Cell-2017-Landscape of Infiltrating T Cells in Liver Cancer Revealed by Single-Cell Sequencing
同种带瓣主动脉去内皮和去细胞处理后生物学特性及免疫原性的变化
同种带瓣主动脉去内皮和去细胞处理后生物学特性及免疫原性的变化荆辉;常青【期刊名称】《中国组织工程研究》【年(卷),期】2014(000)033【摘要】BACKGROUND:Aortic root homograft has been widely used, but it stil has a high incidence of calcification and degeneration after operation. <br> OBJECTIVE:To investigate the alteration of biological and immunological properties of rabbit aortic root homograft treated with de-endothelialization and decellularization methods, and to find a better decellularization method. <br> METHODS:Aortic root homografts obtained from rabbits were randomly divided into fresh group, de-endothelialization group, and decellularization group. The morphology of homografts was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin, Masson and VG stainings. The biological properties such as thickness, tensile strength, broken extension rate, and heat shrinkage temperature were detected. The immunological features (inflammatory cellinfiltration, calcium content and CD152 expression) were determined with immunohistochemistry and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. <br> RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:As demonstrated in morphological observation, protocols of de-endothelialization and decellularization methods we used attained our desired aim of decellularization perfectly. Tensile strength and brokenextension rate of decellularization group were decreased significantly compared with fresh group (P<0.01), while the difference between de-endothelialization group and fresh group was not significant (P>0.05). Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that, inflammatory reaction was the most apparent in fresh group, showing a large amount of inflammatory cells infiltration;compared with fresh group, inflammatory reaction was significantly attenuated in de-endothelialization group, the number of inflammatory cells was significantly decreased. The inflammatory reaction was the lowest in the decellularization group, only inflammatory cells infiltrated the tissue edge. Immunohistochemistry showed that, CD152 expression was significantly increased in de-endothelialization and decellularization groups compared with fresh group (P<0.05). Calcium content in de-endothelialization and decellularization groups was significantly decreased compared with fresh group (P<0.05). It could be concluded that the immunogenicity of de-endothelialized and decellularized aortic homografts is decreased significantly, and the de-endothelialization method could better maintain the tensile property.%背景：目前同种瓣已在临床广泛应用，但移植后远期易发生衰败和钙化。
ctit指南2023解读
ctit指南2023解读English Answer:Introduction.The Comprehensive Tumor Immunotherapy Guidelines (CTIT) 2023 provide a comprehensive and evidence-based update on the current landscape of tumor immunotherapy. This document represents the consensus of a multidisciplinary panel of experts and aims to guide clinicians in the selection and administration of immunotherapy treatments for various types of cancer. The CTIT 2023 incorporates the latest research findings and clinical trial data to provide practical recommendations and inform clinical decision-making.Key Updates in CTIT 2023。
Checkpoint Inhibitors:The CTIT 2023 recognizes the growing role ofcheckpoint inhibitors as first-line treatments foradvanced-stage cancers and emphasizes the importance of biomarker testing to guide patient selection.For non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pembrolizumabis now recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with high tumor mutational burden (TMB) or PD-L1 expression.In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), atezolizumab is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with unresectable disease.Combination Therapies:The CTIT 2023 emphasizes the benefits of combining immunotherapy agents with other treatments, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiotherapy.For example, nivolumab plus ipilimumab is recommended as a first-line treatment for advanced melanoma.Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy is recommended as a first-line treatment for advanced NSCLC.Cell Therapies:The CTIT 2023 provides guidance on the use of cell therapies, such as CAR T-cell therapy and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy.CAR T-cell therapy is recommended as a second-line treatment for patients with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).TIL therapy is recommended as an investigational treatment for patients with advanced melanoma or othersolid tumors.Future Directions:The CTIT 2023 also discusses emerging trends and future directions in tumor immunotherapy. These include:The development of novel biomarkers to predict response to immunotherapy.The exploration of combination therapies involving multiple immunotherapeutic agents.The investigation of personalized immunotherapy approaches based on patient-specific tumor characteristics.Conclusion.The CTIT 2023 provides a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to tumor immunotherapy. It reflects the rapidly evolving field of cancer treatment and offers evidence-based recommendations to improve patient outcomes.中文回答：导言。
做最强中国青少年英语作文
做最强中国青少年英语作文Title: Empowering Chinese Youth: Unlocking the Potentialof English ProficiencyIn the rapidly evolving global landscape, the mastery of the English language has become a pivotal asset for Chinese youth, opening doors to unprecedented opportunities and empowering them to make significant contributions on theworld stage. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the ability to communicate effectively in English has transcended the realms of academia and emerged as a crucial skill that can shape the trajectory of one's personal and professional development.For the youth of China, the journey towards English proficiency is not merely a pursuit of linguistic excellence, but a gateway to a world of possibilities. Through the acquisition of this essential skill, they can engage withdiverse cultures, access a wealth of information, andposition themselves as active participants in the global community. This mastery not only enhances their academic and career prospects but also fosters a deeper understanding of the world, cultivating a global mindset that is invaluable in today's interconnected landscape.One of the primary advantages of English proficiency for Chinese youth lies in the realm of education. With a growing number of international universities and researchinstitutions offering programs in English, the ability to communicate fluently in this language grants Chinese students access to a vast array of educational opportunities. These opportunities extend beyond the confines of traditional academic settings, allowing them to participate in exchange programs, collaborative research projects, and prestigious international competitions, which can significantly enrich their learning experience and expand their intellectual horizons.Moreover, the impact of English proficiency extends far beyond the educational realm, infiltrating the professional landscape as well. In an increasingly globalized job