Constructive action of noise for impulsive noise removal in scalar images
如何提升声音强度英语作文
如何提升声音强度英语作文To enhance the intensity of your voice in English writing, several strategies can be employed. Here are some effective techniques:1. Vary Sentence Structure: Incorporate a variety of sentence structures to create a dynamic rhythm in your writing. Use simple, compound, and complex sentences interchangeably to maintain reader engagement.2. Utilize Descriptive Language: Enhance your descriptions with vivid adjectives, adverbs, and sensory details. Paint a vivid picture for your readers to immerse them in the scene and evoke emotions.3. Employ Rhetorical Devices: Integrate rhetorical devices such as metaphors, similes, personification, and hyperbole to add depth and intensity to your writing. These devices can make your language more impactful and memorable.4. Use Active Voice: Opt for active voice over passive voice to convey a sense of immediacy and directness. Active voice strengthens your sentences and makes them more assertive.5. Create Tension: Introduce conflicts, dilemmas, or suspenseful elements in your writing to keep readers on the edge of their seats. Tension drives the narrative forward and heightens the intensity of your voice.6. Show, Don't Tell: Instead of explicitly stating emotions or events, show them through actions, dialogue, and sensory details. This allows readers to experience the story firsthand, intensifying their connection to the narrative.7. Inject Emotion: Infuse your writing with authentic emotions to resonate with your readers on a deeper level. Whether it's joy, sorrow, anger, or fear, emotional authenticity can amplify the intensity of your voice.8. Maintain Consistency: Ensure consistency in tone,style, and voice throughout your writing. A cohesive and unified approach strengthens your message and maintains reader engagement.9. Edit and Revise: Take the time to revise and refine your writing to eliminate any unnecessary words or phrases. Tightening your prose and polishing your language can amplify the impact of your voice.10. Seek Feedback: Share your writing with others and solicit feedback to gain insights into how your voice is perceived. Constructive criticism can help you identify areas for improvement and refine your voice further.By incorporating these techniques into your writing, you can elevate the intensity of your voice and captivate your readers more effectively. Experiment with different approaches and find what works best for you in conveying your message with power and conviction.。
高中英语阅读理解高频考点专项练习题(历年高频考点真题) (9622) output
一、阅读理解1. 请阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
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T he Art of Chinese CalligraphyChinese calligraphy is the world’s most favorable form of art. When 1 was a preschooler, I was briefly taught by my grandfather to write Chinese calligraphy. Even though everything has gradually been only a blur (模糊) in my memory over the years, one thing I certainly have not lost is that I can still grip the ink brush correctly.Imagine that someone obtains such a cherished occasion to sit down and spend a little unaccompanied time of quietness, allowing one's intellect to think freely and express out in a written script their deepest thoughts.A piece of Xuan paper is first carefully placed on top of a desk pad. Then, use a paper- weight to hold down the Xuan paper, so it will be alwayslocked in the right spot. Next without any hesitation, reach for the best ink brush. Do remember to immerse (浸润) the brush with just enough ink so there won't be any ink dripping. Then start to write. While the mind unfolds, the brush sheer per stokes of Chinese character into the rhythmic motion of expressions,In history, Chinese calligraphers have always written the script as a common way for message transmission during various audience engagements of contributors. It also makes for better cultural understanding of a different period of Chinese history. Chinese calligraphers have a variety of reasons to study the art form. For some people. practicing writing the regular script will keep the traditional culture alive. Others think it a perfect way to relax from all the daily happenings. There's still an uncountable new form of script style that has kept the art going in a way to promote the fine art of Chinese culture in our present day.Nowadays, Chinese calligraphers strongly believe there's more than just written communication. Countless existing works display Chinese literature. They understand what it meant to become an accomplished Chinese calligrapher. It takes many years of strictly copying from the master's correct written stokes, to gain the skill in the regular script until exemplary, perfect and beyond expert level. One requirement is to know the wring structures of several Chinese script styles.The new approach to script writing is gaining ground, especially in western countries. Inspiring Chinese calligraphers who are willing to perfect the craft tend to create new ideas to re- present the visible images. The contemporary bending of color hypothesis sets a brand-new standard for Chinese calligraphers. That makes every sort of collective portrait of Chinese characters into a well- presented masterwork of applied arts.As much exceptional quality of diverse formed of masterpiece appears overtime. It's a reminder that in all classes of society we must pass our heritage down to the next generation so our ancestors are more than merely just a portion of history. Instead, it is never to be forgot- ten as an integral part of the culture. “A soul is essential for a country and a nation, " Chinese President Xi Jinping said. “Professionals in the sectors of culture, art, philosophy and social sciences are important soul builders.”文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。
噪声相关英文文献
2008 Received February 12, 2007; accepted November 30, 2007; published online June 25, 2008doi: 10.1007/s11432-008-0082-5†Corresponding author (email: yunguihun@ )Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60372022) and Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Uni-versity (Grant No. NCET-05-0806)Sci China Ser F-Inf Sci | Oct. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 10 | 1585-1593 eigenstructure-based methods, such as 2-D MUSIC-type method [1] and 2-D ESPRIT-type ESPRIT method is a special case of DOA matrix method [5].Unfortunately, there are also many phenomena in signal processing which are decidedly non-Gaussian [6―13], such as atmospheric noise, urban radio channels, man-made signals, and so on. Recently, it has been shown that impulsive noise can be modeled as a complex symmetric α-stable(S αS) process. Since S αS does not possess finite variance when 2α<, minimum dis-persion criterion is a good choice to evaluate the S αS process. Lv et al.[6,7] have proposed several methods using cross-covariation matrix to estimate 2-D DOAs of the signals in the presence of impulsive noise.In some applications, useful information can be obtained by introducing time domain process-ing [8,9,14―16]. He et al.[8,9] presented a DOA estimation method in impulsive noise environments using fractional lower-order spatio-temporal (FLOST) matrix. Jin [15,16] proposed a spatio-tempo- ral DOA matrix (ST-DOA) algorithm which takes advantages of the a priori in time domain. How- ever, not only 2-D ESPRIT method [2,6], but also DOA matrix method [4,5,7] and ST-DOA matrix method [15,16] cannot estimate signals with common 1-D angles or in some curved plane, which degrades the estimation performance of those algorithms.In this paper, we proposed a novel joint diagonalization FLOST matrix method (JD-FLOM- ST-DOA). The method can obtain the 2-D DOAs of the array based on joint diagonalization di-rectly with neither peak searching nor pair matching. Moreover, compared with ST-DOA matrix method, the significances of the novel algorithms are as follows: 1) it can work in impulsive noise environments; 2) it can estimate signals with common 1-D angles in any plane. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.2 Complex S αS random variables [11]A complex random variable is S αS if and are joint S αS, and then their characteristic function is written as1j X X X =+2⎤1X 2X (1)122*11221122,12(){exp[j ()]}{exp[j()]}exp ||d (,),X X S E X E X X x x x x αϕωωωωωωΓ=+⎡=−+⎢⎥⎣⎦∫R where 12,j ωωω=+ is the real part operator, and is a symmetric measure on theunit sphere , called the spectral measure of the random variable The characteristic expo-nent is restricted to the values []i R 12,X X Γ2S .X 02,α<≤ and it determines the shape of the distribution. The smaller the characteristic exponent α, the heavier the tails of the density.A complex random variable 1j 2X X X =+ is isotropic if and only if hasa uniform spectral measure. In this case, the characteristic function of X can be written as12(,)X X (2)*(){exp[j ()]}exp(||),E X αϕωωγω==−R where (0)γγ> is the dispersion of the distribution. The dispersion plays a role analogous to the role that the variance plays for the second-order processes. Namely, it determines the spread of the probability density function around the origin. A method for generating complex isotropic S αS random variables is given in ref. [11]. Several in-phase components of the time series with different characteristic exponents are given in Figure 1, which shows the impulsiveness of the S αS distribution.1586 XIA TieQi et al. Sci China Ser F-Inf Sci | Oct. