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会计准则外文文献翻译-财务会计专业

会计准那么外文文献及翻译-财务会计专业(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Buschhüter M, Striegel A. IAS 37 – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets[M]// Kommentar Internationale Rechnungslegung IFRS. Gabler, 2021:955-974.英文原文Accounting Standard (AS) 37Contingent Liabilities and Contingent AssetsBuschhüter M, Striegel AThis International Accounting Standard was approved by the IASC Board in July 1998 and became effective for financial statements covering periods beginning on or after 1 July 1999.Introduction1. IAS 37 prescribes the accounting and disclosure for all provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets, except:(a) those resulting from financial instruments that are carried at fair value;(b) those resulting from executory contracts, except where the contract is onerous. Executory contracts are contracts under which neither party has performed any of its obligations or both parties have partially performed their obligations to an equal extent;(c) those arising in insurance enterprises from contracts with policyholders;(d) those covered by another International Accounting Standard. Provisions2. The Standard defines provisions as liabilities of uncertain timing or amount. A provision should be recognised when, and only when:(a) an enterprise has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event; (b) it is probable (i.e. more likely than not) that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation;(c) a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The Standard notes that it is only in extremely rare cases that a reliable estimate will not be possible.3. The Standard defines a constructive obligation as an obligation that derives from an enterprise's actions where:(a) by an established pattern of past practice, published policies or a sufficiently specific current statement, the enterprise has indicated to other parties that it will accept certain responsibilities; (b) as a result, the enterprise has created a valid expectation on the part of those other parties that it will discharge those responsibilities.4. In rare cases, for example in a law suit, it may not be clear whether an enterprise has a present obligation. In these cases, a past event is deemed to give rise to a present obligation if, taking account of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that a present obligation exists at thebalance sheet date. An enterprise recognises a provision for that present obligation if the other recognition criteria described above are met. If it is more likely than not that no present obligation exists, the enterprise discloses a contingent liability, unless the possibility of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is remote.5. The amount recognized as a provision should be the best estimate of the expenditu required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date, in other words, the amount that an enterprise would rationally pay to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date or to transfer it to a third party at that time.6. The Standard requires that an enterprise should, in measuring a provision: (a) take risks and uncertainties into account. However, uncertainty does not justify the creation of excessive provisions or a deliberate overstatement of liabilities;(b) discount the provisions, where the effect of the time value of money is material, using a pre-tax discount rate (or rates) that reflect(s) current market assessments of the time value of money and those risks specific to the liability that have not been reflected in the best estimate of the expenditure. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as an interest expense;(c) take future events, such as changes in the law and technological changes, into account where there is sufficient objective evidence thatthey will occur; and(d) not take gains from the expected disposal of assets into account, even if the expected disposal is closely linked to the event giving rise to the provision.7. An enterprise may expect reimbursement of some or all of the expenditure required to settle a provision (for example, through insurance contracts, indemnity clauses or suppliers' warranties). An enterprise should:(a) recognise a reimbursement when, and only when, it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received if the enterprise settles the obligation. The amount recognised for the reimbursement should not exceed the amount of the provision; and(b) recognise the reimbursement as a separate asset. In the income statement, the expense relating to a provision may be presented net of the amount recognised for a reimbursement. 8. Provisions should be reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted reflect thecurrent best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, the provisioshould be reversed.9. A provision should be used only for expenditures for which the provision was originally recognised.Provisions - Specific Applications10. The Standard explains how the general recognition and measurement requirements for provisions should be applied in three specific cases: future operating losses; onerous contracts; and restructurings. Contingent Liabilities11. An enterprise should not recognise a contingent liability. , unless the12. A contingent liability is disclosed, as required by paragraph 86possibility of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is remote.13. Where an enterprise is jointly and severally liable for an obligation, the part of tobligation that is expected to be met by other parties is treated as a contingentThe enterprise recognises a provision for the part of the obligation for which an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is probable, except in the extremely rare circumstances where no reliable estimate can be made.14. Contingent liabilities may develop in a way not initially expected. Therefore, theare assessed continually to determine whether an outflow of resources embodying probable. If it becomes probable that an outflow of economic benefits has become future economic benefits will be required for an item previously dealt with as a contingent liability, a provision is recognised in the financial statements of the period in which the change in probability occurs (except in the extremely rare circumstances where no reliable estimate can be made).Contingent Assets15. An enterprise should not recognise a contingent asset.16. Contingent assets usually arise from unplanned or other unexpected events that give rise to the possibility of an inflow of economic benefits to the enterprise. An example is a claim that an enterprise is pursuing through legal processes, where the outcome is uncertain. 17. Contingent assets are not recognised in financial statements since this may result in the recognition of income that may never be realised. However, when the realisation of income is virtually certain, then the related asset is not a contingent asset and its recognition is appropriate. 18. A contingent asset is disclosed, as required by paragraph 89 economic benefits is probable.19. Contingent assets are assessed continually to ensure that developments are appropriately reflected in the financial statements. If it has become virtually certain that an inflow of economic benefits will arise, the asset and the related income are recognised in the financial statements of the period in which the change occurs. If an inflow of economic benefits has become probable, an enterprise discloses the contingent asset.Measurement20. The amount recognised as a provision should be the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date.21. The best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation is the amount that an enterprise would rationally pay to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date or to transfer it to a third party at that time. It will often be impossible or prohibitively expensive to settle or transfer an obligation at the balance sheet date. However, the estimate of the amount that an enterprise would rationally pay to settle or transfer the obligation gives the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date. 22. The estimates of outcome and financial effect are determined by the judgement of the management of the enterprise, supplemented by experience of similar transactions and, in some cases, reports from independent experts. The evidence considered23. Uncertainties surrounding the amount to be recognised as a provision are dealt with by various means according to the circumstances. Where the provision being measured involves a large population of items, the obligation is estimated by weighting all possible outcomes by their associated probabilities. The name for thistatistical method of estimation is 'expected value'. The provision will therefore be different depending on whether the probability of a loss of a given amount is, for example, 60 per cent or 90 per cent. Where there is a continuous range of possible outcomes, and each point in that range is as likely as any other, the mid-point of thrange is used. 24. Where a single obligation is beingmeasured, the individual most likely outcome may be the best estimate of the liability. However, even in such a case, the enterprise considers other possible outcomes. Where other possible outcomes are either mostly higher or mostly lower than the most likely outcome, the best estimate will be a higher or lower amount. For example, if an enterprise has to rectify a serious fault in a major plant that it has constructed for a customer, the individual most likely outcome may be for the repair to succeed at the first attempt at a cost of1,000, but a provision for a larger amount is made if there is a significant chance that further attempts will be necessary.25. The provision is measured before tax, as the tax consequences of the provision, , Income Taxes. and changes in it, are dealt with under IAS 12,Income Taxes.Risks and Uncertainties26. The risks and uncertainties that inevitably surround many events and the best estimate of a circumstances should be taken into account in reachin the best estmeate of a provision.27. Risk describes variability of outcome. A risk adjustment may increase the amount at which a liability is measured. Caution is needed in making judgements under conditions of uncertainty, so that income or assets are not overstated and expenses or liabilities are not understated. However, uncertainty does not justify the creation of excessive provisions or adeliberate overstatement of liabilities. For example, if the projected costs of a particularly adverse outcome are estimated on a prudent basis, that outcome is not then deliberately treated as more probable than is realistically the case. Care is needed to avoid duplicating adjustments for risk and uncertainty with consequent overstatement of a provision. Present Value28. Where the effect of the time value of money is material, the amount ofa provision should be the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation.29. The discount rate (or rates) should be a pre-tax rate (or rates) that reflect(s) current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The discount rate(s) should not reflect risks for which future cash flow estimates have been adjusted. Future Events 30. Future events that may affect the amount required to settle an obligation should be reflected in the amount of a provision where there is sufficient objective evidence that they will occur.31. Expected future events may be particularly important in measuring provisions. For example, an enterprise may believe that the cost of cleaning up a site at the end of its life will be reduced by future changes in technology. The amount recognised reflects a reasonable expectation of technically qualified, objective observers, taking account of all available evidence as to the technology that will be available at the time of theclean-up. Thus it is appropriate to include, for example, expected cost reductions associated with increased experience in applying existing technology or the expected cost of applying existing technology to a larger or more complex clean-up operation than has previously been carried out. However, an enterprise does not anticipate the new technology for cleaning up unless it is supported by development of a completel sufficient objective evidence.32. The effect of possible new legislation is taken into consideration in measuring an existing obligation when sufficient objective evidence exists that the legislation is virtually certain to beenacted. The variety of circumstances that arise in practice makes it impossible to specify a single event that will provide sufficient, objective evidence in every case. Evidence is required both of what legislation will demand and of whether it is virtually certain to be enacted and implemented in due course. In many cases sufficient objective evidence will not exist until the new legislation is enacted.Expected Disposal of Assets33. Gains from the expected disposal of assets should not be taken into account in measuring a provision.34. Gains on the expected disposal of assets are not taken into account in measuring a provision, even if the expected disposal is closely linked to the event giving rise to the provision. Instead, an enterprise recognisesgains on expected disposals of assets at the time specified by the International Accounting Standard dealing with the assets concerned. Reimbursements35. Where some or all of the expenditure required to settle a provision is expected to be reimbursed by another party, the reimbursement should be recognised when, and only when, it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received if the enterprise settles the obligation. The reimbursement should be treated as a separate asset. The amount recognised for the reimbursement should not exceed the amount of the provision.36. In