.5.2 Growth of Resistant Organisms with Prolonged UseAs with other anti-infectives, prolonged use of Besivance™ (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension) 0.6% may result in overgrowthof non-susceptible organisms, including fungi. If super-infection occurs, discontinue use and institute alternative therapy. Whenever clinical judgment dictates, the patient should be examined with the aid of magnification, such as slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and, where appropriate, fluorescein staining.5.3 Avoidance of Contact LensesPatients should not wear contact lenses if they have signs or symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis or during the course of therapy with Besivance™.6 ADVERSE REACTIONSBecause clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in one clinical trial of a drug cannot be directly compared with the rates in the clinical trials of the same or another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.The data described below reflect exposure to Besivance™ in approximately 1,000 patients between 1 and 98 years old with clinical signs and symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis.The most frequently reported ocular adverse event was conjunctival redness, reported in approximately 2% of patients.Other adverse events reported in patients receiving Besivance™ occurring in approximately 1-2% of patients included: blurred vision, eye pain, eye irritation, eye pruritus and headache.8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS8.1 PregnancyPregnancy Category C. Oral doses of besifloxacin up to 1000 mg/kg/day were not associated with visceral or skeletal malformations in rat pups in a study of embryo-fetal development, although this dose was associated with maternal toxicity (reduced body weight gain and food consumption) and maternal mortality. Increased post-implantation loss, decreased fetal body weights, and decreased fetal ossification were also observed. At this dose, the mean C max in the rat dams was approximately 20 mcg/mL, >45,000 timesthe mean plasma concentrations measured in humans. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for this embryo-fetal development study was 100 mg/kg/day (C max, 5 mcg/mL, >11,000 times the mean plasma concentrations measured in humans).In a prenatal and postnatal development study in rats, the NOAELs for both fetal and maternal toxicity were also 100 mg/kg/day.At 1000 mg/kg/day, the pups weighed significantly less than controls and had a reduced neonatal survival rate. Attainment of developmental landmarks and sexual maturation were delayed, although surviving pups from this dose group that were reared to maturity did not demonstrate deficits in behavior, including activity, learning and memory, and their reproductive capacity appeared normal.Since there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women, Besivance™ should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.8.3 Nursing MothersBesifloxacin has not been measured in human milk, although it can be presumed to be excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Besivance™ is administered to a nursing mother.8.4 Pediatric UseThe safety and effectiveness of Besivance™ in infants below one year of age have not been established. The efficacy of Besivance™in treating bacterial conjunctivitis in pediatric patients one year or older has been demonstrated in controlled clinical trials [see 14 CLINICAL STUDIES].There is no evidence that the ophthalmic administration of quinolones has any effect on weight bearing joints, even though systemic administration of some quinolones has been shown to cause arthropathy in immature animals.8.5 Geriatric UseNo overall differences in safety and effectiveness have been observed between elderly and younger patients.11 DESCRIPTIONBesivance™ (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension) 0.6%, is a sterile ophthalmic suspension of besifloxacin formulated with DuraSite®* (polycarbophil, edetate disodium dihydrate and sodium chloride). Each mL of Besivance™ contains 6.63 mg besifloxacin hydrochloride equivalent to 6 mg besifloxacin base. It is an 8-chloro fluoroquinolone anti-infective for topical ophthalmic use.C19H21ClFN3O3•HClMol Wt 430.30Chemical Name: (+)-7-[(3R)-3-aminohexahydro-1H-azepin-1-yl]-8-chloro-1- cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride.Besifloxacin hydrochloride is a white to pale yellowish-white powder.Each mL Contains:Active: besifloxacin 0.6% (6 mg/mL);Preservative: benzalkonium chloride 0.01%Inactives: polycarbophil, mannitol, poloxamer 407, sodium chloride, edetate disodium dihydrate, sodium hydroxide and water for injection.Besivance™ is an isotonic suspension with an osmolality of approximately 290 mOsm/kg.12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY12.1 Mechanism of ActionBesifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial [see 12.4 Clinical Pharmacology, Microbiology].12.3 PharmacokineticsPlasma concentrations of besifloxacin were measured in adult patients with suspected bacterial conjunctivitis who received Besivance™ bilaterally three times a day (16 doses total). Following the first and last dose, the maximum plasma besifloxacinconcentration in each patient was less than 1.3 ng/mL. The mean besifloxacin C max was 0.37 ng/mL on day 1 and 0.43 ng/mL on day 6. The average elimination half-life of besifloxacin in plasma following multiple dosing was estimated to be 7 hours.12.4 MicrobiologyBesifloxacin is an 8-chloro fluoroquinolone with a N-1 cyclopropyl group. The compound has activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria due to the inhibition of both bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. DNA gyrase is an essential enzyme required for replication, transcription and repair of bacterial DNA. Topoisomerase IV is an essential enzyme required for partitioning of the chromosomal DNA during bacterial cell division. Besifloxacin is bactericidal with minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) generally within one dilution of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs).The mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones, including besifloxacin, is different from that of aminoglycoside, macrolide, and β-lactam antibiotics. Therefore, besifloxacin may be active against pathogens that are resistant to these antibiotics and these antibiotics may be active against pathogens that are resistant to besifloxacin. In vitro studies demonstrated crossresistance between besifloxacin and some fluoroquinolones.In vitro resistance to besifloxacin develops via multiple-step mutations and occurs at a general frequency of < 3.3 x 10-10 for Staphylococcus aureus and < 7 x 10-10 for Streptococcus pneumoniae.Besifloxacin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria both in vitro and in conjunctival infections treated in clinical trials as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section:CDC coryneform group GCorynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum*Corynebacterium striatum*Haemophilus influenzaeMoraxella lacunata*Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus epidermidisStaphylococcus hominis*Staphylococcus lugdunensis*Streptococcus mitis groupStreptococcus oralisStreptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus salivarius**Efficacy for this organism was studied in fewer than 10 infections.13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of FertilityLong-term studies in animals to determine the carcinogenic potential of besifloxacin have not been performed.No in vitro mutagenic activity of besifloxacin was observed in an Ames test (up to 3.33 mcg/plate) on bacterial tester strains Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA. However, it was mutagenic in S. typhimurium strain TA102 and E. coli strain WP2(pKM101). Positive responses in these strains have been observed with other quinolones and are likely related to topoisomerase inhibition.Besifloxacin induced chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells in vitro and it was positive in an in vivo mouse micronucleus assayat oral doses ≥ 1500 mg/kg. Besifloxacin did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in hepatocytes cultured from rats given thetest compound up to 2,000 mg/ kg by the oral route. In a fertility and early embryonic development study in rats, besifloxacindid not impair the fertility of male or female rats at oral doses of up to 500 mg/kg/day. This is over 10,000 times higher than the recommended total daily human ophthalmic dose.14 CLINICAL STUDIESIn a randomized, double-masked, vehicle controlled, multicenter clinical trial, in which patients 1-98 years of age were dosed 3 times a day for 5 days, Besivance™ was superior to its vehicle in patients with bacterial conjunctivitis. Clinical resolution was achieved in 45% (90/198) for the Besivance™ treated group versus 33% (63/191) for the vehicle treated group (difference 12%, 95% CI 3% - 22%). Microbiological outcomes demonstrated a statistically significant eradication rate for causative pathogens of 91% (181/198) for the Besivance™ treated group versus 60% (114/191) for the vehicle treated group (difference 31%, 95% CI 23% -40%). Microbiologic eradication does not always correlate with clinical outcome in anti-infective trials.16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLINGBesivance™ (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension) 0.6%, is supplied as a sterile ophthalmic suspension in a white low density polyethylene (LDPE) bottle with a controlled dropper tip and tan polypropylene cap. Tamper evidence is provided with a shrink band around the cap and neck area of the package.5 mL in 7.5 mL bottleNDC 24208-446-05Storage: Store at 15°- 25°C (59° - 77°F). Protect from Light.Invert closed bottle and shake once before use.Rx Only17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATIONPatients should be advised to avoid contaminating the applicator tip with material from the eye, fingers or other source.Although Besivance™ is not intended to be administered systemically, quinolones administered systemically have been associated with hypersensitivity reactions, even following a single dose. Patients should be advised to discontinue use immediately and contact their physician at the first sign of a rash or allergic reaction.Patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of the therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Besivance™ or other antibacterial drugs in the future.Patients should be advised not to wear contact lenses if they have signs or symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis or during the course of therapy with Besivance™.Patients should be advised to thoroughly wash hands prior to using Besivance™.Patients should be instructed to invert closed bottle (upside down) and shake once before each use. Remove cap with bottle still in the inverted position. Tilt head back, and with bottle inverted, gently squeeze bottle to instill one drop into the affected eye(s). MANUFACTURER INFORMATIONManufactured by: Bausch & Lomb IncorporatedTampa, Florida 33637©Bausch & Lomb IncorporatedU.S. Patent No. 6,685,958U.S. Patent No. 6,699,492U.S. Patent No. 5,447,926Besivance™ is a trademark of Bausch & Lomb Incorporated*DuraSite is a trademark of InSite Vision IncorporatedApril 20099142602 (flat)9142702 (folded)PACKAGE/LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANELNDC 24208-446-05Bausch & LombBesivancebesifloxacin ophthalmic suspension, 0.6%Rx onlySterileFOR OPHTHALMIC USE ONLY.5 mL。

Pabst Blue Ribbon#

Pabst Blue Ribbon—Born and Raised in MilwaukeeSince 1844, the ORIGINAL Pabst Blue ribbon Beer has used the choicest of nature's products to provide its prized flavor. The original smoothness goes down easy—without even a hint of bitter aftertaste.Pabst Blue Ribbon Light Beer is a smooth and refreshing lighter beer, with a full-bodied taste. Only the finest ingredients are used in our brewing process to assure absolute quality. We hope you enjoy the taste and drinkability of this fine light beer.First Name:tiejunLast Name:chenID Number:9827Card Issued:10/16/2003What'll you have? PBR Me ASAP!PBR is not just any beer - and so you'd expect our history to be just a bit unusual, and it is.Did you know that we started tying blue silk ribbons by hand on our bottles in 1882? (In 1916, Pabst stopped putting silk ribbons on bottle necks because of the silk shortage brought about by World War I.)Our beer was called "Select" but people always asked for that "Blue Ribbon" beer.We flipped this one to our marketing department and they added the words "Blue Ribbon" to the bottle label in 1895.In 1906, we first started to use caps on bottles of PBR instead of corks. This holds true today. So if you find a PBR with a cork in it - you really have to clean out your refrigerator.Pabst was the first brewery to put beer in cans way back in 1935. This was Blue Ribbon beer but it was called "Export" when sold in the can.Our first cans had a picture of a can opener on the side with instructions on how to open the can of beer, with the can opener. Some have suggested that we made things too easy for our consumers, but focus groups later proved we were right to include this handy visual aid.During World War II, Pabst Blue Ribbon beer cans were painted olive drab at the factory for military use. All of the canned beer was for the military. Pabst Blue Ribbon beer was not sold to civilians in cans during the war because of tin rationing.Today we sell PBR in cans to civilians. These cans do not have pictures of openers on them because you don't need an opener. They also have the name Pabst Blue Ribbon on them and some very neat graphics.“NINE IS INCREDIBLY FINE” FOR PABST BREWING COMPANYBrewer claims nine medals at the 2002 Great American Beer Festival®San Antonio, TX October 6, 2002 –The Pabst Brewing Company claimed nine medals, including three Gold, at the 2002 Great American Beer Festival, the largest national beer competition that recognizes the most outstanding beers being produced in the United States today. The top three winners in the competition’s 58 beer-style categories were announced on October 5 at the 21st Annual Great American Beer Festival Awards Ceremony held at the Colorado Convention Center in Denver, CO, U.S.A.“Winning more medals than any other brewery is an incredible tribute to the hard work, commitment and quality focus of our brewers,” states Brian Kovalchuk, CEO, Pabst Brewing Company. The Pabst Brewing Company was recognized with top honors in three categories; Lone Star Light won the Gold in American-Style Light Lager, Schlitz Malt Liquor in American Style Premium Lager and Schmidt’s Ice in the American-Style Specialty Lager category. Pabst brands dominated both the American-Style Light Lager and the American-Style Specialty Lager categories, winning the Gold, Silver and Bronze Medals.The 2002 Great American Beer Festival winners were selected by an international panel of brewing experts from an impressive field of 1,900 entries received from 400 domestic breweries. More than 1,400 brewer ies were invited to compete. “The Great American Beer Festival is the premier judging event for the American craft beer industry,” states Nancy Johnson, Festival Director. “Being chosen a winner, no matter if Gold, Silver or Bronze, is truly an accomplishm ent.”The Great American Beer Festival has been held every year since 1982 and is presented by the Association of Brewers, a not-for-profit educational and trade organization founded in 1978 that is dedicated to the promotion of quality beers and brewing throughout the world. The Association also hosts the bi-annual World Beer Cup®, and is based in Boulder, CO, U.S.A.The Pabst Brewing Company is the nation’s fourth largest brewer and is headquartered in San Antonio, TX.American-Style Light LagerGold:Lone Star LightSilver:Schaefer LightBronze:Rainier LightAmerican-Style LagerBronze:Old StyleAmerican-Style Premium LagerGold:Schlitz Malt LiquorAmerican-Style Specialty LagerGold:Schmidt’s IceSilver:Red BullBronze:St. Ides Malt LiquorNon-Alcoholic (Beer) Malt BeveragesSilver:Old Milwaukee NALONE STAR LIGHT SOARS WITH A GOLD MEDALTexas Knows Best at the 2002 Great American Beer Festival®San Antonio, TX * October 6, 2002 – Lone Star Light recently claimed a Gold Medal at the 2002 Great American Beer Festival, the largest national beer competition that recognizes the most outstanding beers being produced in the United States today. The top three winners in the competition’s 58 beer-style categories were announced on October 5th at the 21st Annual Great American Beer Festival Awards Ceremony held at the Colorado Convention Center in Denver, CO, U.S.A.Lone Star Light, brewed crisp and refreshing in the tradition of great Texas beers, was awarded the Gold Medal in the American Style Light L ager beer category. “We are very excited that Lone Star Light has been recognized as the best American Style Light Lager beer,” states Brian Kovalchuk, CEO, Pabst Brewing Company. “It confirms what Texans have known for years — that Lone Star Light is a tr uly great beer,” added Kovalchuk. Pabst Brewing Company, the parent of Lone Star Brewing Company, is the nation’s fourth largest brewer and is headquartered in San Antonio, Texas.The 2002 Great American Beer Festival winners were selected by an international panel of brewing experts from an impressive field of 1,900 entries received from 400 domestic breweries. More than 1,400 breweries were invited to compete. “The Great American Beer Festival is the premier judging event for the American craft beer indu stry,” states Nancy Johnson, Festival Director. “Being chosen a winner, no matter if Gold, Silver or Bronze, is truly an accomplishment.”The Great American Beer Festival has been held every year since 1982 and is presented by the Association of Brewers, a not-for-profit educational and trade organization founded in 1978 that is dedicated to the promotion of quality beers and brewing throughout the world. The Association also hosts the bi-annual World Beer Cup®, and is based in Boulder, CO, U.S.A.。