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 10 | 1585-1593Figure 1 Time series of S αS random variables.A complex isotropic S αS random variable X has finite fractional lower-order moments (FLOMs) 2,p α<≤ i.e., {||},p E X <∞ 2.p α∀<≤ Obviously, S αS signals are of infinite variance because their second-order moments are infinite. The FLOM between ξ and η is defined as in ref. [10]:12*[,]{}{||},12,p p f E E p ξηξηξηηα−−==<<≤ (3) where, 1*||,p p ηηη−= and the superscript * denotes complex conjugate.3 Array configuration and signal model3.1 Assumptions and data modelConsider a uniform linear array consisting of M -element as shown in Figure 2. The spacing be-tween the first M −1 sensors is d x while the spacing between the first and the M th sensor is d y . Assume that there are D narrowband independent signals () (1,2,,)k s t k D =… with common carrier impinging on the array from 2-D directions (,).k k θβ As made in refs. [8,9], we assume the signal vector s (t ) satisfying2T H 1{s()[(|s()|)s ()]}diag[(),,()],p D E t t t τρτρτ−+= … (4) where superscript H denotes complex conjugate transpose, denotes Hadamard product (ele-ment-by-element product), and diag[]⋅ is the diagonal matrix formed with the elements of its vector valued argument. Eq. (4) means that the signals () (1,2,,)k s t k D =… are mutuallyFLOST uncorrelated. denotes the auto-FLOST moment of2*()[()|()|()]p k k k k E s t s t s t ρττ−=+().k s t The baseband signals of the t th snapshot of the array output measured by the array can be expressed asXIA TieQi et al. Sci China Ser F-Inf Sci | Oct. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 10 | 1585-1593 158712π()()exp j (1)cos()(), 1,,1,Di k x k i k x t s t i d n t i M θλ=⎡⎤=−+=⎢⎥⎣⎦∑…− (5) 12π()()exp j cos()().D M k y k M k x t s t d n βλ=⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦∑t +(6)Figure 2 Array configuration for independent 2-D DOAs estimation.Write eqs. (5) and (6) into matrix form, and we have()()(),t t =+x As n t T D(7)T T 111[(),,()], ()[(),,()], [(),,()],M M x t x t t n t n t s t s t ===......x n s T 11[,,,,], [,,,,],k D k k ik Mk a a a ==............A a a a a (8)2πexp j (1)cos(), 1,,1,ik x k a i d i θλ⎡⎤M =−=⎢⎥⎣⎦…− (9) 2πexp j cos(),Mk y k a d βλ⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦(10) where is additive uniform complex isotropic S αS noise with dispersion γ, independent of the signals, i.e.,()(1,2,...,)i n t i M = 2T H {()[(|()|)()]}(),p M E t t t τ−+ n n n I γδτ= (11) where ()δτ is Kronecker function, and M I is an M M × dimensional identity matrix.3.2 FLOM-ST-DOA matrix method Under the above assumptions, we have the following array outputs of FLOST moments:2**1()[(),()][()|()|()][()],(1,2,,,0,,,,,,i M k k p x x i M f i M M D),s s Mk ik s s s s k R x t x t E x t x t x t R a a i M NT T T NT ττττττ−==+=+==≠=−−∑ (12)where 2*()[(),()][()|()|()].k k p s s k k f k k kR s t s t E s t s t s t τττ−=+=+ 2****1()[(),()][()|()|()][()], (0,1,2,,,1,2,,,1).i l k k p x x i l f i l l Dlks s Mk ik k Mk R x t x t E x t x t x t a R a a i M l L L M a τττττ−==+=+=≠==∑……=− (13)1588 XIA TieQi et al. Sci China Ser F-Inf Sci | Oct. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 10 | 1585-1593Let (),X τR ()l Y R τ and (),S τR respectively, be1T ()[(),,(),,()],M i M M M X x x x x x x R R R ττττ=……R (14)1T ()[(),,(),,()],l l i l M l Y x x x x x x R R R ττττ=……R (15)11**1()[(),,(),,()].k k D D S s s M s s Mk s s MD R a R a R a ττττ=⋅⋅⋅……R *T (16)Write eqs. (12) and (13) into matrix form,()(),X S ττ=R AR (17)()(),l Y l S ττ=R A R Φ (18) where is a D ×D dimensional matrix,l Φ 11***1***1j2π/[cos (1)cos ]j2π/[cos (1)cos ]j2π/[cos (1)cos ]j2π/[cos (1)cos ]1diag ,,,,diag{e ,,e ,, e ,,e }diag[,,,,x y x p y p x q y q x D y D l lk lD l M Mk MD d d l d d l d d l d d l l gl a a a a a a λβθλβθλβθλβθφφ−−−−−−−−⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦==………………Φ,,], 1.ql Dl g q D φφ≠...≤≤ (19)By collecting the “pseudo snapshots” at 2N lags ,,,,,,s s s s NT T T NT τ=−−…… the “pseudo snapshots” data matrices are formed as follows:[(),,(),(),,()],X s X s X s X s NT T T NT =−−……X R R R R[(),,(),(),,()],l l l l l Y s Y s Y s Y s NT T T NT =−−……Y R R R R[(),,(),(),,()].S s S s S s S s NT T T NT =−−……S R R R R Then, eqs. (17) and (18) can be rewritten into,=X AS (20). (21) l l =Y A S ΦDefine FLOM-ST-DOA matrix as(22) †[],l TS l =⋅R Y X where denotes pseudoinverse, i.e.,†[]X†H H [][].1−=X X XX (23)Theorem 1. FLOM-ST-DOA matrix algorithm: if A and S is nonsingular and has un-equal elements, then the FLOM-ST-DOA matrix has its D non-zero eigenvalues equal to the D diagonal elements of and the corresponding eigenvectors equal to the D column vec-tors of matrix A , i.e.,l Φl TS R l Φ.l TS l =R A A Φ (24)The proof is similar to that given in ref. [5]. By eigendecomposition, we have A and . Then, the l Φk θ’s are obtained using the first M −1 elements of according to eq. (9), while (1)k D ≤≤k a k β’s are given by the M th element of according to eq. (10). The above theorem means that an estimate can be obtained if and only if there exists a matrix , which has (1)k D ≤≤k a l Φ XIA TieQi et al. Sci China Ser F-Inf Sci | Oct. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 10 | 1585-1593 1589unequal entries. However, it is easy to construct examples where each l Φ(1)l L ≤≤ has a de-generate eigenvalue spectrum, and then the FLOM-ST-DOA matrix algorithm will fail. In the next section, we will propose an improved robust JD-FLOM-ST-DOA matrix algorithm to over-come this problem.4 JD-FLOM-ST-DOA matrix mehtod4.1 WhiteningThe first step of our JD-FLOM-ST-DOA matrix algorithm procedure consists of whitening the signal part of the pseudo-observation. This is achieved by applying a whitening matrix W to them, i.e., an ()X s nT R M D × matrix verifying the following:H H H H H [()()]X s X s X E nT nT .==WR R W WQ W WAA W I =,, (25)where and we assume thatH [()()]X X s X s E nT nT =Q R R H[()()](1/2)S S E N ττ=R R H ,0()()N S s S s n N n nT nT =−≠=∑R R Iand ()S τR has unit variance so that the dynamic range of ()S τR is accounted for by the mag-nitude of the corresponding column of A , which does not affect the estimation of the 2-D DOAs. Eq. (25) shows that if W is a whitening matrix, then is a WA D D × dimensional unitary ma-trix. It follows that for any whitening matrix W , there exists a unitary matrix U such that . As a consequence, matrix A can be factored as=WA U (26) †.=A W U Note that this whitening procedure reduces the determination of the M D × dimensional mixture matrix A to that of a unitary D D × dimensional matrix U . The whitened process still obeys a linear model:(27) ()(),X X n =z WR n n H H ..}, (28) ()().l l Y Y n =z WR Define the following cross-correlation matrix between and()l Y n z (),X n z (29)H H H H H [()()][()()][()()]l l l Y X Y X Y X l S S l E n n E n n E ττ====G z z WR R W WA R R A W U U ΦΦ4.2 Determining the unitary factor UThe second step of our JD-FLOM-STDOA matrix algorithm procedure is to determine a unitary factor U , which is obtained by performing a joint diagonalization of the combined set of The essential uniqueness of joint diagonalization is guaranteed by Theorem 2.1{,,,,}l L Y X Y X Y X= ……G G G G Theorem 2. Essential uniqueness of joint diagonalization: let be a set of L matrices where, for matrix is in the form withU a uni- tary matrix. Any joint diagonalizer of is essentially equal (the definition is given in ref. 1{,,,,l L Y X Y X Y X= ……G G G G 1l L ≤≤l Y X G H l U U Φ G [14]) 1590 XIA TieQi et al. Sci China Ser F-Inf Sci | Oct. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 10 | 1585-1593to U if and only if1, , 1, pl ql p q D l l L .φφ∀≠∃≠≤≤≤≤ (30)The essential uniqueness condition (30) is of course much weaker than the requirement thatthere should exist a matrix in which is uniquely unitarily diagonalizable. In particular, it is easy to construct examples, where each matrix in has a degenerate eigenvalue spectrum but such that the joint diagonalizer of is nonetheless essentially unique. The proof of Theorem 2 is similar to the proof given in ref. G GG [14].Theorem 3. Sufficiency condition: if then (,)[0,π)[0,π),k k αβ∈×, 1,l l L ∃≤≤1∀≤. ,p q D ≠≤pl ql φφ≠Proof. If for the DOAs of the g th source (,)[0,π)[0,π),k k αβ∈×(,)g g αβ and q th source (,),q q αβ ,g q ≠ there exist two cases:1) if ,p q ββ≠ then 11;p q φφ≠2) if ,p q ββ=,p q αα≠ then ,pl ql φφ≠2l L ≤≤.Theorem 3 means that there exists at least one matrix satisfies (1)l l L ≤≤Φ.gl ql φφ≠Then, matrix A can be obtained by eq. (26) and the 2-D DOAs can be estimated according to eqs.