market, employers seek individuals who possess the ability tonavigate cross-cultural communication, collaborate with international teams, and engage in business negotiations with confidence and clarity. By honing their English skills, Chinese youth can position themselves as valuable assets, enhancing their employability and increasing their chances of securing fulfilling careers with multinational corporationsor leading organizations on the global stage.The benefits of English proficiency, however, extend beyond the pragmatic considerations of education and career. The mastery of this language can also cultivate a deeper understanding and appreciation of diverse cultures, fostering a spirit of intercultural dialogue and global citizenship. As Chinese youth engage with individuals from around the world, they have the opportunity to challenge their own perspectives,embrace new ideas, and develop a more nuanced understandingof the human experience. This cross-cultural exchange notonly broadens their intellectual horizons but also instills a sense of empathy, tolerance, and a commitment to making a positive impact on the global community.Furthermore, the pursuit of English proficiency can serve as a powerful tool for personal growth and self-actualization. The process of learning a new language requires discipline, resilience, and a willingness to step out of one's comfort zone. As Chinese youth navigate the challenges of language acquisition, they develop invaluable skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and adaptability – qualitiesthat are highly sought after in the 21st-century workforceand beyond.In the face of these profound benefits, it is evidentthat the investment in English proficiency for Chinese youthis not merely a matter of academic or professionaladvancement, but a holistic endeavor that can shape their personal development, global perspectives, and their ability to make a meaningful impact on the world. By embracing this transformative journey, Chinese youth can unlock a world of opportunities, become empowered global citizens, and contribute to the betterment of their communities and the world at large.However, the path towards English proficiency is not without its challenges. Chinese youth often face linguistic and cultural barriers that can hinder their progress, and the pressure to excel academically can sometimes overshadow the importance of developing well-rounded language skills. It is crucial that these obstacles are addressed through comprehensive and innovative educational approaches, as well as the provision of ample resources and support systems to ensure that every Chinese youth has the opportunity to thrive in the global arena.In conclusion, the pursuit of English proficiency for Chinese youth is a transformative endeavor that holds the power to shape the future of this nation and its global influence. By equipping themselves with this essential skill, Chinese youth can unlock a world of possibilities, forge meaningful connections across borders, and become the driving force behind China's continued growth and development on the international stage. As they navigate this journey, they will not only empower themselves but also contribute to the creation of a more interconnected, understanding, and prosperous global community.。
肿瘤突变负荷英文
肿瘤突变负荷英文Tumor Mutational BurdenCancer is a complex and multifaceted disease that arises from the accumulation of genetic alterations in cells. These genetic changes can be caused by various factors, including environmental exposures, inherited predispositions, and errors in the cell's replication and repair mechanisms. As a result, cancer cells often exhibit a high degree of genetic diversity, with each tumor harboring a unique set of genetic mutations.The concept of tumor mutational burden (TMB) has gained increasing attention in the field of oncology as a potential biomarker for predicting the response to certain cancer treatments, particularly immunotherapies. TMB is a measure of the number of genetic mutations present in a tumor, and it is believed to be an indicator of the overall genomic instability of the cancer cells.Tumors with a high TMB are often associated with a greater number of neoantigens, which are novel protein fragments that can be recognized by the immune system as foreign. These neoantigens can serve as targets for the body's immune cells, allowing them to moreeffectively recognize and attack the cancer cells. Consequently, tumors with a high TMB are often more responsive to immunotherapies, which work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and destroy the cancer cells.Several studies have demonstrated the potential clinical utility of TMB as a biomarker for predicting the response to immunotherapyin various cancer types. For example, in a large-scale analysis of data from clinical trials, researchers found that patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had a high TMB were more likely to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors, compared to patients with a low TMB.Similarly, in studies of patients with melanoma, a high TMB was associated with improved overall survival and progression-free survival when treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These findings suggest that TMB could be a useful tool for identifying patients who are more likely to benefit from immunotherapy, allowing for more personalized and targeted treatment approaches.Despite the growing interest in TMB as a biomarker, there are still several challenges and limitations that need to be addressed. One of the key challenges is the lack of standardized methods for measuring TMB, as different techniques and platforms can yield different results. This can make it difficult to compare TMB values across differentstudies and clinical settings, and can also lead to inconsistencies in the interpretation of TMB data.Another challenge is the heterogeneity of tumors, which can result in different areas of the same tumor having different mutational profiles. This can make it difficult to obtain a representative sample of the tumor's mutational landscape, and can also lead to discrepancies in TMB measurements between different biopsy sites or between primary and metastatic tumors.Despite these challenges, ongoing research is focused on developing more robust and standardized methods for measuring TMB, as well as exploring the potential of combining TMB with other biomarkers, such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or specific genetic alterations, to improve the accuracy and predictive power of this approach.In conclusion, tumor mutational burden is a promising biomarker that has the potential to play a important role in the personalized management of cancer. By identifying patients who are more likely to respond to immunotherapy, TMB could help to improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment and ultimately lead to better outcomes for patients. However, further research is needed to address the challenges and limitations associated with this approach, and to fully realize its clinical potential.。
泛癌组织STIP1的表达与肿瘤免疫浸润及预后相关：基于生物信息学方法
