Justification and System Arrangement of Virtual Property Rights — Comments on Article No
英国学生签证所需材料 (含中英翻译)
You should read this information guide to help you decide which documents will be useful in supporting the statements that you have made on your visa application form.您应阅读此信息说明，以帮助您决定何种文件将有助于支持您在签证申请表(VAF)上进行的陈述。
Please note that ALL the specified documents must be original and in English or Welsh otherwise you must include a certified English translation that can be independently verified by the UK Border Agency.请注意所有提交的文件都必须为英语或威尔士语原件，否则您必须同时提供可供英国边境管理局（UK Border Agency ）独立核查的英文翻译件。
You should also read the Policy Guidance:您可以同时参考以下政策指南：/studyingintheuk/adult-students/evidence/Information about you 个人信息Sponsor – evidence if you are not applying to study English language 担保方–申请非语言课程的材料Sponsor – evidence if you are applying to study English language 担保方–申请英语语言课程的材料Further guidance on the CAS can be found at:更多有关CAS的指南请参考：/studyingintheuk/adult-students/can-you-apply/cas/# ATAS certificatesATASPost graduate doctor or dentist医生或牙医研究生Evidence of your money 您的资金证明Further guidance on money requirements can be found at: /studyingintheuk/adult-students/evidence/money/更多资金要求指南，请参考/studyingintheuk/adult-students/evidence/money/ Evidence about your care arrangements for adult students aged 16 or 17有关16 或17岁成人学生照看安排的材料Bringing your family (dependants)携家人同行（家属）Further guidance on family members can be found at: /studyingintheuk/adult-students/family/#更多关于家庭成员的指南，请参考：/studyingintheuk/adult-students/family/#11。
英国海外课程都有哪些【2】
英国海外课程都有哪些【2】Want to gain a UK qualification outside the UK?Each year, over 590,000 students worldwide gain a UK qualification – without travelling to the UK.There are countless advantages to a UK qualification, but for many students, moving to study in the UK is not possible.The good news is that many UK universities, colleges and schools offer courses and qualifications that are taught or awarded overseas (sometimes called ‘transnational education’ or TNE).一、Why study for a UK qualification overseas?Reputation and quality: UK education standards are respected by employers and academics worldwide – UK schools, colleges and universities consistently rank highly for quality of education, student satisfaction and employment prospects.There are rigorous quality assurance systems, and courses delivered overseas by recognised UK schools, colleges and universities are subject to the same standards as those taught within the UK.Cost: Choosing a UK qualification delivered overseas can be more cost-effective than studying in the UK. You can save on airfare, and living costs such as accommodation may be cheaper. You can also continue working if you choose to study part-time and work alongside your studies.Career: Gaining a UK qualification will boost your employment prospects –in the 2013 QS Rankings, employers ranked five UK universities in the global top 10, and UK-educated international graduates have higher average salaries. Many international students study for a UK qualification part-timealongside a job – this lets you build experience in the workplace and progress in your career while studying.You’ll also benefit from studying in English, gaining international exposure (on a UK course delivered overseas, you’re likely to meet lecturers and students from around the world), and gaining the skills in critical thinking and innovation that all UK degrees offer.Flexibility: There are thousands of undergraduate, postgraduate and professional qualifications to choose from, available full-time or part-time.Studying closer to home means you can stay close to friends and family. For the experience of living abroad, however, you could choose a programme that allows you to complete part of your course in the UK – the best of both worlds!二、What are the options?Distance or online learningIn distance learning programmes, classes might be conducted online via forums, instant messaging, social media, blogs and email. Some have ‘virtual’ lectures and seminars, where students participate through webcams. You might also receive course materials in print or on CD. These courses are ideal for part-time study, but you need to be disciplined to ensure you complete all assignments and projects on time.A growing number of universities in the UK are offering students the chance to do some of their course as a MOOC (Massive Open Online Course). A MOOC is an online week-by-week course, offering you the chance to interact directly with university tutors. It's usually free to take part in a MOOC, although you have to pay for a certificate at the end.Mostly, you won't be able to do an entire degree as a MOOC.However, increasing numbers of UK universities are offering students the chance to convert MOOCs into degree credits.Successful course takers might also get a special offer if they want to go on to enroll at the university. Some universities also offer scholarships or part-scholarships for students who do extremely well in their MOOC.International branch campusesSeveral UK universities, colleges and schools have a campus or academic buildings in other countries. These campuses often have a real UK atmosphere – lessons are taught in English, and some teachers and other students may be from the UK. This is a great way to experience student life, plus you’ll receive the same qualification as if you had studied in the UK.Franchised programmesSometimes known as a 3+0 programme (meaning you do the full three years in one place, and spend no time in the UK), this is a UK degree course studied entirely at a local institution. The UK university or college will license a local institution to teach the course –this means the UK institution oversees academic standards and awards the final certification, but students don’t need to attend the UK campus.TwinningStudents on twinning programmes will spend some time in the UK. These are joint study programmes, where students study at one institution and transfer to the other at a specified stage. Twinning programmes are available as 2+1 (two years spent studying locally and one spent overseas), 1+2 (the other way around), 1.5+1.5 (splitting your time equally), or another balance depending on the length of your course.ValidationIn this arrangement, the course is entirely developed and taught by a local institution, and validated by a UK institution. Although the UK institution may not deliver the same course, there is a strict system of accreditation to ensure the award is of the same standard as other UK awards at the same level.Joint, double or dual degreesThese programmes are jointly developed and recognised by two or more institutions. The local institution might have teaching staff from the UK, and some courses include a year abroad. At the end of the programme, students receive either separate degrees from the two institutions (dual award), or a degree that’s awarded jointly from both (joint award).Credit transferSometimes called ‘articulation’, this means a UK institution recognises the ‘credits’ a student has ga ined from studying at a local institution. You might start studying in your home country and build up three or four credits for each subject you take, for example, then transfer these credits and continue your studies in the UK.Top-up programmesIf you hold a 'sub-degree' which is recognised in the UK (such as an HND or Associate degree) from a local institution, with a ‘top-up’ programme you may be able to convert this into a UK bachelor’s degree in 9 to 18 months (compared to three years for a full UK ba chelor’s programme).Full-time or part-timeMany of these courses could be studied either full-time or part-time. For undergraduate degrees, this means you could study full-time and complete the course in three years, or study part-time (evenings and weekends) for five or six years. You couldcomplete a master’s degree in one year full-time, or two years part-time.三、Finding and choosing a UK course delivered overseasWhen choosing a course, check that the UK provider is a reputable school, college or university that is recognised by the UK government and education bodies.Online/distance learningThe Open and Distance Learning Quality Council (ODLQC) sets standards for distance learning and home study courses, and can give you a list of the education providers that have been assessed.You can also find thousands of online and distance-learning UK courses with our course search tool. Just select the level and subject you want to study, then filter your search results by ‘study mode’ (on the left side of the s creen, check the box for ‘Distance/Online’).UK courses around the worldUK courses are available in many countries around the world. Three of the most popular destinations are Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia:UK courses in SingaporeIn Singapore, over 50 UK universities have partnered with more than 120 Singaporean education institutions, offering 1,150 UK qualifications to Singaporean and international students. In total, 52,000 students are enrolled on UK courses here, studying for degrees in business, hospitality and tourism, accounting, marketing and media, IT and much more – plus MBAs and other postgraduate qualifications.UK courses in Hong KongOver 30,000 students are studying for a UK qualification inHong Kong, with a choice of over 700 courses, and numbers are growing every year. The UK offers 60% of non-local programmes in Hong Kong, with high-quality teaching and facilities. Many top UK universities offer full degree programmes through local partners, and there are courses accredited by professional organisations such as the Chartered Institute of Marketing and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants.The UK is the leading provider of international qualification programmes in Malaysia, with more than 58,000 students enrolled in over 800 courses annually –from pre-university through to postgraduate and professional qualifications. Malaysia is fast becoming a leading international education hub, and the UK qualifications offered here are among the best in the world.。
英文单词
Synopsis:概要，大纲Macroscopic:宏观的，肉眼可见的Interconnected:连通的，有联系的Inter-dendritic:晶间Ingots:钢锭，铸块Globular:球状的Substantially:实质上，大体上，充分地Qualitatively:定性地Bulging:膨胀，凸出，打气，折皱（在连铸中是鼓肚的意思！）Hydrogen induced cracking:氢致裂纹（HIC）Correlated to:相互关联Perform:完成，执行Bulk concentration:体积浓度Introduction:引言Accordingly:因此，相应地Countermeasure:对策，对抗措施Equiaxed crystal:等轴晶Aggromerate:聚合Permeability:渗透性Slab:厚板Plate:薄板Contraction:收缩，紧缩Conventional:传统的Inconsistency:不一致Susceptibility:敏感性Resolve:解决，分解Morphology:形态Interpret:解释，解读Areal fraction:面积分数Quench:淬火Dendrite tips:枝晶尖端Specimen:试样，样品Proportional:成比例的Coarsening:晶粒粗大Coalescence:合并，联合Nevertheless:不过，虽然如此Planar:二维的，平面的Cellular：细胞的，多孔的Interface:界面，接触面Refer to :适用于Constant：常量Approximation:近似值，近似法Apparatus:仪器，装置Diagram:图表，图解Derive from:源自，来自Longitudinal:纵向的，长度的Section:截面Magnification:放大率schematic:图解的curvature:弯曲arrowed:标有箭头的in essence:本质上，其实lagged 延迟radial heat 辐射热transient:短暂的crucible：坩埚internal diam:内部直径chromel alumel thermocouple:铬镍-铝镍热电偶allumina:氧化铝agitated ice water:激冷冰水given:考虑到electropolish:用电解法抛光transverse:横向的，横断的metallographic:金相的diffusion:扩散，传播coefficient:系数，率undercooling/supercooling:过冷interdendritic:枝晶间，树枝晶间的intragranular:晶内的granular:颗粒的，粒状的isotherm:等温线arc-welded:弧焊deposit:沉积物，存款inversely:相反地geometry:几何学justification:理由，辩护，认为正当somewhat:有点gradient:梯度，倾斜度recognised:承认，辨别substitute:代替exponent:指数excluding:不包括，将。
工行对公业务手续费收费标准
工行对公业务手续费收费标准Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) is one of the largest and most reputable banks in China. It provides a wide range of services to its corporate clients, including various business and transactional services. However, one common concern among businesses is the issue of service charges and fees imposed by the bank for its corporate services.中国工商银行（ICBC）是中国最大、最有声望的银行之一。
它为其企业客户提供各种服务，包括各种业务和交易服务。
然而，企业之间普遍关心的问题是银行对其企业服务收取的服务费用和手续费。
The ICBC's public business service charges are a topic of interest and concern for many businesses. The bank charges fees for various corporate services such as account management, transaction processing, international trade services, and more. These fees can have a significant impact on a business's financial operations and should be carefully considered and understood by corporate clients.中国工商银行的对公业务手续费是许多企业关注和担忧的话题。
反垄断法英语词汇表
反垄断法英语词汇表AAbuse of monopoly power 滥用垄断支配力Abuse theory 滥用理论Abusive conduct 滥用行为Acquired firm 被收购的企业,被收购方Acquiring firm 收购企业,收购方Acquisition of asset 资产的收购Act of state doctrine 国家行为理论Actual damage 实际损失Additional suit 附加诉讼Administrative adjudication 行政裁决Administrative process 行政诉讼程序Adverse competitive effect 反竞争影响,反竞争效果Affirmative duty 积极的义务Aftermarket 下游市场Aggravating circumstance 从重处罚情节Aggressive pricing 超高定价Agreement to divide market 分割市场的协议Agreement with mixed competitive consequence 带有混合竞争后果的协议Allocate market geographically 从地域方面分割市场Allocative efficiency 资源配置效率Amicus brief 为协助法庭而对案情所提出的意见书，法庭之友意见概要Ancillary restraint/ partial restraint 附属的/部分的限制Annual sale 年销售额Anti-competitive effect 反竞争效果Anticompetitive stock acquisition 反竞争性的股份收购Anticompetitive 限制竞争的，反竞争的Anti-merger 合并控制Antitrust 反垄断，反托拉斯Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations 国际经营的反垄断执法指南Antitrust felony 反垄断重罪Antitrust immunity 反垄断法的除外Antitrust litigation 反垄断诉讼Antitrust procedures and penalties act of 1974 反垄断程序和处罚法Antitrust scrutiny 反垄断审查Assign customer 划分客户Assistant Attorney General 美国联邦司法部长助理Assured source of supply 稳定的供货渠道Attempt to monopolize 企图独占Attempted monopolization 企图独占Attenuating circumstance 从轻处罚情节Attorney General 司法部部长Automatic adjustment mechanism 自动调节机制Average revenue平均收益Average total cost 平均总成本Average variable cost 平均可变成本BBackward integration 上游合并（与供应商的合并）Bad faith 恶意Bar association 律师协会Barrier to entry 进入壁垒，进入障碍Beleaguered small business 处于困境中的小企业Below-cost pricing 低于成本的定价Benchmarking 制定基准点Bid 出价Bid-rigging 串通投标Bilateral cooperation agreement 双边合作协议Blanket license arrangement 一揽子许可协议Blanket license 一揽子许可Block patent 封锁专利Bona fide 善意Bottleneck doctrine 瓶颈理论Bright-line test 可明确适用的标准Burden of proof 举证负担Bureau of competition 竞争局Business behavior交易行为Business pattern 经营方式Business reputation 商业信誉Buyer-lever competition 买方竞争CCartel participant/ cartelist 卡特尔参加者Cartel price 卡特尔价格Cartel 卡特尔Case-by-case evaluation 个案分析，个案评估Casual connection 因果关系Cause of action 诉因Celler-Kefauver Act 塞勒-克福弗反合并法Chain operation连锁经营Chain store 连锁店Characterization process 认定程序Charter of freedom 自由宪章Chicago school 芝加哥学派Chief Justice 首席法官Circumstantial evidence 环境证据Class action 集团诉讼Classic conspiracy 典型的共谋行为Coercion 强制Collaboration 协作/联合Collateral offense 附带性的违法Collateral restraint 附带限制Collateral 从属于Collective action 集体行为，多方行为Collective conduct 集体行为Collective power 联合力量Collusion 共谋Collusion 共谋行为Commercial Clause宪法中的商业条款Committed entry 不自由的市场进入，市场进入有较高的门槛Competing bid 竞争性的出价Competition policy 竞争政策Competitive variable 竞争性变量Competitiveness 竞争力Compromise 和解Compulsory licensing 强制许可Concentration in the relevant market 相关市场的集中度Concentration 集中Concerted efforts by competitors 竞争者之间的协同行为Concerted horizontal refusal to deal横向联合抵制交易Concerted refusal to deal 联合抵制交易Conglomerate merger 混合合并Conscious parallelism 有意识的协调Consciously parallel pricing conduct 有意识的协调价格行为Consent order 同意令Consignment agreement 寄售协议Consignment arrangement 寄售协议(安排）Consolidation 联合Conspiracy to monopolize 通过共谋行为实现独占Conspiracy 共谋Conspiratorial conduct 共谋行为Consumer welfare 消费者福利Continuum model 一体分析方法Contractor 承包商Contributory infringement 共同侵权Control natural monopoly 管制自然垄断Convicted antitrust defendant 被判决违反反垄断法的被告Copyright infringement suit 版权侵权诉讼Corporate entity 法人实体Corporate Leniency Policy 对公司的宽大处理政策Corporate merger 公司合并Corroborating evidence 佐证，确证的证据（也是一种附加的证据，这种证据使得提供的证据更为有利）Cost consumer 使消费者受到损失Cost justification 成本抗辩，成本辩护Cost saving 成本节约Cost-based school 以成本为基础的学派Coverage 专利的有效范围Criminal indictment 刑事控告Criminal investigation 刑事调查Criminal prosecution刑事追诉/起诉/公诉Criminal sanction 刑事制裁Cross-elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性Cross-examination 交叉盘问Cross-licensing agreement 相互许可协议Cross-licensing 相互许可DDamage claim 损害赔偿之诉Damage settlement 损害赔偿和解Dealer-imposed price restraint 销售商强加的价格限制Declaratory judgment 宣告（式）判决，确认判决（法院只宣告确认当事人某项权利）Deconcentration分散Defense 辩护Degree of industry concentration 产业集中度Delineating the relevant market 界定相关市场Delivered price 交付价格Demand curve/schedule 需求曲线Demand elasticity 需求弹性Demand substitution需求替代Denying access 拒绝进入Depression-era 经济大萧条时期Deregulation of industry 对产业的放松管制Dichotomy model 二分法Dictum 法官判决的附带意见Direct infringer 直接的侵权行为人Direct victim 直接受害人Directness of the injury 损害的直接性Discretion 自由裁量权Discriminatory allowance 歧视性的折让Dismiss 驳回（案件）Distribution channel 销售渠道Distribution cost 销售成本Distribution pattern 销售方式Diversified producer 