the income statement, the expense relating to a provision may be presented net of the amount recognised for a reimbursement.37. Sometimes, an enterprise is able to look to another party to pay part or all of the expenditure required to settle a provision (for example, through insurance contracts, indemnity clauses or suppliers' warranties). The other party may either reimburse amounts paid by the enterprise or pay the amounts directly.38. In most cases the enterprise will remain liable for the whole of the amount in question so that the enterprise would have to settle the full amount if the third party failed to pay for any reason. In this situation, a provision is recognised for the full amount of the liability, and a separate asset for the expected reimbursement is recognised when it is virtuallycertain that reimbursement will be received if the enterprise settles the liability.39. In some cases, the enterprise will not be liable for the costs in question if the third party fails to pay. In such a case the enterprise has no liability for those costs and they are not included in the provision.40. As noted in paragraph 29,severally liable is a contingent liability to the extent that it is expected that the obligation will be settled by the other parties.Changes in Provisions41. Provisions should be reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, the provision should be reversed.42. Where discounting is used, the carrying amount of a provision increases in each period to reflect the passage of time. This increase is recognised as borrowing cost.Use of Provisions43. A provision should be used only for expenditures for which the provision was originally recognised.44. Only expenditures that relate to the original provision are set against it. Setting expenditures against a provision that was originally recognised for another purpose would conceal the impact of two different events.Future Operating Losses45. Provisions should not be recognised for future operating losses.46. Future operating losses do not meet the definition of a liability in paragraph 10.the general recognition criteria set out for provisions in paragraph 1447. An expectation of future operating losses is an indication that certain assets of the operation may be impaired. An enterprise tests these assets for impairment under IAS 36, Impairment of Assets.Onerous Contracts48. If an enterprise has a contract that is onerous, the present obligation under the contract should be recognised and measured as a provision. 49. Many contracts (for example, some routine purchase orders) can be cancelled without paying compensation to the other party, and therefore there is no obligation. Other contracts establish both rights and obligations for each of the contracting parties. Where events make such a contract onerous, the contract falls within the scope of this Standard and a liability exists which is recognised. Executory contracts that are not onerous fall outside the scope of this Standard. 50. This Standard defines an onerous contract as a contract in which the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. The unavoidable costs under a contract reflect the least net cost of exiting from the contract, which is the lower ofthe cost of fulfilling it and any compensation or penalties arising from failure to fulfil it.51. Before a separate provision for an onerous contract is established, an enterprise recognises any impairment loss that has occurred on assets dedicated to that contract(see IAS 36, Impairment of Assets). Restructuring52. The following are examples of events that may fall under the definition of restructuring: (a) sale or termination of a line of business; (b) the closure of business locations in a country or region or the relocation of business activities from one country or region to another; (c) changes in management structure, for example, eliminating a layer of management; (d) fundamental reorganisations that have a material effect on the nature and focus of the enterprise's operations.53. A provision for restructuring costs is recognised only when the general recognition are met. Paragraphs 72-83 set out how criteria for provisions set out in paragraph 14the general recognition criteria apply to restructurings.54. A constructive obligation to restructure arises only when an enterprise:(a) has a detailed formal plan for the restructuring identifying at least: (i) the business or part of a business concerned;(ii) the principal locations affected;(iii) the location, function, and approximate number of employees whowill be compensated for terminating their services;(iv) the expenditures that will be undertaken;(v) when the plan will be implemented;(b) has raised a valid expectation in those affected that it will carry out the restructuring by starting to implement that plan or announcing its main features to those affected by it. . Evidence that an enterprise has started to implement a restructuring plan would be provided, 55for example, by dismantling plant or selling assets or by the public announcement of the main features of the plan. A public announcement of a detailed plan to restructure constitutes a constructive obligation to restructure only if it is made in such a way and in sufficient detail (i.e. setting out the main features of the plan) that it gives rise to valid expectations in other parties such as customers, suppliers and employees (or their representatives) that the enterprise will carry out the restructuring.56. For a plan to be sufficient to give rise to a constructive obligation when communicated to those affected by it, its implementation needs to be planned to begin as soon as possible and to be completed in a timeframe that makes significant changes to the plan unlikely. If it is expected that there will be a long delay before the restructuring begins or that the restructuring will take an unreasonably long time, it is unlikely that the plan will raise a valid expectation on the part of others that theenterprise is at present committed to restructuring, because the timeframe allows opportunities for the enterprise to change its plans.57. A management or board decision to restructure taken before the balance sheet date does not give rise to a constructive obligation at the balance sheet date unless the enterprise has, before the balance sheet date:(a) started to implement the restructuring plan;(b) announced the main features of the restructuring plan to those affected by it in a sufficiently specific manner to raise a valid expectation in them that the enterprise will carry out the restructuring. In some cases, an enterprise starts to implement a restructuring plan, or announces its main features to those affected, only after the balance sheet date. Disclosure may be , Events After the Balance Sheet Date, if the restructuring is of required under IAS 10 such importance that its non-disclosure would affect the ability of the users of the financial statements to make proper evaluations and decisions.58. Although a constructive obligation is not created solely by a management decision, an obligation may result from other earlier events together with such a decision. For example, negotiations with employee representatives for termination payments, or with purchasers for the sale of an operation, may have been concluded subject only to board approval. Once that approval has been obtained and communicated to the other parties, the enterprise has a constructive obligation to restructure, if theconditions of paragraph 72 are met.. 59. In some countries, the ultimate authority is vested in a board whose membership gement (e.g. employees) includes representatives of interests other than those of managment.or notification to such representatives may be necessary before the board decision is taken. Because a decision by such a board involves communication to these representatives, it may result in a constructive obligation to restructure.60. No obligation arises for the sale of an operation until the enterprise is committed to the sale, i.e. there is a binding sale agreement.61. Even when an enterprise has taken a decision to sell an operation and announced that decision publicly, it cannot be committed to the sale until a purchaser has been identified and there is a binding sale agreement. Until there is a binding sale agreement, the enterprise will be able to change its mind and indeed will have to take another course of action if a purchaser cannot be found on acceptable terms. When the sale of an operation is envisaged as part of a restructuring, the assets of the operation , Impairment of Assets. When a sale is only are reviewed for impairme-ent under IAS 36part of a restructuring, a constructive obligation can arise for the other parts of the restructuring before a binding sale agreement exists.62. A restructuring provision should include only the direct expenditures arising form the restrict-uring,which are those that are both:(a) necessarily entailed by the restructuring; and(b) not associated with the ongoing activities of the enterprise.63. A restructuring provision does not include such costs as:(a) retraining or relocating continuing staff;(b) marketing; or(c) investment in new systems and distribution networks.These expenditures relate to the future conduct of the business and are not liabilities for restructuring at the balance sheet date. Such expenditures are recognised on the same basis as if they arose independently of a restructuring.64. Identifiable future operating losses up to the date of a restructuring are not included in a provision, unless they relate to an onerous contract as defined in paragraph 10. , gains on the expected disposal of assets are not taken65. As required by paragraph 51into account in measuring a restructuring provision, even if the sale of assets is envisaged as part of the restructuring.Disclosure66. For each class of provision, an enterprise should disclose:(a) the carrying amount at the beginning and end of the period;(b) additional provisions made in the period, including increases toexisting provisions; (c) amounts used (i.e. incurred and charged against the provision) during the period; (d) unused amounts reversed during the period; and(e) the increase during the period in the discounted amount arising from the passage of time and the effect of any change in the discount rate. Comparative information is not required67. An enterprise should disclose the following for each class of provision:(a) a brief description of the nature of the obligation and the expected timing of any resulting outflows of economic benefits;(b) an indication of the uncertainties about the amount or timing of those outflows. Where necessary to provide adequate information, an enterprise should disclose the major assumptions made concerning future events, as addressed in paragraph 48(c) the amount of any expected reimbursement, stating the amount of any asset that has been recognised for that expected reimbursement.68. Unless the possibility of any outflow in settlement is remote, an enterprise should disclose for each class of contingent liability at the balance sheet date a brief description of the nature of the contingent liability and, where practicable:;(a) an estimate of its financial effect, measured under paragraphs 36(b) an indication of the uncertainties relating to the amount or timing of any outflow; (c) the possibility of any reimbursement.69. In determining which provisions or contingent liabilities may be aggregated to form a class, it is necessary to consider whether the nature of the items is sufficiently similar for a single statement about them to fulfil the requirements of paragraphs 85(a)and (b) and 86(a) and (b). Thus, it may be appropriate to treat as a single class of provision amounts relating to warranties of different products, but it would not be appropriate to treat as a single class amounts relating to normal warranties and amounts that are subject to legal proceedings.70. Where a provision and a contingent liability arise from the same set of -86 in a circumstances, an enterprise makes the disclosures required by paragraphs 84 that shows the link between the provision and the contingent liability.71. Where an inflow of economic benefits is probable, an enterprise should disclose a brief description of the nature of the contingent assets at the balance sheet date, and, where practicable, an estimate of their financial effect, measured using the principles set out for provisions in paragraphs 3672. It is important that disclosures for contingent assets avoid giving misleading ndications of the likelihood of income arising.73 In extremely rare cases, disclosure of some or all of the information required by paragraphs 84-89 can be expected to prejudice seriously the position of the enterprise a dispute with other parties on the subject matterof the provision, contingent or contingent asset. In such cases, an enterprise need not disclose the information, but should disclose the general nature of the dispute, together with the fact that, and reason why, the information has not been disclosed. Transitional Provisions74. The effect of adopting this Standard on its effective date (or earlier) should be reported as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings for the period in which the Standard is first adopted. Enterprises are encouraged, but not required, to adjust the opening balance of retained earnings for the earliest period presented and to restate comparative information. If comparative information is not restated, this fact should be disclosed. , Net Profit or Loss for the75. The Standard requires a different treatment from IAS 8requires Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies. IAS 8comparative information to be restated (benchmark treatment) or additional pro forma comparative information on a restated basis to be disclosed (allowed alternative reatment) unless it is impracticable to do so.。