STIP1correlates with tumor immune infiltration and prognosis as a potential immunotherapy target:a pan-cancer bioinformatics analysisGUAN Shenyuan 1,SHEN Zhiyong 1,LIN Mingdao 1,DENG Haijun 1,FANG Yuan 21Department of General Surgery,2Department of Radiation Oncology,Nanfang Hospital,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China摘要：目的本研究旨在对压力诱导磷酸蛋白1(STIP1)进行泛癌分析，探讨其表达水平与肿瘤预后的关系及其在免疫学中的作用。
方法使用生物信息学方法分析TCGA 、TARGET 和GTEx 数据库，研究STIP1在各种类型肿瘤组织中的表达及预后价值；采用免疫组化检测STIP1在10例配对结直肠癌组织以及正常组织中的表达情况；STIP1与肿瘤突变负荷（TMB ）、微卫星不稳定（MSI ）的关系进一步被揭示；使用MCPcounter 、TIMER 分析STIP1的表达与免疫细胞的浸润情况；分析STIP1与免疫调节因子的相关性；根据各肿瘤中STIP1的最优截断值，将样本分为高低表达组；使用蛋白互作网络分析鉴定与STIP1相关的蛋白；通过功能富集分析寻找STIP1可能参与的调节通路。
结果与正常组织相比，STIP1在大多数肿瘤中高表达（P <0.05），以及免疫组化的结果显示其在结直肠癌组织中高表达。
STIP1的表达水平与多种类型肿瘤的临床分期相关（P <0.05）。
在部分肿瘤中，STIP1的表达上调与肿瘤患者的不良预后（总体生存期、疾病特异性生存期、无病生存期和无进展生存期）显著相关（P <0.05）。
肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞免疫治疗的研究进展
·专家论坛·肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞免疫治疗的研究进展杨涵 陈超 王冲（上海药品审评核查中心 上海 201210）摘要肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞（tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, TILs）免疫治疗通过体外分离、扩增和回输患者自己的能特异性识别肿瘤组织的肿瘤浸润性T淋巴细胞来治疗肿瘤，是目前主要的过继性细胞免疫治疗类型之一。
TILs已在用于实体瘤治疗的临床试验，尤其是在用于转移性黑色素瘤患者治疗时显现有令人鼓舞的临床效果。
然而，TILs治疗也面临一些挑战，如肿瘤相关抗原反应性T细胞难以分离及其在体内的持久性和安全性等。
本文概要介绍TILs治疗的产品生产过程、临床应用的可行性、临床研究进展，以及TILs治疗面临的挑战和解决措施，供TILs治疗的研究与开发者参考。
关键词肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞 实体瘤 临床研究中图分类号：R979.19 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-1533(2022)11-0017-05引用本文杨涵, 陈超, 王冲. 肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞免疫治疗的研究进展[J]. 上海医药, 2022, 43(11): 17-21.Research progress in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes immunotherapyYANG Han, CHEN Chao, WANG Chong(Shanghai Center for Drug Evaluation and Inspection, Shanghai 201210, China)ABSTRACT Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) therapy is one of the main types of adoptive cellular immunotherapyby harvesting infiltrated lymphocytes from tumors followed by ex vivo expansion and then infusing them back to patients themselves. TILs therapy has shown encouraging clinical effects in clinical trials against solid tumors, especially in treating metastatic melanoma. Nevertheless, various barriers restrict the efficacy and prevent the widespread use of TILs therapy, suchas the difficulty of isolating tumor-associated antigen-reactive T cells and their persistence and clinical safety in vivo. Herein, we summarize the manufacturing process of TILs and the feasibility analysis of the clinical application and discuss the advancesin clinical trials and the current obstacles with some strategies to be overcome, shedding light of the development of the next generation of TILs therapy.KEY WORDS tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; solid tumors; clinical trials细胞免疫治疗，又称过继性细胞免疫治疗，是一种基于细胞的治疗方法，其使用患者自身或供体的经过基因工程改造和/或离体扩增的免疫细胞来改善患者的免疫功能，以对抗肿瘤。
三种不同方法体外诱导CD4+T细胞向TH17细胞分化与增殖的效率☆
中国组织工程研究与临床康复第15卷第44期 2011–10–29出版Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research October 29, 2011 Vol.15, No.44 ISSN 1673-8225 CN 21-1539/R CODEN: Z LKHAH8285 1ReproductiveMedical Center,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060,Hubei Province, China; 2Departmentof Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, TongjiMedical College, Huazhong Universityof Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, ChinaYin Tai-lang☆,Studying for doctorate, Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China reproductive@126.comCorrespondence to: Yang Jing, Doctor, Professor, Chief physician, Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China Correspondence to:He Fan, Doctor, Lecturer, Departmentof Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, TongjiMedical College, Huazhong Universityof Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China Received:2011-07-25 Accepted:2011-09-13三种不同方法体外诱导CD4+T细胞向Th17细胞分化与增殖的效率☆尹太郎1，邹宇洁1，杨菁1，何凡2，李赛姣1，吴庚香1，李星1，王雅琴1，罗金1，李维1，徐望明1Comparison of differentiation and proliferation efficiency from CD4+ cells to Th17 cells induced by three different methodsYin T ai-lang1, Zou Yu-jie1, Yang Jing1, He Fan2, Li Sai-jiao1, Wu Geng-xiang1, Li Xing1, Wang Ya-qin1, Luo Jin1, Li Wei1, Xu Wang-ming1AbstractBACKGROUND: Th17 cells participate in the occurrence of many inflammatory diseases, but their induced differentiationefficiency remains poorly clear.OBJECTIVE: To compare the differentiation and proliferation efficiency from CD4+ cells to Th17 cells induced by three differentmethods.METHODS: Three methods to induce Th17 cells in vitro are as follows: (1) stimulation with CD3 and CD28 antibodies followed byaddition of interleukin (IL)-6 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the culture medium and finally culture for 3 days; (2)based on method (1), addition of extra IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and culture for 3 days; (3) based on method (2),washing out previous cytokines on the 3rd day, culture for 2 days, stimulation with CD3 and CD28 antibodies again, addition ofIL-23 and finally culture for 3 days.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The proportion of Th17 cells in CD4+T cells was (8.5±2.8)%, (26.9±4.3)%, and (44.3±5.5)% afterinduced by three above-mentioned methods, respectively, with significant difference among these three methods (P < 0.01).These findings suggest that addition of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-23 into the culture medium facilitates the induced differentiation fromCD4+ cells to Th17 cells.Yin TL, Zou YJ, Yang J, He F, Li SJ, Wu GX, Li X, Wang YQ, Luo J, Li W, Xu WM. Comparison of differentiation and proliferationefficiency from CD4+ cells to Th17 cells induced by three different methods. Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu yu LinchuangKangfu. 2011;15(44): 8285-8288. [ ]摘要背景：研究认为Th17细胞参与了许多炎症性疾病的发生，但其体外诱导分化效率尚不明确。
关于准备的作文句子英语
关于准备的作文句子英语Title: The Impact of Technology on Modern Education。
In the rapidly evolving landscape of today's world, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, infiltrating every aspect of society, including education. The traditional classroom setup is no longer the sole domain of learning, as digital tools and platforms have revolutionized the way we teach, learn, and interact. This article explores the profound impact of technology on modern education, highlighting both its benefits and challenges.The introduction of technology in education has opened up new avenues for teaching methods. Interactive whiteboards, smart classrooms, and virtual reality (VR) simulations have transformed the learning experience for students, making it more engaging and immersive. These tools enable teachers to present complex concepts in a visual and hands-on manner, helping students grasp andretain information more effectively. Additionally, the use of online learning platforms has broadened access to education, allowing students from remote areas or with disabilities to access quality resources that were once inaccessible.Furthermore, technology has enabled personalized learning experiences. With the advent of data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI), educational software can now track students' progress, identify learning gaps, and provide tailored feedback. This approach to learning caters to each student's unique needs and abilities, promoting a more inclusive and equitable education system. Moreover, students can now take ownership of their learning journey, as they have access to a wide range of resources and can learn at their own pace.However, the integration of technology in education also poses several challenges. One。