碧安娜(翻译版)

碧安娜葡萄结合典型的结构、适中的酒体和独特的和谐，平衡，优雅。

浓郁的宝石红色，香气成熟、丰富、复杂，充满樱桃和黑醋栗的成熟芳香，淡淡的烟草味和咖啡和可可粉的味道。

口感浓郁，具有坚实、优雅的单宁，余味悠长。

This is a Brunello that combines typical structure and considerable body with unusual harmony, balance, elegance. Rich ruby garnet red color. A mature, generous, complex nose with ripe aromas of cherries and raspberries, light tobacco notes and pleasant hints of coffee and cocoa powder. The palate is especially mouth filling and generous with confident, elegant tannins and a long, lingering finishBrunello.ORIGIN（原产地/等级）Brunello di Montalcino DOCGVINTAGE（葡萄年份）2005GRAPES（葡萄品种）100% Sangiovese （100%桑娇维赛）CLIMATE VINTAGE（当年气候）多雨的秋冬季节以及相当低的平均气温使得葡萄的生长时间与往年相比有了些许的延迟。

但春季良好的气象条件弥补了今年的延后，于此同时还为酒质的提升起到了很大的帮助。

六、七月与往年相比也显得有些许的凉爽，而且降水也极为有规律。

在丰收季节的时候葡萄非常健康，成熟的恰到好处并展现出了其惊人的潜力。

收获季从9月15日开始到10月9日。

The rainy autumn and a winter with rather low average temperatures caused a slight delay in vegetative regrowth when compared to the averages of previous years. But the good meteorological conditions during the spring helped to compensate for this delay, greatly aiding the development of the vines. June, July, and August turned out to be "cool", characterized by average temperatures which were not excessive and rain at fairly regular intervals during the summer months. At harvest time the grapes were healthy, perfectly ripe, and showed great potential. Harvesting began September 15th and ended October 9th.VINIFICATION（酿造）葡萄采摘分为两个阶段：第一次采摘在7月的中旬（称为“绿色采摘”），而第二次采摘则在丰收季来临之前，这样的安排使得只有最好的葡萄才能被带到酒窖进行酿造。

我最喜欢的诗人李商隐英语作文

我最喜欢的诗人李商隐英语作文Li Shangyin is one of the most renowned and influential poets in the history of Chinese literature. Born in the Tang Dynasty during the 9th century, his poems are known for their profound and intricate imagery, complex emotions, and enigmatic style. Despite the relatively short lifespan of only 47 years, Li Shangyin left behind an impressive body of poetic works that continue to captivate readers and scholars alike centuries later.One of the primary reasons I am so drawn to Li Shangyin's poetry is the remarkable depth and nuance of his language. His verses are not merely descriptions of external scenery or superficial sentiments, but rather intricate tapestries woven with layers of metaphorical meaning and psychological complexity. Take for instance his poem "Untitled," which is considered one of his most celebrated and enigmatic works:"Gauze stockings and brocade shoesFadeless autumn in the heartPetals drift, the moon is fullAnd no word from you"On the surface, these four lines depict a melancholic scene of a woman awaiting a lover who has not returned. The vivid imagery of the gauze stockings, brocade shoes, and drifting petals evoke a sense of refined elegance and autumnal melancholy. However, the true power of the poem lies in its ability to convey the unspoken emotions and inner turmoil of the speaker. The "fadeless autumn in the heart" suggests a deep, lingering sadness that transcends the changing of the seasons, while the final line "And no word from you" hints at a profound sense of longing and unanswered questions.This masterful blending of the concrete and the abstract, the visible and the invisible, is a hallmark of Li Shangyin's poetic style. His poems often eschew direct expression in favor of oblique allusions and symbolic language, challenging the reader to delve beneath the surface and uncover the multifaceted layers of meaning. This approach requires a level of intellectual engagement and interpretive skill that sets Li Shangyin's work apart from many of his contemporaries.Another aspect of Li Shangyin's poetry that I find deeply captivating is his ability to capture the nuances of human emotion and the complexities of the human experience. His poems often explore themes of love, loss, desire, and the ephemeral nature of existence, but he does so in a way that avoids simplistic sentimentality ormoralizing. Instead, his verses are imbued with a profound sense of ambiguity and psychological depth, reflecting the inherent contradictions and uncertainties that are fundamental to the human condition.Take, for example, his poem "Untitled," which delves into the paradoxical nature of love and the ways in which it can both liberate and entrap the soul:"The caged bird sings for freedomYet the wild goose envies its songHow can I know the joys of loveWhen I am bound by golden chains?"In these lines, Li Shangyin masterfully juxtaposes the yearning for liberty with the comforts of captivity, highlighting the tension between the desire for autonomy and the allure of security and stability that often characterizes romantic relationships. The use of vivid avian imagery, with the caged bird and the wild goose, serves to amplify the sense of confinement and longing that permeates the poem.Moreover, Li Shangyin's poetry is marked by a profound sense of melancholy and existential questioning that reflects the tumultuous political and social climate of the Tang Dynasty. Many of his poemsgrapple with themes of impermanence, the fleeting nature of human endeavors, and the ultimately futile struggle against the ravages of time. This melancholic sensibility is perhaps best encapsulated in his famous line "All things must pass, even the moon and the sun," which has become a touchstone of Chinese literary tradition.Yet, despite the pervasive sense of sadness and loss that pervades much of Li Shangyin's work, there is also a profound beauty and elegance to his language that transcends the mere expression of emotion. His poems are characterized by a masterful command of imagery, rhythm, and metaphor, elevating his verse to the realm of art and imbuing it with a timeless, universal quality.Take, for instance, his poem "Untitled," which employs a stunning array of sensory imagery to evoke the fleeting nature of human existence:"Fragrant grasses, glimmering dewA willow branch, a swallow's songAll fade away, like dreams at dawnHow long can mortal joys endure?"The vivid descriptions of the fragrant grasses, glimmering dew, and the swallow's song create a palpable sense of the natural world, while the final lines poignantly remind the reader of the ephemeralnature of human experience. The use of the willow branch as a metaphor for the transience of life is particularly striking, evoking a sense of graceful decay and the inevitability of change.Throughout his oeuvre, Li Shangyin's poetry is marked by a profound engagement with the human experience in all its complexity and contradictions. His verses explore the depths of love and loss, the fragility of existence, and the eternal struggle to find meaning in a world that is constantly in flux. Yet, despite the melancholic undertones that often pervade his work, there is also a profound beauty and elegance to his language that transcends the mere expression of emotion, elevating his poetry to the realm of timeless art.It is this rare combination of intellectual depth, emotional resonance, and artistic mastery that makes Li Shangyin one of the most revered and influential poets in the Chinese literary canon. His work continues to captivate and inspire readers and scholars alike, offering a profound and nuanced exploration of the human condition that remains as relevant and compelling today as it was centuries ago.。