(9) and (10).4.3 Implementation of the JD-FLOM-ST-DOA matrix methodBased on the previous sections, we can introduce a 2-D DOAs estimation method based on FLOST processing. The JD-FLOM-ST-DOA matrix method is defined by the following imple-mentation:1) Estimate the FLOM-ST matrix of the array outputs according to eqs. (13) and (14).2) Form the new pseudo-observation vectors X and .l Y 3) Estimate the sample covariance from the X Q 2M N × pseudo-observation X . Denote 1,,,D λλ… the D largest eigenvalues and 1,,D …h h the corresponding eigenvectors of As .X Q 0,τ≠ the whitening matrix W is formed by1/21/2H 11[,,D D λλ−−=…W h h ].4) Form the cross-correlation matrix according to eq. (29).l Y X G (1)l L ≤≤5) A unitary matrix U is then obtained as joint diagonalizer of the set{|1,,}.l Y X l L =…G 6) The matrix A is estimated as then the 2-D DOAs can be estimated according to eqs. (9) and (10).†,=A W U 5 Simulation results and performance analysisExample 1. Assume the three narrowband signals impinge from directions (40°, 50°), (55°, 80°), and (70°, 65°). We assume that α is already known, in practice, it can be estimated by some algorithms [13]. Simulation results are also compared with those of the ST-DOA matrix method [15]. α=1.4, p =1.1, M =6, d x =d y =λ/2. T = 500, 2N = 500([250,1]n ∈−−∪[1,250]). The performance of the estimators is obtained from 300 Monte-Carlo simulations, by calculating the RMSEs of the XIA TieQi et al. Sci China Ser F-Inf Sci | Oct. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 10 | 1585-1593 1591DOA estimates. The RMSE is defined as RMSE(,)k k θβ= and GSNR is defined as 21GSNR 10log[(|()|)/].Tt s t T γ==∑ Figure 3 shows the RMSEs in degrees of the estimates of the three signals versus GSNR. We can see that the robustness is increased with our JD-FLOM-ST-DOA matrix method at low GSNRs.Example 2. In this example, the DOA parameters of the three signals are the same as Exam-ple 1. We fix GSNR=10 dB, p =1.05. The number of snapshots is T = 400, 2N = 400 The performance of the estimators is obtained from 300 Monte-Carlo simulations, by calculating the RMSEs of the DOA estimates. The RMSEs of the estimates of the three signals versus α are shown in Figure 3. We can see that the robustness is increased with our JD-FLOM-ST-DOA matrix method in strong impulsive noise environments.([200,1][1,200]).n ∈−−∪Example 3. Assume the three signals that impinge from the directions (59°, 59°), (70°, 80°), and (80°, 80°). Note that in this case for each l Φ(1,2,3)l = has a degenerate eigenvalue spec-trum. α=1.5, p =1.1, M =4, T = 450, 2N = 450([225,1][1,225]),n ∈−−∪ GSNR=15 dB. To obtain a measure of statistical repeatability, we make 100 Monte-Carlo simulations. Figure 4 shows that the FLOM-ST-DOA matrix algorithm can only estimate one of the three signals because the other two signals have a degenerate eigenvalue spectrum, but JD-FLOM-ST-DOA matrix method can estimate three signals successfully for its integration of the information in the three FLOM-ST-DOA matrices.Figure 3 RMSEs for the three signals versus GSNR. Figure 4 RMSEs for the three signals versus α. 6 ConclusionA novel 2-D DOAs estimation method based on joint diagonalization FLOST matrices is pro-posed, which makes full use of the data in time domain, as well as in spatial domain, to define generalized FLOST matrices. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the method is robust against S αS noise and it remedies the lack of the traditional subspace-based techniques employing second-order or higher-order moments cannot be applied in impulsive noise environ-ments. The method retains the advantage of the original ST-DOA matrix method which can esti- mate 2-D DOAs with neither peak searching nor pair matching. Moreover, it can estimate sources 1592 XIA TieQi et al. Sci China Ser F-Inf Sci | Oct. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 10 | 1585-1593Figure 5Scatter plot of the three signals. (a) ST-DOA matrix method, l=1; (b) ST-DOA matrix method, l=2; (c) ST-DOA matrix method, l=3; (d) JD-FLOM-ST-DOA matrix method.with common 1-D angles in any plane, which outperforms the original ST-DOA matrix method significantly.1 Chan A Y J, Litva J. MUSIC and maximum likelihood techniques on two-dimensional DOA estimation with uniform cir-cular array. 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A subspace-based direction finding algorithm using temporal and spatial processing of time lag frac-tional order correlation function. Signal Process (in Chinese), 2003, 2(19): 51―549 He J, Liu Z. DOA estimation in impulsive noise environments using fractional lower order spatial-temporal matrix. ActaAeronaut Astronaut Sin (in Chinese), 2006, 1(27): 104―10810 Liu T H, Mendel J M. A subspace-based direction finding algorithm using fractional lower order statistics. IEEE Trans Sig-nal Process, 2001, 8(49): 1606―161311 Tsakalides P, Nikias C L. The robust covariation-based MUSIC (ROC-MUSIC) algorithm for bearing estimation in impul-sive noise environments. IEEE Trans Signal Process, 1996, 7(44): 1623―1633 [DOI]12 Szajnowski W J, Wynne J B. Simulation of dependent samples of symmetric alpha-stable clutter. IEEE Trans Signal Proc-ess lett, 2001, 5(8): 151―152 [DOI]13 Tsihrintzis G A, Nikias C L. Fast estimation of the parameters of alpha-stable impulsive interference. 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机械工程学专业词汇 A E
abandon?抛弃abaxial?离轴的ablation?烧蚀abnormal liquid?异常液体abrasion?磨耗abrasion hardness?耐磨硬度abrasion test?磨损试验abrasion tester?磨损试验机abrasives?研磨材料abrupt perturbation?突然扰动abscissa?横坐标absence of collision?无碰撞absence of gravity?失重absence of stress?无应力absence of vortices?无旋涡absolute?绝对的absolute acceleration?绝对加速度absolute angular momentum?绝对角动量absolute ceiling?绝对升限absolute coordinates?绝对坐标absolute deviation?绝对偏差absolute elastic body?完全弹性体absolute equilibrium?绝对平衡absolute extremum?绝对极值absolute flying height?绝对飞行高度absolute frequency?绝对频率absolute geopotential?绝对位势absolute humidity?绝对湿度absolute instability?绝对不稳定性absolute motion?绝对运动absolute path?绝对路径absolute perturbation?绝对扰动absolute pressure?绝对压力absolute rest?绝对静止absolute rotation?绝对旋转absolute similarity?完全相似性absolute stability margin?绝对稳定性限度absolute temperature?绝对温度absolute thermometer?绝对温度表absolute velocity?绝对速度absolute viscosity?绝对粘度absolute vorticity?绝对涡度absolute weight?绝对重量absolute zero?绝对零度absolute zero point?绝对零度absorbability?吸收性absorbing agent?吸收剂absorbing medium?吸收媒质absorbing resistance?吸收阻抗absorptiometer?吸收率计absorption?吸收;缓冲absorption curve?吸收曲线absorption dynamometer?吸收功率计absorption heat?吸收热absorption loss?吸收损失absorption model?吸收模型absorption potential?吸收势absorption tube?吸收管absorption wave meter?吸收式波长计absorptive?吸收的absorptive power?吸收本领absorptivity?吸收率accelerated creep?加速蠕变accelerated motion?加速运动accelerating ability?加速能力accelerating field?加速场accelerating gradient?加速梯度accelerating impact?加速撞击accelerating period?加速周期accelerating tube?加速管accelerating unit?加速装置acceleration?加速度acceleration diagram?加速度图acceleration energy?加速度能量acceleration field?加速度场acceleration meter?加速度计acceleration nozzle?加速喷嘴acceleration of creep?蠕变加速度acceleration of gravity?重力加速度acceleration of moving space?牵连加速度acceleration potential?加速势acceleration pressure?加速压acceleration time graph?加速度时间图acceleration vector?加速度矢量acceleration wave?加速波acceleration work?加速功accelerationless?无加速的accelerograph?加速度记录仪accelerometer?加速度计accessibility?可达性accessible point?可达点accidental?偶然的accidental coincidence?偶然符合accidental error?随机误差accidental resonance?偶然共振accommodation?适应accommodation coefficient?适应系数accumulated error?累积误差accumulator?蓄压器储压器accuracy?准确度accuracy of measurement?测量准确度accuracy of readings?读数准确度accurate adjustment?精确蝶accurate measurement?精确测量accurate model?准确模型accurate similarity?准确相似accurate simulation?准确模拟acicular structure?针状组织acoustic?声的acoustic absorption?声吸收acoustic absorptionsound absorption?声吸收acoustic absorptivity?声吸收率acoustic admittance?声导纳acoustic analysis?声学分析acoustic baffle?隔音板acoustic conductivity?声导率acoustic dispersion?声弥散acoustic disturbance?声音干扰acoustic efficiency?声效率acoustic energy?声能acoustic field?声场acoustic filter?滤声器acoustic frequency?音频acoustic impedance?声阻抗acoustic load?声负载acoustic material?隔声材料acoustic mechanical efficiency?声机械效率acoustic power?声功率acoustic pressure?声压acoustic radiation pressure?声辐射压acoustic reactance?声抗acoustic resistance?声阻acoustic resonance?共鸣acoustic velocity?声速acoustical?声的acoustical wave?声波acting force?织力action at distance?超距酌action center?活动中心action integral?酌积分action of deflagration?爆燃酌action of force?力的酌action principle?酌原理action sphere?酌区action turbine?冲唤涡轮action variable?酌变量action wave?酌波activation?活化active earth pressure?织土压active flight?织飞行active force?织力active gas?活性气体active load reaction?有功负载反酌active pressure?织压力activity of force?力功率actual load?实际载荷actual stress?实际应力actual value?实际值actuator?