胞内寄生菌对巨噬细胞免疫逃逸的研究进展
胞内寄生菌对巨噬细胞免疫逃逸的研究进展①田丽吴显伟周伟张惠勇张少言鹿振辉（上海中医药大学附属龙华医院，上海 200030）中图分类号R392.12 文献标志码 A 文章编号1000-484X（2023）10-2086-06［摘要］病原微生物在感染宿主后，巨噬细胞作为主要的免疫哨兵细胞首先识别并吞噬入侵的病原体，而入侵的病原体可发展多种策略逃避巨噬细胞杀伤，并适应宿主细胞内环境，在胞内复制和存活。
现对胞内感染常见细菌和真菌对巨噬细胞免疫逃逸的策略进行概述。
［关键词］胞内寄生菌；固有免疫；巨噬细胞；免疫逃逸Advances in study of immune escape of macrophages by intracellular parasitic bacteriaTIAN Li， WU Xianwei， ZHOU Wei， ZHANG Huiyong， ZHANG Shaoyan， LU Zhenhui. Longhua Hospital， Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine， Shanghai 200030， China［Abstract］Following infection of host by pathogenic microorganisms， macrophages serve as primary immune sentinel cells to first recognize and engulf invading pathogens， while invading pathogens can develop multiple strategies to escape macrophage killing and adapt to intracellular environment of host to replicate and survive intracellularly. Here is a brief overview of immune escape strate‑gies of bacteria and fungi common to intracellular infections against macrophages.［Key words］Intracellular parasitic bacteria；Intrinsic immunity；Macrophages；Immune escape病原微生物侵袭机体后，机体内固有免疫系统首先启动。
评价类的英语作文
评价类的英语作文Evaluating the Impact of Technology on Education。
In the ever-evolving landscape of modern society, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, infiltrating virtually every aspect of human existence. Among these, its influence on education has beenparticularly profound, shaping the way we learn, teach, and interact with knowledge. This essay aims to evaluate the impact of technology on education, delving into both its positive and negative aspects.On the positive side, technology has revolutionized the way we access and disseminate information. The advent of the internet and digital libraries has made vast amounts of knowledge accessible to students and educators alike, regardless of their geographical location. This has significantly broadened the scope of education, allowingfor more diverse and inclusive learning experiences. Furthermore, the introduction of interactive learningplatforms and software has enhanced the engagement of students, making learning more fun and effective.The utilization of technology in education has also made teaching more efficient. Educators now have a range of digital tools to help them design and deliver lessons, from multimedia presentations to virtual simulations. Thesetools not only make teaching more engaging but also allow for more personalized learning experiences, catering to the individual needs and abilities of students.However, the impact of technology on education is not without its challenges. One of the most significant concerns is the potential for technology to distract students from learning. The ubiquity of smartphones and other digital devices has made it easier for students to be tempted by social media, games, and other distractions during class. This can significantly hinder their ability to focus and retain information.Moreover, the overreliance on technology in educationcan also lead to a decrease in critical thinking skills. With the。
跨境电商卖货英语作文
跨境电商卖货英语作文Title: The Rise of Cross-Border E-Commerce: A Global Perspective。
In recent years, the landscape of commerce has been transformed by the emergence of cross-border e-commerce. This phenomenon has revolutionized the way businesses operate and consumers shop, bridging geographical boundaries and connecting markets worldwide. In this essay, we will delve into the intricacies of cross-border e-commerce and explore its implications from a global perspective.First and foremost, cross-border e-commerce offers unparalleled opportunities for businesses to expand their reach beyond domestic markets. By leveraging digital platforms and international shipping networks, companies can tap into a vast pool of potential customers across the globe. This opens up new revenue streams and diversifies their customer base, reducing reliance on saturateddomestic markets.One of the key advantages of cross-border e-commerce is the access it provides to a wider range of products and brands for consumers. In today's interconnected world, consumers crave variety and seek unique offerings that may not be available locally. Cross-border e-commerce satisfies this demand by enabling consumers to browse and purchase products from around the world with just a few clicks.Moreover, cross-border e-commerce fosters competition on a global scale, driving innovation and pushing businesses to constantly improve their products and services. In a borderless digital marketplace, companies must differentiate themselves by offering superior quality, competitive pricing, and excellent customer service to stand out from the crowd. This not only benefits consumers through greater choice and better value but also raises the overall standard of products and services in the market.However, despite its numerous benefits, cross-border e-commerce also presents challenges and complexities for bothbusinesses and policymakers. One major challenge is navigating the regulatory landscape and compliance requirements of different countries. Each jurisdiction has its own set of rules and regulations governing e-commerce, including taxation, customs duties, and consumer protection laws. Ensuring compliance with these regulations can be daunting for businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with limited resources and expertise.Furthermore, logistical issues such as shipping, customs clearance, and delivery can pose significant hurdles in cross-border e-commerce operations. Delays in delivery, lost shipments, and damage during transit can tarnish the customer experience and erode trust in the brand. To overcome these challenges, businesses need to invest in robust logistics infrastructure and partnerships with reliable shipping providers to ensure smooth and efficient delivery of goods to customers worldwide.Another concern associated with cross-border e-commerce is the risk of counterfeit and fraudulent products infiltrating the market. With the anonymity afforded by theinternet, unscrupulous sellers can easily peddle counterfeit goods or engage in fraudulent activities, deceiving unsuspecting consumers and damaging the reputation of legitimate brands. To combat this threat, governments and industry stakeholders must collaborate to implement stringent measures to detect and deter counterfeiters, safeguarding consumer rights and maintaining the integrity of the e-commerce ecosystem.In conclusion, cross-border e-commerce represents a transformative force in the global economy, offering unprecedented opportunities for businesses to reach new markets and for consumers to access a diverse array of products. However, realizing the full potential of cross-border e-commerce requires addressing the challenges of regulatory compliance, logistical complexity, and counterfeit risks. By overcoming these challenges through concerted efforts from businesses, governments, and international organizations, we can unlock the full benefits of cross-border e-commerce and foster inclusive and sustainable growth in the digital age.。