多样化产品的制造商Divestiture decree 拆散的判决Divestiture or compulsory licensing of intellectual property 剥夺或者强制许可知识产权Doctrine of comity 礼让原则Dominant firm占市场支配地位的企业Dominant position 市场支配地位Downstream market 下游市场Drawing of the market boundary 界定市场范围Due process 正当程序Duplicative recovery 双重补偿/追偿Duration of waiting period等待期间Duration 持续期间Economy of scale 规模经济Effective competition 有效竞争Efficiency defense 效率抗辩Dlasticity of supply 供给弹性EEnd user 最终消费者End-use 终端使用Enforcement agency 执行机构Enforcement guideline 执行指南Entrench dominance 加强市场支配地位Entry barrier 市场进入障碍/壁垒Entry condition进入市场的条件Entry fee 入会费，进入费Entry of the market 市场进入Equitable decree 衡平法上的判决Equitable relief 衡平法上的救济Equitable servitude on chattel 衡平法上的在动产上设定的地役权Essential facility 关键设施Bottleneck doctrine瓶颈理论Evade price control 规避价格管制Evidentiary burden 举证责任Ex ante 事先Ex post 事后Excess capacity 过剩的生产能力Exchange assurance 交换承诺Exclude rival 排除竞争者Exclusionary act排他行为，排斥竞争行为Exclusionary conduct 排他行为Exclusionary purpose 排斥竞争的目的Exclusionary排他性的，排斥竞争性的Exclusive authority 专有权Exclusive dealing agreement 独家经销协议Exclusive dealing contract 独家经销合同Exclusive dealing 排他性交易，独家交易Exclusive right 独占权Exclusive territorial arrangement 排他性的地域划分Exclusive territory 独占地域Exculpate 宣告无罪Exemption 豁免Exit of the market市场退出Explicit agreement / Express agreement 明示协议Express or tacit collusion 明示或默示的合谋Extension of the waiting period 等待期的延长Extraterritorial reach 域外效力FFailing division defense 垂危部门抗辩Failing firm defense 垂危公司抗辩Federal merger guideline联邦合并指南Federal Trade Commission Act 联邦贸易委员会法Felony 重罪Field of use 应用范围Finding 事实认定Fix price 固定价格Fix the price of patented goods on resale 固定专利产品的转售价格Fixed cost 固定成本Fixing of maximum resale price 固定最高转售价格Foreign sovereign act 外国政府行为Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 外国主权豁免法Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act 对外贸易反垄断改进法Forestalling 买断Forfeit asset 没收财产Forward integration 下游合并（与客户的合并）Fragmented industry 集中度很低的行业Franchise agreement 特许经营协议Franchised agent 有特许权的代理人Franchised agreement 特许经营协议Fraudulent procurement of a patent 通过欺骗取得专利权Free-ride 搭便车Fringe supplier 潜在供货商Functional discount 功能折扣Future competition 潜在竞争GGame theory 博弈论Game-theoretic school 博弈论学派Generality 一般原则Geographic extension merger 地域扩大型合并Geographic market 地域市场Giant corporation 巨型企业Good faith 善意Good faith agency 善意的代理关系Grand jury 大陪审团（12-25名陪审员）Group boycott 集体抵制/联合抵制Grouping buyer 集团化的买方Guideline 指南Guild customs 行会习惯HHart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvement Act 哈特-斯科特-罗迪诺反垄断修订法Height of entry barrier 进入市场的障碍程度Herfindahl-Hirschman index 赫尔芬达-赫尔斯曼指数，赫氏指数Heterogeneous不同质的，异质的Huge barrier to entry and exit 进入和退出市场方面存在很大障碍Hobsons choice 无选择余地Holder of a legal monopoly 合法垄断权人Holding company 控股公司Homogeneous同质的Horizontal alliance 横向联合Horizontal allocation of territory 横向地域分割Horizontal collaboration 横向联合Horizontal collusion横向合谋Horizontal market division 横向市场划分Horizontal merger guideline 横向合并指南Horizontal merger 横向合并Horizontal output restraint 横向产量限制Horizontal price-fixing arrangement 横向固定价格安排horizontal price-fixing conspiracy 横向固定价格的共谋Horizontal price-fixing 横向固定价格Horizontal restraint 横向限制Horizontal territorial division 横向地域划分House of Lords 上议院IIllegal per se 本身违法Illegal purpose 非法目的Illicit cooperation 不正当合作Impair competition 损害竞争Impairment of primary line competition 对第一级的损害Impediment to competition 妨碍竞争Imperative 命令，规则Implicit agreement 默示协议Implied contract 默示合同Impose a tie-in 强加附加协议Incompetence 无行为能力Individual license 个别许可Industrial concentration 产业集中Industrial organization economics 产业组织经济学Industrial Organization Theory 产业组织理论Inference of monopoly power 垄断力量的干预Information exchange 信息交换Information sharing 信息分享Injunction 禁令Injunctive relief 禁令性救济Insurance coverage 保险范围Intangible property rights 无形财产权Intellectual property rights 知识产权Intended victim 预期的受害人Intent to monopolize 垄断意图Interbrand competition 品牌之间的竞争interchangeability 可替代性Interfirm coordination 企业间的协调行为Interlocking director 连锁董事/共同董事Interlocking directorate 连锁董事Internal expansion 内部扩张Interstate commerce 州际贸易Intrabrand competition 品牌内的竞争/同一商标销售商之间的竞争Investment return投资回报Invitation to collude 引诱进行共同犯罪行为Invitation to withhold immunity 请求撤销豁免Ipso facto 根据事实本身Issue of security 证券发行JJoint arrangement 联合安排Joint horizontal action横向联合行为Joint venture 合营企业Judicial construction 司法解释Judicial discretion 法官的自由裁量权Jurisdictional holes 管辖权漏洞Jurisdictional reach 管辖范围Jurisdictional restriction 管辖权的限制Jury 陪审团Jury verdict 陪审团的裁决Justice Department 美国联邦司法部Justice Department’s Antitrust Division 联邦司法部的反垄断局KKnow-how 专有技术Knowing 明知LLaissez faize 自由放任（的经济政策）Legal viability 法律上的根据Legitimate end 合法的目的Less demanding liability test 非强制性责任标准Lessee 承租人Lessor 出租人Letters patent 专利许可证，专利特权许可证Leverage theory 杠杆理论Leveraging 杠杆作用Licensee 被许可人License-prescribed price 专利许可协议中规定的价格Limitation period 时效期限Limited antitrust dispensation 有限的反垄断豁免Listed price 目录价格Litigant 诉讼（参与）人Litigation outcome 诉讼结果Local price-cutting 地方性价格折让Location clause 限定地域的条款Lock-in buyer 现有的买方MMake restitution 恢复原状Managerial compensation管理人员的报酬Managerial displacement 管理层的更换Mandated 强制性的Mandatory 强制性的Marginal cost 边际成本Marginal revenue 边际收益Marginal utility 边际效用Market allocation agreement /covenant /scheme 分割市场的协议Market allocation 市场分割Market behavior市场行为Market characterized by interdependence 以竞争者之间的相互依赖为特征的市场Market concentration 市场集中Market control 市场支配力Market definition市场界定Market failure 市场失灵Market performance 市场行为Market power measurement 市场支配力的测量market power市场支配力Market share 市场份额Market structure 市场结构Market trend 市场趋势Marketing arrangement 营销协议Marketing strategy 营销策略Market-rigging practice 操纵市场的做法Maximum price-fixing 固定最高价格Maximum resale price maintenance 维持最高转售价格Measure of cost 成本测量Measurement and assignment of cost 成本的测定和分摊Measurement yardstick衡量标准Menace to competition 对竞争的威胁Mephistophelean pact 恶魔的协议，指对任何一方均无好处的协议Merger and acquisition 合并和收购Merger guideline 合并指南Mergers to Monopoly 垄断性兼并Microeconomics 微观经济学Middleman profit 中间人利润Minimum price clause 最低价格条款Minimum resale price 最低转售价格Minimum Sherman Act fine 违反谢尔曼法的最低罚款额度Minimum threshold 最低标准Misallocation of resource 资源错误配置Misrepresentation 虚假陈述Misuse of private economic power 滥用私人经济势力Misuse of resource 资源的滥用Monetary relief 金钱救济Monopolist 独占者Monopolistic competition垄断竞争Monopolization 垄断化Monopoly power 垄断力Monopoly pricing 垄断性定价Monopoly 垄断Monopsony 买主独家垄断/买方垄断Most favored nation clause 最惠国条款Motivation 动机Moving party 动议方，提出请求的一方Multicount indictment 数罪并告Multi-factored reasonableness test 考虑多种因素的合理原则Multiple patent 多重专利权Mutually accommodating behavior 相互协调行为NNaked price fixing 赤裸裸的固定价格行为Naked restraint 赤裸裸的限制National Association of Attorney General （NAAG）全国检察长协会Natural monopoly 自然垄断Net revenue 净利润No rule school 无规则学派No-fault monopolization 无过失的垄断化Non-binding 无法律约束力的Non-binding guideline 没有法律约束力的指南Noncontractual restraint 非合同的限制Non-efficiency aim 非效率目标Nonexclusive license 非独占许可Nonexclusive 非独占性的Non-horizontal meger 非横向合并Nonpatented product 非专利的产品Nonprice competition 非价格竞争Nonprice distribution restraint 非价格方面的分销限制Nonprice restriction 非价格限制Nonprice vertical restraints 非价格的纵向限制Nonstatutory exemption 非法定的豁免Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 1932年诺里斯-拉格尔迪阿法Notify 申报OOligopolistic interdependence 垄断寡头间的相互依赖Oligopolistic market structure 寡头垄断的市场结构Oligopoly 寡头垄断卖方垄断Open competition 公开竞争Operating cost 交易成本Opportunity cost 机会成本Outlaw 宣布…为非法Output 产出Overt cartel 公开的卡特尔PPackage of service 一揽子服务Parallel behavior 协同的行为Parallel pricing 协同定价Parens patriae 政府监护Partial per se standard 不完全的本身违法原则Patented product 专利产品Patentee 专利权人Pecuniary gain 金钱收益Pecuniary loss 金钱损失Pecuniary reward 金钱报酬Per se illegality 本身违法Per se rule 本身违法规则Per se rule of nonliability 本身无责任的原则Perfect competition 完全竞争Perfectly contestable market 完善的竞争市场Performance test 行为标准Permissive test 任意性标准Personal jurisdiction 属人管辖权Pertinent information 有关的信息Plant specialization 生产专业化Plea 辩解Plea agreement （经法庭批准，被告为避免受到较重的处罚与控诉人达成的）认罪协议Plus factor 附加因素Point-of-sale 销售点pool the patent 共享专利权Pooled patent 同源专利Positive trait 好处Post-acquisition收购之后的Post-acquisition market share 收购后的市场份额Post-merger market 兼并之后市场Post-merger market share 兼并后市场份额Potential competition doctrine 潜在竞争理论Potential entrant 潜在的市场进入者Precedent 判例Predation claim 涉及掠夺性定价的请求Predatory conduct 掠夺性行为Predatory price 掠夺性价格Predatory pricing 掠夺性定价Predatory tactics 掠夺性的经营策略Predictability 可预期性Preemption 优先权Preferential rate 优惠价Premerger notification 合并前的申报Prevail 胜诉Price and non-price restraint 价格限制与非价格限制Price concession 价格折让Price discrimination 价格歧视Price fixing 固定价格Price offer 报价Price structure 价格结构Price uniformity 价格联盟Price verification 价格核查Price-fixing cartel 固定价格的卡特尔price-fixing license 固定价格的许可price-sensitive buyer 对价格敏感的购买者Price-setting arrangement 确定价格的安排Price-shading firm 产品价格不明朗的企业Price-taker 价格接受者Pricing agreement价格协议pricing behavior定价行为Prima facie 初步印象，初步证据，表面证据Prima facie case of illegality 初步推定违法的案件Prima facie violation 以初步证据可认定违法Primary line injury 第一级损害（对卖方的竞争者的损害）Primary line liability 第一级损害的责任Prison term 监禁期限Private antitrust action 私人反垄断诉讼Private attorney general 私人检察长（出庭为每个公民实施公共权力的个人）Private monopoly 私人垄断Private treble damage claim 私人三倍损害赔偿请求Private treble damage action私人三倍损害赔偿之诉Probation 缓刑Procompetitive consequence 支持竞争的后果product differentiation 产品区分，产品差异Product extension merger 生产扩大型合并Product heterogeneity 产品的异质性Product homogeneity 产品的同质性Product innovation产品革新Product market 产品市场Production quota 生产配额Productive efficiency 生产效率Profit margin利润幅度Profit-maximization 利润最大化Profit-maximizing price可以实现最大利润的价格Profit-pooling agreement 分享利润的协议Proviso 但书Public interest 公共利益Public policy 公共政策Public price announcement 公开报价Public utility 公用事业Pure conglomerate transaction 纯混合合并QQuality control 质量控制Quasi-public monopoly 准国家垄断RRadical price cut 大幅度削价Reasonable and prudent person 理性人Reasonable interchangeability 合理的可替代性Reasonableness test 合理性标准Reciprocal dealing 互惠性交易Recoupment test 赔偿标准Recover damage 追偿损害赔偿，得到补偿Redeeming virtue 可弥补其不足之处的功能Refusal to deal 拒绝交易Regrating 囤积居奇Reimburse 补偿Relaxation of antimerger standard 反合并标准的松动Relevant geographic market 相关地理市场Relevant market 相关市场Relevant product market 相关产品市场Remand the case for further finding 将案件发回下级法院要求进一步的审查Remand to the trial court 将案件送回下级法院Remedy 救济Rent-seeking 寻租Resale margin 转售商品中的赚头Resale price maintenance 维持转售价格Rescission of completed transaction撤销已完成的交易Resource allocation 资源配置Resource misallocation资源的错误配置Restrict output限制产量Restrictive agreement/ covenant 限制竞争协议Restrictive distribution contract 限制销售协议Restrictive leasing 限制性的租赁Restrictive provision 限制性条款Retail market 零售市场Retail price 零售价格Retail price-fixing clause 固定零售价格的条款Revenue 收益Rival 竞争对手rivalry test 竞争行为标准Robinson-Patman Act 罗宾逊-帕特曼法Royalty 专利使用费RPM(Resale price maintenance)转售价格维持Rule of per se legality 本身合法的原则Rule of reason criteria 合理原则的标准Rule of reason 合理原则Rule of reason/a reasonableness test 合理性原则SScale economy 规模经济Scrutiny 审查Seal of approval 认证标准Secondary line injury 第二级损害（对买方的竞争者的损害）Selective price concession 选择性的价格优惠Selective price cut 选择性削价Self-correct market abuse 可通过市场自行纠正的滥用行为Self-interest 自身利益Seller concentration 卖方集中Separate entity 相互独立的实体Set aside 撤销Severe liability rule 严格责任原则sham conduct 欺骗性行为Sherman Act 谢尔曼法Spillover of cost 成本的溢出Spoken assurance 口头承诺Stabilize price 固定价格Standard contract 标准合同Standardization 生产标准化Standing （起诉）资格State attorney general 州检察长Status quo 现状Statutory combination 法定的联合Statutory defense 法定的抗辩Stock ownership 股份所有权structural approach 市场结构标准Structural criteria/approach 结构标准Structural filter school 结构过滤学派Structural model 结构模式Structural rule 结构性规则，即根据市场结构认定合法性Structural School 结构主义Structural screen 市场结构的审查Structuralist school市场结构学派Structure of an industry产业结构Structure-conduct-performance model 结构-行为-绩效模型，按照市场结构、市场行为和市场运行状况认定市场是否具有竞争性的方式Structured rule of reason standard 结构性的合理原则Subcontractor 分包商Subdue rival 排挤竞争对手Submarket 亚市场/子市场Substantive merger standard 有关合并的实体标准Substantive provision 实体性的规范Substantive 实体性的Substitutable可替代的Substitute替代Summarily condemned 当即就可以认定违法Summary condemnation 当即宣告有罪Summary dismissal 当场驳回Summary procedure 简易程序Sunk cost 沉没成本Supply and demand elasticity 供给和需求弹性Supply substitution 供给方面的可替代性Supracompetitive pricing 较竞争条件下更为有利的定价Supernormal returns 超额利润TTacit agreement 秘密协议Tacit collusion 心照不宣的协调Tacit coordination 秘密协调/默示协调Takeover 兼并Target firm 目标企业Territorial division 地区划分Territorial or customer restriction 地域或客户的限制Tertiary line injury 第三级损害（对买方的顾客的损害）Testimony of a participant-turned-informer 由参加人变为揭发人而揭发的证据Threatened loss or damage 可能会引起的损失或损害Tied product 搭售的产品（强迫购买的产品）Tie-in condition 附加条件Tie-ins搭售Toehold firm 有一定优势的微型企业Total cost 全部成本Trade association 贸易协会Trade restraint 贸易限制Transaction cost economics 交易成本经济学Transaction cost交易成本Transaction frequency 交易频率transportation barrier 交通障碍Treble damage 三倍损害赔偿Trial attorney 专门出庭办理诉讼案件的律师Trial court 初审法院Truncated or “quick look”version of the rule of reason简化了的或者快速的合理原则Trust 托拉斯，即达到可以操纵一个行业的组合Tying arrangement 搭售协议/搭售安排Tying clause 搭售条款Tying market 搭售市场（被搭售产品所在的市场）Tying product 被搭售产品Tying 搭售UUnauthorized use 未经授权的使用，擅自使用Uncommitted entrant 可自由进入的企业Unfair practice 不正当行为Uniform price cut 统一削价Unilateral conduct 单方行为Unilateral refusal to deal 单方拒绝交易Universal service 基本服务Unlawful per se 本身违法Unreasonable restraints of trade/ Undue restraint 不合理的贸易限制Upstream market 上游市场VVerdict 陪审团裁决，正式判决Verification and exchange of price by direct rival 直接竞争者之间关于价格信息的核查与交换Vertical conspiracy 纵向合谋Vertical integration 纵向联合Vertical merger 纵向合并Vertical price-fixing 纵向限价，即固定转售价格Vertical relationship 纵向关系Vertical restraint 纵向限制Vertical territorial allocation 纵向市场划分Vertical territorial restriction 纵向地域限制Vertically-related firm 有纵向关系的企业V oluntary pre-merger disclosure compact 自愿性合并前申报协定WWaiting period 等待期间Warrant a trial 成为诉讼的根据Watered stocks 实际价值低于面值的股票，掺水股Wave of corporate acquisition 企业收购浪潮Weak case 无权威性的案例Webb-Pomerence Export Trade Act of 1918 1918年韦伯-波莫雷内出口贸易法Wholesale price 批发价格Wholesaler 批发商Willful 故意Writ 批准向最高法院上诉的令状XX-year statute of limitation x年的诉讼时效。
WHO验证指南（征求意见-翻译稿）-2018.9
WHO验证指南（征求意见-翻译稿）-2018.9GUIDELINES ON QUALIFICATION - APPENDIX 6 VALIDATION 确认指南-附录6 验证(September 2018)DRAFT FOR COMMENTS 征求意见稿APPENDIX 6GUIDELINES ON QUALIFICATION 附录6-确认指南1. Principle 原则2. Scope 范围3. Glossary 术语4. General 概述5. User requirement specifications 用户需求说明6. Design qualification 设计确认7. Factory acceptance test and site acceptance test FAT和SAT8. Installation qualification 安装确认9. Operational qualification 运行确认10. Performance qualification 性能确认11. Periodic review and requalification 定期审核和再确认1.PRINCIPLE原则1.1 In principle, premises, systems, utilities and equipment should be appropriately designed,installed, qualified, operated, cleaned and maintained to suit their intended purpose.原则上，厂房、系统、公用设施和设备应进行适当的设计、安装、确认、运行、清洁和维护，以符合其预期目的。
1.2 Quality management systems should be in place to ensure that these remain in a qualified state throughout their life cycle.质量管理系统应该到位，以确保它们在整个生命周期中保持确认状态。
质量管理体系专业英语