执行器acyclic?非循环的adaptability?适应性adapter?转接器adaptometer?适应计addition?附加additional drag?附加阻力additional load?附加载荷additional mass?附加质量additional pressure?附加压力adhere?粘着adherence?附着adhesion?附着adhesion coefficient?粘着系数adhesive force?粘附力adhesive tension?粘附张力adiabat?绝热线adiabatic?绝热的adiabatic approximation?绝热近似adiabatic atmosphere?绝热大气adiabatic calorimeter?绝热式量热器adiabatic change?绝热变化adiabatic change of state?态的绝热变化adiabatic compression?绝热压缩adiabatic cooling?绝热冷却adiabatic curve?绝热线adiabatic efficiency?绝热效率adiabatic ellipse?绝热椭圆adiabatic equilibrium?绝热平衡adiabatic expansion?绝热膨胀adiabatic factor?绝热因子adiabatic heating?绝热加热adiabatic hypothesis?绝热假设adiabatic invariant?绝热不变量adiabatic invariant of eddy?涡旋的绝热不变量adiabatic invariant of vortex?涡旋的绝热不变量adiabatic perturbation?绝热扰动adiabatic principle?绝热原理adiabatic process?绝热过程adiabatic pulsations?绝热脉动adjoint operator?伴算子adjustable guide vane?可导叶adjusting device?蝶装置adjusting spring?蝶弹簧adjusting valve?蝶阀adjusting wedge?蝶楔块adjustment?蝶adjustment mark?照准标志admissible concentration?容许浓度admissible crror?容许误差admissible load?容许荷载admissible pressure?容许压力admissible stress?容许应力admissible value?容许值admission?进气admission pipe?进气管admission pressure?进气压力admixture?混合物adsorb?吸附adsorbent?吸附剂adsorption?吸附adsorption force?吸附力adsorption layer?吸附层advancing rate?超前速率advancing wave?前进波advection?平流advection fog?平另advective?平聊aeration?充气aerator?通风机aerial?空气的aerial ropeway?架空死aeroballistics?航空弹道学aerodonetics?滑翔学aerodromics?滑翔力学aerodromometry?空气速度测量法aerodynamic action?空气动力酌aerodynamic analogy?空气动力比拟aerodynamic angle of attack?气动迎角aerodynamic angle of incidence?气动迎角aerodynamic balance?风洞天平aerodynamic center?气动中心aerodynamic coefficient?气动力系数aerodynamic derivative?空气动力导数aerodynamic drag?气动阻力aerodynamic force?气动力aerodynamic heating?气动力加热aerodynamic lift?气动升力aerodynamic resistance?气动阻力aerodynamic stability?空气动力稳定性aerodynamical?空气动力学的aerodynamical moment?气动力矩aerodynamics?空气动力学aerodyne?重航空器aeroelasticity?气动弹性aeroelastics?气动弹性力学aeroengine?飞机发动机aerohydrodynamics?空气铃动力学aerology?高空气象学aeromechanics?航空力学aerometer?气体比重计aeromotor?飞机发动机aeronautical?航空的aeronautics?航空学aeroplane?飞机aeropulse engine?脉动式喷气发动机aerosol?气溶胶aerospace engineering?航空航天技术aerostat?轻航空器aerostatics?气体静力学aerothermodynamics?气动热力学aerothermoelasticity?空气热弹性学;气动热弹性aerotonometry?气体张力测量法affine transformation?仿射变换affinity?亲合力after effect?后效after effect function?后效函数afterbody?后部afterburner?加力燃烧室aftershock wave?余震波age hardening?时效硬化ageing?应变时效ageing test?老化试验agglomeration?凝聚aileron?副翼air amount?空气量air brake?空气制动器air bubble?气泡air buffer?空气缓冲器air burst?空中爆炸air cap?空气冠air circulation?空气环流air column?空气柱air compressor?空气压缩机air condenser?空气电容器air conveying?气龄送air coolant?空气冷却剂air cooling?空气冷却air coordinates?空间坐标air current?气流air cushion?气垫air cylinder?压气缸air damper?空气阻尼器air damping?空气阻尼air density?空气密度air drag?空气阻力air duct?风道air eddy?空气涡旋air flow?气流空气量air flow meter?气疗air friction?空气摩擦air gap?空隙air gas?风煤气air hammer?空气锤air hardening?空气淬火air hoist?风动起重滑车air humidity?空气湿度air inflating?充气air injection diesel engine?空气喷射柴油发动机air inrush?空气侵入air intake valve?进气阀air jet?空气喷射air pipe?气管air plasma?空气等离子体air pressure gage?空气压力计air pressure head?空气压头air pressure reducer?空气减压器air proof?气密的air pump?空气泵air register?空气活门air relief cock?放气塞air reservoir?储气筒air resistance?空气阻力air shock wave?空气激波air speed?空气速率air speed indicator?空气速率指示器air streamline?空气吝air tank?空气箱air temperature?气温air tight?气密的air to air missile?空对空导弹air trajectory?空气轨迹air wave?空气波air wedge?空气楔aircraft dynamics?飞机动力学airfoil?机翼airfoil profile?翼型airfoil section?翼剖面airfoil theory?机翼理论airless injection?无气喷射airline?飞行航线airlock?气锁airmechanics?空气力学airplane?飞机airscrew?空气螺旋桨airship?飞艇airway?航路airy stress function?爱里应力函数algebraic stress model?代数应力模型aligned composite material?定向复合材料aligned structure?定向结构allocation?分配allotropic change?同素异形变化allotropic transformation?同素异形变化allowable clearance?容许间隙allowable deflection?容许挠度allowable deviation?容许偏差allowable error?容许误差allowable load?容许荷载allowable pressure?容许压力allowable stress?容许应力allowable temperature?容许温度allowed cross section?容许截面allowed energy band?容许能带allowedness?容许度alternate immersion test?反复浸没试验alternating bending?交变弯曲alternating bending stress?交变弯曲应力alternating bending test?交变弯曲试验alternating direction?交替方向alternating hysteresis?交变滞后alternating impact bending test?交变冲讳曲试验alternating impact test?交变冲辉验alternating load?交替载荷alternating load deformation?交变负载变形alternating pressure?交变压力alternating stress?交替应力alternation?交变alternation of load?负载交变altimeter?高度表altitude?高度altitude circle?等高圈altitude difference?高度差altitude front?高空锋面ambient air?周围空气ambient medium?周围介质ambient pressure?周围压力ambient temperature?周围温度ambipolar diffusion?两极性扩散amendment?修正amoeboid movement?阿米巴式运动amorphous state?无定形状态amount of energy?能量amount of evaporation?蒸发量amplification?放大amplification limit frequency?放大极限频率amplifier?放大器amplitude?振幅amplitude clipping?脉冲幅度限幅amplitude cosine?幅角余弦amplitude discriminator?振幅甄别器amplitude distortion?波幅畸变amplitude frequency diagram?幅频图amplitude function?振幅函数amplitude locus?幅值轨迹amplitude modulation?爹amplitude resonance?振幅共振amplitude response?振幅响应amplitude selector?振幅选择器amplitude spectrum?振幅谱amplitude swing?幅度变动anabatic front?上升锋面anabatic wind?上坡风anafront?上滑锋anallobar?气压上升区analog?模拟analog digital computer?模拟数字计算机analog method?模拟法analogue?模拟analogue computer?模拟计算机analogue method?相似法analogy?模拟analogy of magnetic field?磁场相似analysis?分析学analysis of the oscillation?振荡分析analytic?解析的analytic transformation?解析变换analytical mechanics?分析力学anchoring?系泊anelastic material?滞弹性材料anemogram?风力自记曲线anemograph?风速计anemometer?风速表anemoscope?风向仪angle modulation?相角灯angle of advance?超前角angle of arrival?到达角angle of attack?迎角angle of bank?倾斜角angle of capillarity?毛细角angle of contact?接触角angle of contingence?切线角angle of crossing?交叉角angle of declination?偏斜角angle of departure?起飞角angle of distortion?畸变角angle of downwash?下洗角angle of elevation?仰角angle of emergence?出角angle of flap deflection?襟翼偏转角angle of flow?燎angle of friction?摩擦角angle of impact?碰撞角angle of inclination?倾角angle of internal friction?内摩擦角angle of repose?静止角angle of rotation?转动角angle of sideslip?侧滑角angle of slope?倾斜角angle of twist?扭转角angle of yaw?偏航角angle pipe?弯管angle preserving mapping?保角映射angle straggling?角离散angle variable?角变量angular acceleration?角加速度angular coefficient?角系数angular coordinates?角坐标angular correlation?角相关angular derivation loss?角偏向损失angular derivative?角微商angular dispersion?角分散angular displacement?角位移angular distance?角距angular distribution?角分布angular division?角分度angular frequency?角频率angular impulse?角冲量angular momentum?角动量angular momentum conservation law?角动量守恒定律angular momentum operator?角动量算符angular momentum tensor?角动量张量angular momentum theorem?角动量定理angular motion?角运动angular separation?方向夹角angular speed?角速度angular unit?角单位angular variable?角变量angular velocity?角速度anharmonic?非低的anharmonic oscillation?非谐振动anharmonic oscillator?非谐振子anharmonic ratio?非低比anisentropic flow?非等熵怜anisothermal porous flow?非等温渗透流anisotropic?蛤异性的anisotropic body?蛤异性体anisotropic liquid?蛤异性液体anisotropic material?蛤异性材料anisotropic rock?蛤异性岩石anisotropic turbulence?蛤异性湍流anisotropy?蛤异性anisotropy constant?蛤异性常数anisotropy ratio?蛤异性比annular flow?环流annular focus?环形焦点annular mist flow?环形雾状流anomalous absorption?异常吸收anomalous diffusion?反常扩散anomalous scattering?反常散射anti diffusion?反扩散anticlockwise rotation?反时针方向旋转anticoincidence?反重合anticoincidence method?反符合法anticyclolysis?反气旋消散anticyclonic vorticity?反气旋涡度antinode?波腹antipodal space?对映空间antiresonance?反共振antiresonance frequency?反共振频率antisymmetric tensor?反对称张量antisymmetrical state?反对称态antisymmetry?反对称antitriptic wind?减速风aperiodic?非周期的aperiodic damping?非周期衰减aperiodic motion?非周期运动aperiodicity?非周期性aperture?孔径aperture ratio?孔径比aphelion?远日点apocenter?远心点apogee?远地点apolar?无极的apolune?远月点apparent absorption coefficient?表观吸收系数apparent cohesion?表观粘力apparent diffusivity?表观扩散率apparent elastic limit?表观弹性极限apparent energy?表观能量apparent equilibrium?表观平衡apparent expansion?表观膨胀apparent force?表观力apparent modulus of elasticity?表观弹性模量apparent phase angle?表观相角apparent velocity?表观速度apparent viscosity?表观粘度apparent work?表观功appearance of fatigue?疲劳现象appell equation?阿佩尔方程application point?酌点applied elasticity theory?应用弹性学applied mechanics?应用力学approach velocity?驶近速度approximate analysis?近似解析approximate model?近似模型approximate similarity?近似相似approximate simulation?近似模拟approximate solution?近似解approximation?近似approximation calculus?近似计算approximation of lagrange function?拉格朗日函数近似approximation theory?近似理论approximative value?近似值arbitrary unit?任意单位arch?拱arch bridge?拱桥arch dam?拱坝arch gravity dam?拱形重力坝arch structure?拱形结构arch truss?拱形桁架arched beam?拱形梁arched girder?拱形梁archimedes principle?阿基米德原理area curve?面积曲线area load?表面负载area moment?面积矩area of contact?接触面积area ratio?面积比areal acceleration?面加速度areal coordinates?面积坐标areal velocity?面积速度areometer?比重计arm?边arm of couple?力偶臂arrest?制动器arrhenius equation?阿雷尼厄斯方程arrhenius law?阿雷尼厄斯定律artesian head?自廉头artesian pressure?自廉压artesian water?自廉artesian well?自廉artificial compression?人工压缩artificial earth's satellite?人造地球卫星artificial earthquake?人工地震artificial gravity?