高中英语作文智能手机
高中英语作文智能手机The Perils and Promises of Smartphones in High SchoolIn the modern era, smartphones have become an integral part of our daily lives, infiltrating every aspect of our existence, including the realm of high school education. As these ubiquitous devices continue to shape the landscape of adolescent learning, it is crucial to examine the myriad of ways in which they impact the academic and social experiences of high school students.On the one hand, smartphones offer a wealth of opportunities for enhancing the educational process. These compact, versatile devices serve as powerful tools for research, providing students with instant access to a vast repository of information at their fingertips. The ability to quickly look up facts, figures, and relevant data can greatly facilitate the learning process, empowering students to delve deeper into their studies and explore topics in greater depth. Furthermore, the integration of educational applications and online resources into the smartphone ecosystem has transformed the way in which students engage with course material, allowing for more interactive and personalized learning experiences.Moreover, smartphones have revolutionized the way in which students communicate and collaborate with their peers and teachers. The proliferation of messaging apps and video conferencing platforms has enabled seamless, real-time interactions, fostering a sense of community and camaraderie among high school students. This connectivity can be particularly beneficial for those who may feel isolated or disconnected from their peers, providing them with a means to stay engaged and involved in the social fabric of their academic environment.However, the ubiquity of smartphones in high schools has also given rise to a number of pressing concerns and challenges. One of the most significant issues is the potential for distraction and diminished focus. The constant barrage of notifications, social media updates, and temptations to engage in non-academic activities can severely undermine a student's ability to concentrate on their studies, leading to decreased productivity and academic performance. The lure of instant gratification and the need to constantly check one's device can disrupt the flow of learning, hindering the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills.Furthermore, the overreliance on smartphones can have detrimental effects on the physical and mental well-being of high school students. The prolonged use of these devices can lead to issues such as eye strain, headaches, and poor posture, as well as disruptions tohealthy sleep patterns. Moreover, the social isolation and feelings of inadequacy that can arise from constant exposure to curated social media content can contribute to the development of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem among adolescents.Another significant concern is the potential for cyberbullying and the erosion of face-to-face social interactions. The anonymity and ease of communication afforded by smartphones can embolden individuals to engage in harmful and abusive behaviors, often with devastating consequences for the victims. This can create an environment of fear and mistrust, undermining the sense of community and belonging that is so crucial for the healthy development of high school students.Despite these challenges, it is important to recognize the potential benefits of smartphones in the high school setting. When used judiciously and with proper guidance, these devices can serve as valuable tools for enhancing the educational experience. Effective strategies for managing smartphone use, such as implementing digital detox policies, promoting mindfulness practices, and fostering open dialogues about the responsible use of technology, can help mitigate the negative impacts and harness the positive potential of these ubiquitous devices.In conclusion, the role of smartphones in high school education is acomplex and multifaceted issue, with both perils and promises. As educators, parents, and students navigate this ever-evolving landscape, it is crucial to strike a delicate balance between embracing the technological advancements that can enrich the learning experience and implementing safeguards to protect the physical, mental, and social well-being of high school students. By fostering a culture of responsible and mindful smartphone use, we can empower the next generation to leverage these powerful tools in service of their academic and personal growth.。
移动支付在中国的使用情况英语作文
移动支付在中国的使用情况英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Rise of Mobile Payments in China: A Student's PerspectiveAs a university student in China, I can confidently say that mobile payments have become an integral part of our daily lives. Gone are the days when we had to carry cash or cards everywhere we went. With just a few taps on our smartphones, we can now seamlessly pay for virtually anything, from grabbing a quick snack to settling our utility bills. The convenience and efficiency brought by mobile payment apps like Alipay and WeChat Pay are nothing short of revolutionary, and their widespread adoption has reshaped the way we perceive and conduct financial transactions.Looking back, it's hard to imagine how we navigated our everyday lives without these digital wallets. I vividly remember the hassle of always ensuring I had enough cash on hand for small purchases like grabbing a bubble tea or ordering alate-night snack from the campus convenience store. Now, all Ineed is my smartphone and a stable internet connection, and I can make payments with just a few clicks, without worrying about carrying physical money or dealing with the inconvenience of exact change.But the impact of mobile payments extends far beyond mere convenience. It has also fostered a culture of cashless transactions that is both environmentally friendly and secure. By reducing the need for physical currency, we're contributing to a greener future by minimizing the carbon footprint associated with printing, transporting, and eventually disposing of paper money. Additionally, the advanced encryption and authentication measures employed by these payment platforms offer a level of security that traditional cash transactions simply cannot match, providing peace of mind when making purchases or transferring funds.One of the most significant advantages of mobile payments is their seamless integration into various aspects of our daily routines. From ordering food delivery to paying for rides or splitting bills with friends, these apps have streamlined countless transactions, making our lives more efficient and hassle-free. I can still vividly recall the days when splitting the bill among a group of friends was a logistical nightmare, with everyonescrambling to find the correct change or owing each other small amounts. Now, with