企业会计准则2024中英对照

企业会计准则2024中英对照Enterprise Accounting Standards 2024Chapter 1: General Principles1.1 Purpose and Basis1.2 Scope of ApplicationThis standard is applicable to all enterprises engaged in production or business activities in the People's Republic of China. The specific accounting treatment shall be determined based on the nature and size of the enterprise.Chapter 2: Accounting Assumptions2.1 Going Concern AssumptionEnterprises are assumed to continue operating in the foreseeable future. Therefore, accounting records and financial statements should be prepared on the basis of this assumption.2.2 Accrual Basis AssumptionTransactions and events are recorded based on their economic substance and are recognized in the accounting records and financial statements when they occur, rather than when cash is received or paid.Chapter 3: Recognition and Measurement of Assets, Liabilities, and Equity3.1 Recognition of AssetsAn asset should be recognized if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the asset will flow to the enterprise and the cost or value of the asset can be reliably measured.3.2 Recognition of LiabilitiesA liability should be recognized if it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and the amount of the obligation can be reliably measured.3.3 Measurement of AssetsAssets should be initially measured at cost. Subsequently, assets should be measured at cost less accumulated depreciation, impairment loss, or fair value if the fair value is reliably measurable.3.4 Measurement of LiabilitiesLiabilities should be measured at the amount of proceeds received or receivable in exchange for the obligation. If the amount received or receivable is not fair value, the present value of the future cash outflows should be used as the measurement basis.4.1 Revenue RecognitionRevenue should be recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the enterprise, and the amount of revenue can be reliably measured.4.2 Expense RecognitionExpenses should be recognized when it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the related obligations and the amount of the expense can bereliably measured.Chapter 5: Presentation and Disclosure of Financial Statements5.1 Balance SheetThe balance sheet should present the financial position of the enterprise at a particular date, presenting assets, liabilities, and equity.5.3 Statement of Cash FlowsThe statement of cash flows should provide information about the cash flows of the enterprise during a particular period, classified into operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.Chapter 6: Consolidated Financial Statements6.1 Consolidation PrinciplesConsolidated financial statements should be prepared when an enterprise has control over another entity or entities.6.2 Consolidation Procedures7.1 Acquisition Method7.2 Goodwill。

新会计准则中英对照

1. 企业会计准则————————-基本准则（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises - Basic Standard） 2. 企业会计准则第1 号————————-存货（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 1 - Inventories） 3. 企业会计准则第2 号————————-长期股权投资（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 2 - Long-term equity investments） 4. 企业会计准则第3 号————————-投资性房地产（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 3 - Investment properties） 5. 企业会计准则第4 号————————-固定资产（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 4 - Fixed assets） 6. 企业会计准则第5 号————————-⽣物资产（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 5 - Biological assets） 7. 企业会计准则第6 号————————-⽆形资产（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 6 - Intangible assets） 8. 企业会计准则第7 号————————-⾮货币性资产：）（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 7 - Exchange of non-monetary assets） 9. 企业会计准则第8 号————————-资产减值（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 8 - Impairment of assets） 10. 企业会计准则第9 号————————-职⼯薪酬（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 9 – Employee compensation ） 11. 企业会计准则第10 号————————企业年⾦基⾦（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 10 - Enterprise annuity fund） 12. 企业会计准则第11 号————————股份⽀付（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 11 - Share-based payment） 13. 企业会计准则第12 号————————债务重组（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 12 - Debt restructurings） 14. 企业会计准则第13 号————————或有事项（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 13 - Contingencies） 15. 企业会计准则第14 号————————收⼊（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 14 - Revenue） 16. 企业会计准则第15 号————————建造合同（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 15 - Construction contracts） 17. 企业会计准则第16 号————————政府补助（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 16 - Government grants） 18. 企业会计准则第17 号————————借款费⽤（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 17 - Borrowing costs） 19. 企业会计准则第18 号————————所得税（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 18 - Income taxes） 20. 企业会计准则第19 号————————外币折算（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 19 - Foreign currency translation） 21. 企业会计准则第20 号————————企业合并（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 20 - Business Combinations） 22. 企业会计准则第21 号————————租赁（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 21 - Leases） 23. 企业会计准则第22 号————————⾦融⼯具确认和计量（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 22 - Recognition and measurement of financial instruments） 24. 企业会计准则第23 号————————⾦融资产转移（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 23 - Transfer of financial assets） 25. 企业会计准则第24 号————————套期保值（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 24 - Hedging） 26. 企业会计准则第25 号————————原保险合同（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 25 - Direct insurance contracts） 27. 企业会计准则第26 号————————再保险合同（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 26 - Re-insurance contracts） 28. 企业会计准则第27 号————————⽯油天然⽓开采（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 27 - Extraction of petroleum and natural gas） 29. 企业会计准则第28 号————————会计政策、会计估计变更和差错更正（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 28 - Changes in accounting policie and estimates, and correction of errors） 30. 企业会计准则第29 号————————资产负债表⽇后事项（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 29 - Events occurring after the balance sheet date） 31. 企业会计准则第30 号————————财务报表列报（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 30 - Presentation of financial statements） 32. 企业会计准则第31 号————————现⾦流量表（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 31 - Cash flow statements） 33. 企业会计准则第32 号————————中期财务报告（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 32 - Interim financial reporting） 34. 企业会计准则第33 号————————合并财务报表（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 33 - Consolidated financial statements） 35. 企业会计准则第34 号————————每股收益（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 34 - Earnings per share） 36. 企业会计准则第35 号————————分部报告（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 35 - Segment reporting） 37. 企业会计准则第36 号————————关联⽅披露（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 36 - Related party disclosure） 38. 企业会计准则第37 号————————⾦融⼯具列报（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 37 - Presentation of financial instruments） 39. 企业会计准则第38 号————————⾸次执⾏企业会计准则（Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 38 - First time adoption of Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises）。