人造重力artificial perturbation?人工扰动artificial satellite?人造卫星artificial ventilation?人工通风ascending air current?向上气流ascending motion?上升运动ascending stroke?上行冲程ascension?升起aseismic?耐震的ash ejector?吹灰器排灰器aspect ratio?展弦比assembly?装配associate cumulation?结合累积associated mass?附加质量associated wave?缔合波astromechanics?天体力学astronavigation?天文导航astronomical azimuth?天文方位角astronomical unit?天文单位asymmetric?非对称的asymmetrical distribution?非对称性分布asymmetrical load?非对称负载asymmetry?非对称性asymptotic model?渐近模型athodyd?冲压喷气发动机atmosphere?大气atmospheric boundary layer?大气边界层atmospheric flight?大气飞行atmospheric humidity?大气湿度atmospheric layer?大气层atmospheric moisture?大气湿度atmospheric perturbation?大气扰动atmospheric pressure?大气压atmospheric pressure chart?气压图atmospheric subsidence?大气下沉atmospheric temperature?大气温度atmospheric turbulence?大气湍流atmospheric wave?大气波atom collision factor?原子碰撞因子atomic blast?原子爆炸atomic crack?原子龟裂atomic distance?原子间距atomic energy?原子能atomic energy level?原子能级atomic hardening?原子硬化atomization?喷雾化atomization pressure?雾化压力attachment?附着attenuation?衰减attenuation vibration?衰减振动attenuator?衰减器attitude?姿态attraction?吸引attraction potential?引力势attractive center?引力中心attractive force?引力audibility?可听性augmentation?增加augmenter?加速室auto spectrum?自乘谱autocontrol?自动控制autocorrelation?自相关autoexcitation?自激autogeneous ignition?自点火autogiro?自动陀螺仪automatic control system?自动控制系统automatic control theory?自动控制理论automatic design?计算机辅助设计automatic frequency control?自动频率控制automatic programming?自动编程序automatic regulator?自动第器autonomous system?自治系统autonomous vibration?自激振荡autopilot?自动导航装置autorotation?自转available energy?有效能available head?有效水头available heat?有效热average?平均;平均的average acceleration?平均加速度average curvature?平均曲率average deviation?平均加速度average diameter?平均直径average error?平均误差average gradient?平均坡度average life?平均寿命average load?平均负载average potential?平均势average power?平均功率average pressure?平均压力average quantity?平均量average speed?平均速度average temperature?平均温度average value?平均值average velocity?平均速度averaged orbital element?平均轨迹元averaging?取平均值averaging method?平均方法avertence?偏斜axes of coordinates?座标轴axial application of force?轴向施加力axial compression?轴向压缩axial elongation?轴向伸长axial flow?轴流轴向气流axial flow pump?轴撩axial force?轴向力axial impact?轴向碰撞axial load?轴向荷载axial magnification?轴向放大率axial mode?轴向模axial moment?轴向力矩axial moment of inertia?轴惯性矩axial pitch?轴向节距axial pressure?轴向压力axial pressure load?轴向压力负载axial stress?轴向应力axial symmetry?轴对称axial tension?轴向拉力axial thrust?轴向推力axial turbine?轴两涡轮axial vector?轴矢量axially symmetric flow?轴对称流轴对称怜axiom of constraint?约束公理axiomatics?公理系统axipetal?向心的axis of abscissas?横坐标轴axis of center of bending?弯曲中心轴axis of curvature?曲率轴axis of ordinates?纵坐标轴axis of revolution?回转轴axis of rotation?转动轴axis of symmetry?对称轴axis of traction?牵引轴axisymmetric?轴对称的axisymmetric element?轴对称单元axisymmetric flow?轴对称流axisymmetric problem?轴对称问题axle load?轴负载azimuth angle?方位角back flow?回流逆流back mixing?反混back pressure?背压力back reaction?逆反应back substitution?回代backpressure?反向压力;反压力backscattering technique?逆散射法backstreaming?逆流backward difference?后向差分backward motion?逆向运动backward precession?逆旋进backward thrust?逆推力backward wave?逆向行波backwash?后涡流backwater?回水backwater curve?回水曲线backwater distance?回水距离backwater function?回水函数backwater surface?回水面backwater surge?回水浪baer law?巴尔定律baeyer strain theory?贝耶尔应变理论balance?平衡balance condition?平衡条件balance equation?平衡方程balance force?平衡力balance weight?平衡锤balanced load?平衡负载balanced system of force?平衡力系balancing?平衡balancing force?补偿力balancing in situ?本机平衡balancing machine?平衡试验机balancing method?平衡法balancing speed?平衡速率ball support?球面支座ballast?压载物ballistic?弹道的ballistic coefficient?弹道系数ballistic constant?弹道常数ballistic curve?弹道曲线ballistic deflection?弹道偏差ballistic error?冲惑差ballistic pendulum?冲悔ballistic rocket?弹道火箭ballistic trajectory?弹道轨迹ballistic wave?弹道波ballistics?弹道学balloon?气球balloon borne rocket?气球发射火箭banded structure?带状结构bandwidth?带宽bank?侧向倾斜bar?巴bar construction?棒构造baric topography?气压形势baric wave?气压波barocline?斜压baroclinic fluid?斜压铃baroclinity?斜压性barodynamics?重结构力学barograph?气压计barometer?气压计barometric altitude?气压高度barometric column?气压柱barometric gradient?气压梯度barometric height?气压高度barosphere?气压层barotropic equation?正压方程barotropic equilibrium?正压平衡barotropic flow?正压流barotropic fluid?正压铃barotropic instability?正压不稳定barotropy?正压性barrel vault?圆柱壳barrier?障碍barycenter?重心barycentric?重心的barycentric coordinates?重心坐标barycentric system?重心系barycentric velocity?重心速度base flow?底流base pressure?底面压力basic equation?基本方程basic load?基本载荷basin?硫basset force?巴塞特力bathyal region?半深海区bauschinger effect?包辛格效应beach?海岸beam?梁beam axle?梁式轴beam balance?杠杆秤beam column?梁杆beam structure?梁结构beam supported of both ends?简支梁beam truss?桁架梁beam with varying section?变截面梁bearing?方位;轴承bearing capacity?承载力bearing friction?支承摩擦bearing friction loss?轴承摩擦损失bearing line?方位线bearing load?轴承荷载bearing power?承重能力bearing pressure?支承压力bearing strain?承载应变bearing strength?承载强度bearing stress?承载应力bearing surface?支承面beat?差拍beat frequency?拍频beat period?拍频周期bed load?推移质beginning of curve?曲线起点behavior?行为bell pressure gage?钟型压力计bell type manometer?钟型压力计bellows?波纹管belt tension?皮带张力bend test?弯曲试验bending?弯曲bending center?弯曲中心bending fatigue limit?弯曲疲劳极限bending line?弯曲线bending load?弯曲载荷bending moment?弯矩bending moment density?弯矩密度bending moment diagram?弯矩图bending radius?弯曲半径bending rigidity?抗弯刚度bending strain?弯曲应变bending strength?抗弯强度bending stress?弯曲应力bending test?弯曲试验bending vibration?弯曲振动bending wave?弯曲波beneding stress?挠应力bernoulli constant?伯努利常数bernoulli equation?伯努利方程bessel function?贝塞耳函数beta ratio?比压biaxial stress?双轴向应力bifurcated shock?分岔激波bifurcation?分支bifurcation point?分支点biharmonic function?双谐函数bilateral?双向的bilateral constraint?双边约束billow?大浪bimoment?双力矩bimotor?双发动机飞机binary collision?双碰撞binary diffusion coefficient?二元扩散系数binder?结合剂binding agent?结合剂binding energy?结合能binding force?结合力bingham body?宾汉物体bingham flow?宾汉怜bingham fluid?宾汉铃bingham model?宾汉模型binodal seiche?双节点驻波振荡biological similarity?生物学相似性biomechanics?生物力学biomechanics of bone?骨力学biomechanics of sports?运动生物力学biorheology?生物龄学biot savart law?毕奥萨伐尔定律biplane?双翼飞机bipolar coordinates?双极坐标birefringence?双折射bivector?双矢black body?绝对黑体;黑体black body radiation?黑体辐射blade?叶片blade efficiency?叶片效率blade exit angle?叶片出口角blade grid?叶栅blade inlet angle?叶片入口角blade loss?叶片损失blade outlet angle?叶片出口角blade pitch?叶片距blading?叶片装置blast?送风blast nozzle?喷气嘴blast of wind?阵风blast pressure?风压blast tuyere?风口blast volume?风量blasting?爆破blasting chamber?起爆室blasting efficiency?爆破效率blimp?软式飞艇blocking phenomenon?堵塞现象blood flow?血流blood visco elasticity?血液粘弹性blood viscosity?血液粘度blower?吹风器blown flap?吹气襟翼bluff body?钝体blunt body?钝头体body centroide?本体极迹body fixed system?物体固定坐标系body force?体力body of revolution?旋转体boger fluid?保格铃boiling?沸腾boiling point?沸点boiling temperature?沸点温度boltzmann constant?玻耳兹曼常数boltzmann distribution?玻耳兹曼分布boltzmann factor?玻耳兹曼因子boltzmann h theorem?玻耳兹曼h 定理boltzmann law?玻耳兹曼定律boltzmann transport equation?玻耳兹曼输运方程bolus flow?团流bond energy?结合能bond strength?附着强度bonding force?耦合力boost?升压booster?加速器bootstrap dynamics?靴袢动力学border?边缘borderline?边线bore?内径borehole?钻孔born green equation?玻陡窳址匠眺born von kormon boundary condition?玻斗肟呓缣跫bottom chord?底弦bottom current?底流bottom standing wave?底层驻波bottom velocity?底层速度bouguer wave number?布格波数bounce?回跳bound energy?束缚能bound state?束缚态bound vector?束缚矢量bound vortex?约束涡boundary?边界boundary collocation?边界配置boundary condition?边界条件boundary effect?边界效应boundary element method?边界元法boundary friction?边界摩擦boundary layer?边界层boundary layer control?边界层控制boundary layer equation?边界层方程boundary layer flow?边界层怜boundary layer method?边界层法boundary layer region?边界层区域boundary layer separation?边界层分离boundary layer thickness?边界层厚度boundary layer transition?边界层转捩boundary method?边界解法boundary of the air mass?气团的边界boundary part?边界部分boundary point?边界点boundary surface?边界面boundary value?边界值boundary value problem?边界值问题boundary wave?界面波bourdon gage?布尔登压力计boussinesq approximation?布辛涅斯克近似boussinesq equation of motion?布辛涅斯克运动方程bow?船首bow shock wave?头波bow wave?头波brachistochrone?最速降线bracket?悬臂梁brake?制动器brake horsepower?制动马力brake parachute?制动伞brake power?制动功率brake pressure?闸压力brake test?闸试验braking?制动braking distance?制动距离braking force?制动功率braking moment?制动力矩braking rocket?制动火箭break through?穿透breakaway?分离breakdown test?断裂试验breaker?破浪breaking angle?断裂角breaking elongation?断裂伸长breaking load?断裂负截breaking of wave?海浪断裂breaking point?断点breaking strain?断裂应变breaking strength?裂断强度breaking stress?破坏应力breaking test?致断试验breaking waves?碎波breaking weight?断裂负截bridge truss?桥桁架brinell hardness?布氏硬度brinell hardness test?布里涅耳硬度试验brittle?脆的brittle behavior?脆性行为brittle coating?脆性涂层brittle creep?脆性蠕变brittle fracture?脆裂brittle material?脆性材料brittle strength?抗脆裂强度brittleness?脆性broken line?折线brownian motion?布朗运动brunt vaisala frequency?布伦特韦伊塞拉频率bubble?气泡bubble center?气泡中心bubble cloud?气泡云bubble density?气泡密度bubble domain?泡畴bubble flow?泡状流bubble formation?气泡形成bubble of turbulence?湍联bubble pressure?泡压bubbling?气泡形成bubbling fluidized bed?鼓泡怜床bucket?叶片buckingham potential?伯金汉姆势buckling?屈曲buckling behavior?翘曲行为buckling coefficient?屈曲系数buckling load?