贝利司他说明书

HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATIONThese highlights do not include all the information needed to use BELEODAQ safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for BELEODAQ.BELEODAQ® (belinostat) for injection, for intravenous administration Initial U.S. Approval: 2014-------------------------INDICATIONS AND USAGE------------------------------Beleodaq is a histone deacetylase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on tumor response rate and duration of response. An improvement in survival or disease-related symptoms has not been established. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in the confirmatory trial. (1)---------------------DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION-------------------------• Recommended dosage of Beleodaq is 1,000 mg/m2 administered over 30 minutes by intravenous infusion once daily on days 1-5 of a 21-day cycle. Cycles can be repeated until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.(2.1)• Treatment discontinuation or interruption with or without dosage reductions by 25% may be needed to manage adverse reactions (2.2)--------------------DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS-----------------------For injection: 500 mg, lyophilized powder in single-use vial for reconstitution (3)---------------------------CONTRAINDICATIONS----------------------------------None. (4) ---------------------WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS--------------------------• Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia (neutropenia and lymphopenia), and anemia: Monitor blood counts and modify dosage for hematologictoxicities. (2.2, 5.1)• Infection: Serious and fatal infections (e.g., pneumonia and sepsis) (5.2) • Hepatotoxicity: Beleodaq may cause hepatic toxicity and liver function test abnormalities. Monitor liver function tests and omit or modify dosage for hepatic toxicities. (2.2, 5.3)• Tumor lysis syndrome: Monitor patients with advanced stage diseaseand/or high tumor burden and take appropriate precautions (5.4)• Embryo-fetal toxicity: Beleodaq may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Advise women of potential harm to the fetus and to avoid pregnancy while receiving Beleodaq (5.6)---------------------------ADVERSE REACTIONS----------------------------------The most common adverse reactions (>25%) are nausea, fatigue, pyrexia, anemia, and vomiting. (6)To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at 1-888-292-9617 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or /medwatch---------------------USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS--------------------------Nursing Mothers: Women should be advised against breastfeeding while being treated with Beleodaq. (8.3)See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and FDA-Approved Patient Labeling.Revised: 07/2014FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION2.1 Dosing Information2.2 Dosage Modification for Hematologic and Non-HematologicToxicities2.4 Preparation and Administration Precautions2.5 Reconstitution and Infusion Instructions3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS4 CONTRAINDICATIONS5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS5.1 Hematologic Toxicity5.2 Infections5.3 Hepatotoxicity5.4 Tumor Lysis Syndrome5.5 Gastrointestinal Toxicity5.6 Embryo-fetal Toxicity6 ADVERSE REACTIONS6.1 Clinical Trials Experience7 DRUG INTERACTIONS7.1 UGT1A1 Inhibitors7.2 Warfarin8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS8.1 Pregnancy8.3 Nursing Mothers8.4 Pediatric Use8.5 Geriatric Use8.6 Use in Patients with Hepatic Impairment8.7 Use in Patients with Renal Impairment10 OVERDOSAGE11 DESCRIPTION12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY12.1 Mechanism of Action12.2 Pharmacodynamics12.3 Pharmacokinetics12.5 Pharmacogenomics13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility14 CLINICAL STUDIES15 REFERENCES16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING16.1 How Supplied16.2 Storage and Handling17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATON*Sections or subsections omitted from the full prescribing information are not listedFULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION1 INDICATIONS AND USAGEBeleodaq is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on tumor response rate and duration of response [see Clinical Studies (14)]. An improvement in survival or disease-related symptoms has not been established. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in the confirmatory trial.2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION2.1 Dosing InformationThe recommended dosage of Beleodaq is 1,000 mg/m2 administered over 30 minutes by intravenous infusion once daily on Days 1-5 of a 21-day cycle. Cycles can be repeated every 21 days until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.2.2 Dosage Modification for Hematologic and Non-Hematologic ToxicitiesTable 1 displays the recommended Beleodaq dosage modifications for hematologic and non-hematologic toxicities. Base dosage adjustments for thrombocytopenia and neutropenia on platelet and absolute neutrophil nadir (lowest value) counts in the preceding cycle of therapy.• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) should be greater than or equal to 1.0 x 109/L and the platelet count should be greater than or equal to 50 x 109/L prior to the start of each cycle and prior to resumingtreatment following toxicity. Resume subsequent treatment with Beleodaq according to the guidelines described in Table 1 below. Discontinue Beleodaq in patients who have recurrent ANC nadirs less than0.5 x 109/L and/or recurrent platelet count nadirs less than 25 x 109/L after two dosage reductions.• Other toxicities must be NCI-CTCAE Grade 2 or less prior to re-treatment.Monitor complete blood counts at baseline and weekly. Perform serum chemistry tests, including renal and hepatic functions prior to the start of the first dose of each cycle.Table 1: Dosage Modifications for Hematologic and Non-Hematologic Toxicities2.3 Patients with Reduced UGT1A1 ActivityReduce the starting dose of Beleodaq to 750 mg/m2 in patients known to be homozygous for the UGT1A1*28 allele [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.5)].2.4 Preparation and Administration PrecautionsAs with other potentially cytotoxic anticancer agents, exercise care in the handling and preparation of solutions prepared with Beleodaq.2.5 Reconstitution and Infusion Instructionsa) Aseptically reconstitute each vial of Beleodaq by adding 9 mL of Sterile Water for injection, USP, intothe Beleodaq vial with a suitable syringe to achieve a concentration of 50 mg of belinostat per mL. Swirl the contents of the vial until there are no visible particles in the resulting solution. The reconstitutedproduct may be stored for up to 12 hours at ambient temperature (15-25°C; 59-77°F).b) Aseptically withdraw the volume needed for the required dosage (based on the 50 mg/mL concentrationand the patient’s BSA [m2]) and transfer to an infusion bag containing 250 mL of 0.9 % SodiumChloride injection. The infusion bag with drug solution may be stored at ambient room temperature (15-25°C; 59-77°F) for up to 36 hours including infusion time.c) Visually inspect the solution for particulate matter. Do not use if cloudiness or particulates are observed.d) Connect the infusion bag containing drug solution to an infusion set with a 0.22 µm in-line filter foradministration.e) Infuse intravenously over 30 minutes. If infusion site pain or other symptoms potentially attributable tothe infusion occur, the infusion time may be extended to 45 minutes.3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHSFor injection: 500 mg, lyophilized powder in single-use vial for reconstitution4 CONTRAINDICATIONSNone5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS5.1 Hematologic ToxicityBeleodaq can cause thrombocytopenia, leukopenia (neutropenia and lymphopenia), and/or anemia; monitor blood counts weekly during treatment, and modify dosage as necessary [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].5.2 InfectionsSerious and sometimes fatal infections, including pneumonia and sepsis, have occurred with Beleodaq. Do not administer Beleodaq to patients with an active infection. Patients with a history of extensive or intensive chemotherapy may be at higher risk of life threatening infections [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].5.3 HepatotoxicityBeleodaq can cause fatal hepatotoxicity and liver function test abnormalities [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Monitor liver function tests before treatment and before the start of each cycle. Interrupt or adjust dosage until recovery, or permanently discontinue Beleodaq based on the severity of the hepatic toxicity [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].5.4 Tumor Lysis SyndromeTumor lysis syndrome has occurred in Beleodaq-treated patients in the clinical trial of patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL [see Clinical Studies (14)]. Monitor patients with advanced stage disease and/or high tumor burden and take appropriate precautions [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].5.5 Gastrointestinal ToxicityNausea, vomiting and diarrhea occur with Beleodaq [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] and may require the use of antiemetic and antidiarrheal medications.5.6 Embryo-fetal ToxicityBeleodaq can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Beleodaq may cause teratogenicity and/or embryo-fetal lethality because it is genotoxic and targets actively dividing cells [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)]. Women of childbearing potential should be advised to avoid pregnancy while receiving Beleodaq. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of potential hazard to the fetus [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].6 ADVERSE REACTIONSThe following serious adverse reactions are described in more detail in other sections of the prescribing information.•Hematologic Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]•Infection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]•Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]•Tumor Lysis Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]•Gastrointestinal Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]The most common adverse reactions observed in the trial of patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL treated with Beleodaq were nausea, fatigue, pyrexia, anemia, and vomiting [see Clinical Studies (14)].6.1 Clinical Trials ExperienceBecause clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of Beleodaq may not reflect the rates observed in practice.Adverse Reactions in Patients with Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomaclinical trial in which patients were administered Beleodaq at a dosage of 1,000 mg/m2 administered over 30 minutes by IV infusion once daily on Days 1-5 of a 21-day cycle [see Clinical Studies (14)]. The median duration of treatment was 2 cycles (range 1 – 33 cycles).Table 2 summarizes the adverse reactions regardless of causality from the trial in patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL.Table 2: Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 10% of Patients by Preferred Term and Severity in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory PTCL (NCI-CTC Grade 1-4)category; MedDRA = Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities; Severity measured by National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) version 3.0Serious Adverse Reactionstheir last dose of Beleodaq . The most common serious adverse reactions (> 2%) were pneumonia, pyrexia, infection, anemia, increased creatinine, thrombocytopenia, and multi-organ failure. One treatment-related death associated with hepatic failure was reported in the trial.One patient with baseline hyperuricemia and bulky disease experienced Grade 4 tumor lysis syndrome during the first cycle of treatment and died due to multi-organ failure. A treatment-related death from ventricularfibrillation was reported in another monotherapy clinical trial with Beleodaq. ECG analysis did not identify QTc prolongation.Discontinuations due to Adverse ReactionsTwenty-five patients (19.4%) discontinued treatment with Beleodaq due to adverse reactions. The adverse reactions reported most frequently as the reason for discontinuation of treatment included anemia, febrile neutropenia, fatigue, and multi-organ failure.Dosage Modifications due to Adverse Reactions7 DRUG INTERACTIONS7.1 UGT1A1 InhibitorsBelinostat is primarily metabolized by UGT1A1. Avoid concomitant administration of Beleodaq with strong inhibitors of UGT1A1 [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].7.2 WarfarinCo-administration of Beleodaq and warfarin resulted in no clinically relevant increase in plasma exposure of either R-warfarin or S-warfarin that would require a dose adjustment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS8.1 PregnancyPregnancy Category D [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].Risk SummaryBeleodaq may cause teratogenicity and/or embryo-fetal lethality because it is a genotoxic drug and targets actively dividing cells [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)]. Women should avoid pregnancy while receiving Beleodaq. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of potential hazard to the fetus.Animal DataNo reproductive and developmental animal toxicology studies have been conducted with belinostat.8.3 Nursing MothersIt is not known whether belinostat is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Beleodaq, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.8.4 Pediatric UsePediatric patients were not included in clinical trials. The safety and effectiveness of Beleodaq in pediatric patients have not been established.8.5 Geriatric UseIn the single-arm trial, 48% of patients (n = 62) were ≥ 65 years of age and 10% of patients (n=13) were ≥ 75 years of age [see Clinical Studies (14)]. The median age of the trial population was 63 years. Patients ≥ 65 years of age had a higher response rate to Beleodaq treatment than patients < 65 years of age (36% versus 16%) while no meaningful differences in response rate were observed between patients ≥ 75 years of age and those < 75 years of age. No clinically meaningful differences in serious adverse reactions were observed in patients based on age (< 65 years compared with ≥ 65 years or < 75 years of age compared with ≥ 75 years of age).8.6 Use in Patients with Hepatic ImpairmentBelinostat is metabolized in the liver and hepatic impairment is expected to increase exposure to belinostat. Patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment (total bilirubin >1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN)) were excluded from clinical trials.There is insufficient data to recommend a dose of Beleodaq in patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].8.7 Use in Patients with Renal ImpairmentApproximately 40% of the belinostat dose is excreted renally, primarily as metabolites. Belinostat exposure is not altered in patients with Creatinine Clearance (CLcr) > 39 mL/min. There is insufficient data to recommend a dose of Beleodaq in patients with CLcr ≤ 39 mL/min. [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]].10 OVERDOSAGENo specific information is available on the treatment of overdosage of Beleodaq. There is no antidote for Beleodaq and it is not known if Beleodaq is dialyzable. If an overdose occurs, general supportive measures should be instituted as deemed necessary by the treating physician. The elimination half-life of belinostat is 1.1 hours [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].11 DESCRIPTIONBeleodaq is a histone deacetylase inhibitor with a sulfonamide-hydroxamide structure. The chemical name of belinostat is (2E)-N-hydroxy-3-[3-(phenylsulfamoyl)phenyl]prop-2-enamide. The structural formula is as follows:HNSHNOH OOThe molecular formula is C15 H14 N2O4S and the molecular weight is 318.35 g/mol.Belinostat is a white to off-white powder. It is slightly soluble in distilled water (0.14 mg/mL) and polyethylene glycol 400 (about 1.5 mg/mL), and is freely soluble in ethanol (> 200 mg/mL). The pKa values are 7.87 and 8.71 by potentiometry and 7.86 and 8.59 by UV.Beleodaq (belinostat) for injection is supplied as a sterile lyophilized yellow powder containing 500 mg belinostat as the active ingredient. Each vial also contains 1000 mg L-Arginine, USP as an inactive ingredient. The drug product is supplied in a single-use 30 mL clear glass vial with a coated stopper and aluminum crimp seal with “flip-off” cap. Beleodaq is intended for intravenous administration after reconstitution with 9 mL Sterile Water for injection, and the reconstituted solution is further diluted with 250 mL of sterile 0.9% Sodium Chloride injection prior to infusion [see Dosage and Administration (2)].12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY12.1 Mechanism of ActionBeleodaq is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. HDACs catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from the lysine residues of histones and some non-histone proteins. In vitro, belinostat caused the accumulation of acetylated histones and other proteins, inducing cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis of some transformed cells. Belinostat shows preferential cytotoxicity towards tumor cells compared to normal cells. Belinostat inhibited the enzymatic activity of histone deacetylases at nanomolar concentrations (<250 nM).12.2 PharmacodynamicsCardiac Electrophysiologyanalyzed by a central laboratory. Analysis of clinical ECG and belinostat plasma concentration data demonstrated no meaningful effect of Beleodaq on cardiac repolarization. None of the trials showed any clinically relevant changes caused by Beleodaq on heart rate, PR duration or QRS duration as measures of autonomic state, atrio-ventricular conduction or depolarization; there were no cases of Torsades de Pointes.12.3 PharmacokineticsThe pharmacokinetic characteristics of belinostat were analyzed from pooled data from phase 1/2 clinical studies that used doses of belinostat ranging from 150 to 1200 mg/m2. The total mean plasma clearance and elimination half-life were 1240 mL/min and 1.1 hours, respectively. The total clearance approximates average hepatic blood flow (1500 mL/min), suggesting high hepatic extraction (clearance being flow dependent). DistributionThe mean belinostat volume of distribution approaches total body water, indicating that belinostat has limited body tissue distribution. In vitro plasma studies have shown that between 92.9% and 95.8% of belinostat is bound to protein in an equilibrium dialysis assay, and was independent of belinostat plasma concentrations from 500 to 25,000 ng/mL.MetabolismBelinostat is primarily metabolized by hepatic UGT1A1. Strong UGT1A1 inhibitors are expected to increase exposure to belinostat. Belinostat also undergoes hepatic metabolism by CYP2A6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 enzymes to form belinostat amide and belinostat acid. The enzymes responsible for the formation of methyl belinostat and 3-(anilinosulfonyl)-benzenecarboxylic acid, ( 3-ASBA) are not known.ExcretionBelinostat is eliminated predominantly through metabolism with less than 2% of the dose recovered unchanged in urine. All major human metabolites (methyl belinostat, belinostat amide, belinostat acid, belinostat glucuronide, and 3-ASBA) are generally excreted in urine within the first 24 hours after dose administration. Metabolites 3-ASBA and belinostat glucuronide represented the highest fractions of the belinostat dose excreted in urine (4.61% and 30.5%, respectively).Drug-Drug Interactionsmethyl belinostat) inhibited metabolic activities of CYP2C8 and CYP2C9. Other metabolites (3-ASBA and belinostat acid) inhibited CYP2C8.In cancer patients, co-administration of Beleodaq (1,000 mg/m2) and warfarin (5 mg), a known CYP2C9 substrate, did not increase the AUC or Cmax of either R-or S-warfarin.Belinostat is likely a glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate but is unlikely to inhibit P-gp.12.5 PharmacogenomicsUGT1A1 activity is reduced in individuals with genetic polymorphisms that lead to reduced enzyme activity such as the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism. Approximately 20% of the black population, 10% of the white population, and 2% of the Asian population are homozygous for the UGT1A1*28 allele. Additional reduced function alleles may be more prevalent in specific populations.Because belinostat is primarily (80 -90%) metabolized by UGT1A1, the clearance of belinostat could be decreased in patients with reduced UGT1A1 activity (e.g., patients with UGT1A1*28 allele). Reduce thestarting dose of Beleodaq to 750 mg/m2 in patients known to be homozygous for the UGT1A1*28 allele to minimize dose limiting toxicities.13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of FertilityCarcinogenicity studies have not been performed with belinostat.Belinostat was genotoxic in a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames assay), an in vitro mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis assay, and an in vivo rat micronucleus assay.Beleodaq may impair male fertility. Fertility studies using belinostat were not conducted. However, belinostat effects on male reproductive organs observed during the 24-week repeat-dose dog toxicology study included reduced organ weights of the testes/epididymides that correlated with a delay in testicular maturation.14 CLINICAL STUDIESRelapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL)relapsed or refractory PTCL were treated with Beleodaq 1,000 mg/m2 administered over 30 minutes via IV infusion once daily on Days 1-5 of a 21-day cycle. There were 120 patients who had histologically confirmed PTCL by central review evaluable for efficacy. Patients were treated with repeat cycles every three weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.The primary efficacy endpoint was response rate (complete response and partial response) as assessed by an independent review committee (IRC) using the International Workshop Criteria (IWC) (Cheson 2007). The key secondary efficacy endpoint was duration of response. Response assessments were evaluated every 6 weeks for the first 12 months and then every 12 weeks until 2 years from the start of study treatment. Duration of response was measured from the first day of documented response to disease progression or death. Response and progression of disease were evaluated by the IRC using the IWC.Table 3 summarizes the baseline demographic and disease characteristics of the study population, who were evaluable for efficacy.Table 3: Baseline Patient Characteristics (PTCL Population)In all evaluable patients (N = 120) treated with Beleodaq, the overall response rate per central review using IWC was 25.8% (n = 31) (Table 4) with rates of 23.4% for PTCL, NOS and 45.5% for AITL, the two largestsubtypes enrolled.Table 4: Response Analysis per Central Assessment Using IWC in Patients with Relapsed or RefractoryPTCLThe median duration of response based on the first date of response to disease progression or death was 8.4 months (95% CI: 4.5 – 29.4). Of the responders, the median time to response was 5.6 weeks (range 4.3 -50.4weeks). Nine patients (7.5%) were able to proceed to a stem cell transplant after treatment with Beleodaq. 15 REFERENCES 1 OSHA Hazardous Drugs. OSHA . [Accessed on 14 May 2014, from /SLTC/hazardousdrugs/index.html ].16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING16.1 How SuppliedBeleodaq (belinostat) for injection is supplied in single vial cartons; each 30 mL clear vial contains sterile, lyophilized powder equivalent to 500 mg belinostat.NDC 68152-108-09: Individual carton of Beleodaq 30 mL single-use vial containing 500 mg belinostat.16.2 Storage and HandlingStore Beleodaq (belinostat) for injection at room temperature 20°C to 25°C (68°C to 77°F). Excursions are permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F). Retain in original package until use. [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Beleodaq is a cytotoxic drug. Follow special handling and disposal procedures [see References (15)1].17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATONPhysicians should discuss the FDA approved Patient Information Leaflet with patients prior to treatment with Beleodaq. Instruct patients to read the Patient Information Leaflet carefully.Advise the patient or the caregiver to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information).Advise patients or their caregivers:• To report symptoms of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea so that appropriate antiemetic and antidiarrheal medications can be administered [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].• To report any symptoms of thrombocytopenia, leukopenia (neutropenia and lymphopenia), and anemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].• To immediately report symptoms of infection (e.g., pyrexia) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].• Of the potential risk to the fetus and for women to avoid pregnancy while receiving Beleodaq [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].• To understand the importance of monitoring liver function test abnormalities and to immediately report potential symptoms of liver injury [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Warnings and Precautions(5.3)].Manufactured for:Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Irvine, CA 92618Beleodaq is a registered trademark of Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. All rights are reserved.U.S. Patent: 6,888,027PATIENT INFORMATIONBELEODAQ® (Bē-lēo-dak)(belinostat) for injection, for intravenous useRead this Patient Information before you receive treatment with Beleodaq and each time you receive Beleodaq. There may be new information. This leaflet does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment.What is Beleodaq?Beleodaq is a prescription medicine used to treat people with a type of cancer called peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL) that comes back or does not respond to cancer treatment.It is not known if Beleodaq is safe and effective in children.What should I tell my doctor before receiving Beleodaq?Before receiving Beleodaq, tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions, including if you:•have an infection•have had chemotherapy treatment•have liver or kidney problems•have nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea•are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Beleodaq can harm your unborn baby. You should not become pregnant while receiving Beleodaq. Tell your doctor right away if you become pregnant while receiving Beleodaq.•are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if Beleodaq passes into your breast milk. You and your doctor should decide if you will receive Beleodaq or breastfeed. You should not do both.Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbals supplements.How will I receive Beleodaq?•Beleodaq will be given to you by intravenous (IV) injection into your vein, usually over 30 minutes. •Beleodaq is given one time a day on Days 1 through 5 of a 21-day cycle of treatment.•You should have regular blood tests before and during your treatment with Beleodaq.•Your doctor may change your dose of Beleodaq, change when you receive your treatment, or stop treatment if you have certain side effects while receiving Beleodaq.What are the possible side effects of Beleodaq?Beleodaq may cause serious side effects, including:•Low blood cell counts. Your doctor will do blood tests to check your blood counts during your treatment with Beleodaq.οLow platelet counts can cause unusual bleeding or bruising under your skin.οLow red blood cell counts may make you feel weak, tired, or you get tired easily, you look pale, or you feel short of breath.οLow white blood cell counts can cause you to get infections, which may be serious.•Serious infections. People receiving Beleodaq may develop serious infections that can sometimes lead to death. You may have a greater risk of life-threatening infections if you have hadchemotherapy in the past. Tell your doctor right away if you have any of the following signs orsymptoms of an infection: fever, flu-like symptoms, cough, shortness of breath, burning with urination muscle aches, or worsening skin problems.•Liver problems. Beleodaq may cause liver problems which can lead to death. Your doctor will do blood tests during your treatment with Beleodaq to check for liver problems. Tell your doctor right away if you have any of the following signs or symptoms of liver problems: yellowing of the skin or the white part of your eyes (jaundice), dark urine, itching, or pain in the right upper stomach area. •Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS). TLS is caused by a fast breakdown of cancer cells. Your doctor will check you for TLS during treatment with Beleodaq.•Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common with Beleodaq and can sometimes be serious. Tell your doctor if you develop nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. Your doctor may prescribe medicines to help prevent or treat these side effects.Common side effects of Beleodaq include fatigue, fever, and low red blood cell count.。