国际会计准则（1～41）中英文目录对照

国际会计准则（1～41）中英文目录对照国际会计准则（1～41）中英文目录对照1.IAS1：Presentation of Financial Statements《IAS1——财务报表的列报》2.IAS2：Inventories《IAS2——存货》3.IAS3：Consolidated Financial Statements《IAS3——合并财务报表》（已被IAS27和IAS28取代）4.IAS4：Depreciation Accounting《IAS4——折旧会计》（已被IAS16、IAS22和IAS38取代）5.IAS5：Information to Be Disclosed in Financial Statements《IAS5——财务报表中披露的信息》（已被IAS1取代）6.IAS6：Accounting Responses to Changing Prices《IAS6——物价变动会计》（已被IAS15取代）7.IAS7：Cash Flow Statements《IAS7——现金流量表》8.IAS8：Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors 《IAS8——当期净损益、重大差错和会计政策变更》9.IAS9：Accounting for Research and Development Activities《IAS9——研发活动会计》（已被IAS38取代）10.IAS10：Events after the Balance Sheet Date《IAS10——资产负债表日后事项》11.IAS11：Construction Contracts《IAS11——建造合同》12.IAS12：Income Taxes《IAS12——所得税》13.IAS13：Presentation of Current Assets and Current Liabilities 《IAS13——流动资产和流动负债的列报》（已被IAS1取代）14.IAS14：Segment Reporting《IAS14——分部报告》15.IAS15：Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices《IAS15——反映物价变动影响的信息》（2003年已被撤销）16.IAS16：Property, Plant and Equipment《IAS16——不动产、厂场和设备》17.IAS17：Leases《IAS17——租赁》18.IAS18：Revenue《IAS18——收入》19.IAS19：Employee Benefits《IAS19——雇员福利》20.IAS20：Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance《IAS20——政府补助会计和政府援助的披露》21.IAS21：The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates《IAS21——汇率变动的影响》22.IAS22：Business Combinations《IAS22——企业合并》（已被IFRS3取代）23.IAS23：Borrowing Costs《IAS23——借款费用》24.IAS24：Related Party Disclosures《IAS24——关联方披露》25.IAS25：Accounting for Investments《IAS25——投资会计》（已被IAS39 和IAS40取代）26.IAS26：Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans《IAS26——退休福利计划的会计和报告》27.IAS27：Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements《IAS27——合并财务报表及对子公司投资会计》28.IAS28：Investments in Associates《IAS28——对联合企业投资会计》29.IAS29：Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies《IAS29——恶性通货膨胀经济中的财务报告》30.IAS30：Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions《IAS30——银行和类似金融机构财务报表中的披露》31.IAS31：Interests in Joint Ventures《IAS31——合营中权益的财务报告》32.IAS32：Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation《IAS32——金融工具：披露和列报》33.IAS33：Earnings per Share《IAS33——每股收益》34.IAS34：Interim Financial Reporting《IAS34——中期财务报告》35.IAS35：Discontinuing Operations《IAS35——终止经营》（已被IFRS5取代）36.IAS36：Impairment of Assets《IAS36——资产减值》37.IAS37：Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets 《IAS37——准备、或有负债和或有资产》38.IAS38：Intangible Assets《IAS38——无形资产》39.IAS39：Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement《IAS39——金融工具：确认和计量》40.IAS40：Investment Property《IAS40——投资性房地产》41.IAS41：Agriculture《IAS41——农业》国际会计准则中文版文件格式：Pdf可复制性：可复制TAG标签：会计学点击次数：更新时间：2010-03-30 15:23介绍国际会计准则中文版，国际会计准则在2008年做了更新，中文版不知道是否同步更新，这个对于会计从业人员的帮助很大，在网上找了很久中文版都是2003的老版本，不知道楼主上传的版本对我是否有用。

美国会计准则-中文版

目录23 2 存货（试行版） (7)2.存货（试行版） (11)3 所得税会计 (15)4A资本化资产和折旧 (26)4B 长期资产减值的会计处理 (30)4C 已减值资产的处置 (41)5 应收帐款（坏帐准备） (49)6 养老金核算 (52)7 租赁会计核算 (59)8 海外经营和货币折算 (61)9 衍生工具和套期活动 (65)10．缺勤补偿 (70)11 或有损失和产品担保 (72)12 合并和权益法会计核算 (77)13 中期财务报表（包括季度财务报表） (81)14 政府补助 (83)15 金融工具的公允价值 (84)16 内部使用软件的开发费用 (86)17 股东权益 (88)18 研究开发费用 (90)19 重组（退出或处置活动） (92)20 企业的发展阶段 (96)1 收入确认1-1. 会计定义概述只有当收入实现时或者收入可以实现并能取得相关利益时才能予以确认。

一般情况下，只有当以下条件同时得到满足时才可确认收入：(SAB No. 101 & 104):1.有说服力的证据表明销售约定存在；2.货物已经交付或者劳务已经提供；3.卖方向买方提供的商品价格是固定的或者是可以确定的；4.可以合理确信能够收到货款。

有些收入约定包含有多个销售商品或提供服务的活动。

在一般情况下，企业应该在交易完成时确认收入，并根据可能收不回来的金额按适当比例计提坏帐准备。

但若买方拥有退回货物的权利时，卖方只能按照一定的标准确认销售收入。

供应商可能会偶尔地或持续地给予其顾客各种各样的优惠（促销），诸如：折扣、礼券、回扣、"免费"的产品或服务等（紧急问题工作组01－9《卖方给予买方回报的会计处理》）。

顾客可以是直接的，也可以是间接的。

例如，供应商销售货物给分销商，分销商再将该货物销售给零售商。

紧急问题工作组01－9还涵盖了制造商给零售商或分销商的顾客促销奖励，诸如：折扣、礼券、回扣、"免费"的产品或服务以及各项其他安排如展位费、协作广告等。

ifrs准则中英文对照

ifrs准则中英文对照
IFRS准则（International Financial Reporting Standards）是国际
财务报告准则，又称国际会计准则（International Accounting Standards），是世界各国财务报告标准的国际统一标准。

其目的是为了促进全球财务信息的透明度和比较性，提高投资者和利益相关方对
企业财务状况的理解和信任度。

IFRS准则的起源可以追溯到20世纪70年代，当时国际航空运输协会建立了一个财务报告委员会，专门负责制定全球标准财务报告准则。

1989年，国际会计准则委员会（IASB）成立，被授权制定IFRS准则
并推进其全球范围内的推广和实施。

IFRS准则适用于所有上市公司和银行，以及一些非盈利性组织。

其主
要特点是强调财务报告的透明度、可比性和真实性。

其中，最重要的
标准包括IAS 1 （财务报告），IAS 2（存货），IAS 7（现金流量表）和IAS 8（会计政策、会计估计和会计错误）。

IFRS准则的全球推广和实施，旨在促进全球财务信息的透明度和比较性，增强投资者和利益相关方对企业财务状况的理解和信任度。

同时，IFRS准则为企业提供了更好的机会，通过全球化的财务报告标准，获
得更多的国际投资和融资。

当然，IFRS准则在全球范围内的推广和实施也面临诸多挑战，如地域差异、语言障碍、文化差异等。

因此，IFRS准则的设计和实施需要各国政府、监管部门、投资者、企业和专业人士的共同努力和支持，以确保IFRS准则能够真正发挥其充分作用，为全球金融市场的稳定和发展做出更大的贡献。