屈曲负载buckling of plate?板的翘曲buckling of shell?壳的皱损buckling strength?抗屈曲强度buckling stress?屈曲应力buckling test?纵弯试验buffer?缓冲器减震器buffer action?缓冲酌buffer beam?缓冲梁buffer solution?缓冲溶液buffer spring?缓冲弹簧buffeting?扰炼震built in arch?固定拱bulge?隆起bulk acceleration?牵连加速度bulk forces?体积力bulk modulus?体积弹性横量bulk modulus of elasticity?体积弹性横量bulk motion?牵连运动bulk potential?体积势bulk resonance?体积共振bulk scattering?体积散射bulk strain?体积应变bulk temperature?总体温度bulk velocity?牵连速度bulk viscosity?体积粘度buoyancy?浮力buoyant frequency?浮力频率burgers material?伯格斯材料burning?燃烧burning load?燃烧负荷burning point?燃点burning temperature?燃点burning velocity?燃烧速度bursting?爆裂bursting pressure?爆炸压力bursting strength?破裂强度bursting stress?破裂应力bursting test?爆破试验busemann relation?布泽曼关系式cable stayed bridge?斜拉桥cad?计算机辅助设计calculator?计算机calculus of approximation?近似计算calculus of finite differences?差分演算calibration?校准calibrator?校准器calorific capacity?热容量calorimetric measurement?量热测量camber changing flap?改变机翼弯度的襟翼canal?管道canal vortex?沟渠涡旋canal wave?沟渠波canard?鸭翼canonical coordinate?正则坐标canonical distribution?正则分布canonical equation of motion?正则运动方程canonical equations?正则方程canonical form?正则形式canonical momentum?正则动量canonical transformation?正则变换canonical variable?正则变量cantilever?悬臂梁caoutchouc elasticity?橡胶弹性capacitive transducer?电容传感器capacity?功率capacity measure?容积量度capacity strain gage?电容应变计capillarity?毛细现象capillary absorption?毛细管吸收capillary action?毛细酌capillary attraction?毛细引力capillary condensation?毛细凝缩capillary constant?毛细常数capillary energy?表面张力能capillary fissure?毛细裂纹capillary flow?毛管流capillary force?毛细力capillary gravity wave?毛细重力波capillary level oscillation?毛细面振动capillary phenomenon?毛细现象capillary pressure?毛细压力capillary rise?毛细升高capillary tension?毛细张力capillary tube?毛细管capillary viscosimeter?毛细管粘度计capillary waves?毛细波capture?俘获carbon fiber?碳纤维cardan angle?卡登角cardan rings?卡登环cardiac dynamics?心脏动力学cardiac work?心脏的工作cargo?货物carrier gas?气体载体carrier inertial force?牵连惯性力carrier liquid?载体液体carrier oscillation?载波振荡carrier rocket?运载火箭carrier velocity?牵连速度carrying capacity?负荷量cartesian coordinates?笛卡儿坐标cartesian vector?笛卡儿矢量cascade excitation?级联激发cascade flow?翼栅怜cascade of aerofoil?翼型叶栅cascade tunnel?叶栅风洞case depth?渗碳层深度case hardening?表面硬化casing?外壳castigliano theorem?卡斯蒂利亚诺定理casting stress?铸造应力catapult?弹射器catenary?悬链线catenoid?悬链曲面cauchy deformation tensor?柯挝变张量cauchy equation of motion?柯嗡动方程cauchy integral theorem?柯锡分定理cauchy law of similarity?柯梧似性定律cauchy residue theorem?柯涡数定理cauchy riemann equations?柯卫杪匠眺cauchy stress tensor?柯桅力张量caudad acceleration?尾向加速度causality?因果律caving?空泡形成cavitating flow?气穴流涡空流cavitation?气蚀现象cavitation bubble?空泡cavitation damage?空化损坏cavitation effect?空化效应cavitation erosion?空蚀cavitation nucleus?空化核cavitation number?空化数cavitation parameter?空化参数cavitation phenomenon?气蚀现象cavitation shock?气蚀冲击cavitation tunnel?空泡试验筒cavity?空腔cavity collapse?空泡破裂cavity drag?空泡阻力cavity flow?气穴流涡空流cavity flow theory?空泡另论cavity formation?空泡形成cavity pressure?空腔压力cavity resonator?空腔共振器cavity vibration?共振腔振动ceiling?上升限度celestial mechanics?天体力学cell model?笼子模型cell reynolds number?网格雷诺数cellular grid?网状栅格cellular structure?栅格结构center?中心center line?中心线center line average height?中线平均高度center line of the bar?杆件轴线center of area?面积中心center of buoyancy?浮心center of curvature?曲率中心center of gravity?重心center of inertia?惯性中心center of inertia system?惯性中心坐标系。
英语I’dlikesomenoodl
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Introduction
Theme background
Noise as a cultural phenomenon
An exploration of how noise is perceived and valued in different cultures and contexts
• Cooking methods: Chinese cooking often involves still frying, steaming, and deep frying, which retain the natural flavors and textures of the ingredients Western cooking, on the other hand, common uses bagging, roasting, and grinding, which tend to caramelize and brown the food, giving it a distinct flavor and appearance
Exploring the benefits of noise
Investigating the potential positive effects of noise, such as its ability to enhance creativity, improve mood, and promote social interaction
• Cultural significance: Noodles play an important role in many Western cultures For example, in Italy, passa is often associated with family gatherings and cancellations In the United States, macaroni and cheese is a classic comfort food that is loved by both children and adults
37个工业生产行业职业噪声暴露监测结果评价
=调查研究> 37个工业生产行业职业噪声暴露监测结果评价何健民杜伟佳李建林刘丽芬(广东省广州市职业病防治院,广州510620)=摘要>目的对工业作业场所职业噪声暴露进行测量和评价。
方法按5作业场所噪声测量规范6 (WS P T69-1996)进行测点选择和测量噪声强度1dB(A)2,对噪声作业接触人员进行听力筛查,评价职业噪声暴露水平。
结果平均噪声强度791dB(A)2以下段7个行业(占18192%)、80~841dB(A)2段有24个行业(占64186%), 851dB(A)2段以上有6个行业(占16122%)。
4479个作业场所测量点声级段分布901dB(A)2以上段占23117% (n=1038)、85~891dB(A)2段占25150%(n=1142)、851dB(A)2以下段占51133%(n=2299)。
同期接噪作业工人听力筛查4426人,听力损伤检出996人,听力损失筛查阳性检出率为22150%。
结论从危害程度和保护高危人群的角度考虑,严格执行851dB(A)2噪声限值是适宜的,将来国家制定5工作场所职业噪声接触限值6时应对测量方法作配套规定。
=关键词>职业噪声暴露监测评价M onitoring occupational noise exposures in37industrial productive tradesHE Jian-min,DU Wei-jia,LI Jian-lin,et al.Guang z hou Prevention and Trea tment Center f or Occu p a tional Disease, Guan gdong510620,ChinaAbstract Objective Workplace noise exposures were measured and analyzed in37industrial producti ve trades.Methods According to/homework place noise measure norm0(WS P T69-1996),sites were chosed and noise intensi ties dB(A)were measured,workers exposed to noise were carried on hearing examination,and noise exposure levels were evaluated.Results7 trades were below79dB(A),accounti ng for18.92%,24trades wi thin average noise levels180~84dB(A)2accounting for 64186%,6trades above85dB(A)accounting for16.22%.23.17%(n=1038)of4479monitoring si tes exceeded 90dB(A),25150%(n=1142)at85~89dB(A),51.33%(n=2299)below85dB(A).At the same time,4426Workers exposed to noise were examined with hearing.At result,996workers suffered from hearing loss,posi tive rate22.50%.Conclusion It is suitable to carry out noise permissible limit of85dB(A)in order to decrease danger and protect risk people.Detecting methods should be completed as formulating the criteria of/workplace noise permissible limi t0in the future.Key words:Workplace noise exposure Monitoring Evaluation噪声暴露监测研究是评价噪声接触与听力损失剂量反应关系的重要手段,也是我国学者11,22建议参考美国NIOSH提出今后对噪声8个主要研究方向之一。
影响别人工作英语作文
In the workplace,it is crucial to maintain a conducive environment for productivity and collaboration.However,there are instances where certain behaviors can negatively impact others work.Here are some key points to consider in an essay about how ones actions can affect the work of colleagues:1.Noise Levels:Excessive noise can be a significant distraction.Whether its loud conversations,music without headphones,or the constant ringing of phones,noise can make it difficult for others to concentrate on their tasks.2.Disorganization:A cluttered workspace or disorganized files can lead to confusion and inefficiency.When colleagues cannot find necessary documents or tools,it slows down the workflow and can cause frustration.ck of Communication:Poor communication can lead to misunderstandings and misaligned expectations.This can result in duplicated efforts,missed deadlines,and a lack of collaboration.4.Unprofessional Behavior:Gossiping,making inappropriate jokes,or displaying unprofessional conduct can create a hostile work environment.It can also distract others from their tasks and affect the overall morale of the team.5.Excessive Absenteeism:Frequent absences without proper notice or reason can put additional pressure on the remaining team members,who must then cover for the absent colleagues responsibilities.6.Procrastination:Delaying tasks until the last minute can lead to a rush to complete work,which can affect the quality of the output and the stress levels of the individual and their colleagues.7.Overloading Team Members:Assigning too much work to a single person can lead to burnout and decreased productivity.Its important to distribute tasks fairly to ensure a balanced workload.8.Negativity:Constant complaining or a negative attitude can be contagious,affecting the motivation and enthusiasm of the entire team.ck of Support:Failing to offer help or support when a colleague is struggling can lead to feelings of isolation and can hinder their ability to complete their work effectively.10.Inflexibility:Being unwilling to adapt to changes or new ways of doing things canimpede progress and frustrate team members who are trying to innovate or improve processes.In conclusion,its essential for each individual to be mindful of their actions and how they may impact others in the workplace.By promoting a culture of respect,communication, and support,teams can work more effectively and create a positive environment that fosters productivity and job satisfaction.。
不同激励方式对电力电容器振动特性研究
拟合，运用参数识别技术得到结构的动态特性参数 。
电容器系统可以离散为一种具有n 个不同激励方式对电力电容器振动特性研究崔鑫，李志远，程金英（合肥工业大学噪声振动工程研究所）51015摘要：采用试验模态分析方法研究了电力电容器的振动特性。
在实验室搭建了一套电容器试 验模态分析测试系统，分别采用三种不同激励方式对电容器进行测试。
模态参数表明，正弦 扫频和随机噪声激励的测试结果比脉冲激励精确。
从而为电力电容器振动特性的研究提出了 一种可靠的测试方式。