just a few taps, we can easily settle our shares, eliminating the need for physical cash and ensuring that no one is left out of pocket.Moreover, mobile payment apps have become a hub for various services and functionalities, further enhancing their utility. For instance, many apps now offer integrated loyalty programs, allowing users to accumulate and redeem points or discounts seamlessly. Some even provide access to exclusive deals and promotions, making them a one-stop-shop for not only payments but also for saving money and discovering new opportunities.The impact of mobile payments extends beyond personal convenience and into the realm of business and commerce. Countless merchants, from small street vendors to large corporations, have embraced these payment methods, recognizing the value they bring in terms of efficiency, security, and customer satisfaction. By accepting mobile payments, businesses can cater to the increasingly tech-savvy and mobile-centric consumer base, ensuring a smooth andhassle-free shopping experience.However, as with any technological advancement, mobile payments are not without their challenges and concerns. Privacy and data security remain significant issues, as these apps collect and store vast amounts of personal and financial information. While the platforms employ robust security measures, the potential for data breaches and misuse remains a valid concern. Additionally, the increasing reliance on digital payments has raised questions about financial inclusion, as not everyone may have access to smartphones or stable internet connections, potentially creating a divide between those who can fully embrace these technologies and those who cannot.Despite these challenges, the future of mobile payments in China appears bright and promising. With the continued advancement of technology and the increasing integration of these platforms into various aspects of our lives, we can expect even greater convenience, security, and functionality. Innovations such as biometric authentication, advanced encryption algorithms, and the incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning will further enhance the user experience and strengthen the security of these payment systems.Moreover, the widespread adoption of mobile payments has the potential to drive financial inclusion and literacy, as more individuals gain access to digital financial services and develop a better understanding of digital transactions. This, in turn, could foster greater economic growth and development, as seamless and secure payment systems facilitate commerce and encourage entrepreneurship.In conclusion, as a student living in China, I have witnessed firsthand the transformative impact of mobile payments on our daily lives. What started as a convenient way to pay for small purchases has evolved into a integral part of our financial ecosystem, reshaping the way we conduct transactions, manage our finances, and interact with businesses. While challenges and concerns remain, the benefits of mobile payments are undeniable, and their continued growth and evolution hold the promise of further convenience, security, and financial inclusion for individuals and businesses alike.篇2The Rise of Mobile Payments in China: A Paradigm Shift in Consumer BehaviorAs a student in China, one of the most striking aspects of daily life that I've observed is the widespread adoption and extensive usage of mobile payment systems. The traditional notion of carrying physical cash or cards has been largely supplanted by the convenience of digital wallets and QRcode-based transactions facilitated by platforms like Alipay and WeChat Pay. This transformation has reshaped the landscape of commerce, infiltrating every facet of our lives and leaving an indelible mark on Chinese consumer behavior.The origins of this phenomenon can be traced back to the early 2010s when mobile payment platforms started gaining traction in China. Recognizing the immense potential of this technology, companies like Alibaba and Tencent spearheaded the development of user-friendly applications that seamlessly integrated mobile payments into their existing ecosystems. The combination of a vast user base and the widespread availability of smartphones created the perfect breeding ground for this innovation to thrive.One of the key drivers behind the rapid adoption of mobile payments in China is the sheer convenience it offers. Gone are the days of fumbling for loose change or waiting in long queues at checkout counters. With a simple scan of a QR code or a tapon our smartphones, we can effortlessly complete transactions in a matter of seconds. This level of efficiency has permeated every aspect of our daily routines, from grabbing a quick bite on campus to splitting bills with friends at a restaurant.The integration of mobile payments into various services has also played a pivotal role in its widespread acceptance. From hailing rides and ordering food delivery to paying utility bills and even making charitable donations, the possibilities are endless. This seamless convergence of digital payments with everyday activities has made it an indispensable part of our lives, fostering a sense of familiarity and trust among users.Moreover, the gamification of mobile payment platforms has added an element of fun and engagement to the process. Through reward systems, discounts, and loyalty programs, companies have incentivized users to actively participate in the mobile payment ecosystem. This strategy has not only encouraged sustained usage but has also fostered a sense of community and brand loyalty among users.However, the impact of mobile payments extends far beyond the realm of personal convenience. It has also catalyzed a significant shift in the way businesses operate. Small and medium-sized enterprises, which traditionally faced barriers toentry in the realm of digital payments, have now been able to embrace this technology with relative ease. The low cost of implementation and the widespread acceptance of mobile payments have leveled the playing field, enabling even street vendors and mom-and-pop stores to tap into the digital economy.Furthermore, the data generated by mobile payment transactions has opened up a treasure trove of insights for businesses. By analyzing consumer behavior patterns, purchasing habits, and geographic trends, companies can now tailor their products and services more effectively, optimizing their marketing strategies and enhancing customer satisfaction.Despite the myriad advantages, the rapid ascent of mobile payments has also raised concerns regarding data privacy and security. With vast amounts of personal and financial information being exchanged through these platforms, ensuring the protection of user data has become a critical challenge. Regulatory bodies and payment providers alike have implemented stringent measures to safeguard user information and prevent fraudulent activities.Looking ahead, the future of mobile payments in China appears even more promising. The integration of advancedtechnologies such as biometric authentication, blockchain, and artificial intelligence is poised to further enhance the security, transparency, and efficiency of these platforms. Additionally, the expansion of 5G networks and the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices are expected to unlock new frontiers in the mobile payment landscape, enabling seamless transactions across a plethora of connected devices.In conclusion, the rise of mobile payments in China has been nothing short of a revolution, fundamentally altering the way we perceive and conduct financial transactions. From the bustling streets of megacities to the remote rural villages, this technology has permeated every corner of the country, reshaping consumer behavior and driving economic growth. As students and citizens of this rapidly evolving digital era, it is our responsibility to embrace this transformation while remaining vigilant about the potential risks and challenges that accompany it. By striking a balance between innovation and responsible use, we can harness the full potential of mobile payments and pave the way for a more convenient, efficient, and interconnected future.