accounting principle 中文版

accounting principle 中文版
会计原则是指在会计实践中所遵循的一系列规则和准则，它们为会计工作提供了基本的指导和约束。

会计原则的制定旨在保证会计信息的准确性、可靠性和一致性，从而为企业的决策提供有力的支持。

会计原则的核心是会计基本假设，即企业实体假设、会计期间假设、货币计量假设和会计核算方法假设。

企业实体假设指企业应该被视为一个独立的经济实体，与其所有者和其他企业区分开来。

会计期间假设指企业的财务报表应该按照一定的时间间隔进行编制，通常是每年一次。

货币计量假设指企业的财务报表应该以货币为计量单位，以反映企业的财务状况和经营成果。

会计核算方法假设指企业应该采用一定的会计核算方法，如成本法、市场价值法等，来计量和报告其财务信息。

除了基本假设外，会计原则还包括会计核算原则、会计确认原则、会计计量原则和会计披露原则。

会计核算原则指企业应该按照一定的程序和方法进行会计核算，以保证财务信息的准确性和可靠性。

会计确认原则指企业应该在实际发生时确认其收入和费用，而不是在收到或支付现金时确认。

会计计量原则指企业应该按照一定的计量方法来计量其资产、负债、收入和费用。

会计披露原则指企业应该按照一定的规定和要求，对其财务信息进行披露，以便外部利益相关者了解企业
的财务状况和经营成果。

总之，会计原则是会计工作的基础和核心，它们为企业提供了一套完整的会计体系和标准，以保证财务信息的准确性、可靠性和一致性。

在实践中，企业应该严格遵守会计原则，加强内部控制，提高财务报告的透明度和可信度，以满足外部利益相关者的需求和期望。

企业会计准则会计科目英文版

企业会计准则会计科目英文版(中英文版)**Enterprise Accounting Standards: Accounting Subjects**In the realm of enterprise accounting, the establishment of standardized accounting subjects is of paramount importance.These subjects serve as the fundamental framework for categorizing and recording financial transactions, ensuring accuracy, transparency, and comparability in financial reporting.The following is an outline of the key accounting subjects in accordance with the enterprise accounting standards.1.Assets- Current Assets: Including cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and short-term investments.- Non-Current Assets: Comprising property, plant, and equipment, intangible assets, and long-term investments.2.Liabilities- Current Liabilities: Encompassing accounts payable, short-term loans, and accrued expenses.- Non-Current Liabilities: Including long-term loans, bonds payable, and deferred tax liabilities.3.Equity- Owner"s Equity: Reflecting the owner"s investment and retained- Minority Interest: Representing the portion of equity in subsidiaries not owned by the parent company.4.Revenue- Sales Revenue: Arising from the main operations of the enterprise.- Other Revenue: Including non-operating income such as interest and gains from the sale of assets.5.Expenses- Cost of Goods Sold: Relating to the production or purchase of goods sold.- Operating Expenses: Including salaries, rent, utilities, and marketing expenses.- Non-Operating Expenses: Comprising interest expenses and losses from the sale of assets.6.Gains and Losses- Gain or Loss on Disposal of Assets: Resulting from the sale or retirement of assets.- Unrealized Gains or Losses: Associated with changes in the fair value of certain financial instruments.7.Income Taxes- Current Tax Expense: Relating to taxes payable on current year"s- Deferred Tax Expense: Resulting from temporary differences between accounting and tax treatments.8.Other Comprehensive Income- Items of Other Comprehensive Income: Including foreign currency translation adjustments, gains or losses on available-for-sale financial assets, and certain pension adjustments.Adherence to these accounting subjects as per the enterprise accounting standards ensures that financial statements are prepared in a manner that is consistent, reliable, and informative for stakeholders.**企业会计准则：会计科目**在企业会计领域，建立标准化的会计科目至关重要。

中国会计准则英文版

中国会计准则英文版Chinese Accounting Standards (English Version)1. IntroductionAs the global economy continues to grow, the importance of accounting standards cannot be emphasized enough. China, as a major player in the world economy, has developed its own accounting standards known as Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS). In this article, we will delve into the key principles and guidelines outlined by CAS.2. Historical BackgroundIn the past, China used to follow the Chinese Accounting System (CAS) which was heavily influenced by the Soviet Union's accounting practices. However, with China's increasing integration into the global economy, there was a need to align with international standards.In 2006, China issued a comprehensive set of accounting standards known as Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS). These standards aim to establish a transparent and reliable financial reporting framework that is in line with international practices.3. Key Principles of Chinese Accounting Standards3.1. Fair PresentationThe concept of fair presentation is a fundamental principle of CAS. It requires financial statements to present information that reflects the true substance of transactions and events, and is not misleading to users.3.2. ConsistencyCAS emphasizes consistency in financial reporting. This means that entities should apply the same accounting policies for similar transactions and events over time, ensuring comparability of financial statements.3.3. Substance Over FormCAS focuses on the substance of transactions rather than their legal form. It requires entities to account for transactions based on their economic substance, which may differ from their legal form.3.4. PrudencePrudence is another key principle of CAS. It requires entities to exercise caution and not overstate assets and income, or understate liabilities and expenses. This ensures a conservative approach to financial reporting.4. Structure of Chinese Accounting StandardsCAS comprises a comprehensive set of standards covering various aspects of financial reporting. The structure is divided into several categories, including:4.1. General StandardsThese standards provide the overall framework for financial reporting. They outline the fundamental principles, definitions, and objectives of CAS.4.2. Recognition and Measurement StandardsThese standards specify the criteria for recognizing and measuring various items in the financial statements. They cover topics such as revenue, expenses, assets, liabilities, and equity.4.3. Presentation and Disclosure StandardsThese standards deal with the presentation and disclosure requirements of financial statements. They provide guidelines on how information should be presented and disclosed to users.4.4. Industry-specific StandardsChina has also developed industry-specific accounting standards to cater to the unique needs of various industries. These standards provide specific guidance for sectors such as banking, insurance, and real estate.5. Challenges and Future DevelopmentsDespite the progress made in implementing CAS, there are still challenges to be addressed. One challenge is the consistent interpretation and application of the standards across different entities and industries. Efforts are being made to develop additional guidance and provide training to enhance understanding and compliance.Looking ahead, China is committed to further aligning its accounting standards with international practices. This includes ongoing convergence with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The convergence will facilitate comparability and enhance the credibility of Chinese financial statements in the global marketplace.6. ConclusionChinese Accounting Standards (CAS) play a crucial role in promoting transparency, comparability, and reliability in financial reporting in China. With its commitment to international convergence, China is positioning itself as a global player in financial reporting standards. By adhering to the principles and guidelines outlined by CAS, entities can ensure accurate and meaningful financial reporting, enhancing trust and confidence among stakeholders.。

国际会计准则(中文版)(正规版)

国际会计准则(中文版)(正规版）国际会计准那么〔中文版〕International Accounting Standards Chinese Edition 目录1国际会计准那么第1号--会计政策的揭示4国际会计准那么第2号--存货10国际会计准那么第3号--已失效10国际会计准那么第4号--折旧会计13国际会计准那么第5号--已失效13国际会计准那么第6号--已失效13国际会计准那么第7号--现金流量表21国际会计准那么第8号--本期净损益、根本错误和会计政策的变更29国际会计准那么第9号--研究和开发费用35国际会计准那么第10号--或有事项和资产负债表日以后发生的事项39国际会计准那么第11号--建筑合同46国际会计准那么第12号--所得税会计53国际会计准那么第13号--已失效54国际会计准那么第14号--按分部报告财务信息58国际会计准那么第15号--反映价格变动影响的信息61国际会计准那么第16号--不动产、厂房和设备73国际会计准那么第17号--租赁会计82国际会计准那么第18号--收入89国际会计准那么第19号--退休金费用97国际会计准那么第20号--政府补助会计和对政府援助的揭示103国际会计准那么第21号--外汇汇率变动的影响111国际会计准那么第22号--企业合并124国际会计准那么第23号--借款费用128国际会计准那么第24号--对关联者的揭示132国际会计准那么第25号--投资会计140国际会计准那么第26号--退休金方案的会计和报告147国际会计准那么第27号--合并财务报表和对附属公司投资的会计152国际会计准那么第28号--对联营企业投资的会计156国际会计准那么第29号--在恶性通货膨胀经济中的财务报告161国际会计准那么第30号--银行和类似金融机构财务报表应揭示的信息171国际会计准那么第31号--合营中权益的财务报告178国际会计准那么第32号--金融工具：揭示和呈报197国际会计准那么第33号--每股收益208国际会计准那么第34号--中期财务报告216国际会计准那么第35号--中止经营223国际会计准那么第36号--资产减值242国际会计准那么第37号--准备、或有负债和或有资产255国际会计准那么第38号--无形资产275国际会计准那么第39号--金融工具：确认和计量313国际会计准那么第40号--投资性房地产325国际会计准那么第41号--农业国际会计准那么第1号--会计政策的揭示〔1975年1月公布，1994年11月格式重排〕范围1．在揭示编制和呈报财务报表所采用的所有重要会计政策时，应该应用本号准那么。

企业会计准则第号——合并财务报表-中英对照

企业会计准则第号——合并财务报表-中英对照————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 33 - Consolidated financialstatements企业会计准则第33号——合并财务报表Chapter I General Provisions第一章总则Article 1: These Standards are formulated in accordance with the Accounting Standards for Enterprises - Basic Standards for the purpose of regulating the preparation and presentation of consolidated financial statements.第一条为了规范合并财务报表的编制和列报，根据《企业会计准则——基本准则》，制定本准则。