关键词：试验模态分析；激励方式；振动特性; 模态参数 中图分类号：TB535Research on Capacitor Vibration Characteristics forDifferent Excitation SignalsCui Xin, Li Zhiyuan, Cheng Jinying(Institute of Sound & Vibration Research, HeFei University of Technology)Abstract: Using experimental modal analysis(EMA) studied capacitor ’s vibration characteristics. A set of EMA testing system was constructed in the laboratory,the capacitor was tested by adopting three kinds of exciation signals.Modal parameters showed ，sine sweep and random 20noise excitation are more accuracy than impulse excitation.Thus,It provides a reliable test method to research capacitor’s vibration characterstics.Key words: 0 引言EMA ；Excitation signals ；Vibration characteristics ；Modal parameters25电容器装置是电力系统无功功率补偿装置的基本元件，广泛应用于高压直流换流站中， 但近年来，由于用户装设的电容器的台数的增加，单台容量的增大以及电网中高次谐波电流 的侵入等因素，使得电容器的振动已成为一个不可忽视的问题[1-2。
auditory scene analysis
Auditory Scene AnalysisAuditory scene analysis refers to the process by which our auditory system separates and organizes the complex mixture of sounds in our environment into distinct perceptual objects. It allows us toeffortlessly distinguish between different sound sources and perceive the world around us.The Importance of Auditory Scene AnalysisImagine being in a crowded restaurant, trying to have a conversation with someone amidst the cacophony of voices, clattering dishes, and background music. Despite the overwhelming amount of sound information reaching our ears, we are able to focus on and understand the voice of our conversation partner. This ability is made possible by auditory scene analysis.Auditory scene analysis is crucial for our everyday functioning as it helps us make sense of our auditory environment. It allows us to selectively attend to specific sounds while ignoring others, enhancing our ability to communicate effectively and navigate through complex acoustic environments.Principles of Auditory Scene AnalysisSeveral principles guide auditory scene analysis and contribute to our perception of distinct sound objects:1. Auditory StreamingWhen two or more sounds occur in rapid succession, we tend to group them together as part of the same sound source. This grouping is based on cues such as temporal proximity and similarity in pitch or timbre.For example, when listening to a melody played on a piano, we perceive it as a single continuous stream of sound rather than a series of individual notes.2. Segregation by Harmonic RelationsWhen multiple sounds share harmonic relationships, such as being harmonically related or having common fundamental frequencies, they are more likely to be grouped together as part of the same sound source.For instance, when listening to a choir singing different notes simultaneously, we perceive it as a harmonious blend rather than a dissonant mix of individual voices.3. Spatial SeparationSounds coming from different locations in space are easier to segregate compared to sounds originating from the same location. Our auditory system utilizes interaural time differences and interaural level differences to localize sounds and separate them spatially.For example, if we hear a voice coming from the left and a car honking from the right, we can easily distinguish between the two sources based on their spatial cues.4. Auditory AttentionOur attention plays a vital role in auditory scene analysis. By selectively attending to specific sound sources, we can enhance their perception while suppressing irrelevant or distracting sounds.For instance, in a noisy classroom, we can focus our attention on the teacher’s voice while filtering out the background noise.Neural Mechanisms of Auditory Scene AnalysisAuditory scene analysis involves complex neural processing in various regions of the brain. The primary auditory cortex processes basic acoustic features of sounds, such as frequency and intensity. However, higher-level processing occurs in areas such as the auditory association cortex and prefrontal cortex.These regions integrate information from different sensory modalities (such as vision and audition) to aid in sound source localization, recognition, and segregation. They also rely on memory and cognitive processes to make sense of complex auditory scenes.Applications of Auditory Scene AnalysisUnderstanding how auditory scene analysis works has important implications for various fields:1. Speech Recognition TechnologyBy studying how our brains segregate speech from background noise, researchers can improve speech recognition algorithms used inapplications like voice assistants or hearing aids. This can enhance speech intelligibility and improve communication for individuals with hearing impairments.2. Music Perception and ProductionAuditory scene analysis principles help musicians understand howlisteners perceive their compositions. By manipulating factors like harmony, melody, and spatial effects during music production, musicians can create immersive auditory experiences for their audience.3. Psychoacoustics ResearchPsychoacoustics researchers study how humans perceive sound and applythis knowledge to areas such as architectural acoustics and sound design. Understanding auditory scene analysis aids in designing concert halls, theaters, and public spaces with optimal sound quality andintelligibility.4. Auditory RehabilitationFor individuals with hearing loss, auditory scene analysis plays acrucial role in their rehabilitation. By training the auditory system to segregate sounds effectively, therapists can improve speech understanding and overall hearing abilities.ConclusionAuditory scene analysis is a fundamental process that allows us to make sense of the complex acoustic world we live in. Through principles such as auditory streaming, segregation by harmonic relations, spatial separation, and auditory attention, our brains effortlessly organize sounds into distinct perceptual objects. Understanding the neural mechanisms of auditory scene analysis has diverse applications ranging from speech recognition technology to music production andrehabilitation for individuals with hearing impairments.。
材料、结构力学名词英文
材料、结构力学名词英文-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1力学 mechanics 牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics 经典力学 classical mechanics 静力学 statics 运动学 kinematics 动力学 dynamics子波 wavelet 次级子波 secondary wavele 驻波 standing wave声强 intensity of sound 声强计 phonometer 声调 intonation音色 musical quality 音调 pitch 声级 sound level声压[强] sound pressure 声源 sound source 声阻抗 acoustic impedance声抗 acoustic reactance 声阻 acoustic resistance 声导纳 acoustic admittance声导 acoustic conductance 声纳 acoustic susceptance 声共振 acoustic resonance声波 sound wave 超声波 supersonic wave 声速 sound velocity次声波 infrasonic wave 亚声速 subsonic speed又称“亚音速”。
超声速 supersonic speed又称“超音速”。
声呐 sonar 共鸣 resonance回波 echo 回声 echo 拍 beat 拍频 beat frequency群速 group velocity 相速 phase velocity 能流 energy flux能流密度 energy flux density 材料力学 mechanics of materials, strength of materials 应力 stress 法向应力 normal stress 剪[切]应力 shear stress单轴应力 uniaxial stress 双轴应力 biaxial stress 拉[伸]应力 tensile stress压[缩]应力 compressive stress 周向应力 circumferential stress纵向应力 longitudinal stress 轴向应力 axial stress弯[曲]应力 bending stress, flexural stress 扭[转]应力 torsional stress局部应力 localized stress 残余应力 residual stress 热应力 thermal stress最大法向应力 maximum normal stress 最小法向应力 minimum normal stress最大剪应力 maximum shear stress 主应力 principal stress主剪应力 principal shear stress 工作应力 working stress 许用应力 allowable stress 应力集中 stress concentration 应力集中系数 stress concentration factor应力状态 state of stress 应力分析 stress analysis结构[强度]分析 structured analysis 应变 strain 剪[切]应变 shear strain法向应变 normal strain 拉[伸]应变 tensile strain 压[缩]应变 compressive strain 体积应变 volumetric strain 残余应变 residual strain 热应变 thermal strain最大法向应变 maximum normal strain 主应变 principal strain主剪应变 principal shear strain 名义应变 nominal strain应变状态 state of strain 载荷 load又称“荷载”。
噪音污染英语小作文
噪音污染英语小作文Noise pollution is a significant issue in modern society affecting the quality of life for many individuals. In this essay I will discuss the causes effects and potential solutions to this problem.Firstly the causes of noise pollution are numerous. One of the primary sources is traffic as the constant flow of vehicles in urban areas generates a high level of noise. Construction sites also contribute to the problem with heavy machinery and tools creating loud sounds that can disturb nearby residents. Additionally entertainment venues such as bars clubs and concerts can produce excessive noise especially during latenight hours.The effects of noise pollution on individuals can be severe. Prolonged exposure to loud noises can lead to hearing loss and other auditory issues. Moreover noise pollution can disrupt sleep patterns leading to fatigue and a decline in overall health. It can also cause stress and anxiety impacting mental wellbeing.To address the issue of noise pollution several solutions can be implemented. Governments can enforce stricter regulations on noise levels particularly in residential areas. This may involve setting limits on the hours during which construction can take place or implementing fines for excessive noise from entertainment venues. Additionally the use of sound barriers and insulation in buildings can help to mitigate the impact of external noise.Public awareness campaigns can also play a crucial role in combating noise pollution. Educating people about the harmful effects of excessive noise and encouraging them to be more considerate of their surroundings can lead to a reduction in noise levels. For instance using headphones while listening to music in public spaces can prevent the disturbance of others.In conclusion noise pollution is a pervasive problem that requires a multifaceted approach to address. By understanding its causes and effects and implementing both regulatory and educational measures we can work towards creating a quieter and healthier environment for all.。