一组质量管理体系术语(中英双语English Chinesereceipt (入厂接受,验收，进货handling 搬运packaging 包装storage 保存protection 保护comparison 比较identification 标识replacement of identification mark 标识标志更换maintenance of identification 标识的保持records of identification control 标识控制记录tender 标书normative document 标准文件supplemental 补充nonconforming product 不合格品control of nonconforming product 不合格品控制control procedure of nonconforming products 不合格品控制程序tendency of nonconformance 不合格倾向purchasing 采购verification of purchased product 采购的产品验证purchasing process 采购过程purchasing control procedure 采购控制程序purchasing information 采购信息reference standard 参照标准reference instructions 参照细则stockhouse 仓库measurement，analysis and improvement 测量,分析和改进measurement result 测量结果control procedure of monitoring and measuring devices 测量设备控制程序planning 策划preservation of product 产品保护control procedure for maintenance, replacement and records of product identification 产品标识的保持, 更换及记录控制程序procedure for product identification and traceability 产品标识和可追溯性程序conformity of product 产品的符合性monitoring and measurement of product 产品的监督和测量product plan 产品方案control procedure for product preservation 产品防护控制程序method of product release 产品放行方法conformity of product,product conformity 产品符合性product realization 产品实现planning of product realization 产品实现策划product characteristics 产品特性input to product requirements 产品要求的输入product status 产品状态final acceptance of product 产品最后验收procedure 程序program documents 程叙文件continual improvement 持续改进procedure for continual improvement of quality management system 持续改进质量体系程序adequacy 充分性storage location 存放地点agency personnel 代理人员submission of tenders 递交标书adjustment 调整,调节statutory and regulatory requirements 法律法规要求rework，vt 返工repair, vt 返修subcontractor 分承包方annex 附录improvement 改进improvement actions 改进措施on —the-job training 岗位技能培训responsibility of individual department and post 各部门，各岗位职责change identification 更改标记change order number 更改单编号process sheets 工艺单process specification 工艺规程procedure(process card 工艺规程(工艺卡process characteristics 工艺特性Job Description Format 工种描述单work environment 工作环境impartiality 公正性functional requirements 功能要求supplier 供方supplier evaluation procedure 供方评价程序supplier provided special processes 供方提供的特殊过程verification at supplier's premises 供方现场验证supply chain 供应链criteria for supplier selection, evaluation and re-evaluation 供应商选择、评估和再评估准则communication 沟通customer 顾客customer property 顾客财产control procedure for customer property 顾客财产控制程序customer feedback 顾客反馈Customer Service Contact Form 顾客服务联系表customer cummunications 顾客沟通customer satisfaction 顾客满意statistical analysis of customer satisfaction 顾客满意度统计分析customer complaint 顾客投诉identificaion of customer requirements 顾客要求的识别management review 管理评审records from management review 管理评审记录management review control procedure 管理评审控制程序management representative 管理者代表management responsibility 管理职责specified limits of acceptability 规定的可接受界限specified use 规定的用途process 过程complexity of processes 过程的复杂性monitoring and measurement of processes 过程的监视和测量operation of process 过程的运行status of processes 过程的状态process approach 过程方法process controls 过程控制process control documents 过程控制文件process performance 过程业绩appropriateness 合适性changes to contractor 合同的更改contract review control procedure 合同评审控制程序internet sales 互联网销售environmental conditions 环境条件monogram pragram requirements 会标纲要要求type of activities 活动类型infrastructure 基础建设infrastructure 基础设施fundamentals and vocabulary 基础与词汇control of records 记录控制technical specificaion 技术规范process trace sheet 加工跟踪单monitoring and measurement 监视和测量monitoring and measuring device 监视和测量装置control of monitoring and measuring devices 监视和测量装置控制check method 检查方法frequency of checks 检查频次calibration status 检定状态inspection and test control procedure 检验和试验控制程序identification procedure for inspection and test status 检验和试验状态标识程序inspection witness point 检验见证点inspection hold point 检验住手点buildings 建造物delivery 交付post —delivery activities 交付后的活动delivery activities 交付活动interface 接口acceptance of contract or orders 接受合同或者定单type of medium 介质类型experience 经验correction action 纠正措施Corrective action response time 纠正措施答复时间,纠正措施响应时间management procedure for corrective actions 纠正措施管理程序corrective action response times 纠正措施响应时间development activity 开辟活动traceability mark 可追溯性标志objectivity 客观性Customer Service Log 客户服务记录簿control feature 控制特性，控制细节control features 控制细则periodic assessment of stock 库存定期评估justification 理由routine 例程，惯例,常规质量职能分配表论证范围internal communication 内部沟通internal audit 内部审核internal audit procedure 内部审核程序internally controlled standard 内控标准internal audit 内审results of internal and external audits 内外部审核结果competence 能力training 培训training needs 培训需要evaluate 评价records of the results of the review 评审结果的记录review output 评审输出review input 评审输入Purchase Requisition 请购单authority 权限validation 确认concession 让步human resources 人力资源job training of personnel 人员岗位培训qualification of personnel 人员资格equipment control procedure 设备控制程序device type 设备类型order of design changes 设计更改通知单design and development control procedure 设计和开辟控制程序design and development 设计开辟design and development planning 设计开辟策划control of design and development changes 设计开辟更改控制design and development review 设计开辟评审design and development validation 设计开辟确认design and development outputs 设计开辟输出design and development inputs 设计开辟输入design and development verification 设计开辟验证design validation 设计确认design documentation 设计文件编制design acceptance criteria 设计验收准则design verification 设计验证audit program 审核大纲conduct of audits 审核行为audit criteria 审核准则production process control 生产过程控制production process control procedure 生产过程控制程序production and service provision 生产和服务提供control of production and service provision 生产和服务提供的控制validation of processes for production and service provision 生产和服务提供过程的确认production order 生产令identification and traceability 识别和可追溯性identification and traceability maintenance and replacement 识别和可追溯性维护与替换invalidate 使失效market survey 市场调研suitability 适宜性scope 合用范围controlled condition 受控状态terms and definitions 术语与定义analysis of data 数据分析sequence 顺序transfer of ownership 所有权转移system document 体系文件statistical technique 统计方法outsource(vt a process 外包过程external source 外部来源documents of external origin 外来文件outsource，vt 外协unique identification 惟一的标识maintenance 维护Document Change Control 文件更改控制Request For Document Change (RDC 文件更改需求单control of documents 文件控制documentation requirements 文件要求enquiry 问询,询价field nonconformity analysis 现场不符合分析relevance 相关性interaction 相互作用detail design 详细设计，详图设计，零件设计,施工设计sales department 销售部sales contract 销售合同checklist 校验表,一览表,检查一览表calibration 校准submission of action plans 行动计划的递交documented procedures 形成文件的程序documented statement 形成文件的声明performance requirements 性能要求licensee responsibilities 许可证持有者责任acceptance criteria 验收准则verification arrangement 验证安排verification results 验证结果customer focus 以客户为关注点, 以客户为焦点awareness 意识introduction 引言，概述,介绍normative references 引用标准application 应用visit to user 用户访问review of requirements related to the product 有关产品的要求评审competent 有能力的effectiveness 有效性determination of requirements related to the product 与产品有关的要求的确定customer —related processes 与顾客有关的过程preventive action 预防措施management procedure for preventive actions 预防措施管理程序planned results 预期的结果intended use 预期的用途procedure for competence，knowledge and training of personnel 员工能力，知识和培训程序personnel training procedure 员工培训程序supporting services 支持性服务functions 职能部门responsibility 职责assignment of responsibility 职责分工workmanship 创造工艺manufacturing acceptance criteria 创造验收准则quality policy 质量方针quality programs 质量纲领quality management system 质量管理体系quality management system planning 质量管理体系策划performance of the quality management system 质量管理体系业绩quality plan 质量计划quality records 质量记录quality objectives 质量目标quality audit 质量审核quality manual 质量手册quality problem handling form 质量问题处理单quality requirements 质量要求allocation table of quality responsibilities 质量职能分配表availability of resources 资源的可获得性resource management 资源管理allocation of resources 资源配置provision of resources 资源提供general requirements 总要求，普通要求constituent part 组成部件organization 组织continual improvement of the organization 组织的持续改进size of organization 组织的规模Organizational Diagram 组织机构图final acceptance 最终验收work instructions 作业指导书。
大学人文学术英语教材答案
大学人文学术英语教材答案Unit 1: Introduction to Humanities1. Multiple Choice1. C2. B3. A4. D5. C2. True or False1. True2. False3. True4. False5. True3. Fill in the Blank1. architecture2. literature3. philosophy4. sculpture5. theaterUnit 2: Art and Aesthetics1. Short Answer1. Art can be defined as the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.2. Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty, and taste.3. The relationship between art and aesthetics is that aesthetics providesa framework for understanding and evaluating art. It helps us analyze and interpret the artistic elements and concepts present in a work of art.2. EssayArt is an essential component of human culture and allows individuals to express their creativity and emotions. Aesthetics, on the other hand, provides a set of principles to analyze and appreciate different forms of artistic expression.Art can take many forms, such as painting, sculpture, literature, music, and dance. Each form has its unique characteristics and techniques that contribute to its artistic value. For example, in painting, the use of color, composition, and brushstrokes can convey a variety of emotions and messages. In literature, the choice of words, structure, and narrative style can create different moods and meanings.Aesthetics helps us understand the underlying principles that determine the artistic value of a work. It allows us to analyze the formal elements, such as line, shape, color, and texture, and their arrangement within a composition. Moreover, aesthetics provides a framework for evaluating the subjective aspects of art, such as the emotional impact it has on the viewer or the social and cultural context in which it was created.In conclusion, art and aesthetics are interconnected. Artistic expression allows individuals to communicate and connect with others on a deeper level, while aesthetics provides the tools to analyze and appreciate the artistic qualities of different forms of expression. By studying both art and aesthetics, individuals can develop a richer understanding and appreciationof the world of humanities.Unit 3: Literature1. Matching1. C2. B3. D4. A5. E2. True or False1. False2. True3. False4. True5. True3. Fill in the Blank1. protagonist2. antagonist3. setting4. plot5. themeUnit 4: Philosophy1. Short Answer1. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of reality and existence. It explores fundamental questions about the nature of being, time, space, and causality.2. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, focusing on the nature of knowledge, justification, and the methods we use to acquire knowledge.3. Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles and values, determining what is right or wrong, good or bad.2. EssayPhilosophy is a discipline that tackles fundamental questions about the nature of reality, knowledge, and morality. It provides a framework for critical thinking and reflection, encouraging individuals to question assumptions and develop informed perspectives.Metaphysics, a branch of philosophy, delves into the nature of reality and existence. It seeks to answer questions about the fundamental nature of being, the nature of time and space, and the relationship between mind and matter. By exploring these questions, metaphysics allows individuals to examine their understanding of the world and their place within it.Epistemology, another branch of philosophy, focuses on the nature of knowledge and how we acquire it. It addresses questions such as: What is knowledge? What is the difference between belief and knowledge? How do we justify our beliefs? By examining these questions, epistemology helps individuals develop critical thinking skills and understand the limitations of human knowledge.Ethics, the third branch of philosophy, deals with moral principles and values. It explores questions of right and wrong, good and bad, and aims to provide a framework for ethical decision-making. Ethics encourages individuals to reflect on the consequences of their actions and to consider the well-being of others. By engaging in ethical discussions, individuals can develop a deeper understanding of their own values and responsibilities.In conclusion, philosophy serves as a guiding discipline in the realm of humanities. It fosters critical thinking, encourages exploration of fundamental questions, and provides a framework for understanding the world and ourselves. By studying philosophy, individuals gain valuableinsights into the nature of reality, knowledge, and morality, enhancing their overall understanding of the human experience.Note: The content above is purely fictional and does not represent any actual answer key for a university humanities textbook. This response is generated by an AI language model to meet the requirements specified in the user's request.。
红宝书超纲词(纯英语版)
adherence adjustment admirable adoptive adornment advertisement advertiser advertising advisory
befriend behavioral benefactor biased
clear-cut closely coexistence collaborative commitment commonality commonly comparatively compensatory competence complementary
inappropriate industrialization inhuman
instrumentalist intrusion
J
jerk
jobseeker
journalism joyfully
juggle
jobless
jokingly
journalistic judiciary
jurisdiction
M
mainly
meaningfully metaphysical miniaturization mistrust
majestic
meaningless
methodology minimal
misuse
male-dominated measurable
Mexican
mining
mobility
malpractice
mechanistic
microbiologist mischievous
modestly
marginalize
medication
microprocessor misconception modesty
2022教资英语科三教学设计预测
2022教资英语科三教学设计预测I. Teaching contentsThe teaching material is rich in Chinese cultural features and shows the long history of Chinese paper-cutting art. The target grammar covers the usage of the relative words including which, that, who, whom, whose, and preposition + whom.II. Teaching Objectives(1) Knowledge ObjectiveStudents are able to distinguish the structure and usage of the attributive clause clearly.(2) Ability ObjectiveStudents are able to use the attributive clause to talk with others.(3) Emotional ObjectiveStudents are able to improve their learning interest through study and experience grammar.III. Teaching Key and Difficult PointsMost of students can understand and grasp the structure and usage of the attributive clause.Students are able to use the attributive clause to talk with others in the certain context.IV. Teaching procedureStep 1: Lead-in (2 mins)1. The teacher shows a video clip about Chinese paper cuts.2. Guide students to answer three questions using the attributive clause:(1)From which dynasty did people start to make paper cuts?(2)How many types of paper cuts do people still make today?(3)Which patterns of paper cuts are often used to celebrate weddings?【Justification】The step can not only extract the general idea of the full text, but also directly present the goal and the process.Step 2: Presentation (5 mins)1. The teacher shows some familiar proverbs on the blackboard and emphasizes the structures of the attributive clause.(1)God helps those who help themselves.(2)He who laughs last laughs best.(3)He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.(4)Don’t cut down the tree which gives you shade.2. The teacher asks students to find out each sentence containing attributive clause and then the teacher helps analyze the grammar structure of attributive clause. Elicit students to classify all attributive clauses in the book.【Justification】By meaningful communication, students can interact with each other so that they can understand the usage of the target grammar.Step 3: Practice (6 mins)1. The teacher shows some pictures about Beijing, including geographical feature, weather, culture and so on. Lead students to describe Beijing using attributive clause.(1)Beijing is the capital city which lies in the north of China.(2)Beijing is a city of diversified culture which combines modern culture and history perfectly.(3)…【Justification】In connection with the actual situation of life, students can use the grammar to drills.Step 4: Consolidation (5 mins)Ask students to design a paper cut for Folk Cultural Festival and choose some to introduce their works in front of the class.【Justification】The reasonable design and arrangement of students’language output activities, including design paper-cuts for folk cultural festivals, can create a good opportunity for training students’language skills.Step 5: Summary (1 min)1. Guide students to summarize what they have learned in this class. If necessary, the teacher makes some supplements.2. The teacher points out the emotional objectives in the end of this class.【Justification】Students can have a review of the language points in the class.Step 6: Homework (1 min)Try to introduce Chinese paper-cutting art with the attributive clause to a foreign pen pal.【Justification】The arrangement of homework is an effective supplement to the classroom content.。
我对世界上不同政治制度的态度英语作文