Article 2: ‘consolidated financial statements’ are structural reports about the financial statu s, business performances and cash flows of the enterprise group formulated by parent companies and subsidiary companies.第二条合并财务报表，是指反映母公司和其全部子公司形成的企业集团整体财务状况、经营成果和现金流量的财务报表。

Parent company means the company has one or more subsidiary companies (or main body).母公司，是指有一个或一个以上子公司的企业（或主体，下同）。

企业会计准则中英对照

企业会计准则——基本准则Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises:Basic Standard第一章总则Chapter 1 General Provisions第一条为了规范企业会计确认、计量和报告行为，保证会计信息质量，根据《中华人民共和国会计法》和其他有关法律、行政法规，制定本准则。

hina and Article 1 In accordance with The Accounting Law of the People’s Republic of C other relevant laws and regulations, this Standard is formulated to prescribe the recognition, measurement and reporting activities of enterprises for accounting purposes and to ensure the quality of accounting information.第二条本准则适用于在中华人民共和国境内设立的企业(包括公司，下同)。

Article 2 This Standard shall apply to enterprises (including companies) established within the People’s Republic of China.第三条企业会计准则包括基本准则和具体准则，具体准则的制定应当遵循本准则。

Article 3 Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises include the Basic Standard and Specific Standards. Specific Standards shall be formulated in accordance with this Standard.第四条企业应当编制财务会计报告(又称财务报告，下同)。

中小企业会计准则的应用外文文献翻译中英文

中小企业会计准则的应用外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Nerudova D, Bohusova H. The application of an accounting standard for SMEs[J]. International Journal of Liability & Scientific Enquiry, 2009, 2(2):233-246.英文原文The application of an accounting standard for SMEsDanuse Nerudova and Hana BohusovaAbstractSmall and medium-sized companies have a very important position in the European Union (EU) economy, mainly in the area of employment. Their activities in the internal market are limited by a great deal of obstacles. The most important obstacles are the different national accounting and tax systems. At present, it is obvious that a certain degree of accounting and tax harmonization has to take place. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) is designed to apply to the general-purpose harmonized financial statements of all profit-oriented SMEs. General-purpose financial statements are directed toward the common information needs (an entity’s financial position, performance, cash flow) of a wide range of users (shareholders, creditors,employees). Determining taxable income requires special-purpose financial statements designed to comply with the tax laws and regulations in a particular jurisdiction. An entity taxable income is defined by the laws and regulations of the country or other jurisdictions in which it is domiciled. Tax authorities are also important external users of the financial statements of SMEs. Profit or loss recognized under IFRS for SMEs could be a starting point for determining taxable income. Keywords: small- and medium-sized enterprises; SMEs; taxable income; International Financial Reporting Standards; IFRS; cash flow; tax; accounting.1 IntroductionSmall- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) comprise a substantial part of thecompanies operating in the European Union (EU) member states. Based on the latest statistics, there are 25 million SMEsoperating in 27 member states, which represent 234 D. Nerudováand H. Bohušov á99% of all business. These companies create more than 100 million jobs in the EU (Eurostat, 2003). In some industry sectors, such as textiles or construction, they even create more than 75% of the jobs. SMEs are considered the key factor of economic growth and employment in the EU. Therefore, they have received a great deal of attention in the EU in the last ten years. The structure of the EU 25 businesseconomy by the number of persons employed is shown in Table.There are 988 787 SMEs (with less than 250 employees), which represent 99.81% of all the enterprises operating in the Czech market (Czech Statistical Office, 2003). SMEs employ 1 961 000 people, which represent a 62.21% share of the total employment in the Czech Republic. The share is even 80% higher than the other sectors of the national economy –agriculture 85% and restaurant services 89.34%. For this reason, SMEs also play a very important role in the Czech Republic not only in the area of employment, but also in the economy as a whole.The increase in the importance of SMEs in the EU economy has propelled the European Commission to commission several studies, such as COM (2001)582 final and COM (2005)532 final in this area. These studies have dealt with the SMEs’position in the internal market and have identified the obstacles which these types of enterprises face while operating in the internal market. The existence of obstacles mainly in the form of 25 different accounting and tax systems, which generate disproportionate high compliance costs for SMEs (in comparison with large enterprises), is the reason why SMEs are less involved in cross-border activities and operate less in the internal market in comparison with large enterprises. The studies have revealed that SMEs operate mainly in the domestic (national) markets. It seems that in today’s globalised world, a higher involvement of SMEs in cross-borderactivities and its higher operation on the internal market could bring an increase in their competitiveness and performance, which would remarkably influence the economy and growth of the EU as a whole.The aims of the paper are to evaluate the Exposure Draft (ED) of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for SMEs and design some modifications of SME financial reporting harmonization. The theoretical background of the paper presents the objectives of SME financial reporting harmonization and the efforts of the European Commission to harmonies the area of corporate taxation and introduce the recommended taxation models of EU companies. This paper contains a research on the implementation used in harmonising SME financial reporting. The full IFRS is transformed for SMEs by the simplification of some standards and by the omission of irrelevant standards. Finally, the paper summarises the results of the research and suggests alternative solutions.2 The characteristics of SMEsThe application of an accounting standard for SMEs 235 At present, various definitions which have been developed for application in different countries can be found. The criteria often used for classifying enterprises are turnover, the number of employees, capital base, profits, etc. Whether an enterprise appears to be large, medium or small differs widely across the countries and depends on their degree of development and the generalscale of economic activity.1 According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2005), the characteristics of SMEs reflect not only economic, but also the cultural and social dimensions of a country. The paper uses the definition of SMEs which has been introduced in the EU by the adoption of the Commission There is at present relatively little cross-country experience with generalised approaches to SMEs’taxation and accounting. On the other hand, there are available literature on the challenges faced in designing tax regimes for SMEs. Different accounting and tax systems which trigger high compliance costs represent the barrier for SMEs wishing to take part in cross-border activities in the EU.The efforts to unify the accounting systems of the EU member states are connected with the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC) –the harmonisation of accounting and taxes is confirmed in the Treaty of Rome signed in 1957. The aim was to coordinate the protective rules of companies not only in the interest of shareholders and third parties (creditors, employees), but also in the interest of equal competitive conditions and equal business relations in the member states.The first harmonisation efforts in the area of accounting were accomplished by the adoption of directives (Fourth Directive No. 78/660/EEC, Seventh Directive No. 83/349/EEC and Eighth Directive No.84/253/EEC). They create the code of EU accounting legislation and represent the basic harmonisation tool of the European Commission. These directives comprise elements from the continental legal system typified by Germany or France, as well as the elements from the Anglo-Saxon system. Both approaches differ mainly in the area of financial statements’arrangements.The most important directive in the area of accounting is represented by the fourth directive, which concerns the financial statements of large and medium-sized capital companies. The directive reflects the compromises between the continental and Anglo-Saxon approaches –the structure and form of financial statements are variable and its final form is left to national competence.Since the 1970s, the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) has played a very important role in the area of accounting harmonisation. The IASC was followed in 2001 by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), which was asked to create unified International Accounting Standards (IAS) and later, the IFRS.The efforts to harmonise taxation systems for SMEs within the EU have started mainly in 2001, when the European Commission introduced the green paper which surveyed the tax obstacles for the companies in the internal market. Until that time, the European Commission was always trying to harmonise or coordinate the system of direct taxation in generalwithout any special emphasis on SMEs. After the publication of the abovementioned study in 2001, the European Commission suggested four possible models of corporate tax harmonisation.2 One of them –Home State Taxation (HST) –was aimed at SMEs. Under that system, the companies will use for the taxation of their European activities the rules which are valid in the country where the company has a seat or headquarters. HST is voluntary –companies could opt to use domestic taxation rules or not.The model does not represent harmonisation, for under this system, 27 different national taxation systems, would still exist. The application of the model could also increase tax competition in order to attract the companies that would tax their profits from the European activities in the country. The European Commission has prepared the pilot project, under which the model should be tested for five years in selected countries. However, no member state applied to participate; therefore, the Commission turned its attention to a second model –the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB). At present, the CCCTB represents the priority of the European Commission –the draft of the CCCTB directive should be finished by the end of 2008. The problem is that the model is mainly aimed at large companies and will probably not be reachable for SMEs (for details, see Nerudová, 2007).At present, the directives connected with accounting are undergoingthe revision. The aims are to adopt the directives to the requirements connected with the internalisation of the business environment and harmonise the directives with IFRS. In 2003, Directive No. 2003/51/EC was adopted, which enables the member states which do not apply IAS/IFRS on all companies to use the similar financial reporting systems.The situation in the area of accounting harmonisation is solved for large companies listed on the world stock markets. SMEs have a legal obligation to prepare financial statements in accordance with a set of accounting principles accepted in their country. Those statements are available to creditors, suppliers and the government in their country, but they could be difficult to understand for creditors, suppliers and those in other countries.The financial statements of SMEs that are comparable from one country to the next are needed for the following reasons. Firstly, financial institutions make loans across borders and operate on a multinational level. Secondly, vendors want to evaluate the financial health of buzzers in other countries before they sell goods or services on credit. Credit rating agencies try to develop ratings uniformly across borders. Furthermore, many SMEs have overseas suppliers and use a supplier’s financial statement to assess the prospects of a viable long-term business relationship. V enture capital firms also provide funding to SMEs across borders.Many SMEs have external investors who are not involved in the day-to-day management of the entity. Global accounting standards for general-purpose financial statements and the resulting comparability are especially important when those external investors are located in a different jurisdiction from the entity and when they have interests in other SMEs. Moreover, global standards also improve the consistency in audit quality and facilitate education and training. On the other hand, good accounting and more disclosures add to SMEs’burdens rather than reduce them; SMEs are also often concerned about the competitive harmfulness of greater transparency.The benefit of global financial reporting standards is not limited to enterprises whose securities are traded in public capital markets. SMEs –and those who use their financial statements –can benefit from a common set of accounting standards different from full IFRS. Users may have less interest in some information in general-purpose financial statements prepared in accordance with full IFRS than the users of financial statements of publicly traded entities (users of the financial statements of SMEs may have greater interest in short-term cash flows, liquidity, balance sheet strength and interest coverage or they may need some information that is not ordinarily presented in the financial statement of publicly traded companies).The differences between full IFRS and IFRS for SMEs must bedetermined on the basis of users’needs and cost-benefit analyses as quotes (Bohušová, 2007). There can be found different attitudes to the introduction of standards for SMEs in accounting theory. As stated by Březinová(2004), it is very important to consider who the users of financial statements are while making the decision about the application of accounting standards for SMEs. Also, V eerle (2005) and Street and Larson (2004) were in opposition to SMEs’accounting harmonisation based on full IFRS, which is applied in Malta, Cyprus or Croatia (mainly because of the different needs of users of the information from the financial statements). With quotes (Březinová, 2004), the basic problem is the approaches to the valuation methods used by IFRS for companies which are not the subjects of public interest. The philosophy of IFRS is primarily to provide the information for financial investors and supervising institutions while the standards for SMEs (which are not the subjects of public interest) should reflect the needs of different accounting information users (owners, managers, state, tax authorities, insurance companies, creditors, etc.). On the contrary, Haller (2002) asked whether the size of the enterprise is the reason for the application of different methodical approaches to financial statements. Furthermore, Oberreiter (2005) expressed doubt about the harmonisation of the standards for SMEs mainly because of its local character. According to the author, SMEs lack the ambition to become large or listed companies.He suggested different approaches to the individual SMEs.3 BackgroundSince 2004, the IASB has been working on a project to develop accounting standards suitable for enterprises that are not obliged to prepare financial statements in accordance with IAS/IFRS. In June 2004, the discussion paper Preliminary Views on Accounting Standards for SMEs was published. The responses (120 responses) to the discussion paper showed a clear demand for an IFRS for SMEs and the preference to adopt the IFRS for SMEs rather than locally or regionally developed standards. Based on the responses to the discussion paper, the enterprises which should prepare their financial statements in accordance with IFRS for SMEs were defined. They were defined by the IASB as enterprises that either do not have public accountability or publish general-purpose financial statements for external users.The IASB definition of SMEs does not include quantified size criteria for determining what a small or medium-sized entity is because those standards could be used in over 100 countries (from the reasons already mentioned). It is not feasible to develop a quantified test that would be applicable and long-lasting in all of those countries. In deciding which entities should be required or permitted to use the IFRS for SMEs, jurisdiction may prescribe the quantified size criteria in a particular country. Despite this fact, the IASB approach focuses on ‘the typicalSME’with about 50 employees. It is a quantified size test for defining SMEs, but rather, for helping it decide the kind of transactions, events and conditions that should be explicitly addressed in the IFRS for SMEs.中文译文中小企业会计准则的应用Danuse Nerudova和Hana Bohusova摘要中小企业在欧盟经济中占有非常重要的地位，主要集中在就业领域。