班布特罗

班布特罗
介绍
目录
01 基本信息
02 相关药品说明书信息
班布特罗是由Astra公司开发，1987年上市。为亲脂性的叔丁舒喘宁的前体药物，可延长母体药物作用的时间。有较强的支气管扩张作用。用于阻塞性呼吸道疾病，如支气管性气喘、慢性支气管炎震颤和心脏副作用。基本信息来自物化性质分子结构数据
计算化学数据用途
外观与性状：灰白色粉末密度：1.154 g/cm3 沸点：500.9ºC at 760 mmHg 闪点： 2 5 6 . 7 ºC
1、摩尔折射率：98.82 2、摩尔体积（cm3/mol）：318.1 3、等张比容（90.2K）：815.4 4、表面张力（dyne/cm）：43.1 5、极化率（10-24cm3）：39.17
用于支气管哮喘，哮喘样支气管炎及其他慢性可逆性气道阻塞性疾病。
1.对特布他林及本药过敏者；2.甲状腺功能亢进者；3.自发性肥大性主动脉瓣下狭窄患者；4.高血压患者； 5.糖尿病患者；6.快速性心律失常患者。
妊娠头3个月及产妇；2.老年患者；3.肝肾功能不全；4.心肌梗死发生不久患者慎用。5.其他注意事项同特布他林。
口服吸收时，二甲基氨基甲酸酯基团可保护特布他林结构中激动β2受体必需基团免遭首过消除效应破坏。进入血液后，本品经血浆中假性胆碱酯酶水解，并在肝脏等细胞内细胞色素P450酶系催化下氧化，生成特布他林而发挥作用。由于1.本品及其中间代谢物单氨基甲酸酯均能可逆性抑制血浆假性胆碱酯酶活性，从而使本品在体内缓慢水解释放出活性成分，形成所谓的“内储备效应”；2.本品对肺组织有较高亲和性，分布浓度高，而心肌、骨骼肌中浓度则较低。故本品较特布他林起效慢，但有更稳定持久和更高的肺部β2受体选择性激动作用。口服一次可维持24h以上疗效。