我对世界上不同政治制度的态度英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Attitude Towards Different Political Systems in the WorldIntroductionPolitical systems play a crucial role in shaping the governance, laws, and policies of a country. There are various types of political systems in the world, ranging from democracies to authoritarian regimes. Each political system has its own merits and drawbacks, and my attitude towards them varies based on their effectiveness in serving the interests of the people.DemocracyDemocracy is a political system in which the power is vested in the hands of the people, either directly or through elected representatives. In a democratic system, citizens have the right to participate in decision-making processes, elect their leaders, and express their opinions freely. I believe that democracy is the most effective form of government as it allows for transparency, accountability, and the protection of individual rights and freedoms.In a democratic society, the rule of law is upheld, and the government is held accountable to the people. It provides a platform for diverse voices to be heard and for different perspectives to be considered in policymaking. I admire the principles of democracy and believe that it is the best system to ensure social justice, equality, and the protection of human rights.However, democracy is not without its flaws. It can sometimes be slow and inefficient in making decisions, leading to gridlock and instability. It also requires a well-informed and engaged citizenry to function properly, which can be challenging in countries with low levels of education and civic participation. Despite these challenges, I believe that the benefits of democracy far outweigh its drawbacks.AuthoritarianismAuthoritarianism is a political system in which power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small group of individuals. In an authoritarian regime, dissent is often suppressed, and political opposition is not tolerated. While authoritarianism may be effective in maintaining order and stability, it often comes at the cost of individual freedoms and human rights.I have a critical view of authoritarian regimes as they undermine the principles of democracy and violate the rights of their citizens. The lack of political freedoms and the suppression of dissent can lead to corruption, abuse of power, and social unrest. Authoritarian leaders often prioritize their own interests over those of the people, leading to economic stagnation and social inequality.Despite these drawbacks, some argue that authoritarian regimes can be effective in promoting economic development and maintaining social order. Countries like China and Singapore have achieved rapid economic growth under authoritarian rule, leading some to question the necessity of democracy for development. However, I believe that economic prosperity is not a sufficient justification for sacrificing individual freedoms and human rights.ConclusionIn conclusion, my attitude towards different political systems in the world is shaped by their ability to promote the welfare and interests of the people. While democracy may have its flaws, I believe that it is the best system to ensure transparency, accountability, and the protection of individual rights. Authoritarian regimes, on the other hand, may be effective inmaintaining stability and promoting economic growth, but they often come at the cost of political freedoms and human rights. Overall, I believe that democracy is the most effective form of government in ensuring social justice, equality, and the protection of human rights.篇2My Attitude Towards Different Political Systems in the WorldPolitical systems vary greatly across the world, ranging from democratic to authoritarian, from socialism to capitalism. Each system has its own strengths and weaknesses, and as a global citizen, I believe it is important to understand and respect the diversity of political systems that exist in the world today.One of the most widely practiced political systems in the world is democracy. Democracy, which emphasizes the rule of law, protection of individual rights, and free and fair elections, is often seen as the most effective way to ensure political stability and protect the rights and freedoms of its citizens. As a proponent of democracy, I believe that every individual should have the right to participate in the political process and have a say in how their country is governed. I also believe that democracy promotes transparency, accountability, and checksand balances, which are essential for preventing corruption and abuse of power.Another common political system in the world today is authoritarianism. Authoritarian regimes are characterized by centralized control, limited political freedoms, and little to no accountability to the public. While authoritarianism may be efficient in terms of decision-making and maintaining order, it often comes at the cost of individual rights and freedoms. As someone who values freedom and human rights, I am generally opposed to authoritarianism and believe that every individual deserves to live in a society where their rights are protected and respected.Socialism is yet another political system that exists in the world today. Socialism emphasizes the collective ownership of resources and the redistribution of wealth, with the goal of reducing inequality and ensuring social and economic justice. While socialism has been successful in providing social welfare programs and reducing poverty in some countries, it can also lead to inefficiency, lack of innovation, and government overreach. As someone who values both social justice and economic efficiency, I believe that a balance must be struck between the two in order to create a fair and prosperous society.Capitalism, on the other hand, is a political system that prioritizes free markets, private property, and competition. Capitalism has been successful in promoting economic growth, innovation, and prosperity in many countries, but it also comes with its own set of challenges, including income inequality, environmental degradation, and exploitation of workers. As someone who values economic opportunity and prosperity, I believe that capitalism can be a force for good when it is guided by ethical principles and regulated to ensure fair competition and protect workers and the environment.In conclusion, my attitude towards different political systems in the world is one of openness and respect. While I may have my own preferences and beliefs about what makes a good political system, I recognize that there is no one-size-fits-all solution and that different countries may choose to adopt different political systems based on their unique history, culture, and values. As a global citizen, I believe it is important to engage in dialogue and exchange ideas with people from different political systems in order to learn from each other and work together to create a better world for all.篇3My Attitude Towards Different Political Systems Around the WorldPolitical systems around the world vary greatly, from democracy to communism, from monarchy to dictatorship. Each system has its own advantages and disadvantages, and different people have different preferences and opinions on which system works best. My attitude towards different political systems is a result of my observations, experiences, and values.First and foremost, I believe in the importance of democracy as a fundamental value in any political system. Democracy, with its emphasis on the rule of law, the protection of individual rights, and the accountability of government to its citizens, provides the best possible framework for a just and fair society. In a democratic system, people have the right to vote, to express their opinions freely, and to hold their leaders accountable for their actions. This is essential for ensuring a government that truly represents the interests and values of its people.However, I also recognize that democracy is not aone-size-fits-all solution for every society. Different countries have different histories, cultures, and social structures, which may require different forms of government to function effectively. For example, in countries with deep religious orethnic divisions, a more inclusive and consensual political system, such as a federated system or a power-sharing arrangement, may be more appropriate than a purely democratic system. In such cases, a balance between democracy and other forms of governance may be necessary to ensure stability and peace.On the other hand, I am critical of authoritarian regimes that suppress political dissent, restrict freedom of speech, and violate human rights. While some authoritarian governments may claim to provide stability and order, they often do so at the expense of the rights and freedoms of their citizens. Authoritarian leaders may use fear, intimidation, and censorship to maintain their power, leading to a lack of transparency, accountability, and responsiveness in government. This can result in corruption, incompetence, and a disregard for the well-being of the people.Furthermore, I am wary of the dangers of populism, nationalism, and extremism in politics. These ideologies often appeal to people's emotions, fears, and prejudices, rather than to reason, tolerance, and unity. They can lead to the marginalization and scapegoating of certain groups within society, as well as the erosion of democratic norms, institutions, and values. It is important to be vigilant against the rise of demagogues andautocrats who seek to exploit people's anxieties and insecurities for their own gain.In conclusion, my attitude towards different political systems is informed by a commitment to democracy, freedom, and justice. While I recognize the diversity of political systems around the world, I believe that all governments should be accountable to their citizens, respect their rights, and uphold the rule of law. It is essential for people to be able to participate in the political process, to voice their concerns, and to hold their leaders accountable for their actions. Only then can we create a world that is more just, more inclusive, and more peaceful for all.。
EU GMP发布附件16《质量授权人确认和批放行》
Ref. Ares(2015)4234460 - 12/10/2015 Array EUROPEAN COMMISSIONDIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETYMedicinal products – quality, safety and efficacyBrussels, 12 October 2015EudraLexVolume 4EU Guidelines forGood Manufacturing Practice forMedicinal Products for Human and Veterinary UseAnnex 16: Certification by a Qualified Person and Batch ReleaseLegal basis for publishing the detailed guidelines: Article 47 of Directive 2001/83/EC,as amended, on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use andArticle 51 of Directive 2001/82/EC on the Community code relating to veterinarymedicinal products. This document provides guidance for the interpretation of theprinciples and guidelines of good manufacturing practice (GMP) for medicinal productsas laid down in Directive 2003/94/EC for medicinal products for human use andDirective 91/412/EEC for veterinary use.Status of the document: Revision.Reasons for changes: The Annex has been revised to reflect the globalisation of the pharmaceutical supply chains and the introduction of new quality control strategies. Therevision has been carried out in the light of Directive 2011/62/EU amending Directive2001/83/EC as regards the prevention of the entry into the legal supply chain of falsified medicinal products. This version also implements ICH Q8, Q9 and Q10 documents, and interpretation documents, such as the manufacturing and importation authorisation (MIA) interpretation document, as applicable. Also, some areas, where the interpretation by Member States has not been consistent, have been clarified.Deadline for coming into operation: 15 April 2016.ScopeThis Annex provides guidance on the certification by a Qualified Person (QP) and on batch release within the European Union (EU) of medicinal products for human or veterinary use holding a marketing authorisation (MA) or made for export. The principles of this guidance also apply to investigational medicinal products (IMP) for human use, subject to any difference in the legal provisions and more specific guidance published by the European Commission.The relevant legislative requirements are provided in Article 51 of Directive 2001/83/EC, as amended, and in Article 55 of Directive 2001/82/EC. Notice is taken of the arrangements referred to in Article 51(2) of Directive 2001/83/EC, as amended, and Article 55(2) of Directive 2001/82/EC, e.g. Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRA). This Annex does not address the “Official Control Authority Batch Release” which may be specified for certain blood and immunological products in accordance with Articles 109, 110, 113 and 114 of Directive 2001/83/EC, as amended, and Articles 81 and 82 of Directive 2001/82/EC. However, this Annex does apply to the QP certification and subsequent release of such batches.The basic arrangements for batch release for a product are defined by its MA. Nothing in this Annex should be taken as overriding those arrangements.General principlesThe ultimate responsibility for the performance of a medicinal product over its lifetime, its safety, quality and efficacy, lies with the marketing authorisation holder (MAH). However, the QP is responsible for ensuring that each individual batch has been manufactured and checked in compliance with laws in force in the Member State where certification takes place, in accordance with the requirements of the marketing authorisation (MA) and with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP).The process of batch release comprises of:i.The checking of the manufacture and testing of the batch in accordance withdefined release procedures.ii.The certification of the finished product batch performed by a QP signifying that the batch is in compliance with GMP and the requirements of its MA. This represents the quality release of the batch.iii.The transfer to saleable stock, and/or export of the finished batch of product which should take into account the certification performed by the QP. If this transfer is performed at a site other than that where certification takes place, then the arrangement should be documented in a written agreement between the sites. The purpose of controlling batch release is notably to ensure that:i.The batch has been manufactured and checked in accordance with therequirements of its MA.ii.The batch has been manufactured and checked in accordance with the principles and guidelines of GM P.iii.Any other relevant legal requirements are taken into account.iv.In the event that a quality defect as referred to in Chapter 8 of EudraLex, Volume 4, Part I, needs to be investigated or a batch recalled, to ensure that any QPsinvolved in the certification or confirmation1 and any relevant records are readily identifiable.1.THE PROCESS OF CERTIFICATION1.1.Each batch of finished product must be certified2 by a QP within the EU beforebeing released for sale or supply in the EU or for export. Certification can only be performed by a QP of the manufacturer and/or importer which are described in the MA.1.2.Any QP involved in the certification, or confirmation of a batch must havedetailed knowledge of the steps for which they are taking responsibility. The QPs should be able to prove their continuous training regarding the product type, production processes, technical advances and changes to GMP.1.3.There may be several sites involved in the various stages of manufacture,importation, testing and storage of a batch before it undergoes certification.Regardless of how many sites are involved, the QP performing certification of the finished product must ensure that all necessary steps have been completed under accepted pharmaceutical quality systems to assure compliance of the batch with GMP, the MA and any other legal obligations in the Member State where certification is taking place.1.4.For manufacturing steps performed at sites in the EU each manufacturing sitemust have at least one QP.1.4.1 Where the site only undertakes partial manufacturing operations in relationto a batch, then a QP at that site must at least confirm that the operationsundertaken by the site have been performed in accordance with GMP andthe terms of the written agreement detailing the operations for which thesite is responsible. If the QP is responsible for providing confirmation ofcompliance for those operations with the relevant MA, then the QP shouldhave access to the necessary details of the MA.1.4.2 The QP who performs certification of the finished product batch mayassume full responsibility for all stages of manufacture of the batch or thisresponsibility may be shared with other QPs who have providedconfirmation for specified steps in the manufacture and control of a batch.These could be other QPs who are operating under the same manufacturingauthorisation (MIA) holder or QPs operating under different MIA holders.1.4.3 Any sharing of responsibilities amongst QPs in relation to compliance of abatch must be defined in a document formally agreed by all parties. Thisdocument should detail responsibility for assessment of the impact anydeviation(s) has/have on compliance of the batch with GMP and the MA. 1.5 For medicinal products manufactured outside the EU, physical importation andcertification are the final stages of manufacturing which precede the transfer to saleable stock of the batch.1.5.1 The process of certification as described in Section 1 of this Annex, appliesto all medicinal products intended to be released for the EU markets, or forexport, irrespective of the complexity of the supply chain and the globallocations of manufacturing sites involved.1Information required for the confirmation, where QP responsibilities for the batch are being transferred between sites, is presented in Appendix I to this Annex.2 The contents of a batch certificate for medicinal products are presented in Appendix II to this Annex.1.5.2 In accordance with the principles described in Section 1.4 of this Annex, theQP certifying the finished medicinal product batch may take account of the confirmation by, and share defined responsibilities with, other QPs in relation to any manufacturing or importation operations taking place at other sites in the EU and other manufacturing authorisation holders defined in the relevant MA.1.5.3 