篇3The Rise of Mobile Payments in China: A Cashless RevolutionIf you've ever been to China, one of the first things that might strike you is how seldom people use cash for transactions. From buying a cup of coffee to paying utility bills or even making charitable donations, the vast majority of payments in China are done through mobile apps like Alipay and WeChat Pay. This widespread adoption of mobile payments has transformed the way we think about and use money, making China a pioneer in the realm of cashless societies.As a student living in China, I can attest to the sheer convenience and ubiquity of mobile payment systems. Gone are the days of fumbling for loose change or carrying a bulky wallet – all I need is my smartphone. Whether I'm grabbing a quick bite with friends or splitting the bill at a restaurant, settling payments is a breeze with just a few taps on my phone.The roots of this mobile payment revolution can be traced back to the early 2000s when companies like Alibaba and Tencent began exploring digital payment solutions. However, it wasn't until the widespread adoption of smartphones and the rise of e-commerce platforms like Taobao that mobile payments truly took off. As more and more people embraced online shopping, the need for a convenient and secure payment method became paramount.Alipay, launched by Alibaba in 2004, was one of the first major players in the mobile payment space. Initially designed as a digital wallet for Taobao users, Alipay quickly expanded its reach and functionality. Today, it boasts over a billion active users and is accepted by millions of merchants across China and beyond.Not to be outdone, Tencent's WeChat Pay, integrated into the widely popular messaging app WeChat, quickly emerged as a formidable competitor. With its seamless integration into the WeChat ecosystem, it became a go-to payment option for peer-to-peer transfers, online purchases, and even offline transactions at physical stores.The success of these mobile payment systems can be attributed to several factors. First and foremost, they offer unparalleled convenience. With just a few taps, users can complete transactions quickly and securely, eliminating the need for cash or credit cards. Additionally, these apps often come with a range of features beyond just payments, such as loyalty programs, discounts, and even mini-programs (lightweight apps within the main app), making them incredibly versatile.Another key factor in the widespread adoption of mobile payments is the robust infrastructure and regulatoryenvironment in China. The government has been supportive of digital innovation, creating a favorable environment for the growth of mobile payment platforms. Furthermore, the high penetration of smartphones and widespread access tohigh-speed internet have facilitated the seamless integration of these payment systems into people's daily lives.The impact of mobile payments in China has been profound, extending far beyond the realm of commerce. For instance, these platforms have played a significant role in financial inclusion, providing access to basic financial services for millions of underbanked individuals in rural areas. Furthermore, the vast troves of data generated by mobile payment transactions have enabled advanced analytics and targeted marketing strategies, driving innovation in various sectors.However, the rise of mobile payments has also raised concerns about data privacy, security, and the potential for monopolistic practices. As these platforms amass vast amounts of personal and financial data, there are legitimate concerns about how this information is being used and safeguarded. Additionally, the dominance of a few major players in the mobile payment space has sparked debates about fair competition and the need for regulatory oversight.Despite these challenges, the future of mobile payments in China looks bright. As technology continues to evolve and consumer habits shift, we can expect to see even more innovative solutions emerge. For instance, the integration of biometric authentication, such as facial recognition or fingerprint scanning, could further enhance the security and convenience of mobile payments. Additionally, the advent of 5G networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) could pave the way for seamless, contactless transactions in a wide range of scenarios, from smart homes to connected vehicles.Moreover, the success of mobile payments in China has inspired other countries and regions to explore similar solutions. From Apple Pay and Google Pay in the West to platforms like Paytm in India and GrabPay in Southeast Asia, the cashless revolution is gaining momentum worldwide. As more people embrace the convenience and efficiency of mobile payments, we may be witnessing the dawn of a truly cashless society on a global scale.In conclusion, the rise of mobile payments in China has been nothing short of remarkable. What started as a niche solution for online transactions has transformed into a ubiquitous and indispensable aspect of daily life. As a student in China, I'vewitnessed firsthand how these payment systems have revolutionized the way we think about and use money, making transactions faster, more secure, and more convenient than ever before. While there are valid concerns about data privacy and fair competition, the benefits of mobile payments are undeniable, and their impact extends far beyond the realm of commerce. As technology continues to advance, it will be fascinating to see how mobile payments continue to shape our financial landscape, both in China and around the world.。
PD-1-PD-L1单抗抗肿瘤药应用ppt课件
MH
TCR
C
+++
树突状 细胞
B 7 B
CD2 8
CTLA
+++
T细 胞
7 -4 - - -
AntiCTLA-4
CTLA-4 通路
TCR MH
C
+++
T细
PD- PD-
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- - - 1 L1
Anti-PD-1/PDPD- L1PD-
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Anti-PD1
PD-1 pathway
肿瘤细胞
ppt课件.
5
PD-1/PD-L1简介
• 程序性死亡分子PD-1及其配体/PD-L1：是一对负性免 疫共刺激分子，正常情况下，组织细胞表面的PD-L1与淋 巴细胞表面的PD-1结合后，可抑制淋巴细胞功能，诱导 活化的淋巴细胞凋亡，从而在自身免疫耐受及防止自身免 疫性疾病中发挥重要作用。
• • PD-1主要表达于活化的T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞和巨噬
Stromal PD-L1 modulation of T cells
ppt课件.