法语综合教程4第六课答案

Leçon 6 C ompréhension du texteI. Vrai ou faux ?1.Le Chien a été créé le premier par le Bon Dieu.F2.Dieu croit que le Chien est sa meilleure créature, son chef-d’œuvre.V3.Le Chien aime bien dormir sur le paillasson devant la porte.V4.Dieu dit au C hien d’aller vivre sur terre pour faire des multiplications.F5.Le Bon Dieu dit qu’il a d’autres chats à fouetter parce que les chats ne luiobéissent pas.F6.Le C hien n’aime pas vivre seul, il préfère avoir un maître dans le genre de soncréateur.VII. Relisez le texte en entier et répondez :1.Quel sentiment le Chien témoigne-t-il dès l’abord à son créateur? Quels autrestraits de son caractère apparaissent dans la suite?2.Pourquoi le programme de Dieu ne suffit-il pas au Chien?3.Pourquoi Dieu considère-t-il le Chien comme son chef-d’œuvre?4.Le Chien que Dieu a créé avant l’Homme vous plaît-il? Pourquoi?5.En quoi consiste la demande du Chien?6.Le Bon Dieu l’a-t-il acceptée du premier coup? Sinon, pour quelles raisons?7.Pensez-vous, comme Marie Noël, que l’homme soit raté?III. Activités :✧Dans la dernière phrase du texte : « ... le Chien est joliment content», croyez-vousqu’il le soit toujours? Faites-le parler.✧À l’aube du sixième jour, le chat s’adresse à Dieu. Imaginez ses requêtes entenant compte du caractère de cet animal.BC ompréhension du texteI. Trouvez, dans le texte, l’antonyme des mots suivants :amitié≠inimitiéautoriser / permettre ≠défendrehabillé≠numari ≠femmedifférent ≠semblablesuperficiel, léger ≠profondse montrer ≠se cacherse réveiller ≠s’endormirII. Trouvez, dans le texte, le mot qui correspond à sa définition, et mentionnez la nature du mot trouvé:1.enfanter : Donner naissance à un enfant.2.bétail : Ensemble des animaux élevés à la ferme.3.maudire : Souhaiter du mal à une personne.4.ceinture : Bande de tissu ou de cuir dont on s’entoure la taille.5.sueur : Liquide salé de la transpiration.6.éternellement : Toujours, continuellement.7.précieux : Qui a une grande valeur.8.jardin: Terrain où l’on cultive des légumes, des arbres, des fleurs.9.rusé: Qui fait preuve d’habileté pour tromper.10.coudre : Joindre au moyen d’un fil passé dans une aiguille.III. Activités :✧Réécrivez l’histoire de la Genèse en réduisant au quart (180 mots environ)✧Donnez une version différente de la création du monde.GrammaireE xercices de grammaireI. Transformez les phrases suivantes selon l’exemple :Exemple :Comme il pleut, nous ne sortirons pas. ( à cause de )→À cause de la pluie, nous ne sortirons pas.1.Nous avons raté le début du film à cause de ton retard. (parce que)2.Faute d’argent, je ne peux pas m’offrir le restaurant. (étant donné que)3.Il a réussi parc e qu’il a beaucoup travaillé. (à force de)4.Je n’ai rien di t parce que je suis poli. (par) situation est grave, nous devons prendre des mesures immédiates. (vu)6.Ce n’est que parce qu’il me l’a expliqué que j’ai compri s ce texte difficile. (grâceà)7.Étant donné notre parenté, il n’y a rien d’étonna nt àce que je lui ressemble.(puisque)me il n’y avait plus de poires, j’a i acheté des pommes. (faute de)9.Il tr emble parce qu’il a froid. (de)10.Il a été félicité pour ses bons résultats. (parce que)1.Nous avons raté le début du film parce que tu étais en retard.2.Étant donné que je manque d’argent, je ne peux pas m’offrir le resta urant.3.À force de travail / travailler, il a réussi.4.Je n’ai rien dit par politesse.5.Vu la gravité de la situation, nous devons prendre des mesures immédiates.6.Grâce à son explication, j’ai compris ce texte difficile.7.Puisque nous sommes parents, il n’y a rien d’étonnant à ce que je lui ressemble.8.Faute de poires, j’ai acheté des pommes.9.Il tremble de froid.10.Il a été félicité parce qu’il a vait eu de bons résultats.II. Trouvez les participes présents de ce texte et dites s’ils expriment la cause :Monsieur,Sachant que vous êtes à la recherche d’un informaticien, je me permets de vous proposer mes services. Étant spécialisé en informatique, je me sens particulièrement qualifié pour ce travail. Confiant dans mes possibilités, je suis prêt à accepter un poste de responsabilité. Restant àvotre disposition pour tout renseignement que vous voudrez me demander, je vous envoie mon CV. Ne disposant pas d’une adresse électronique, je vous prierais de me faire parvenir votre réponse par courrier ou fax.Espérant une réponse favorable de votre part, je vous prie d’agréer, monsieur, mes salutations distinguées.1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________5.__________6.__________1.Sachant (cause)2.Étant (cause)3.Confiant (adjectif verbal, cause)4.Restant (but)5.ne disposant pas (cause)6.Espérant (manière)III. Transformez les phrases suivantes selon les exemples : Exemples :Elle a pris froid; elle est malade→Ayant pris froid, elle est malade.Il a acheté des poireaux; les asperges étaient trop chères.→Les asperges étant trop chères, il a acheté des poireaux.1.Il n’a pas pu s’inscrire; il avait oublié ses papiers.2.Elle n’a pas acheté le manuel; il est trop cher.3.J’ai été absent pendant deux semaines, j’ai du mal à suivre le cours.4.Elle ne connaît personne dans la classe; elle est nouvelle.5.Les murs sont couverts de graffitis; il va falloir les repeindre.6.Le bureau de la secrétaire est fermé; elle s’est absentée pour l’après-midi.7.J’ai dû monter les cinq étages à pied; l’ascenseur est réservé aux professeurs.8.Les étudiants vont faire la fête ce soir; toute la classe a réussi l’examen.1.Ayant oublié ses papiers, il n’a pas pu s’inscrire.2.Le manuel étant trop cher, elle ne l’a pas acheté.3.Ayant été absent pendant deux semaines, j’ai du mal à suivre le cours.4.Étant nouvelle, elle ne connaît personne dans la classe.5.Les murs étant couverts de graffitis, il va falloir les repeindre. secrétaire s’étant absentée pour l’après-midi, son bureau est fermé.7.L’ascenseur étant réservé aux professeurs, j’ai dû monter cinq étages à pied.8.Toute la classe ayant réussi l’examen, les étudiants vont faire la fête ce soir.IV. Le participe passéseul est-il possible? Supprimez, si possible, les participes d’auxiliaires :Exemples :Étant surchargé de travail, je ne peux pas sortir ce soir.→Surchargé de travail, je ne peux pas sortir ce soir.Ayant étudié l’allemand pendant des années, je parle bien cette langue.→Impossible.1.Ayant été élevé en Roumanie, je parle roumain.2.Étant souvent allé en Allemagne, je connais bien ce pays.3.Ayant été fait p risonnier au début de la guerre, il n’a pas pu participer à la bataillefinale. Cigale ayant chanté tout l’été, se trouva fort dépourvue quand la bise futvenue. (La Fontaine)5.Ayant pris du fromage, je n’ai pas droit à un dessert.6.Étant parti trop tôt, je n’ai pas vu la fin du film.7.Ayant quittéla salle avant la fin du film, je ne sais toujours pas qui est lecoupable.8.Ayant été renvoyé de son entreprise, il se retrouve au chômage.1.Élevé en Roumanie, je parle roumain.2.Allésouvent en Allemagne, je connais bien ce pays.3.Fait prisonnier au début de la guerre, il n’a pas pu participer à la bataille finale.4.Impossible.5.Impossible.6.Parti trop tôt, je n’ai pas vu la fin du film.7.Impossible.8.Renvoyé de son entreprise, il se retrouve au chômage.V. Transformez les phrases suivantes en utilisant une préposition de causesuivie d’un nom ou d’un infinitif :Exemple :Il travaille trop, il va tomber malade.→À force de trop travailler, il va tomber malade.1.Elle n’a pas d’argent, elle ne pourra pas faire ce voyage.2.Di eu soit loué ! Il n’était pas dans l’avion qui s’est écrasé.3.Il y a eu une erreur, il a été convoqué à la place d’un autre. marée noire est arrivée en Bretagne, les hôteliers craignent une baisse defréquentation.5.Cet employé a été renvoyé : il avait commis une faute professionnelle.1.Faute d’argent, elle ne pourra pas faire ce voyage.2.Grâce à Dieu, il n’était pas dans l’avion qui s’est écrasé.3.Par erreur, il a été convoqué à la place d’un autre.4.En raison de l’arrivée de la marée noire en Bretagne, les hôteliers craignent unebaisse de fréquentation.5.Cet employé a été renvoyé pour (avoir commis) une faute professionnelle.VI. Cause positive ou négative? Reprenez l’information en utilisant grâce à ou à cause de :Exemple :Je n’ai pas pu arriver à l’heu re, il y avait une grève des transports.→Il n’est pas arrivé à l’heure à cause d’une grève des transports.1.Je n’ai pas trouvé de taxi. Finalement mon voisin a accepté de me conduire envoiture. J’ai pu arriver à temps à la réunion.2.Il connaît très bien la ville, il a pu éviter tous les embouteillages.3.J’ai quand même deux heures de retard. J’ai peur qu’il y ait une retenue sur monsalaire.4.S’il y a une retenue sur mon salaire, je vais être à découvert à la banque le moisprochain.5.Ce n’est pas si grave. Je n’aurais pas d’ennui, mes parents pou r ront m’aider.6.Mais j’ai envie d’envoyer la facture aux grévistes. Leur grève me fait perdre del’argent.1.J’ai pu arriver à l’heure à la réunion grâce à mon voisin.2.Grâce à sa bonne connaissance de la ville, il a pu éviter tous les embouteillages.3.J’ai peur qu’il y ait une retenue sur mon salaire à cause de deux heures de retard.4.À cause d’une retenue sur mon salaire, je vais être à découvert à la banque le moisprochain.5.Grâce à mes parents, je n’aurais pas d’ennuis.6.J’ai perdu de l’argent à cause de la grève.VII．Dans les phrases suivantes, remplacez le complément de cause par une subordonnée, ou inversement.1.À cause de sa maladresse, il ne peut planter un clou correctement.2.Parce qu’il avait une extinction de voix〔失声〕, il n’a pu faire sa conférence.3.Grâce à la gentillesse de son infirmière, le malade a repris courage.4.En raison de l’humidité, il a fallu repeindre les volets.5.Faute de soins, l’accidenté est entré dans le coma〔昏迷〕sur le bord de la route.6.Étant donné que cette mode a passé, le stock de jupes est resté sur les bras dumarchand.(style familier)7.Parce qu’on fait cuire longtemps le coq au vin avec des herbes aromatiques, ilprend un goût relevé.me il prétendait que sa montre retardait, il n’arrivait jamais à l’heure.9.À force de patience, il est venu à bout de travaux délicats.10.Il dit qu’il n’irait jamais en Chine pour la bonne raison qu’il en ignore totalementla langue.11.Étant donné que l’inspecteur doit venir la semaine prochaine, le comptable〔会计〕met ses livres à jour〔账目当天清讫〕.12.Du fait du changement de directeur, il y a une réduction de personnel.13.Attendu que le prévenu〔被告〕est mineur, il sera confiéàun c entre deredressement pour délinquants.14.Magasin fermé pour cause d’inventaire.1.Il ne peut planter un clou correctement parce qu’il est maladroit. / Comme il estmaladroit, il ne peut planter un clou correctement. Il ne peut planter un clou correctement, car il est maladroit.2.À cause / à la suite d’une extinction de voix, il n’a pu faire sa conférence.3.Le malade a repris courage parce que son infirmière était gentille. / Le malade arepris courage, en effet, son infirmière était gentille.me le temps est humide / Comme il fait humide, il a fallu repeindre les volets.5.L’accidenté est entré dans le coma sur le bord de la route parce qu’il a manqué desoins. / Du fait que l’accidenté n’a pas reçu de soins, il est entré dans le coma sur le bord de la route.6.Vu la fin de la mode, le stock de jupes est resté sur les bras du marchand.7.Grâce à une longue cuisson avec des herbes aromatiques, le coq au vin prend ungoût relevé.8.Sous prétexte du retard de sa montre, il n’arrivait jamais à l’heure.9.Il est venu à bout de travaux délicats parce qu’il est patient.10.En raison de son ignorance totale de la langue chinoise, il dit qu’il n'irait jamaisen Chine.11.Étant donné la visite de l’inspecteur qui doit venir la semaine prochaine, lecomptable met ses livres à jour. / Le comptable met ses livres à jour en vue du passage de l’inspecteur qui doit venir la semaine prochaine.12.Il y a une réduction de personnel, parce que le directeur a changé. / Étant donnéque l’entreprise change de directeur, il y a une réduction de personnel.pte tenu de / Vu / Attendu la minorité du prévenu, il sera confié à un centre deredressement pour délinquants.14.Le magasin est fermé parce que c’est le jour de l’inventaire.VIII. Dans la lettre suivante, soulignez les expressions qui marquent la cause :M. Jacques Blanc14, rue de la Chaussée d’Antin,75009Monsieur le Percepteurdes Impôts du IX e arrondissement. Monsieur le Percepteur,Pour avoir payé mes impôts avec un mois de retard, j’ai été pénalisé assez sérieusement puisque l’on me demande maintenant une somme correspondant à 10% supplémentaires de la somme exigée.Ce n’est pas que je refuse de reconnaître mes torts, mais je vous fais remarquer, Monsieur le Percepteur, que si je n’ai pas payé mes impôts dans les délais requis, c’est parce que je ne disposais pas de la somme nécessaire. Ce n’était ni par négligence, ni par désir de frauder : je n’avais pas d’argent n’ayant pu toucher en temps voulu une somme que j’attendais et ayant entre temps perdu mon emploi.Aussi, vu mon cas (car je me considère comme victime d’une injustice), je vous prierais, Monsieur le Percepteur, de bien vouloir exa miner ma demande d’exonération de majoration. Étant donnéles circonstances particulières que je vous ai exposées, j’espère que vous y serez favorable.Je vous remercie à l’avance et vous prie de croire, Monsieur le Percepteur, à mes sentiments distingués.Jacques Blanc Pénaliser : infliger une peine, une punition à.▫ Frapper d'une pénalité (fiscale). Être pénalisé pour excès de vitesse.Vous serez pénalisés pour avoir dépassé le délai de paiementJe trouve déplorable qu'un pays entier soit pénalisépour les fautes d'une seule personne.Elles devaient être pénalisées pour vêtements inadéquats, manque de respect et langage impropre.En temps voulu在规定的时间内，在适当的时候，与时Cet objectif vise àfaire en sorte que les victimes disposent des informations nécessaires en temps voulu, de manière suffisamment détaillée et dans le format correspondant à leurs besoins.Mais nous avons pris en temps voulu les mesures qui s'imposaient pour protéger notre base de capitaux propres, laquelle reste solide.Exonérationsuppression d'une partie ou de la totalité(d'une taxe ou d'une obligation financière)bénéficier d'une exonération fiscaleExonération du service militaire. Exonération d’impôts. Exonération des frais d’étude.E xercices de Grammaire-RévisionI．Remplacez la proposition relative par une autre expansion du nom de même sens (adjectif qualificatif ou groupe nominal complément du nom) :Exemple :J’ai acheté le gâteau que tu préfères.→J’ai acheté ton gâteau préféré.1.J’aime les maisons dont les pièces sont spacieuses.J’aime les maisons spacieuses.2.M. Smith, qui enseigne l’anglais au collège des Merles, fait du théâtre.M. Smith, enseignant de l’anglais au collègue des Merles, fait du théâtre.3.C’est une revue qui paraît toutes les semaines.C’est une revue parue toutes l es semaines.4.Cette jeune fille, qui est très à l’aise en société, a animé la conversation pendanttoute la soirée.(en société : devant un public formé de ses relations, de ses amis, etc.)Cette jeune fille, très à l’aise en société, a animé la conversation pendant toute la soirée.5.Ce procédé, qui a étonné par sa nouveauté dans les années 60, est désormais trèsrépandu.Ce procédé, étonnant par sa nouveautédans les années 60, est désormais très répandu.II． Complétez les phrases avec le pronom relatif composéqui convient (Vous devez parfois ajouter une préposition) : route par laquelle nous sommes venus est pittoresque.2.Est-ce la table sur laquelle j’avais posé mes lunettes?3.V ous me donnerez la liste des enfants auxquels il faut donner un nouveau cahier.4.Les amis chez lesquels / avec lesquels j’ai passé mes vacances ont déménagé. III．Utilisez le pronom personnel qui convient :1.Prenez ce livre, ilvous appartient.2.J’ai perdu mes lunettes de soleil, je les avais posées sur le sable et elles ontdisparu.3.Il s’est fait si mal en tombant qu’on a dû appeler le médecin.4.Te souviens-tu des vacances que nous avons passées en Italie?5.Nousnous disputons souvent mais c’est preuve d’une vieille amitié.IV．Complétez les phrases avec un mot indéfini :1.Personne ne viendra plus, nous pouvons commencer.2.Tout est dit.3.J’ai longuement discuté avec quelqu’un / certains / plusieurs / quelques-unsd’entre eux.4.Rien n’est plus facile que de faire cet exercice.5.- Est-ce que tu aimes mon nouvel agenda ? - Oui, j’ai exactement le même.6.Je sens que quelque chose ne va pas.7.On a toujours besoin d’un plus petit que soi.V． Dites si les propositions soulignées sont des conjonctives ou des relatives. Pour les relatives, citez l’antécédent :1.L’ami que je vous ai présenté est un grand amateur de jazz.proposition relative(l’ami)2.Les fleurs que Colette nous a apportées ont ététrop vite fanées.propositionrelative (les fleurs)3.Je ne crois pas que vous puissiez dire cela.proposition conjonctive4.Les professeurs que nous avons eus cette année étaient très exigeants.propositionrelative (les professeurs)5.Je souhaite que vous réfléchissiez àma proposition et que vous attendiezquelques jours avant de me donner une réponse.propositions conjonctives6.Je crois qu’il a gardé d’excellents souvenirs de s vacancesque nous avions passéestous ensemble en Normandie.proposition conjonctive, proposition relative (les vacances)VI．Mettez les verbes entre parenthèses au temps qui convient : Pendant que Gavroche examinait la devanture de la boutique, deux enfants de taille inégale, assez proprement vêtus et encore plus petits que lui, (paraître) paraissant l’un sept ans, l’autre cinq ans, (tourner) tournèrent timidement la poignée de la porte et (entrer) entrèrent dans la boutique en demandant on ne sait quoi, la charité〔慈善、仁慈；施舍、布施〕peut-être, dans un murmure plaintif〔哀怨的、悲哀的〕et qui (ressembler) ressemblait plutôt à un gémissement〔呻吟〕qu’à une p rière〔祈祷；恳求〕. Ils (parler) parlaient tous deux àla fois, et leurs paroles (être) étaient inintelligibles〔难以理解的〕parce que les sanglots (couper) coupaient la voix du plus jeune et que le froid (faire) faisait claquer les dents de l’aîné. Le barbier (se tourner) se tourna avec un visage furieux, et sans (quitter) quitter son rasoir, (refouler) refoula l’aîné de la main gauch e et le petit du genou, les (pousser) poussa dans la rue, et (refermer) referma sa porte en disant :- (Venir) Venir refroidir le monde pour rien !Les deux enfants (se remettre) se remirent en marche en pleurant.Cependant une nuée était venue; il (commencer) commençait à pleuvoir.Le petit Gavroche (courir) courut après eux et les (aborder) aborda :- Qu’est-ce que vous (avoir) avez donc?- Nous (ne pas savoir) ne savons pas où(coucher) coucher, (répondre) répondit l’aîné.正当伽弗洛什研究那新娘、那橱窗和那块温莎香皂时,忽然走来两个孩子,一高一矮,穿得相当整洁,比他个子还小,看来一个七岁,一个五岁,羞怯怯地推门,走进那铺子,不知道是在请求什么,或许是乞讨,低声下气,可怜巴巴的,说他们是在哀告似乎更准确些。