Conditions of storage and transport for the batch and the sample, if sentseparately, should be taken into account by the QP before certification of a batch.1.5.4 The QP certifying the finished product is responsible for ensuring that eachfinished medicinal product batch has been manufactured in accordance with GMP and the MA. Unless an MRA or similar agreement is in place between the EU and the exporting country, the QP is also responsible for ensuring that the finished medicinal product batch has undergone in a Member Statea full qualitative analysis, a quantitative analysis of at least all the activesubstances and all the other tests or checks necessary to ensure the quality of medicinal products is in accordance with the requirements of the MA. 1.5.5 Sampling of imported product should be fully representative of the batch.Samples may either be taken after arrival in the EU, or be taken at the manufacturing site in the third country in accordance with a technically justified approach which is documented within the company’s quality system. Responsibilities in relation to the sampling should be defined in a written agreement between the sites. Any samples taken outside the EU should be shipped under equivalent transport conditions as the batch that they represent.1.5.6 Where sampling is performed at a third country manufacturing site, thetechnical justification should include a formal Quality Risk Management process to identify and manage any risks associated with this approach.This should be fully documented and include at least the following elements:i.Audit of the manufacturing activity including any samplingactivity at the third country site and evaluation of subsequenttransportation steps of both the batch and samples to ensure thatthe samples are representative of the imported batch.ii. A comprehensive scientific study, including data to support any conclusions that samples taken in the third country arerepresentative of the batch after importation. This study should atleast include:o Description of the sampling process in the third country.o Description of the transported conditions of the sample andthe imported batch. Any differences should be justified.o Comparative analysis of samples taken in the third countryand samples taken after importation.o Consideration of the time interval between sampling andimportation of the batch and generation of data to supportappropriate defined limits.iii.Provision for random periodic analysis of samples taken after importation to justify ongoing reliance on samples taken in a thirdcountry.iv. A review of any unexpected result or confirmed out of specification result. These may have implications for reliance onsampling performed at the third country manufacturing site andshould be notified to the Supervisory Authority for the site wherecertification is performed. Such an occurrence should be regardedas a potential quality defect and investigated in line with theguidance in Chapter 8 of EudraLex, Volume 4, Part I.1.5.7 Different imported finished product batches may originate from the samebulk product batch. The QPs certifying the different finished productbatches may base their decision on the quality control testing of the firstimported finished batch provided that a justification has been documentedbased on Quality Risk Management principles. This should take intoaccount the provisions of paragraph 1.5.6 in relation to reliance on anysamples taken in third countries. Evidence should be available to ensure thatthe integrity and identity of the imported finished product batch has beenestablished through documented verification of at least the following:i.Relevant requirements for storage of the bulk product prior topackaging have been satisfied;ii.The finished product batch has been stored and transported underthe required conditions;iii.The consignment has remained secure and there is no evidence oftampering during storage or transportation;iv.Correct identification of the product has been established;v.The sample(s) tested are representative of all finished productbatches derived from the bulk batch.1.6 The QP must personally ensure that the following operational responsibilities arefulfilled prior to certification of a batch for release to market or for export:i.Certification is permitted under the terms of the MIA.ii.Any additional duties and requirements of national legislation are complied with.iii.Certification is recorded in a register or equivalent document.1.7 In addition, the QP has responsibility for ensuring points 1.7.1 to 1.7.21 aresecured. These tasks may be delegated to appropriately trained personnel or third parties. It is recognised that the QP will need to rely on the pharmaceutical quality system and the QP should have on-going assurance that this reliance is well founded.1.7.1 All activities associated with manufacture and testing of the medicinalproduct have been conducted in accordance with the principles andguidelines of GMP.1.7.2 The entire supply chain of the active substance and medicinal product up tothe stage of certification is documented and available for the QP. Thisshould include the manufacturing sites of the starting materials andpackaging materials for the medicinal product and any other materialsdeemed critical through a risk assessment of the manufacturing process.The document should preferably be in the format of a comprehensivediagram, where each party, including subcontractors of critical steps such asthe sterilisation of components and equipment for aseptic processing, areincluded.1.7.3 All audits of sites involved in the manufacture and the testing of themedicinal products and in the manufacture of the active substance have been carried out and that the audit reports are available to the QP performing the certification.1.7.4 All sites of manufacture, analysis and certification are compliant with theterms of the MA for the intended territory.1.7.5 All manufacturing activities and testing activities are consistent with thosedescribed in the MA.1.7.6 The source and specifications of starting materials and packaging materialsused in the batch are compliant with the MA. Supplier quality management systems are in place that ensure only materials of the required quality have been supplied.1.7.7 For medicinal products that fall within the scope of Directive 2001/83/EC,as amended, or Directive 2001/82/EC, the active substances have been manufactured in accordance with GMP and, where required, distributed in accordance with Good Distribution Practice (GDP) for Active Substances.1.7.8 The importation of active substances used in the manufacture of medicinalproducts for human use should comply with the requirements of Article 46(b) of Directive 2001/83/EC, as amended.1.7.9 For medicinal products that fall within the scope of Directive 2001/83/EC,as amended, the excipients have been manufactured in accordance with the ascertained GMP referred to in Article 46 (f) of that Directive.1.7.10 When relevant, the TSE (Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy)status of all materials used in batch manufacture is compliant with the terms of the MA.1.7.11 All records are complete and endorsed by appropriate personnel. Allrequired in-process controls and checks have been made.1.7.12 All manufacturing and testing processes remain in the validated state.Personnel are trained and qualified as appropriate.1.7.13 Finished product quality control (QC) test data complies with the FinishedProduct Specification described in the MA, or where authorised, the Real Time Release Testing programme.1.7.14 Any regulatory post-marketing commitments relating to manufacture ortesting of the product have been addressed. On-going stability data continues to support certification.1.7.15 The impact of any change to product manufacturing or testing has beenevaluated and any additional checks and tests are complete.1.7.16 All investigations pertaining to the batch being certified (including out ofspecification and out of trend investigations) have been completed to a sufficient level to support certification.1.7.17 Any on-going complaints, investigations or recalls do not negate theconditions for certification of the batch in question.1.7.18 The required technical agreements are in place.1.7.19 The self-inspection programme is active and current.1.7.20 The appropriate arrangements for distribution and shipment are in place.1.7.21 In the case of medicinal products for human use intended to be placed onthe market in the Union, the safety features referred to in Article 54(o) ofDirective 2001/83/EC, as amended, have been affixed to the packaging,where appropriate.1.8 For certain products, special guidance may apply, such as EudraLex, Volume 4,Annex 2: Manufacture of Biological active substances and Medicinal Products for Human Use, and Annex 3: Manufacture of Radiopharmaceuticals.1.9 In the case of parallel importation and parallel distribution any repackagingoperation carried out on a batch which has already been released must be approved by the competent authority of the intended market.1.9.1 Prior to certification of a repacked batch the QP should confirm compliancewith national requirements for parallel importation and EU rules for paralleldistribution.1.9.2 The QP of the MIA holder, who is named responsible for the certificationof the batch in the MA of the repackaged finished product, certifies that therepackaging has been performed in accordance with the relevantauthorisation pertaining to the repackaged product and GMP.1.10 Recording of QP certification.1.10.1 The certification of a medicinal product is recorded by the QP in a registeror equivalent document provided for that purpose. The record should showthat each production batch satisfies the provisions of Article 51 of Directive2001/83/EC, as amended, or Article 55 of Directive 2001/82/EC. Therecord must be kept up to date as operations are carried out and mustremain at the disposal of the agents of the competent authority for theperiod specified in the provisions of the Member State concerned and inany event for at least five years.1.10.2 The control report referred to in Article 51 of Directive 2001/83/EC, asamended, or Article 55 of Directive 2001/82/EC or another proof forrelease to the market in question, based on an equivalent system, should bemade available for the batch in order to be exempted from further controlswhen entering another Member State.2. RELYING ON GMP ASSESSMENTS BY THIRD PARTIES, E.G. AUDITSIn some cases the QP will rely on the correct functioning of the pharmaceutical quality system of sites involved in the manufacture of the product and this may be derived from audits conducted by third parties.2.1 Relying on assessment by third parties, e.g. audits, should be in accordance withChapter 7 of the GMP Guide in order to appropriately define, agree and control any outsourced activity.2.2 Special focus should be given to the approval of audit reports:i.The audit report should address general GMP requirements, as forexample the quality management system, all relevant production andquality control procedures related to the supplied product, e.g. activesubstance manufacturing, quality control testing, primary packaging, etc.All audited areas should be accurately described resulting in a detailedreport of the audit.ii.It should be determined whether the manufacture and quality control of the active substance and medicinal product complies with GMP, or in caseof manufacture in third countries, GMP at least equivalent to that referredto in Article 46 of Directive 2001/83/EC, as amended, or Article 50 ofDirective 2001/82/EC.iii.In case of outsourced activities compliance with the MA should be verified.iv.The QP should ensure that a written final assessment and approval of third party audit reports have been made. The QP should have access to alldocumentation which facilitates review of the audit outcome andcontinued reliance on the outsourced activity.v.Outsourced activities with critical impact on product quality should be defined in accordance with the principles of Quality Risk Management asdescribed in Part III of EudraLex, Volume 4. According to this, the QPshould be aware of the outcome of an audit with critical impact on theproduct quality before certifying the relevant batches.vi.Repeated audits should be performed in accordance with the principles of Quality Risk Management.3. HANDLING OF UNEXPECTED DEVIATIONSProvided registered specifications for active substances, excipients, packaging materials and medicinal products are met, a QP may consider confirming compliance or certifying a batch where an unexpected deviation concerning the manufacturing process and/or the analytical control methods from details contained within the MA and/or GMP has occurred. The deviation should be thoroughly investigated and the root cause corrected. This may require the submission of a variation to the MA for the continued manufacture of the product.3.1 The impact of the deviation should be assessed in accordance with a quality riskmanagement process using an appropriate approach such as described in Part III of the GMP Guide. The quality risk management process should include the following;i.Evaluation of the potential impact of the deviation on quality, safety orefficacy of the batch(es) concerned and conclusion that the impact isnegligible.ii.Consideration of the need to include the affected batch(es) in the ongoing stability programme.iii.In the case of biological medicinal products, consideration that any deviations from the approved process can have an unexpected impact onsafety and efficacy.Taking account that responsibilities may be shared between more than one QPs involved in the manufacture and control of a batch, the QP performing certification of a batch of medicinal product should be aware of and take into consideration any deviations which have the potential to impact compliance with GMP and/or compliance with the MA.4. THE RELEASE OF A BATCH4.1 Batches of medicinal products should only be released for sale or supply to themarket after certification by a QP as described above. Until a batch is certified, it should remain at the site of manufacture or be shipped under quarantine to another site which has been approved for that purpose by the relevant Competent Authority.4.2 Safeguards to ensure that uncertified batches are not transferred to saleable stockshould be in place and may be physical in nature, e.g. the use of segregation and labelling or electronic in nature, e.g. the use of validated computerised systems.When uncertified batches are moved from one authorised site to another, the safeguards to prevent premature release should remain.4.3 The steps necessary to notify QP certification to the site where the transfer tosaleable stock is to take place should be defined within a technical agreement.Such notification by a QP to the site should be formal and unambiguous and should be subject to the requirements of Chapter 4 of EudraLex, Volume 4, Part I.5. GLOSSARYCertain words and phrases in this annex are used with the particular meanings defined below. Reference should also be made to the Glossary in the main part of the Guide. Certification of the finished product batch. The certification in a register or equivalent document by a QP, as defined in Article 51 of Directive 2001/83/EC, as amended, and Article 55 of Directive 2001/82/EC, and represents the quality release of the batch before the batch is released for sale or distribution.Confirmation (Confirm and confirmed have equivalent meanings). A signed statement by a QP that a process or test has been conducted in accordance with GMP and the relevant marketing authorisation or clinical trial authorisation, product specification file and/or technical agreement, as applicable, as agreed in writing with the QP responsible for certifying the finished product batch before release. The QP providing a confirmation takes responsibility for those activities being confirmed.Finished product batch. With reference to the control or test of the finished product, a finished medicinal product batch is described in Annex I, Part I, point 3.2.2.5, of Directive 2001/83/EC and Annex I, Part 2, section E, of Directive 2001/82/EC. In the context of this annex the term in particular denotes the batch of product in its final pack for release to the market.Importer.The holder of the authorisation required by Article 40(3) of Directive 2001/83/EC, as amended, and Article 44(3) of Directive 2001/82/EC for importing medicinal products from third countries.Qualified Person (QP).The person defined in Article 48 of Directive 2001/83/EC, as amended, and Article 52 of Directive 2001/82/EC.Content of the confirmation of the partial manufacturing of a medicinal product [LETTER HEAD OF MANUFACTURER WHO CARRIED OUT THE MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY] of the product and description of the manufacturing stage (e.g. paracetamol500 mg tablets, primary packaging into blister packs).2.Batch number. and address of the site carrying out the partial manufacturing.4.Reference to the Technical Quality Agreement (in accordance with Chapter 7 of theGuide).5.Confirmation statement.I hereby confirm that the manufacturing stages referred to in the Technical QualityAgreement have been carried out in full compliance with the GMP requirements of the EU and the terms described in the Agreement for ensuring compliance with the requirements of the Marketing Authorisation(s) as provided by [ContractGiver/manufacturer certifying and releasing the batch]. of the Qualified Person confirming the partial manufacturing.7.Signature of Qualified Person confirming the partial manufacturing.8.Date of signature.11Content of the Batch Certificate for Medicinal Products[LETTER HEAD OF THE BATCH CERTIFYING AND RELEASING MANUFACTURER]1. Name, strength/potency, dosage form and package size(identical to the text on the finished product package).2. Batch number of the finished product.3. Name of the destination country/countries of the batch, at least whenwithin the EU.4. Certification statement.I hereby certify that all the manufacturing stages of this batch of finished product have been carried out in full compliance with the GMP requirements of the EU and [when within the EU] with the requirements of the Marketing Authorisation(s) of the destination country/countries.5. Name of the Qualified Person certifying the batch.6. Signature of the Qualified Person certifying the batch.7. Date of signature.12。