Immune cell modulation of T
cells
PD-L2-mediated inhibition of TH2 T
cells
3
免疫检查点抑制剂可有效治疗肿瘤
淋巴结
肿瘤微环境
激活(细胞因子，溶解，扩散，迁移至肿瘤)
CTLA-4是一种白细胞分化抗原，也是T细胞上的一种跨膜受体，与CD28共同享有B7分子
配体。CTLA-4对移植排斥反应及各种自身免疫性疾病有显著的治疗作用，是目前被认为较
有希望的新的免疫抑制药物。
异基因脂肪干细胞对系统性红斑狼疮患者Th17淋巴细胞亚群的调节
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【 ｅ ｏｄ 】 ｓ ｔ ｉ ｌ ｕ ｅ ｔｅ ａ ｓｓ Ａ Ｓｓ ｃｃｈｒ； ｈ７ Ｉ 一 ７ Ｋ ｙｗ ｒｓ ｙ ｅ ｃｕ ｓ ｒｈｍ ｔｕ ； Ｄ Ｃ ； ｏｕｕｅ Ｔ ｌ ；Ｌ １ ｓｍ ｐ ｙ ｏ 干细胞治 疗是 当今 医学研 究 的热 点 ， 有望解 决许
２０ ０９年 ２ １ ， — Ｏ月 本实验体外观察 异基 因 Ａ Ｓ ｓ 活 ＤＣ 对
ｗ ｒ ａ ｕ ｅ ｙ Ｆ ｅ ｅ ｍｅ ｓ ｒ ｄ ｂ ＣＭ ｎ Ｌ Ｓ ａ ｄ Ｅ Ｉ Ａ，ｒ ｓ ｅ ｔ ｅｙ ｔ ８ ｈ Ｒｅ ｕ ｔ ｅ ｐ ｃｉ ｌ ，ａ ． ｓ ｌ ｖ ４ ｓ ＡＤＳ ｓ ｆ ｍ ｒ ｒ ｕ ｔ ｒ ｒ ｓ ｎ ｅ ｉ ｒ ｂ ａ ｔ Ｃ ｒ ｏ ｐ ｍａ ｙ ｃ ｌ ｅ ｐ ｅ ｅ ｔｄ ｆ ｏ ｌｓ — ｉ ｕ ｂ ｌ ｅ ｍｏ ｐ ｏ ｏ ｙ ｕ ｄ ｒｏ ｔ ａ ｃ ｏ ｃ ｐ ．Ｃ ｌ ｓ ｒ ｃ ｈ ｎ ｔ ｐ ａ ｏ ｓｓｅ ｔｗ ｔ ｅ ｏｔ ．Ａｄ ｐ ｇ ｎｃ ａ ｄ ｏ ｔｏ ｅ ｉ ｉ ｒ ｈ ｌ ｇ ｎ ｅ ｐ ｉ ｌｍｉｒ ｓ ｏ ｅ ｋ ｃ ｅ ｌ ｕ ｆ ｅ ｐ ｅ ｏｙ ｅ ｗ ｓ ｃ ｎ ｉ ｎ ｉ ｒ ｐ ｒｓ ａ ｔ ｈ ｉ ｏ ｅ ｉ ｎ ｓ ｇ ｎ ｃ ｅ ｄｆ ｒ ｎ ｉｔ ｎ ｒ ｕ ｃ ｓ ｆ ｌ ｎ ｕ ｅ ｎ ｖｔ ．Ｔ ｅ ｅ ｓｇ ｉ ｃ ｎ ｌ ｅ ｒ ａ ｅ ａ ｄ ｉ ｃ ｅ ｓ ｆＴ ｌ ａｉ ｎ Ｌ ～１ ｎ ｉ ｅ ｅ ｔ ｉ ｓｗｅ ｅ ｓ ｃ ｅ ｓ ｌ ｉ ｄ ｃ ｄ ｉ ｉ ｏ ａｏ ｕｙ ｒ ｈ ｒ ｉｎｆ ａ ｔ ｄ ｃ ｅ ｓ ｎ ｎ ｒ ａ ｅ ｏ ｈ ７ ｒ ｔ ａ ｄ Ｉ ｉ ｙ ｏ ７ ｉ
肝癌免疫细胞浸润模式及与预后的相关性分析
肝癌免疫细胞浸润模式及与预后的相关性分析程熠;吴莹莹;刘东伯;郭秋云【摘要】目的研究肝癌免疫细胞的浸润模式,探索免疫细胞浸润与预后的关系.方法从TCGA数据库下载肝细胞癌转录本数据及相关临床数据,通过Cibersort软件的反卷积法计算22种免疫细胞的占比.采用K-M生存分析Log-Rank法计算每种免疫细胞与生存的相关性.结果从TCGA数据库中得到基因转录本数据共424例,包含肝癌组织374例、正常肝组织50例.每个样本检测基因位点60483个,包含mRNA 19658个.数据校正后使用Cibersort软件\"反卷积法\"得到22种免疫细胞的占比数据,采用P<0.05筛选样本,得到肝细胞癌组织40例、正常肝组织2例.K-M生存分析显示活化的肥大细胞、未活化的自然杀伤细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞组成比例高者预后差,活化的自然杀伤细胞比例高者预后更好.结论肝癌中存在各类免疫细胞不同程度的浸润,浸润性免疫细胞可以作为影响肝癌患者预后的因素.【期刊名称】《华中科技大学学报（医学版）》【年(卷),期】2019(048)003【总页数】5页(P276-280)【关键词】肝癌;免疫细胞浸润;预后【作者】程熠;吴莹莹;刘东伯;郭秋云【作者单位】华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院肿瘤中心,武汉 430030;华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院肿瘤中心,武汉 430030;华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院肿瘤中心,武汉 430030;华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院肿瘤中心,武汉 430030【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R735.7肝癌是指原发于肝脏的恶性肿瘤，主要包括肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma，HCC)和肝内胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma，ICC)两种组织学类型，其中肝细胞癌占70%～85%，本文中所提及肝癌均特指肝细胞癌。