(完整版)企业会计准则中英版

企业会计准则第2 号——长期股权投资Accounting Standards for Enterprises No.2 - Long-term Equity Investments第一章总则Chapter I General Provisions第一条为了规范长期股权投资的确认、计量和相关信息的披露，根据《企业会计准则——基本准则》，制定本准则。

Article 1 In order to regulate the recognition and measurement of long-term equity investments, and disclosure of relevant information, theseStandards are formulated in the light of the Accounting Standards for Enterprises – Basic Standards.第二条下列各项适用其他相关会计准则：Article 2 Other relevant accounting standards shall apply to such items as follows:（一）外币长期股权投资的折算，适用《企业会计准则第19 号——外币折算》。

(1) The Accounting Standards for Enterprises No. 19 - Foreign CurrencyTranslation shall apply to the translation of long term equity investments in foreign currencies;（二）本准则未予规范的长期股权投资，适用《企业会计准则第22 号——金融工具确认和计量》。

(2)The Accounting Standards for Enterprises No. 22 -Recognition andmeasurement of Financial Instruments shall apply to the long terminvestments which haven't been dealt with by the present standards.第二章初始计量Chapter II Initial Measurement第三条企业合并形成的长期股权投资，应当按照下列规定确定其初始投资成本：Article 3 The initial cost of the long-term equity investment formed in the merger of an enterprise shall be ascertained in accordance with the following provisions:（一）同一控制下的企业合并，合并方以支付现金、转让非现金资产或承担债务方式作为合并对价的，应当在合并日按照取得被合并方所有者权益账面价值的份额作为长期股权投资的初始投资成本。

会计经验：新会计准则中英对照

新会计准则中英对照1.企业会计准则-基本准则（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprises-BasicStandard）2.企业会计准则第1号-存货（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.1-Inventories）3.企业会计准则第2号-长期股权投资（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.2-Long-termequityinvestme nts）4.企业会计准则第3号-投资性房地产（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.3-Investmentproperties）5.企业会计准则第4号-固定资产（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.4-Fixedassets）6.企业会计准则第5号-生物资产（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.5-Biologicalassets）7.企业会计准则第6号-无形资产（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.6-Intangibleassets）8.企业会计准则第7号-非货币性资产：）（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.7-Exchangeofnon-monetarya ssets）9.企业会计准则第8号-资产减值（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.8-Impairmentofassets）10.企业会计准则第9号-职工薪酬（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.9–Employeecompensat ion）11.企业会计准则第10号企业年金基金（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.10-Enterpriseannuityfund）12.企业会计准则第11号股份支付（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.11-Share-basedpayment）13.企业会计准则第12号债务重组（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.12-Debtrestructurings）14.企业会计准则第13号或有事项（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.13-Contingencies）15.企业会计准则第14号收入（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.14-Revenue）16.企业会计准则第15号建造合同（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.15-Constructioncontracts）17.企业会计准则第16号政府补助（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.16-Governmentgrants）18.企业会计准则第17号借款费用（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.17-Borrowingcosts）19.企业会计准则第18号所得税（AccountingStandardforBusinessEnterprisesNo.18-Incometaxes）小编寄语：会计学是一个细节致命的学科，以前总是觉得只要大概知道意思就可以了，但这样是很难达到学习要求的。