考研 英语二 大纲词汇
考研英语二大纲词汇Aaback, abandon, abbreviation, abolish, abortive, abound, abound in/with, accent, acclaim, accessory, accident, accompany, accomplish, accord, accordingly, accumulate, accuracy, accurate, accuse, acquaint, act, active, activity, adapt, add, addition, address, adhere, adequate, adequate to, admire, adopt, advance, advantageous, adventure, affect, afflict, afresh, age, agency, aggregate, agreement, ail, albeit, allay, alleviation, allude, allure, ally, alter, alternate, amid(st), amendment, amorphous, analogy, ancestor, anterior, anticipate, anxiety, apparent, appeal, applicable, apply, appoint, appreciation, apprehend, apprentice, appropriate, apt, architecture, argue, arise, arrangement, ascertain, ascribe, assault, assemble, assign, assurance, attach, attain, attenuate, attribute, audacious, augmentation, auxiliary.Bback, background, basic, beast, beat, beget, behold, biography, blonde, block, boast, body, bold, bolster, bond, book, boost, boss, bow, bound, breadth, break, bring, brittle, build, burden, burn, burst, business.Ccalculate, calculate on, caliber, cancel, capacity, captain, capture, case, cast, casual, catalyze, caution, cease, celerity, center, certificate, chairman, challenge, chamber, character, characterize, charm, cherish, chief, chrome, circumstance, clarity, classify, climate, cloak, coincide, colleague, combat, combine, comfort, command, commend,comment, commit, communism, community, companion, compel, compensate, competency, compete, compilation, compile, complacency, complex, complicated, component, compose, comprehension, compromise, concentrate, concept, conception, conclude, conducive, confide, confidential, configure, conform, confront, confusion, congratulate, conjure, connection, consciousness, conserve, consider, consistent, console, consolidate, conspicuous, conspiracy, constitute, constraint, construct, consult, consume, contain, contend, contemporary, contract, contradict, contrariety, convene, conventional, conviction, coordinate, cope, core, cower,craft, crank, crash, creativity, creed, critical, criticize, crowd.Ddamage, dampen, dare, dearth, debilitate, decimate, decree, dedicate, deduction, default, defy, degrade, delete, denote, depict, detrimental, devise,diagnose, differ, diminish, diplomacy, direct, disable, disadvantage, dispatch, dispose, dissent, dissipate, distinct, distort, divergence, divert, divide, document, doctrine, dominate, dormant, doughty, dread, dynamic.Eease, eccentric, effect, elevate, eligibility, eliminate, elongate, elusion, embody, embrace, emergence, emerge, emit, encourage, endurance, enforce, endeavor, engage, engineering, enhance, enlist, enjoin, enormous, ensure, entice, entity, entropy, environment, envisage, eruption, evoke, exact, exaggerate, exempt, exhilarate, exercising, exert, exhaust, exigency, exhibit, exile, exist, expand, expansion, expect, expenditure, expedite, experience, experiment, expedite,expertise, exploitation, exploration, export, exposition, extreme.Ffabricate, fade, fake, fallacious, fancy, fascinated, fatal, feature, feeble, fidelity, figure, finance, finite, fit, flash, float, fluctuate, foggy, focus, forfeit, forgo, formidable, foster, fraction, free, frenzy, frugal, fugitive, fulfill.Ggain, gadget, gamble, garment, gauge, gender, genealogy, generate, genius, genuine, gesture, ghost, gigantic, glimpse, global, goal, gradation, grant, gravity, grateful, gravity, groove, gruesome, guarantee, guideline, gust.Hhabitat, harass, haste, hazardous, heading, hefty, herald, heritage, hierarchy, hint, hurl, hypothesis.Iidentification, idle, idol, ignorance, illusion, illustrate, immediate,immigrant, impact, implement, implicit, impulse, incentive, incline, incorporate, incredible, index, infer, inheritance, initiate, insight, inspire, institute, integral, integrity, intellect, intense, intercept, intercourse, interval, intervene, intimate, intricate, investigate, invisible, ironic, irritate.Jjargon, journey, judge, justification.Kkeyboard.Llabel, land, latitude, latent, leisure, liberal, liberate, liability, likelihood, limit, linger, liquid, list, literal, locate, logic, longitude, loophole, lucid, luxurious.Mmagnitude, majority, manage, mandate, manual, map, margin, mark, master, material, maturity, maximum, measly, mechanic, medium, minimum, mingle, minor, missions, mobility, mode, moderate, modify, monitor, motive, motivate.Nnamely, native, neat, negate, negotiate, nest, nonetheless, notification, nuclear.Ooblivious, occupy, offspring, offspring, omit, optimum, optional, opinion, orbit, orthodoxy, paradigm, paradoxical, parallel, parameter, partial, passive, pattern, perennial, peripheral, persist, persuasive, philosophy, physique, plight, plunge, policy, predicament, prescribe, primary, principle, prior, privilege, procedure, proceed, professional, profile, progressive, proactive, provoke, provision, proximity, psychology.Ppace, panic, parallel, paragraph, pardon, passage, patch, patent, pause, peak, penalty, perceive, performance, persistent, perspective, persuade, pertinent, petition, phenomenon,phrase, pharmacy, physical, picture, pint, plunge, precarious, precursor, predict, preference, preliminary, premium, prepare, presence, preserve, prevent, previous, primary, priority, privilege, procedure, proceed, profession,project, promote, pronounce, proof, proportion, prudence, purpose, pursue.Qqualification, questionnaire, query.Rradiate, random, rational, realistic, realism, realize, reformation, refrain, region, register, reject, relax, reluctance, remedy, remit, render, repair, repeat, replica, reputation, repress, reproduce, require, requirement, research, resemble, resource, respond, rest, restore, restrain, result, revive, revoke, reward, rhetoric, rigorous.Ssacrifice, sample, sanction, scheme, sensitive, separate, sequence, serial, series, set up, shed, shock, significant, simulate, single, skill, slender, solid, source, spark, sluggish, specialized, specific, speculate, spectrum, speculate, stability, standard, Staten, stimulate, stock, redundant, strain, strict, stride, structure, subordinate, substitute, subtle, succeed, sufficient, suicide, summary, superlative, superior, suppose, supplement, sustain, symbol, systematic.Ttackle, tactic, tangible, technique, tradition, transfer, transform, transit, transpose, trend, trial, trivial, trim, triviality, troupe, typical, ultimate.Uultimate, unalterable, unconscious, undergo, underlying, unprecedented, unilateral, unique, unit, universal, urban, urge, usage.Vvacant, validate, viable, vicious, visible.Wwaive, welfare, width.Xxenophobia.Yyearning.Zzero.。
审核指南中英文对照版
International Organization for Standardization International Accreditation ForumDate: 21 September 2004 ISO 9001 Auditing Practices GroupThe ISO 9001 Auditing Practices Group is an informal group of quality management system (QMS) experts, auditors and practitioners drawn from the ISO Technical Committee 176 Quality Management and Quality Assurance (ISO/TC 176) and the International Accreditation Forum (IAF).It has developed a number of guidance papers and presentations (see "QMS auditing topics" below) that contain ideas, examples and explanations about the auditing of QMSs. These reflect the process-based approach that is essential for auditing the requirements of ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements.The guidance is primarily aimed at QMS auditors, consultants and quality practitioners, but is not definitive. The papers and presentations reflect a number of different views in QMS auditing. As such, their content may not always be consistent. It is not intended that the guidance will be used as specified requirements, an industry benchmark, or as criteria that all QMS auditors, consultants or practitioners have to follow.QMS auditing topics•The need for a 2-stage approach to auditing 2阶段审核的必要性•Measuring QMS effectiveness and improvements测量QMS的有效性及其改进•Identification of processes 过程的识别•Understanding the process approach 过程方法的理解•Determination of the “where appropriate” processes 确定”适当的”过程•Auditing the “where appropriate” requirements审核”适当的”要求•Demonstrating conformity to the standard 证明符合标准•Linking an audit of a particular task, activity or process to the overall system•Auditing continual improvement 审核持续改进•Auditing a QMS which has minimum documentation审核QMS文件化的最低要求•How to audit top management processes 如何审核最高管理层•The role and value of the audit checklist 审核检查表的角色和价值•Scope of ISO 9001:2000, Scope of Quality Management System and Defining Scope of Certification ISO9001：2000的范围，质量管理体系的范围和定义认证范围•How to Add Value during the audit process审核过程如何增值•Auditing competence and the effectiveness of actions taken审核能力要求和采取措施的有效性•Auditing Statutory and Regulatory requirements审核法规和指令要求•Auditing the Quality Policy andQuality Objectives审核质量方针和质量目标•Auditing ISO 9001, Clause 7.6 Control of monitoring and measuring devices审核ISO9001, 7.6条款监视和测量装置的要求•Making effective use of ISO 19011ISO19011的有效应用•Auditing Customer Feedback processes审核顾客反馈过程•Documenting a Nonconformity文件化不符合项•Guidance for reviewing and closing nonconformities评审和关闭不符合项指南•Auditing Internal Communications审核内部沟通•Auditing Preventive Action审核预防措施•Auditing Service Organizations审核服务组织•Auditing the Effectiveness of the Internal Audit审核内部审核的有效性•Auditing Electronic Based Management Systems审核电子管理体系A "Zip" file of all the above documents is also available. 可获得以上文件的ZIP档。
商务英语写作chapter6
Chapter 6 Adjustment and RefusalsIn business world it is unavoidable to receive complaints and claims. How to appropriately resolve the matter becomes a tough and challenging task. It is said the most difficult business letter is to respond to complaints and claims. However, there are still some useful tips for writing it without damaging the company's image.AdjustmentWhen you get a complaint or claim, you may either grant an adjustment or reject it depending on the circumstances. When you grant an adjustment, the situation is a happy one for your customer. You are correcting an error. You are doing what you were asked to do. As in other positive situations, a letter written in the direct order is appropriate. The direct-order plan follows these general steps:1.Begin directly---with the good news.2.Incidentally1 identify the correspondence that you are answering.3.Avoid negatives that recall the problem.4.Regain lost confidence through explanation or action.5.End with a friendly, positive comment.RefusalRefusal of a request is definitely a bad news message; therefore, an indirect order is preferred. In the refusal letter, you have two goals. The main one is to say no; the other is to maintain goodwill. You could achieve the first goal by simply saying no ---plainly and directly. Maintaining goodwill, however, requires more. The following general pattern will help you better handle the tasks.1.Begin with words that indicate response to the request and are neutralas to the answer, and set up the strategy.2.Present your justification or explanation, using positive language andyou-viewpoint.3.Refuse positively.4.End with adapted, goodwill comment.The following two letters are written according to thewriting principles mentioned above. Now read the lettersand try to figure out how the writing principles areapplied in them. The questions after the letters might helpyou accomplish the task.Letter A Letter of adjustmentDear Mrs. Williams:Your repaired video game is being returned by UPS, and you should receive it within a week. Skilled engineers made your video game almost as good as new.Recently Pace Electronic has acquired the assets of Four Star Games and has became responsible for repairs under warranties. Now you can be assured of prompt and reliable service. Any future repairs can be made by one of the dealers of our expanded network (see enclosed sheet).Also enclosed is a brochure showing some of our exciting new products, as well as Four Star's old favorites. You can order by mail, using the order form in the brochure, or call 1-800-877-PACE. We look for-ward to helping you enjoy your video game.Letter B Credit refusal letterDear Mr. Sands:We sincerely appreciate your interest in an account with White-Horton & Company. Whenever we can, we are always willing to serve you.In determining what we can do for you regarding your June 8 request for credit, we made the routine checks you authorized. The information we have received permits us to serve you only as a cash customer2. But asyou know, cash buying here at White-Horton's discount prices can make a very real saving for your budget.We hope to see you in the store again very soon, and we look forward to the opportunity of serving you.Questions for Comprehension1.What kind of order does each letter adopt?2.How does the author of adjustment begin his/her letter?3.Do the replies clearly state the problems?4.How does each author arrange the body of his/her letter?5.Is the tone of each letter polite and considerate?6.How does each author end his/her letter?7.What's the purpose of each letter?8.Does each letter state clearly its explanation?9.What's your impression on these letters?10. Sum up the requirements for writing an adjustment and a refusal.Sample Analysis1Sample 6-1 Adjustment for the wrong materialsDear Glenn Presley:The correct consignment of the clothing material will reach you within 20 days.I'm grateful for your letter dated September 1st. We're sorry to learn that the clothing materials don't match the sample. After careful examination, we found that we had misfilled3your order and another order that was different from yours with only one letter. We have arranged for the correct consignment and it would arrive at your place by September 24th.As compensation for the wrong delivery, I would like to provide you a 5% discount on this consignment, and I hope such an arrangement is satisfactory to you.Thank you for your letter of March 3rd and we will take care of your broken-down sewing machines.It is our common practice to carry out a careful screening to ensure our machines functional and reliable before they are finally sent out to customers. We are so confident and proud of our quality that our warran-ties4 run for as long as the customers possess the products.Your letter informing us of the problem has been handed to the Technology Department. The senior engineers will make a careful research to find out the potential problem areas. Simply send us the bill for the repairs and we'll reimburse you the costs.For any problems arising with this or any other machines we produced, simply take it to your nearest Sharp Machine Distributor who will repair it at no expense for you.Sincerely yours,Sample 6-3 Refusal to claim on replacement1Dear Mr. Mitchell:We understand your concern about the software Model 4050 you mentioned in your letter of May 6. We are willing to do as much as we reasonably can to make things right.From your description and our staff's careful research, we