BiographyofNapoleonBonaparte-Wikispaces

Biography-Early Years"Napoleon Bonapare was a French general who became the leader of France and eventually emperor of the French. He lived in a era of enormous change, which spanned the American War of Independence (1775-1783) and the French Revolution (1789-1815)." (Barnes)Napoleon Bonaparte was born at Ajaccio on the island of Corsica on August 15th, 1769, the second son of a spendthrift lawyer, Carlo Bonaparte, and Letizia Ramolino, a severe matron of noble birth. Corsica had become French territory in the year before Napoleon's birth. His other siblings were Joseph, Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline and Jerome. (Lacey)He went to the mainland of France to learn French at a preportory school in Autun, and then attended the Military School at Brienne. Thanks to his noble heritage, he receive a royal scholarship where he graduated at the age of sixteen as a lieutenant in the artillery, two years before the rest of his class. (Barnes).Upon graduation, Napoleon was commissioned a lieutenant in the Royal Artillery. Napoleon became an ardent support of the new regime after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. His first chance at recognition was in 1793 at the French port city of Toulon. He directed the artillary siege of Toulon, a French city that had rebelled against the revolutionary government. For his performance at the victorious operation, he was made brigadier general at the age of twenty-four. (Napoleon I)Military Career and Rise to PowerNapoleon's career languished in July 1794, when revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre was and his supporters were executed. Napoleon was briefly arrested and detained for two weeks He was later released and given an administrative position. Napoleon worked his way back into command when he was called upon to disperse a royalist uprising in Paris in October 1795. Paul Barras sugested that Napoleon be in charge of the defense of the government know at the Convention. They agreed and Napoleon dispatched Captain Joachim Murat to secure cannon. Napleon controlled the streets leading to the Convention. He quelled the action by firing guns into the crowd, an event called the "whiff of grapeshot" and dispersed royalist forces. On March 2, 1796, he was given command of the French army then fighting in Italy. (Barnes)On March 9, 1796, the 26 year-old general married Josephine de Beauharnais. She was born Marie-Joséphe-Rose Tasher de la Pagerie on June 23, 1763. She had been married to Vicomete Alexandre de Beauharnais. He who was executed during the reign of terror. She later married Napoleon Bonaparte in a civil ceremony over the objections of his family. She was 32 at the time. They had no children. (Josephine Bonaparte)From November 15-17, 1796, Napoleon led his troops in the Battle of Arcoli. The French were victorious over the Austrians. In the Battle of Rivoli, the French were again victorious over the Austrians and came close to the Austrian capitol Vienna. He negotiated the Treaty of Campo Formio on Oct. 17, 1797. A French diplomat in Tuscany wrote of the young general: "The campaign was opened, and a series of victories as dazzling as they were unexpected, succeeding each other with suprising quickness, raised the glory of our French soldiers, and that of their great captain who led them daily to fresh triumphs, to the highest." -Miot de Melito, (Barnes) (Lacey).In 1798, the Directory sent Napoleon to Egypt where he was to remove Britain's influence and eliminate its shortcut to India. On July 21st, 1798, Napoleon led his army to victory at the Battle of the Pyramids. Napoleon now controlled Egypt. On August 1-2, Napoleon suffered a defeat at sea when Rear Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson destroyed his fleet at the Battle of the Nile. The Directory ordered Napoleon's return and he was anxious to return to Europe. During his time in Egypt, the Rosetta Stone was discovered, which laid the foundation of modern Egyptology. (Barnes) (Lacey).Napoleon returned to a weak French government, which was threadened by discontent and unrest from both the royalists and radical revolutionaries. The allied powers of Europe (Britain, Russia, Austria, Turkey and Portugal) formed a Second Coalition against France and were poised to invade. Napoleon left Egypt and arrived in France on October 9, 1799. Despite his losses, he was hailed as a hero. Top political leaders were plotting to gain control of the government. With their permission, Napoleon engineered a coup d'état on November 9, 1799. The government was overthrown and Napoleon became First Consul (of three), the ruler of France. (Barnes) (Lacey) (Napoleon)Napoleon was an exceptionally gifted political and military leader. His genius of intellect, his ability to see opportunity and fully exploit it, and his eye for both detail and the larger detail larger picture were essential to his success. On the battlefield, he delivered a crushing blow to the Austrians and allied nations that they led the Battle of Marengo on June 14, 1800. The Austrians made a separate peace with France in February 1801. (Barnes) (Napoleon I)With peace, Napoloen improved the French economy. He negotiated the Concordat (1801), which restored relations with the Roman Catholic Church. Catholicism was recognized as the "religion of the greater majority of Frenchmen," but freedom of religion, divorce and civil marriages were all retained. Land that was confiscated during the Revolution was not returned. He put the nations finances in order, made administrative reforms, guaranteed law and order with a new police force. He organized French laws into the famous Napoleonic Code, one of his most enduring achievments. (Barnes) (Napoleon I)On February 19th 1801, the Treaty of Lunéville concluded between France and Austria. Great Britian and the rest of Europe followed with the Treaty of Armiens on March 25, 1802. There was finally peace after ten years of continuious warfare. On August 2, 1802, Napoleon is elected Consul for Life by the Plebiscite. (Lacey) (Napoleon I)With popular support behind him, Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor of the French in May 1804. On December 4 1804, in a coronation ceremony, he placed the imperial crown of his head instead of the pope. Napoleon Bonaparte became Napoleon I, Emperor of of France and Josephine Bonaparte was crowned empress of France at Notre Dame Cathedral in France. (Barnes) (Lacey)Peace did not last long and in May 1803, France was once again at war with Great Britian. Austria and Russia entered the war on the side of the British. In the summer of 1805, Napoleon was preparing to invade Britain when he discovered the Austrians and Russians were moving against him in cental Europe. Without hesitation, he moved his troops, now called the Grande Armée, to meet them. He surprised and defeated the Austrians at Ulm, on October 17, 1805. He forced Austrian general Karl Mack to surrender 27,000 troops with hardly a shot fired. (Napoleon I) (Barnes).Britian and Russia joined Prussia to form a Fourth Coalition against Napoleon. The French defeated Prussia at the battle of Jean and Auerstädt, both fought on October 14, 1806. He confronted the Russians at the Battle of Eylau on February 7-8, 1807 with an indecisive outcome. Napoleon defeted the Russians at the battle of Friedland on June 14, 1807. He met Tsar Alexander I and formed an alliance. Napoleon settled the Treaty of Tilsit with the Russians. He spent the winter in Poland and fathered a son with his Polish mistress, Marie Walewska. (Barnes) (Napoleon I)Only the British remained undefeated after 1807 because of their naval invincibility. Napoleon was unable to challenge his hated enemy at sea. Napoleon souught to wage economic was against Great Britian. He enforced the Continential System, which forbade any of the Nations of Europe from trading with the British. (Napoleon I).Anxious to have a male heir and unable to have an heir with Josesphine, he divorced her and the end of 1809. He sought to marry into one of the most important royal families in Europe. He married Austrian princess Marie-Louise in March 1810. She bore him one son in 1811. (Barnes, Napoleon I)The height of Napoleon's power was the period from 1810 to 1812, but even then the empire was beginning to show cracks. Napleon attempted to control Spain by putting hisbrother Joseph on the throne. This move was supported by the middle class who felt it would lead to a far more enlightened Spanish government. But the Spanish peasant class rebelled, and a war of liberation ensued. The French forces eventually withdrew to France. (Barnes)Fall from PowerBy 1812, Napoleon's Continential System was in shambles. He undertook the Russian invasion to enforce his will on the czar. The campaign proved to be his undoing. On June 24 1812, Napoleon led an army of 600,000 men representing twenty nations across the Niemen River into Russia. He penetrated deep into Russia, winning victories over the Russian armies on the field but he reached Moscow without forcing the czar to surrender. The Russians burned Moscow rather than let the French shelter there. When winter set in, Napoleon was forced to retreat. The campaign was a disaster and Napoleon lost 90 percent of his army. The Russians continued their pursuit into Saxony in 1813 and a growing coalition of forces defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig on October 16-19, 1813. (Barnes) (Napoleon I)In 1814, he was forced to defend France from the invading forces of the Sixth Coalition. He led a brilliant campaign but his Marshalls were less successful. At that point, his marshals refused to fight anymore and he was forced to abdicate the throne on April 11, 1814. He was exiled from France as emperor of Elba, a tiny island off the coast of Italy. (Barnes).The monarchy was restored with King Louis XVIII and he set about working the details of peace. Napoleon secretly left Elba and returned to France in March 1815. The army rallied to his side and people came out to acclaim him. He came back to reclaim his throne. He pleaded for peace with the European leaders to seek war no more. His old enemies were unconvinced and mobilized several armies against him. After some success at Ligny and Quatre Bras in Belgium, he was decisively defeated at the battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. The period of his return, the hundred days were over. (Barnes) (Napoleon I) Napoleon abdicated a second time. The British gained custody of Napoleon and exiled him to St. Helena, a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean. He suffered alone and wrote his memoirs. He died on May 5, 1821. (Barnes) (Napoleon I).。