国际会计准则ias中文版

国际会计准则2003年9月19日国际会计准则(IAS)目录Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (3)Preface ...................................................................... .............................................................................. . (24)Procedure and Objective of IASB ......................................................................... (27)IAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements.................................................................... (33)IAS 2: Inventories................................................................... .............................................................................. .55IAS 7: Cash Flow Statements ................................................................... (62)IAS 8: Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies (73)IAS 10: Events After the Balance Sheet Date.......................................................................... (82)IAS 11: Construction Contracts .................................................................... .. (93)IAS 12: Income Taxes ........................................................................ (101)IAS 14: Segment Reporting .................................................................... (134)IAS 15: Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices (1)50IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment..................................................................... . (155)IAS 17: Leases........................................................................ (169)IAS 18: Revenue ...................................................................... . (18)IAS 19: Employee Benefits...................................................................... (188)IAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance (227)IAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates ........................................................................ . (233)IAS 22: Business Combinations.................................................................. .. (244)IAS 23: Borrowing Costs ........................................................................ (270)IAS 24: Related Party Disclosures .................................................................. . (275)IAS 26: Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans (280)IAS 27: Consolidated Financial Statements ................................................................... (288)IAS 28: Investments in Associates ................................................................... . (294)IAS 29: Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies .................................................................... . (301)IAS 30: Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions (308)IAS 31: Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures ..................................................................... (319)IAS 32: Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation.................................................................. (328)IAS 33: Earnings per Share ........................................................................ .. (351)IAS 34: Interim Financial Reporting..................................................................... (365)IAS 35: Discontinuing Operations ................................................................... (376)IAS 36: Impairment of Assets........................................................................ .. (385)IAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets (410)IAS 38: Intangible Assets ....................................................................... . (426)IAS 39: Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement................................................................... (452)IAS 40: InvestmentProperty...................................................................... .. (504)IAS 41: Agriculture .................................................................. (520)Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial StatementsFramework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements架The IASB Framework is a conceptual accounting framework that sets out the concepts that underlie thepreparation and presentation of financial statements for external users. It was approved in 1989. The IASBFramework assists the IASB:.in the development of future International Accounting Standards and in its review of existingInternational Accounting Standards; and.in promoting the harmonisation of regulations, accounting standards and procedures relating to thepresentation of financial statements by providing a basis for reducing the number of alternativeaccounting treatments permitted by International Accounting Standards.In addition, the Framework may assist:.preparers of financial statements in applying International Accounting Standards and in dealing withtopics that have yet to form the subject of an International Accounting Standard;.auditors in forming an opinion as to whether financial statements conform with InternationalAccounting Standards;.users of financial statements in interpreting the information contained in financial statements preparedin conformity with International Accounting Standards; and.those who are interested in the work of IASB, providing them with information about its approach to theformulation of accounting standards.The Framework is not an International Accounting Standard and does not define standards for any particularmeasurement or disclosure issue.In a limited number of cases there may be a conflict between the Framework and a requirement within anInternational Accounting Standard. In those cases where there is a conflict, the requirements of the InternationalAccounting Standard prevail over those of the Framework.世界上许多企业都编制并且向外部使用者呈报财务报表。

新会计准则英文版

新会计准则英文版新企业会计准则中英对照（仅供B组小伙伴参考）1.存货 Inventory2.长期股权投资 Long-term Equity Investment3.投资性房地产 Investment Real Estate4.固定资产 Fixed Assets5.生物资产 Biological Assets6.无形资产 Intangible Assets7.非货币性资产交换 Exchange of Non-monetary Assets8.资产减值 Assets Impairment9.职工薪酬 Wages and Salaries of Employees10.企业年金基金 Enterprise Annuity Fund11.股份支付 Share-based Payments12.债务重组 Debt Restructuring13.或有事项 Contingencies14.收入 Revenues15.建造合同 Construction Contracts16.政府补助 Government Grants17.借款费用 Borrowing Costs18.所得税 Income T ax19.外币折算 Foreign Currency Translation20.企业合并 Business Combination21.租赁 Leases22.金融工具确认和计量Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instrument23.金融资产转移 Transfer of Financial Assets24.套期保值 Hedging25.原保险合同 Direct Insurance Contracts26.再保险合同 Reinsurance Contracts27.石油天然气开采 Exploitation of Petroleum and Natural Gas28.会计政策、会计估计变更和差错更正 Changes in Accounting Policies andEstimates and Corrections of Errors29.资产负债表日后事项 Events after the Balance Sheet Date30.财务报表列报 Financial Statement Presentation31.现金流量表 Cash Flow Statement32.中期财务报告 Interim Financial Reporting33.合并财务报表 Consolidate Financial Statement34.每股收益 Earning Per Share/EPS35.分部报告 Segment Reporting36.关联方披露 Disclosure of Related Parties37.金融工具列报 Presentation of Financial Instruments38.首次执行企业会计准则Initial Adoption of Accounting Standard for Enterprises。

国际会计准则中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:译文（一）世界贸易的飞速发展和国际资本的快速流动将世界经济带入了全球化时代。

在这个时代, 任何一个国家要脱离世界贸易市场和资本市场谋求自身发展是非常困难的。

会计作为国际通用的商业语言, 在经济全球化过程中扮演着越来越重要的角色, 市场参与者也对其提出越来越高的要求。

随着市场经济体制的逐步建立和完善，有些国家加入世贸组织后国际化进程的加快，市场开放程度的进一步增强，市场经济发育过程中不可避免的各种财务问题的出现，迫切需要完善的会计准则加以规范。

然而，在会计准则制定过程中，有必要认真思考理清会计准则的概念，使制定的会计准则规范准确、方便操作、经济实用。

由于各国家的历史、环境、经济发展等方面的不同,导致目前世界所使用的会计准则在很多方面都存在着差异,这使得各国家之间的会计信息缺乏可比性,本国信息为外国家信息使用者所理解的成本较高,在很大程度上阻碍了世界国家间资本的自由流动。

近年来,许多国家的会计管理部门和国家性的会计、经济组织都致力于会计准则的思考和研究,力求制定出一套适于各个不同国家和经济环境下的规范一致的会计准则,以增强会计信息的可比性,减少国家各之间经济交往中信息转换的成本。

译文（二）会计准则就是会计管理活动所依据的原则, 会计准则总是以一定的社会经济背景为其存在基础, 也总是反映不同社会经济制度、法律制度以及人们习惯的某些特征, 因而不同国家的会计准则各有不同特点。

但是会计准则毕竟是经济发展对会计规范提出的客观要求。

它与社会经济发展水平和会计管理的基本要求是相适应的,因而,每个国家的会计准则必然具有某些共性:1. 规范性每个企业有着变化多端的经济业务,而不同行业的企业又有各自的特殊性。

而有了会计准则,会计人员在进行会计核算时就有了一个共同遵循的标准,各行各业的会计工作可在同一标准的基础上进行,从而使会计行为达到规范化,使得会计人员提供的会计信息具有广泛的一致性和可比性,大大提高了会计信息的质量。

企业会计准则第9号—职工薪酬(中英文对照)

附件：企业会计准则第9号——职工薪酬Accounting Standard for Business Enterprise No.9—Employee Benifits第一章总则Chapter 1 General Provisions第一条为了规范职工薪酬的确认、计量和相关信息的披露，根据《企业会计准则——基本准则》，制定本准则。

ArticJe 1 This Standard is formulated in accordance with the"Accounting Stand.αrd for Business Enterprise—Basic Standard " for the purpose of prescribing the recognition and measurementof employee benefits and the disclosure of related information.第二条职工薪酬，是指企业为获得职工提供的服务或解除劳动关系而给予的各种形式的报酬或补偿。

职工薪酬包括短期薪酬、离职后福利、辞退福利和其他长期职工福利。

企业提供给职工配偶、子女、受赡养人、已故员工遗属及其他受益人等的福利，也属于职工薪酬Article 2 Employee benefits refer to all forms of consideration or compensation given by anenterprise in exchange for service rendered by employees or for the termination ofemployment relationship. Employee benefits include short-term employee benefits , postemployment benefits , termination benefits and other long-term employee benefits.Benefits provided to an employee's spouse , children , dependants , family membersof deceased employees , or other beneficiaries are also employee benefits.短期薪酬，是指企业在职工提供相关服务的年度报告期间结束后十二个月内需要全部予以支付的职工薪酬，因解除与职工的劳动关系给予的补偿除外。

会计原则中英对照

会计原则中英对照The purpose of accounting is to provide information that can be useful for economic decision-making. For this purpose， we should have certain accounting principles that provide guidelines and a common ground to practice accounting and to communicate accounting information effectively. The most important principles are as follows：-Accrual -Historical cost -Realization -Matching -Conservation -Objectivity -Full-Disclosure -Consistency -Materiality The Accrual Principle The accrual principle holds that profit (or loss) is the difference between revenues and expensed for a period. It is not the difference between the cash receipts and cash payment for the same period. This principle complements the realization and the matching principles. According to it， the process of determining profit (or loss) is based on the accrual basis that is quite different from the cash basis.The accrual basis recognizes the impact of transactions on the financial statements in time periods when revenues and expenses occur. That is， revenues are recorded as they are earned and expenses are recorded as they are incurred. In contrast，the cash basis recognizes the impact of transactions on the financial statements only when cash is received of disbursed.会计的目标是提供有益经济决策的信息。