found that there was something wrong in the computer networks you adopted.As it is stated in the operating instruction, this software is solely compatible5 with Windows XP, which is different from Windows 98. And before you use this software, you should have to install the starting sys-tem6 at the bottom of the box first. But you haven't installed it. Therefore, please install the starting system first and then try it with Windows XP. For other procedures, please follow the procedures strictly with our instruction brochure.We hope the software will bring much convenience and profit to you.Frankly yours,Sample 6-5 Adjustment of a wrong order •Dear Mr. White:I would be disappointed to lose your cooperation, but even more disappointed to lose your faith and friendship in our firm. So I sincerely thank you for your letter that was written in friendliness to give us an-other opportunity.I am sorry that you had to send the wrong order back, which, I know, is really bothering. Though you didn't send back the leather chairs of which we sent the wrong style and the amount is not that much, we want to made it right. We will immediately send the sandal-wood chairs that you wanted.I must apologize again for the inconvenience has caused you. If you want to change any other items in your order, let me know and we will send them to you. You can return them when you are convenient. A check for postage is also enclosed as we don't expect to have you pay the extra expense because of our mistakes.You have been a customer of long standing. We will try our best to avoid mistakes in serving you.Dear Sirs:We have received your letter of October 15, but we are surprised to know your unreasonable request.Obviously, the rice was wetted by the seawater during the transportation, so you shouldn't claim on us. You have to write to those who are responsible.Sincerely yours,Language for WritingI. Notes1. incidentally: adv.The issue was brought up incidentally at the meeting.2.cash customer:The credit investigation survey permits us only to serve you as a cash customer.3.misfill: v.We misfilled your order owing to the carelessness on the part of our warehouse worker.4.warranty: n.The car enjoys a five-year warranty period.patible: adj.The two systems are not compatible.6.starting system:The new starting system proves much faster than the older ones,7. route: v.We will route the information to the headquarters by tomorrow.II. Useful Sentence Patterns1. BeginningAdjustment1)... should reach you in three days...2) The attached check for... is Newton's way of assuring you that your satisfaction is very important to us.3) By... (time), your three Dove Bicycles should reach you at... shop.Refusal1) We understand your concern about the.... As always, we are willing to do asmuch as we reasonably can to make things right.2) You were right in assuming that.... We are always interested in doingwhatever we can to make our sales satisfactory.3) Your order and request are sincerely appreciated. We are always grateful forthe opportunity of serving you in the best way we can.2. Indirect Refusing1) The best we can do is...2)... permit us to serve you only as a cash customer.3) We feel at this time you will be acting in your own best interest by...4) We must consider the sale final.5)In view of this explanation, you will understand why we must stand by ourguarantee policy in this case.3. Ending1) Thank you for this opportunity to explain. We shall continue to work hard toprovide you with the service you have a right to expect.2) We hope to see you again in the store, and we look forward to theopportunity of serving you..3) We are always pleased to do business with your organization and willcontinue to serve you with quality industrial equipment.4) So, whenever it is convenient, please come by and let us...5) We wish you the best in enjoying from...ExercisesI. Put the following sentences into the right order and make it a completeletter.a..Please accept our apologies for the delay.b. The mistake has been corrected and will never occur again.c. Our internal research has uncovered a bottleneck in our fulfillmentprocedures.d. Thank you for your letter of December 10th regarding your order thechinaware.e. Therefore, we have delayed several shipments, including yours.f.Your order has now been ranged and shipped.g. Please contact me if I can offer any help.II.Fill in the blanks of the following letter with the words given. Change the form where necessary.recover invoice appreciateregarding account inconvenienceDear Sirs:Thank you for your letter dated January 18th __________ the mistaken bill.On January 4th, a virus hit our computer system. When we ________ our collapse system, we discovered the __________ were out of order.We realized that all the _____________ we have sent out were inaccurate, including the one you received on January 8th.We have corrected all the accounts and sent new invoices.We are extremely sorry for the_________brought to our customers; therefore, we enclosed a 15% discount coupon for your next order.W e ___________ your cooperation during this time and look forward to serving you again.Sincerely yours,III. Read the following adjustment and see if you can improve i t.Thank you for your letter of May 3rd concerning the furniture you purchased. I'm sorry that we have sent you the wrong size.The mistake was made by our distribution department and they made a mistake in looking for the right name.Sincerely apologize for the inconvenience it brought you.1) One of your customers, Mrs. Douglas, wrote to claim to you that youhave mixed up the tables she ordered. After examination, you foundthat it was owing to the loss of the sales file of that purchase.You are asked to write a response to her claim and tell her you will offer her a 10% discount on her next purchase as compensation.2)Your customer, Mr. Bidwell wrote to you that you had sent him thewrong bill with $150 overcharged. After calculation, you found that hehad missed to calculate the transportation fees.Now write him a letter to refuse his request.。
else
性相近也，习相远也。
By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they get to be wide apart.君子不以言举人，不以人废言。
The superior man does not promote a man simply on account of his words, not does he put aside good words because of the man.欲速则不达，见小利则大事不成。
If you have things done hastily, you will not reach the goal. If you only see small gains,you will not accomplish great tasks.君子以文会友，以友辅任。
The superior man on grounds of culture meets with his friends, and by their friendship helps his virtue.温故而知新，可以为师矣。
Exploring the old and deducing the new makes a teacher.学而不思则罔，思而不学则怠。
To learn without thinking is labour in vain (徒劳),to think without learning is desolation.一些翻译The purpose of education is to transmit democratic values, create equality of opportunity, and prepare new generation of citizens in society.Everyone should be taught life skills as analysis, logical thinking, synthesis, and creative problem solving rather than just knowledge which are more important for people to survive freely in the complex and rapid change.We should want all students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love their country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality and the freed om to practice one’s faith.To study history and classics is to teach students the ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspectiveLiberal art teaches you how to think, write, and speak intelligently, get along with others, and conceptualize problems.Students are being so stuffed indigestible mass of material that they have no time to draw on his own resources, to use their own minds for analyzing and synthesizing and evaluating this materialArt is a kind of release of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the work of art that artists can express their passions, emotions, and desires. Art is concerning with the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole.Beethoven, one of the greatest composers and musicians, was renowned by creating many symphonies. Astonishingly, he produced his most famous symphony, chorus with complete deafness. How could he manage it? It not only has to be the prominent imagination that stimulate him to struggle and thrive, thus can even listen in spite of no hearings, but more important, determines his keen interest in music.Monet, throughout his lifetime, always obtained no acclaim and reward and suffered in poverty however, he, finally, gain the respect of everyone. Nowadays, people understand his impressive painting sunrise and affirm its value.Art also can reflect problems and phenomenon of a society. Take van Gogh as an example. The painting, one of his most famous works called potato eaters reflect the misery and poverty of humanity as he saw it among the miners in BelgiumAutomation trade-off technological advancement has both positive effects which enhance production efficiency and quality control, reduce the need to have workers perform potentially dangerous tasks and negative effects such as landfills with outdated devices, discarded chemicals, and plastic packaging, make many jobs unnecessary so that put employees out of work or force them to retrain.The complex and rapidly developed society encourage competition so that in many aspects, people can gain several benefits. In business, for the sake of survival in competition, companies must continue to improve the quality of services and products, and as a result, the entire society prospers, at least economically.By the development of technology, during the past decades, all of good things happen because of only competition, including a computer shrinking in size, increasing in power, reducing in price, and a rapid expansion of telecommunications networking in a declining price.The Olympic Game is a form of competition break up records to challenge human limits, gotten along with each other country to improve friendship and peaceCompetition can not make everyone win challenges as a win-win situation. On the other word, cooperation is the only driving force that will make every participant a winner. In this super-modern world, tasks are more complex and there are more specialists. In an orchestra, in the office, in the school, in the lab to study, in the creation of a film, and on many jobs, we knowthat we have to work in teams.Poverty is an outcome of longstanding conflict between haves and have-nots and a structural arrangement of inequality, thus, the poverty is perpetuated through class discrimination and unequal opportunities for upward mobility. Indeed, the modern society has strived to improve people’s lives by establishing the social welfare system and performing some other affirmative actions.Imbalances in the distribution of power-the loss of personal freedoms and civil liberties, and abuses of authority lead people to dissatisfy.Imbalance in the distribution of wealth—the loss of economic opportunity and social mobility, the creation of a permanent underclass, and conditions of illiteracy, unemployment, homelessness, hunger, and disease contribute people to crime.Racial discrimination such as racial purity or superiority, stereotyping and labeling, physical and social segregation, institutionalized inequality need to be eliminated through global education which gathers students who come from different countries together to learn the same courses in which teachers instruct students fairness, honesty, love the world and every committees, fidelity to tasks, friends and ….Family problems: family instability, divorce and child custody, spouse and child abuse, gender issues, gay and lesbian families, reproductive technology, adoption, and abortion.Gene problems: the bioethics of transplants, genetic screening, gene therapies. Genetic engineering can be used to many aspects of human life better such as reduce the amount of potentially dangerous chemical substances, cure diseases at the DNA level, and improve the possibility of ending worldwide poverty and starvation.Pollution not only affects human beings’ lives but also destroy the environment in which many other specials live. Chemical leak kill several people. Pose health risks and contribute to acid rain and global warming.A politician’s job is to build, maintain, and expand the wealth, prosperity and political influence of his nation; district, county, state or what have you.Both morality and politics (law) serve to regulate or direct human behavior. They differ, however, in the strength of their regulation and demand different, though related, personal qualities.The boundaries between morality and politics are very flexible. In some periods particular relations can be regulated by moral mechanisms, which in some other periods are ruled by political ones. the interaction between morality and politics depends on the particular social contradictions and objective possibilities of achieving class, state and national goals by acting in accordance with, or neglecting, respective moral values and norms.When the political theory, ideology and practice come into sharp contradiction with the morality of the people, they lose efficacy and in the end are doomed to failure. Therefore, every political theory, ideology and practice seeks moral justification and arguments in order to be accepted by the masses.Leaders need to establish an organization culture and are responsible for reputation management of their companies, governments and groups. As role models of values-based leadership, they can win loyalty and superior performance of their employees. The organization culture as the distinctive competitive factor will be the ability to attract and retain the most talented people and obtain personal fulfillment.History as a mirror is used to represent a study of the past—a study not only of great heroes of history who successfully worked through moral dilemmas, but also of many ordinary people who provided lessons in courage, diligence, or constructive protest.Machiavelli, an Italian philosopher wrote: “whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past; for human events ever resemble those of preceding times.”In the year Nineteen-five, Albert Einstein published some important papers in a German scientific magazine. They included one of the most important scientific documents in history. It was filled with mathematics. It explained that came to be called his “special theory of relativity” Ten years later he expanded it to a “General theory of relativity“( x这段第一是不是可以解决很多个科学家的例子,第二可以解决例如前人对社会贡献大还是后人对社会贡献大第三可以解决例如一个人的成就要后人来评价的几个问题Albert was a quiet child who spent much of his time alone. He was slow to talk and had difficulty learning to read. 这句第一解决了不能从小去培养天才那道题目.Albert did not like school . The German school of that time were not pleasant. Students could not ask questions. Albert said he felt as if he were in prison.这句第一解决了学校应该鼓励学生怀疑精神的那个ISSUE第二解决了学校应该交给学生学习的方法(逻辑推理)而不是直接灌输结果One story says Albert told his uncle Jacob how much he hated school. Especially mathematics. His uncle told his to solve mathematics problems by pretending too be a policeman.这句解决了家长教育孩子的重要性的问题第二解决了有兴趣才能干成事情的ISSUE问题Albert decided that he wanted to teach mathematics and physics. He attended the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, Switzerland. He graduated with honors, but could not get a teaching job. So he began working for the Swiss government as an inspector of patents for new inventions, The job was not demanding. He had a lot of time to think about some of his scientific theories.这句话首先解决了选择职业要根据自己的兴趣而不是看工作和薪水那道比较难的ISSUE题目第二解决了不是努力就能办成一件事(不过这个举在这里不是非常贴切,这道题看我下面的分析)In Nineteen-Twenty-one, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics. It was given to him, not for his theoryof relativity, but for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.第一解决了伟大成果是要看奖励的,我们可以看到虽然没得诺贝尔奖,但这个理论的成就是无法否认的第二解决了前人成就要后人来评价Albert taught in Switzerland and Germany. He left Germany when Adolph Hitler can to power in Nineteen –Thirty-Three. He moved to United States to continue his research.第一解决了Political leader 不能太专政第二解决了不能选择的事情少之又少Albert was a famous man, but you would not have known that by looking at him. His white hair was long and wild. He wore old clothes. He showed an inner joy when he was playing his violin or talking about his work.这个问题解决了不能通过外表和穿着来评价一个人那道题目.Albert spent the last twenty-five years of his time working on what he called a “unified field theory” he hoped to find a common mathematics statement that could tie together all the different parts of physics. He did not succeed.第一解决了专家也犯错第二解决了光靠努力不一定能干成.第三解决了找事物的相同点更是难动词Think (that): hold the (opinion/ belief/ position/stand point/idea) that, assume, believe, deem, reckon, argue, maintain, suppose, conceive, insist, be convinced, to my knowledge, personally, from my personal perspective, as far as I am concerned, from my point of view, from my angle, consider, conceive, perspective...Show: convey, reveal, express, corroborate, justify, imply, verify, clarify, signify, exemplify, illuminate, substantiate, demonstrate, elucidate, denote, characterized as, instruct, display, disclose, indicate, means, explain, give an/a example (reason, explanation) of, bear out, point out, point toward…Know: realize, comprehend, identify, distinguish, discern, notice, perceive, recognize, see, understand, figure out, be acquainted with, be familiar with,Get: a cquire, attain, acquire, achieve, obtain, gain “学习”不用learnSuggest: have a proposal in,Increase: magnify, expand, proliferate, mushroom, improve, enhance, advance…Impress: affect, inspire, engrave on, imprint of,Influence: impact, affect, guide, sway,Stop: halt, cease, conclude, desist, end, pause, put an end to, quit, refrain, shut down, terminate…Mak e: create, assemble, built, construct, form, manufacture; fore, cause, compel, constrain, drive, impel, induce, oblige, prevail, upon, require…Give: present, award, contribute, deliver, donate, grant, hand over, hand out, provide, supplyBreak：separate, burst, crack, destroy, disintegrate, fracture, fragment, shatter, smash, snapDestroy: ruin, raze, annihilate, crush, demolish, devastate, eradicate, shatter, wipe out, wreck, obliterate, weaken, undermine…Happen: occur, come about, come to pass, develop, result, take place, transpire名词Problem: issue, question, case, trouble, difficulty, dilemma.Meeting: conference, discussion, assembly, conclave, congress, convention, gathering session, assignation, encounter, confrontation, argument, controversy…Study: learning, application, lessons, reading, research, school work, examination, analysis, consideration, conte mplation, inspection, investigation, knowledge,scholarship…。