Justice and the spatial imagination(MustafaDikec)

Introduction In an article published almost two decades ago,G H Pirie (1983,page 472)wrote:``It would be a pity indeed if the busyness of political philosophers was to go completely unnoticed by spatial theorists and applied researchers.Equally,it would be a pity...if this essay were to stand alone as a review of implications of that busyness.''In that article,entitled ``On spatial justice'',Pirie reflected ``on the desirability and possibility of fashioning a concept of spatial justice from notions of social justice and territorial social justice''(page 465).The present paper offers yet another reflection on the notion of justice as it relates to space and spatiality,to point to the ways in which various forms of injustice are manifest in the very process of spatialization,and the ways in which an increased awareness of the dialectical relationship between (in)justice and spatiality could make space a site of politics in fighting against injustice.As will become clear further through the text,the conceptualizations of both justice and space differ from the ways Pirie once viewed them.The paper is organized in five sections.The first section is a brief review of the geography literature which engages with the notion of justice,and serves to outline the theoretical position assumed in this paper.The second section provides an urban context in which a notion of spatial justice may be conceptualized.The third section is devoted to such a conceptualization.The fourth section presents the case of French urban policy in order to make the arguments more concrete.The concluding section is an attempt to define an ethico-political ground on which emancipatory politics in an urban spatial framework may be defended.The paper is conceptual in nature.Examples,however,are provided to stir the imagination as to the ways in which the dialectical relationship between (in)justice and spatiality may be conceived.The examples,there-fore,are used to make this relationship more concrete,rather than attempting to provide a thorough discussion of the cases selected.Justice and the spatial imaginationMustafa Dikec Department of Urban Planning,University of California Los Angeles,3250Public Policy Building,Los Angeles,CA 90095-1656,USA;e-mail:mdikec@ Received 13March 2001;in revised form 9July 2001Environment and Planning A 2001,volume 33,pages 1785^1805Abstract.I attempt in this paper to conceptualize a notion of spatial justice in order to point to the dialectical relationship between (in)justice and spatiality,and to the role that spatialization plays in the production and reproduction of domination and repression.I argue that the city provides a productive ground for the formation of a spatially informed ethics of political solidarity against domination and repression.A `triad'is articulated to inform such politics,which brings together three notions:the spatial dialectics of injustice,the right to the city,and the right to difference.The notion of spatial justice is employed as a theoretical underpinning to avoid abusive interpretations of Lefebvrian rights in a liberal framework of individual rights.The case of French urban policy is used for illustrative purposes.Finally,the notion of e galiberte is introduced as a moral ground on which the triad may be defended.DOI:10.1068/a34671786M DikecGeographical encounters(1)``The explicit engagement of geography with morality and social justice'',David Smith (1994,page4)argues,``dates from the latter part of the1960s''.There is,of course,good reason to believe this.The movements of the1960s and1970s brought to attention issues,such as identity politics,rights to the city,rights to difference,and social justice, to name a few,and have been influential in almost every discipline.Geography was no exception.The first explicit attempt to link justice to geographical terms was made by Bleddyn Davies,who first coined the term`territorial justice'in his1968book entitled Social Needs and Resources in Local Services.Davies's conceptualization was norma-tive in nature,designed to assess the distribution of local services with respect to the needs of designated service areas.Approaches of this kind came under close scrutiny with the emergence of the so-called radical geography of the early1970s.Regional science methods were criticized as being dehumanizing and distracting attention from social problems,and attention,accordingly,``moved on to the processes responsible for spatial disparities in people's life chances:for what was beginning to be recognized as spatial injustice''(Smith,1994,page5).The book that broke new ground came out in1973.David Harvey,in his Social Justice and the City,sought to push John Rawls's(1971)liberal formulations to its limits,with a territorial twist,and arrived at a notion of`territorial social justice', which he defined as``a just distribution justly arrived at''.Harvey,however,was more interested in the structural dynamics of the capitalist society,and therefore,not merely in distribution but,above all,in issues of production.Rawls's scheme,which did not have production at its core and which,indeed,left it to the workings of the market, would not take him there.Davies's initial conceptualization and Harvey's earlier work have been influential in stimulating research on the spatiality of social justice,and the notion of territorial justice still guides research(see,for example,Boyne and Powell,1991).A shift in focus occurred with the publication of Iris Marion Y oung's Justice and the Politics of Differ-ence(1990).Harvey(1992)engaged again with the notion of justice,this time building not on Rawls,but on Y oung,with an emphasis on forms of oppression as sources of injustice.This was followed,with a diminished interest in Y oung's formulation,by a modification of his earlier formulation as``just production of just geographical differ-ence''.His central concerns now were uneven geographical development as an intrinsic feature of the capitalist mode of production,and the social construction of principles of justice(Harvey,1996).Although Y oung's work was initially embraced,it was later criticized for its`difference'-guided identity politics by scholars seeking strategic forms of essentialism,such as human sameness,as sources of ethico-political solidarity (Smith,1997;2000).To recapitulate:geography's engagement with social justice started with an exclu-sive concern on distribution in a Cartesian space(Davies,1968);continued with an emphasis on production,the workings of the capitalist city,and uneven geographies of capitalism(Harvey,1973;1996);shifted focus with a celebration of identity and differ-ence,and an emphasis not on justice and consensus,but on injustice and dissensus (Gleeson,1998;Harvey,1992;Merrifield,1997;Merrifield and Swyngedouw,1997); and ended up,for the moment,with a problematization of the preoccupation with difference,and a search for universal bonds of solidarity(Smith,1997;2000).There have been few studies,however,that have explicitly employed a notion of `spatial justice'.One of these was Steven Flusty's(1994)study of the built environment (1)This section is a condensed version of Dikec(2001).A recently published review may also be found in Smith(2000).Justice and the spatial imagination1787in Los Angeles,where he argued for an equitable distribution of spatial resources for all to ensure spatial justice given that space is claimed by dominant groups in the society.This,of course,is a most welcome and challenging statement but Flusty,rather than elaborating the notion,focused merely on form to the neglect of the structural dynamics of the particular kind of spatialization that he wanted to analyze.The most recent engagement with the spatial dimension of justice,by explicitly employing the term spatial justice,has been that of Edward Soja(2000)in his Postmetropolis,as part of his ongoing project for the assertion of the spatiality of human life and the formation of spatially conscious politics initiated in his earlier work(1989).The article that opens this paper was an explicit attempt to conceptualize a notion of spatial justice.Pirie's spatial sensibilities were certainly intriguing.However,his conceptualization deserved a reservation.He,admittedly,treated space``in the[then]-familiar way as some kind of container,as an entity or physical expression made up of individual locations and their distance relations''(1983,page471).It is a pity that Pirie stopped at what seems to be a perfect starting point(1983,pages471,472;emphasis added):``This notion of space is not inviolate.It may also be conceived of as a social creationöas a structure created by society and not merely as a context for society ....Conceptualizing spatial justice in terms of a view of space as process,and perhaps in terms of radical notions of justice,stands as an exacting challenge and, not unlikely,as the single occasion there might be for requiring and constructuringa concept of spatial justice....In spite of the challenge of spatial fetishism,and inspite of the radical assault on liberal distributive concerns,it would be worthwhile investigating the possibility of matching justice to notions of socially constructed space.''What follows,then,is an endeavour that undertakes this enticing suggestion.Before moving on to the next section,I return briefly to Rawls,and chart some of the criticisms levelled against his work for they provide the agenda around which the present paper is structured.A recurring critique directed against Rawls was his con-viction of a single conception of justice that can rationally be defined,presupposing a rather homogeneous public with no serious ter,in his Political Liberalism, Rawls(1993)modified his previous`well-ordered'view of society,recognized conflicts with a postulate of consensus,and admitted that his conception of society as relatively homogeneous in his earlier work was no longer a plausible assumption.His postulate of consensus,however,was not without problems.He was still inclined``to keep incommensurability outside the public realm and admit to it only when reasonable and capable of contributing to his overlapping consensus''(Katznelson,1997,page52). The recognition of this problem guided The Urbanization of Injustice(Merrifield and Swyngedouw,1997)which was a collection of essays attempting to reconsider the lessons learned from Harvey's Social Justice and the City(1973),in the light of debates around`difference'and`nontotalizing'discourses.The focus,therefore,was not on consensus,but on dissensus and injustice.The conceptual tool for such an approach was provided by Y oung,according to whom injustice``should be defined primarily in terms of the concepts of oppression and domination,rather than distribution'' (1990,page192).Although``Y oung's alternative vision for justice remains inchoate, she certainly provides a powerful theory of injustice'''(Gleeson,1998,page89),and the framework she provides seems to be a productive terrain on which to construe a notion of spatial justice,for spatialization(the mode of social production of space)is one of the major systematic producers of domination and oppression:that is,of injustice.Some of the basic tenets of this project may now be discerned.The argument is built around the social production of space,with the idea that the very production1788M Dikecof space,which is inherently a conflictual process,not only manifests various forms of injustice,but actually produces and reproduces them(thereby maintaining established social relations of domination and oppression).Such an approach clearly departs from an exclusively distributional approach.This,however,does not negate the importance of distributional issues,since,for example,``when people are utterly excluded from active political participation in city affairs, distributional issues,of the sorts Rawls pinpoints,are often all that is left for communities and groups to organize around and to seek substantive representation'' (Merrifield,1997,page202).What should be criticized in the distributive paradigm,therefore,is the tendency to reduce social justice to distribution.I try to reconcile this tension through a notion of spatial dialectics of injustice,in an attempt neither to overvalorize nor to devalorize distributional matters.The attempt here,it should be noted,is not one aimed at refining Rawls's arguments.It is rather to evoke the spatial dimension of justiceövia a notion of spatial justiceöinformed by the charges leveled against Rawls,whose engagement(and liberal political philosophers'in general)with social justice mostly remained as an abstract ideal,``invariably devoid of time and place''(Merrifield and Swyngedouw,1997,page3),and``without the city''(Katznelson,1997,page49).Rawls was obviously weak on the sociospatial front.This might also explain his tendency to``conceive of individuals as social atoms prior to social relations and institutions''(Y oung,1990,page27),another source of critique directed against his work,mostly by communitarian scholars(see,for example,Sandel,1982).Rawls's major concern was the maximization of individual liberty,which would enable indi-viduals to pursue their particular goals in their particular ways without interference. Rights,in his scheme,were used to this end,to foster self-interest,provided that the rights of others are respected.Rawls's moral self,which was prior to social relation-ships,lacked community as constitutive of his or her identity(this situation leads to an `unencumbered self',as Sandel would call it);did not necessarily encourage civic action,and actually contributed to its deterioration(Mouffe,1992;Skinner,1992), and his or her`identity'and`differences'went largely unnoticed under a conception of a relatively homogeneous public(Y oung,1990).The way in which I try to address this problem diverges my position from that of Y oung's.Although I draw on her definition of injustice,I do not do so in the name of `difference'.Rather,I turn to E tienne Balibar's notion of e galiberte(equality^freedom) as the ethico-political bond that would inform emancipatory movements,not in the name of a certain particularity,but,rather,in the name of an enactment of equality and freedom.E galiberte provides the`universal'bond of solidarity,and more on the notion may be found in the concluding section.Underlying these premises,and indeed the whole endeavour,is the conviction that approaches to,and principles of,justice are time and space specific.A close relation-ship,therefore,between sociospatial specificities and conceptions of justice is assumed.I should like to believe that a sensitivity to the spatial dimension of justice may be developedöespecially in societies where the injustices of spatial dynamics are exposed and largely recognizedöto guide emancipatory movements to suppress domination and oppression in and through space.The city seems to provide a fertile ground for such a prospect.Urban sensibilitiesThe impulses of the1960s and1970s were also influential in bringing the`urban question'to the political agenda.Two major reasons for the development of an urban sensibility in this period may be noted.First,there was a growing reaction to theJustice and the spatial imagination1789functional approach to the city,and to the growing emphasis on the city's exchange value to the detriment of its use value.Second,as Alain Bertho(1999)states,there was a search for alternative social movements to the workers movementöfor a polit-ical mobilizing force that was more spatial and urban in nature than the traditional mobilizations based on work.These reasons,of course,may be less confidently stated outside the French political culture.However,it was in this context and for these concerns that Henri Lefebvre conceived the notion of the right to the city.``The right to the city'',Lefebvre(1993,page435)writes,``cannot be considered a simple visiting right or a return to the traditional city.It can only be formulated as the right to urban life,in a transformed and renewed form.''It is not simply the right of property owners,in which case policies like zero tolerance might have been legiti-mizedöif not justifiedöbut of all who live in the city.The right to the city,therefore, does not imply a`clean'and quaint city where the`good citizens'mingle on its streets, crowding its beautiful parks,and living there happily ever after.As Lefebvre(1996, page195)argues``it does not abolish confrontations and struggles.On the contrary!'' This,of course,is an unsurprising claim given Lefebvre's conception of the city as the place of simultaneity and encounter,and of rights to be given content through struggle. And he is perfectly sensible to ask the question:``are these not specific urban needs?Is there not also the need for a time for such encounters,such exchanges?''(1993, page428).There is,I think,a double message in these questions;an appeal and a critique.The appeal points to the need to(re)claim the right to the city.The critique, on the other hand,stems from Lefebvre's denouncement of the welfare capitalist society as the``bureaucratic society of organized consumption''where needs are created and institutionalized,where the exchange value of urban space is prioritized over its use value.It was a critique in the context of the1960s and1970s when,in France, functionalist and technocratic urbanization processes were under severe critique for eradicating urbanity,and depriving urban dwellers of places of social encounter through the rational ordering of urban space.This critique,in a sense,is a critique of the abstraction of rights from the city,which,I believe,was the motivation for Lefebvre to advance a notion of right to the city.Let me try to clarify this point.A common theme flowing through all the writings of Lefebvre on the city is a critique of the contemporary city,which started to deteriorate in the19th century with the development and deployment of industrial capitalism and the rise of the modern nation state.In the20th century,as capitalism dominated all areas of social life,the society was turned into a`bureaucratic society of organized consumption'.Not only consumption was controlled,but the spaces of the society and their production as well,the city being the site where these powers were at work more intensely.In that sense,Lefebvre's attempt can be seen as a political project to rescue the individual from the oppressive and homogenizing processes by asserting his or her right to the city.``The individual does not disappear in the midst of the social effects caused by the pressures of the masses,but is instead affirmed'',he would write.``Certain rights come to light''(1993,page435).What,then,happened in the19th and20th centuries besides the development and deployment of capitalism,that would lead one to point to the need to reassert rights to the city?And what kind of a right is that;why is Lefebvre so careful to note that it ``cannot be considered a simple visiting right''?Let me start with the latter question. Such a conception would bring him too close to the argument Immanuel Kant advanced in his famous text on``Perpetual peace''concerning world citizenship and universal hospitality.The stranger,states Kant(1970),cannot claim a right of resi-dence but rather a right of visit.The stranger,upon his or her arrival also enjoys another right,that of hospitality,which suggests that he or she not be treated as an enemy by the host of the territory in question.There is no room for the stranger to1790M Dikecclaim a right,but simply to enjoy a right to visit or pass through.Besides,this right is conceived as an interstate conditionality,and thus,there is no hospitality for those who do not possess citizenship status in one of the signatory states.(2) The answer to the first question,on the other hand,may be formulated in relation to changing conceptions of citizenship,a notion that has currently been challenged,as,for example,Catherine Wihtol de Wenden(1992)suggests,by two fundamental elements of political context and social tissue:immigration and urbanity.Citizenship originates as rights to the city in a spatial sense,which are now abstracted from the city,from their spatial origins.And this detachment coincides with the periods of which Lefebvre is so critical,and which eventually leads him to proclaim the need to reclaim rights to the city.The city,Engin Isin(1999,page165)argues,``has not only been a foreground or a background to struggles for group rights but also a battleground to claim those rights''. These struggles were pursued as``claiming rights to the city as a space of politics''up until the17th century,when citizenship and struggles were redirected to center on the state,and eventually,on the modern state since the19th century.In this sense,Lefebvre's notion of the right to the city is a call to advance an urban spatial approach to political struggles with the participation of all those who inhabit the city without discrimination. ``The right to the city,complemented by the right to difference and the right to information,should modify,concretize and make more practical the rights of the citizen as an urban dweller(citadin)and user of multiple services.It would affirm, on the one hand,the right of users to make known their ideas on the space and time of their activities in the urban area;it would also cover the right to the use of the center,a privileged place,instead of being dispersed and stuck into ghettos(for workers,immigrants,the`marginal'and even for the`privileged')''(1986,page170;translation from1996,page34).The right to the city implies not only the participation of the urban citizen in urban social life,but,more importantly,his or her active participation in the political life, management,and administration of the city.The achievement of these rights,Lefebvre (1986)states,supposes the transformation of the society,of time and space.It is the urban political life which is to be changed,not the city per se.In other words,the right to the city entails not a right to be distributed from above to individuals,but a way of actively and collectively relating to the political life of the city.The urban would then consist of``a civil society founded not on abstractions but on space and time,as `lived'''(1986,page173;emphasis added).The right to the city,therefore,is not simply a participatory right but,more importantly,an enabling right,to be defined and refined through political struggle.It is not only a right to urban space,but to a political space as well,constituting the city as a space of politics.Urban citizenship,in this sense,does not refer to a legal status,but to a form of identification with the city,to a political identity.The construction of this identity through political struggle is enabled by another rightöthe right to difference.The right to difference is complementary to the right of the city.Lefebvre was very clear on this notion,although it somehow ended up with an exclusive focus on differ-ence as particularity.The right to be different,he wrote,is``the right not to be classified forcibly into categories which have been determined by the necessarily homogenizing powers''(1976a,page35).His emphasis was on the`be'of the`right to be different',not particularly on the`different'narrowly interpreted as particularity.Therefore,the con-notations were disagreement and contestation(and eventually differ ing)resulting from a right to`not to subscribe to',and from a`right to be different'.A better translation, perhaps,would be`the right to resist/struggle'.The difference between particularities (2)An elaboration of the notion of hospitality,pointing to the limits and perils of its Kantian version,may be found in Dikec(forthcoming).Justice and the spatial imagination1791and differences,and the dynamic relation between them were part of Lefebvre's differentialist project.He was critical of the reduction of the differences to the partic-ularities,and the movement from the particularities to the differences was the moment of differing,achieved only through political struggle(Lefebvre,1981).Solidarity,there-fore,was not built merely around particularities,as Y oung's(1990)scheme would suggest,for example,but on the will and capabilities to differ.Criticizing the margin-alization of certain groups through identities imposed upon them or through the use of identities that they associate themselves with,and then trying to develop a`politics of identity'in the name of those`differences'to resist such processes,is simply to accept and remain trapped in the already established categories.For Lefebvre particularities existed naturally,but then became difference in the modern world.It is the concept of difference that is created by distanced reflection, and the illusory difference that the individual feels,which,eventually,makes him or her indifferent.He writes(1970a,pages65^66):``[D]ifference in act differs...from the difference merely thought or reflected.The thought and not-lived difference of philosophers and logicians is in opposition with the non-thought and lived difference...[I]t cannot be reduced to banalized representations:originality,diversity,variety,distinction,etc.''The right to difference,therefore,is the basis and source of other concrete rights which could``be fully affirmed only beyond the written and the prescribed,in a practice recognized as the basis of social relations''(1970a,page45).Differentialism,as he states at the conclusion to his manifesto,``is about living.Not thinking but`being' differently''(1970a,page186).Therefore,the rights that Lefebvre conceptualizes are established through lived experience and social relationships,and once established would lead to new ways of life,new social relations,and possibilities to differöeven in relation to the established rights themselves.In this sense,rights,as conceived by Lefebvre,become:``more of a claim upon than a possession held against the world.It becomes a claim upon society for the resources necessary to meet the basic needs and interests of members rather than a kind of property some possess and others do not....[I]n terms of rights to the city and rights to political participation,right becomes conceived as an aspect of social relatedness rather than as an inherent and natural property of individuals''(Holston and Appadurai,1996,page197).In claiming these rights,a notion of spatial justice might serve as a mobilizing discourse through the cultivation of a spatial sensibility toward injustice and a spatial culture to fight against it.It might also serve as an ethico-political imperative to avoid the abusive interpretations of these rights,particularly of the right to the city in order to legitimize zero tolerance type of policies.Spatial justice:a conceptualizationI begin with three exemplary cases to point to the role of spatialization in the main-tenance and manifestation of injustice.The first one is Harvey's account of the Imperial Foods plant fire in Hamlet.In order to point to the lack of political response to the incident in Hamlet in comparison with one in New Y ork,Harvey writes(1996,page340; emphasis added):``A similar event in a relatively remote rural setting posed immediate logistical problems for massive on-the-spot political responses(such as the protest demon-stration on Broadway),illustrating the effectiveness of capitalist strategies of geographical dispersal away from politicized central city locations as a means of labor control.''。

巴黎布雷斯特

像轮子一样的泡芙 Paris-Brest巴黎布雷斯特Paris-Brest巴黎布雷斯特泡芙，据说是法国一位非常喜欢自行车运动的糕点师，为纪念一次从巴黎到布雷斯特的自行车比赛，而发明了这个像轮子一样泡芙。

由于Paris-Brest巴黎布雷斯特泡芙一直都是是这样的圆环，因而也有人叫他车轮泡芙。

较为经典的做法是在泡芙里填满榛子奶油，并用杏仁在表面做装饰，所以整个泡芙弥漫着一股坚果香气和酥脆口感。

当然你也可以在制作奶油时选择自己喜欢的口味，比如香草、咖啡、焦糖、巧克力等等。

如果你不想做馅，填入冰淇凌也是一个很好的选择，或者加入一些水果。

反正泡芙的馅永远都有无数个选择，只要你想象力够丰富。

我个人最喜欢的泡芙馅是香提奶油 Creme chantilly，既打发奶油加香草，简单的味道，却是最佳的组合。

Paris-Brest巴黎布雷斯特泡芙难度：★★制作时间：2小时泡芙皮：水 125g牛奶 125g黄油 100g糖 15g盐 5g高筋面粉 150g 鸡蛋 4-5个卡士达酱：牛奶 250g蛋黄 3个糖 65g面粉 15g淀粉 15g榛子奶油：卡士达酱 250g 榛子酱 75g黄油 150gParis-Brest 泡芙皮榛子奶油制作步骤：1.水，牛奶，黄油，糖，盐混合煮沸2.倒入面粉至1中，搅拌成光滑面团后继续加热2分钟，冷却至室温3.往2中逐个加入鸡蛋，并拌匀至面糊成带状下落不断裂4.挤成圆环状，用三个圆环组合成一个大的圆环，刷蛋液后均匀撒上杏仁片5.200度烤15-20分钟后，180度烤50分钟左右，冷却备用制作步骤：1.一半糖倒入蛋黄中混匀2.另一半糖倒入牛奶中，加热至微沸，缓缓倒入蛋黄中，边倒边快速搅拌3.混匀后再小火加热，并快速搅拌至呈粘稠酱状，并开始冒泡，离火冷却备用制作步骤：1.称取250g卡士达酱，加入榛子酱拌匀2.室温的黄油切成小块，加入1种，搅拌成均匀光滑的榛子奶油制作步骤：1.将泡芙皮从中间切成两半2.将榛子奶油用裱花袋填入泡芙皮底部3.盖上泡芙皮顶部,撒上糖粉作为装饰先来做Paris-Brest的泡芙皮，将水，牛奶，黄油，糖，盐一起放在锅里，煮到沸腾，这样黄油就可以比较均匀的分散在液体中，此时倒入面粉，开始搅拌。

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