儿童委托监护责任确认书范文英文版
儿童委托监护责任确认书范文英文版Guardianship Confirmation Letter for MinorsGuardianship is a vital legal arrangement that ensures the well-being and protection of minors when their parents or legal guardians are unable to fulfill their duties. This document formally establishes the rights and responsibilities of a guardian, providing a framework for the care and decision-making authority regarding a child's welfare. The guardianship confirmation letter serves as a crucial legal instrument that outlines the scope of the guardian's role and the parameters within which they must operate.The guardianship confirmation letter typically includes several key components that define the guardian's responsibilities and the child's circumstances. Firstly, it will clearly identify the minor in question, providing their full name, date of birth, and any other relevant personal information. This ensures there is no ambiguity regarding the individual for whom the guardianship is being established.Next, the letter will name the appointed guardian, detailing their full legal name, address, and contact information. This section establishes the guardian's legal standing and their authority to act on behalf of the minor. It is essential that the guardian's identity and role are unambiguously defined to avoid any confusion or disputes regarding their decision-making power.The guardianship confirmation letter will also outline the specific powers and duties granted to the guardian. This may include the authority to make decisions regarding the child's education, healthcare, living arrangements, and financial matters. The letter will delineate the scope of the guardian's decision-making authority, ensuring they are empowered to fulfill their responsibilities while also respecting the rights and best interests of the minor.In many cases, the guardianship confirmation letter will also address the circumstances that led to the need for a guardian. This may include the incapacity, absence, or death of the minor's parents or previous legal guardians. By providing this context, the letter establishes the legal justification for the guardianship arrangement and reinforces the necessity of the guardian's involvement.Furthermore, the letter will typically specify the duration of the guardianship, indicating whether it is a temporary or permanent arrangement. This information is crucial, as it outlines the timeframewithin which the guardian must operate and the conditions under which the guardianship may be terminated or modified.It is important to note that the guardianship confirmation letter may also include provisions regarding the guardian's reporting and accountability requirements. This may involve regular updates or financial statements to ensure the guardian is acting in the best interests of the minor and in accordance with the established terms of the guardianship.The guardianship confirmation letter serves as a legally binding document that protects the rights and well-being of the minor while also clearly defining the roles and responsibilities of the guardian. By establishing the parameters of the guardianship arrangement, this letter provides a framework for the guardian to effectively fulfill their duties and ensure the child's needs are met.In conclusion, the guardianship confirmation letter is a crucial legal instrument that safeguards the welfare of minors when their parents or legal guardians are unable to do so. This document outlines the guardian's rights and responsibilities, ensuring the child's best interests are prioritized and the guardian's actions are carried out within the established legal boundaries. By providing a clear and comprehensive framework for the guardianship arrangement, thisletter serves as a vital tool in ensuring the protection and well-being of vulnerable minors.。
IE专业英语词汇
1设施规划与设计Facilities Design and Planning物流系统解析Material Flow System Analysis生产方案与控制Production Planning and Control人因工程 ( 工效学 )Human Engineering ergonomics本钱控制Cost Control2价值工程Value Engineering工作议论与核查Work Assessment工程经济解析Engineering Economics Analysis机器搅乱Machine Interference六十秒即时换模Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED) 3湿度Humidity学习曲线learning curve时间测量Time measurement标准时间测量Methods of time measurement (MTM)现场察看Shop floor observation4折卸Disassemble装置Assemble预定位Pre-Position质量控制环Quality Control Circle工作抽样Work Sampling5动作时间解析Motion time analysis企业流程再造Business Process Reengineering (BPR)企业资源规划Enterprise Resource Planning ERP根本经济定购量Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)柔性制造系统Flexible Manufacture System (FMS)6成质量量控制Finish or Final Quality Control (FQC)在制质量量控制In-Process Quality Control (IPQC)进料质量控制Incoming Quality Control (IQC)准时制生产Just In Time (JIT)制造执行系统Manufacturing Execution System (MES〕7主生产排程Master Production Scheduling (MPS)主生产方案Master Production Planning物料需求方案Material Requirement Planning (MRP)制造资源方案Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRPII)作业方案Operation Scheduling8流水线车间Flow shop最正确生产技Optimized Production Technology供给链管理Supply Chain Management (SCM)全面生产管理Total Production Management (TPM)全面质量管理Total Quality Management (TQM)9零弊端质量管理Zero Defect Quality ControlPDCA循环PDCA Cycle连续改进continue Improvement Kaizen现场改进Process Improvement半成品Work in process10目视管理 / 可视化管理Visual management瓶颈bottleneck部署图Layout5SClassification整理 (sorting, organization)-seiri Regulation 整頓 (arrangement, tidiness)-seiton Cleanliness 清掃 (sweeping, purity)-seiso Conservation 干净 (cleaning, cleanliness)-seiktsu Culture 教養 (discipline)-shitsuke11新品首件检查first article inspection (FAI)新品首件确认first article assurance (FAA)能力指数capability index质量改进小组Quality Improvement Team (QIT)备货型生产Make-to-stock (MTS)12订货型生产Make-to-order (MTO)按订单装置Assemble-to-order (ATO)柔性制造系统Flexible manufacturing system成组技术Group technology (GT)并行工程Concurrent engineering (CE)13时间压缩技术Time compression technology (TCT)业务过程重组Business process reengineering (BPR)敏捷制造Agile manufacturing (AM)精益生产Lean production (LP)智能制造Intelligent manufacturing (IM)14计算机辅助制造Computer-aided-manufacturing (CAM)计算机辅助设计Computer-aided-design (CAD)计算机辅助工程Computer-aided-engineering (CAE〕计算机辅助工艺编制Computer-aided-process planning ( CAPP) 15本钱效益cost efficiency可靠性Dependability柔性Flexibility产品数据管理product data management (PDM)设施选址Facility location16固定式部署Fixed position layout工艺过程部署process layout成组制造单元部署layout based on group technology工作设计Job design工作测量work measurement17时间研究Time study根本动作研究法Basic motion study (BMS)经营方案business plan固定能力Fixed capacity可调整能力Adjustable capacity18物料清单Bill of materials (BOM)提前期Lead time模块物料清单modular bill of materials最大周期收益Maximum part-period gain (MPG)分配需求計划distribution requirements planning19编制作业方案Scheduling排序Sequencing派工Dispatching赶工Expediting快速用户反响Quick Response20准时采买JIT Purchasing物料搬运Materials handling平均故障期Mean time between failure (MTBF)平均维修期Mean time to repair (MTTR)生产平准化level production21最优生产技术optimized production technology (OPT)整体设施效能Overall Equipment Effectiveness独立需求independent Demand经济订货批量Economic Order Lot安全库存Safety Stock22缺货本钱Shortage CostsABC分类法ABC Classification再订货点Reorder Point储蓄本钱Holding Costs23作业指导书Operation Instruction生产规格Specification〔 Spec〕要点路线法critical path method最乐观时间optimistic time最可能时间Most likely time24最悲观时间pessimistic time条码Barcode条码扫描器barcode scanner工作桌外观检查cosmetic inspect25内部检查inner parts inspect叉车forklift工作间work cell现有库存on-hand inventory多目标规划Multi-criteria decision making26报废品scraped products不良品defective products成品finished products调整现有库存量Adjust-on-hand决策解析decision analysis27取代工序Alternative Routine现有库存余额Balance-on-hand Inventory批号Batch Number能力需求方案Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)保留费率Carrying Cost Rate28单元式制造Cellular Manufacturing检查点Check Point拘束管理 / 拘束理论Constraints Management/Theory of Constraints (TOC)急需零件现有运转数量Current Run Quantity29截止日期Date Due生产日期Date in Produced库存调成天期Date Inventory Adjust作废日期Date Obsolete需求日期Date Required30收到日期Date Received交付日期Date Released发货日期Date to Pull发料单Disbursement List派工单Dispatch List31标竿Benchmark线性规划Linear programming专家系统Expert System组合优化问题Combinatorial Optimization Problem 零弊端Zero Defects32拘束Constrains界限Bound网络排队模型Network Queuing ModelStochastic Network Analysis多目标优化Multi-objective Optimization33失散事件随机系统Discrete Event Stochastic System人工智能Artificial Intelligence作业测量的劳动力标准Work-Measured Labor Standards预定动作时间系统Pre-determined Motion Times System (PMTS)模块化安排法Modular arrangement34主时间数据法Master Standard Data (MSD)动作标准时间法Motion Standard Times (MST)生产线平衡Manufacturing Line Balancing生物力学Biomechanics信息办理Information Processing35反响回路Feedback Loops手动响应Manual Response语音响应Verbal response速度和精度的平衡Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off (SATO)人机交互Human-Computer Interaction36产品式布局Product Layout工艺式布局Process Layout功能式布局Functional LayoutCellular Layout模块式布局Modular Layout37契约制造Contract Manufacturing可扩展的机器Scalable Machine便携式机器Portable Machine有向图Directed Graph路径规划和调换Routing and Dispatching38大规模订制Mass Customization工程论证Project Justification内部收益率Internal Rates of Return (IRR)净现值Net Present Value (NPV)工程审计Project Audit39企业一般管理费Overhead现金流Cash Flow预防本钱Prevention Cost估价本钱Appraisal Cost辅助本钱Support Cost40设施老化Equipment Obsolescence有形本钱Tangible cost无形本钱Intangible cost面向装置 / 制造的设计Design for Assembly / Manufacturability自动检测设施Automated Test Equipment41原始设施制造商Original equipment manufacturer (OEM)工厂自动化Factory Automation刚性自动化Hard Automation柔性自动化Flexible Automation自动存取系统Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS) 42快速启动Quick Set-UpU形生产线U-formed Processing Line (UPL)生产提前期Production Lead Time连续改进Continuous Improvement轮岗，工作轮换Job Rotation43在岗培训On-the-Job Training虚假企业Virtual Enterprise快速原型Rapid Prototyping系统集成System Integration产销率Throughput44数学规划Math Programming生产准备本钱Setup Cost生产准备时间Setup TimePrice Fluctuation激励体系Incentive Scheme45方案评审技术Program Evaluation and Review Technique 决策支持系统Decision Support System纵向集成式结构Vertically Integrated Structure横向集成式结构Horizontally Integrated Structure事业部式结构Divisionalized Structure46矩阵式组织Matrix Organization混杂式组织Hybrid Organization生产调换和控制Production Scheduling and Control工作现场的合理化Workplace Rationalization应付帐款Accounts Payable47应收帐款Accounts Receivable80/20 原那么80/20 philosophy增值链Value-Added Chain电子数据交换Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)客户参加Customer Involvement48客户需求Customer Needs失散仿真模型Discrete Simulation Model动向仿真模型Dynamic Simulation ModelEmployee Empowerment设施利用率Machine Utilization49机械电子学Mechatronics微办理器Microprocessor批量定购Order Batching组织结构Organization Structure外包Outsourcing50战略业务单元Strategic Business Unit (SBU)供给商开发Supplier Development供给链结盟Supply-Chain Partner系统 / 产品生命周期System /Product Life Cycle 51。
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│当代社会科学│2 019 年第2 期│
Justifict of Virtual Property Rights
— Comments on Article No. 127 of General Provisions of the Civil Law
Keywords: virtual property; theory of virtual property as a real right; theory of virtual property as a creditor’s right; intangible property rights; virtual property rights
1
CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SCIENCES No.2. 2019
The provisions on virtual property in Article No. 127 of the General Provisions of the Civil Law of China (The provisions on the protection of data or network virtual properties shall be abided by.) has been praised by scholars for “adapting to the demands of the ‘Internet +’ development,”① “adapting to the demands of the Internet and big data development,”② and displaying “creativity and distinct features.”③ But the provision on virtual property in the General Provisions of the Civil Law is too simple and lacks operability, and only a leading norm is used to protect virtual property according to the “laws with relevant provisions.” Since relevant legal provisions are not in place at present, virtual property protection stays in the current conditions. Meanwhile, such simple provisions in the General Provisions of the Civil Law keep the nature of virtual property a pending issue. In the process of formulating the General Provisions of the Civil Law, the attribute of virtual property rights has been given definitions varying from real rights to non-real rights, making it difficult to determine its nature. Article No. 104 in the General Provisions of the Civil Law (first draft) deliberated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in June 2016 stipulates that property “includes real estate (immovable property) and movable property. In case other laws also stipulate certain rights to be the objects of real rights, those provisions shall be followed.” But since there are debates on the attributes of virtual property rights, which are defined as a real right, among the theory and practice fields in the process of seeking opinions, ④ “virtual property” has been segregated from that article in the second and third deliberations and the formal draft, and defined separately in such a way, “Where any laws provide for the protection of data and network virtual property, such laws shall apply.” Although this article stipulates the protection of virtual property, the legal nature thereof is described vaguely, making the nature of virtual property complex and confusing. Does the legislative body believe that virtual property rights are not real rights, or that real rights theory is not perfected enough to define virtual property rights, and therefore an evasive legislative technique was used to treat its nature? As China does not have a tradition of publishing legislative reasons, we are unable to ascertain the answer. In addition, the ordinal position of virtual property in the General Provisions of the Civil Law also makes its nature elusive. Virtual property is defined in the “Civil Rights” chapter of the General Provisions of the Civil Law and listed behind the provisions related to personal and property rights. Article No. 126 is a miscellaneous provision, reading, “The civil subjects enjoy other civil rights and interests as prescribed by law,” followed by Article No. 127 making a provision regarding virtual property. Why does the law not stipulate virtual property in Article No. 126, the catch-all provision? Due to virtual property not being prescribed in the provision on property rights, does that mean the legislative body refuses to recognize the characteristics of virtual property as property rights? Moreover, the unclear nature of virtual property rights leading to Article No. 127 of the General Provisions of the Civil Law will bring no benefits to juridical practice. Since the provision does not clarify the nature of virtual property rights, it cannot eliminate the coexistence of default and tort causes in the similar cases previously put on record by all local courts. This leads to a situation where Contract Law and Tort Law can apply separately, and different results of judgments might be produced for the same types of cases. Finally, if it is an intended elusion for the legislative