无损检测专业英语对照表
外语英语英文专业词汇术语翻译：无损检测（non-destructive ）A.C magnetic saturation 交流磁饱和Absorbed dose 吸收剂量Absorbed dose rate 吸收剂量率Acceptanc limits 验收范围Acceptance level 验收水平Acceptance standard 验收标准Accumulation test 累积检测Acoustic emission count（emission count）声发射计数（发射计数）Acoustic emission transducer 声发射换能器（声发射传感器）Acoustic emission(AE) 声发射Acoustic holography 声全息术Acoustic impedance 声阻抗Acoustic impedance matching 声阻抗匹配Acoustic impedance method 声阻法Acoustic wave 声波Acoustical lens 声透镜Acoustic—ultrasonic 声-超声（AU）Activation 活化Activity 活度Adequate shielding 安全屏蔽Ampere turns 安匝数Amplitude 幅度Angle beam method 斜射法Angle of incidence 入射角Angle of reflection 反射角Angle of spread 指向角Angle of squint 偏向角Angle probe 斜探头Angstrom unit 埃(A)Area amplitude response curve 面积幅度曲线Area of interest 评定区Arliflcial disconlinuity 人工不连续性Artifact 假缺陷Artificial defect 人工缺陷Artificial discontinuity 标准人工缺陷A-scan A型扫描A-scope; A-scan A型显示Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数Attenuator 衰减器Audible leak indicator 音响泄漏指示器Automatic testing 自动检测Autoradiography 自射线照片Avaluation 评定Barium concrete 钡混凝土Barn 靶Base fog 片基灰雾Bath 槽液Bayard- Alpert ionization gage B- A型电离计Beam 声束Beam ratio 光束比Beam angle 束张角Beam axis 声束轴线Beam index 声束入射点Beam path location 声程定位Beam path; path length 声程Beam spread 声束扩散Betatron 电子感应加速器Bimetallic strip gage 双金属片计Bipolar field 双极磁场Black light filter 黑光滤波器Black light; ultraviolet radiation 黑光Blackbody 黑体Blackbody equivalent temperature 黑体等效温度Bleakney mass spectrometer 波利克尼质谱仪Bleedout 渗出Bottom echo 底面回波Bottom surface 底面Boundary echo(first) 边界一次回波Bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射Broad-beam condition 宽射束Brush application 刷涂B-scan presenfation B型扫描显示B-scope; B-scan B型显示C- scan C型扫描Calibration,instrument 设备校准Capillary action 毛细管作用Carrier fluid 载液Carry over of penetrate 渗透剂移转Cassette 暗合Cathode 阴极Central conductor 中心导体Central conductor method 中心导体法Characteristic curve 特性曲线Characteristic curve of film 胶片特性曲线Characteristic radiation 特征辐射Chemical fog 化学灰雾Cine-radiography 射线(活动)电影摄影术Cintact pads 接触垫Circumferential coils 圆环线圈Circumferential field 周向磁场Circumferential magnetization method 周向磁化法Clean 清理Clean- up 清除Clearing time 定透时间Coercive force 矫顽力Coherence 相干性Coherence length 相干长度（谐波列长度）Coi1，test 测试线圈Coil size 线圈大小Coil spacing 线圈间距Coil technique 线圈技术Coil method 线圈法Coilreference 线圈参考Coincidence discrimination 符合鉴别Cold-cathode ionization gage 冷阴极电离计Collimator 准直器Collimation 准直Collimator 准直器Combined colour comtrast and fluorescent penetrant 着色荧光渗透剂Compressed air drying 压缩空气干燥Compressional wave 压缩波Compton scatter 康普顿散射Continuous emission 连续发射Continuous linear array 连续线阵Continuous method 连续法Continuous spectrum 连续谱Continuous wave 连续波Contract stretch 对比度宽限Contrast 对比度Contrast agent 对比剂Contrast aid 反差剂Contrast sensitivity 对比灵敏度Control echo 监视回波Control echo 参考回波Couplant 耦合剂Coupling 耦合Coupling losses 耦合损失Cracking 裂解Creeping wave 爬波Critical angle 临界角Cross section 横截面Cross talk 串音Cross-drilled hole 横孔Crystal 晶片C-scope; C-scan C型显示Curie point 居里点Curie temperature 居里温度Curie(Ci) 居里Current flow method 通电法Current induction method 电流感应法Current magnetization method 电流磁化法Cut－off level 截止电平Dead zone 盲区Decay curve 衰变曲线Decibel(dB) 分贝Defect 缺陷Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力Defect detection sensitivity 缺陷检出灵敏度Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力Definition 清晰度Definition，image definition 清晰度，图像清晰度Demagnetization 退磁Demagnetization factor 退磁因子Demagnetizer 退磁装置Densitometer 黑度计Density 黑度（底片）Density comparison strip 黑度比较片Detecting medium 检验介质Detergent remover 洗净液Developer 显像剂Developer station 显像工位Developer，agueons 水性显象剂Developer，dry 干显象剂Developer，liquid film 液膜显象剂Developer，nonaqueous （sus- pendible）非水（可悬浮）显象剂Developing time 显像时间Development 显影Diffraction mottle 衍射斑Diffuse indications 松散指示Diffusion 扩散Digital image acquisition system 数字图像识别系统Dilatational wave 膨胀波Dip and drain station 浸渍和流滴工位Direct contact magnetization 直接接触磁化Direct exposure imaging 直接曝光成像Direct contact method 直接接触法Directivity 指向性Discontinuity 不连续性Distance- gain- size-German AVG 距离- 增益- 尺寸（DGS德文为AVG）Distance marker; time marker 距离刻度Dose equivalent 剂量当量Dose rate meter 剂量率计Dosemeter 剂量计Double crystal probe 双晶片探头Double probe technique 双探头法Double transceiver technique 双发双收法Double traverse technique 二次波法Dragout 带出Drain time 滴落时间Drain time 流滴时间Drift 漂移Dry method 干法Dry powder 干粉Dry technique 干粉技术Dry developer 干显像剂Dry developing cabinet 干显像柜Dry method 干粉法Drying oven 干燥箱Drying station 干燥工位Drying time 干燥时间D-scope; D-scan D型显示Dual search unit 双探头Dual-focus tube 双焦点管Duplex-wire image quality indicator 双线像质指示器Duration 持续时间Dwell time 停留时间Dye penetrant 着色渗透剂Dynamic leak test 动态泄漏检测Dynamic leakage measurement 动态泄漏测量Dynamic range 动态范围Dynamic radiography 动态射线透照术Echo 回波Echo frequency 回波频率Echo height 回波高度Echo indication 回波指示Echo transmittance of sound pressure 往复透过率Echo width 回波宽度Eddy current 涡流Eddy current flaw detector 涡流探伤仪Eddy current testiog 涡流检测Edge 端面Edge effect 边缘效应Edge echo 棱边回波Edge effect 边缘效应Effective depth penetration （EDP）有效穿透深度Effective focus size 有效焦点尺寸Effective magnetic permeability 有效磁导率Effective permeability 有效磁导率Effective reflection surface of flaw 缺陷有效反射面Effective resistance 有效电阻Elastic medium 弹性介质Electric displacement 电位移Electrical center 电中心Electrode 电极Electromagnet 电磁铁Electro-magnetic acoustic transducer 电磁声换能器Electromagnetic induction 电磁感应Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射Electromagnetic testing 电磁检测Electro-mechanical coupling factor 机电耦合系数Electron radiography 电子辐射照相术Electron volt 电子伏恃Electronic noise 电子噪声Electrostatic spraying 静电喷涂Emulsification 乳化Emulsification time 乳化时间Emulsifier 乳化剂Encircling coils 环绕式线圈End effect 端部效应Energizing cycle 激励周期Equalizing filter 均衡滤波器Equivalent 当量Equivalent I．Q. I. Sensitivity 象质指示器当量灵敏度Equivalent nitrogen pressure 等效氮压Equivalent penetrameter sensifivty 透度计当量灵敏度Equivalent method 当量法Erasabl optical medium 可探光学介质Etching 浸蚀Evaluation 评定Evaluation threshold 评价阈值Event count 事件计数Event count rate 事件计数率Examination area 检测范围Examination region 检验区域Exhaust pressure/discharge pressure 排气压力Exhaust tubulation 排气管道Expanded time-base sweep 时基线展宽Exposure 曝光Exposure table 曝光表格Exposure chart 曝光曲线Exposure fog 曝光灰雾Exposure，radiographic exposure 曝光，射线照相曝光Extended source 扩展源Facility scattered neutrons 条件散射中子False indication 假指示Family 族Far field 远场Feed-through coil 穿过式线圈Field，resultant magnetic 复合磁场Fill factor 填充系数Film speed 胶片速度Film badge 胶片襟章剂量计Film base 片基Film contrast 胶片对比度Film gamma 胶片γ值Film processing 胶片冲洗加工Film speed 胶片感光度Film unsharpness 胶片不清晰度Film viewing screen 观察屏Filter 滤波器/滤光板Final test 复探Flat-bottomed hole 平底孔Flat-bottomed hole equivalent 平底孔当量Flaw 伤Flaw characterization 伤特性Flaw echo 缺陷回波Flexural wave 弯曲波Floating threshold 浮动阀值Fluorescence 荧光Fluorescent examination method 荧光检验法Fluorescent magnetic particle inspection 荧光磁粉检验Fluorescent dry deposit penetrant 干沉积荧光渗透剂Fluorescent light 荧光Fluorescent magnetic powder 荧光磁粉Fluorescent penetrant 荧光渗透剂Fluorescent screen 荧光屏Fluoroscopy 荧光检查法Flux leakage field 磁通泄漏场Flux lines 磁通线Focal spot 焦点Focal distance 焦距Focus length 焦点长度Focus size 焦点尺寸Focus width 焦点宽度Focus(electron) 电子焦点Focused beam 聚焦声束Focusing probe 聚焦探头Focus-to-film distance(f.f.d) 焦点-胶片距离（焦距）Fog 底片灰雾Fog density 灰雾密度Footcandle 英尺烛光Freguency 频率Frequency constant 频率常数Fringe 干涉带Front distance 前沿距离Front distance of flaw 缺陷前沿距离Full- wave direct current（FWDC）全波直流Fundamental frequency 基频Furring 毛状迹痕Gage pressure 表压Gain 增益Gamma radiography γ射线透照术Gamma ray source γ射线源Gamma ray source container γ射线源容器Gamma rays γ射线Gamma-ray radiographic equipment γ射线透照装置Gap scanning 间隙扫查Gas 气体Gate 闸门Gating technique 选通技术Gauss 高斯Geiger-Muller counter 盖革.弥勒计数器Geometric unsharpness 几何不清晰度Gray(Gy) 戈瑞Grazing incidence 掠入射Grazing angle 掠射角Group velocity 群速度Half life 半衰期Half- wave current （HW）半波电流Half-value layer(HVL) 半值层Half-value method 半波高度法Halogen 卤素Halogen leak detector 卤素检漏仪Hard X-rays 硬X射线Hard-faced probe 硬膜探头Harmonic analysis 谐波分析Harmonic distortion 谐波畸变Harmonics 谐频Head wave 头波Helium bombing 氦轰击法Helium drift 氦漂移Helium leak detector 氦检漏仪Hermetically tight seal 气密密封High vacuum 高真空High energy X-rays 高能X射线Holography (optical) 光全息照相Holography，acoustic 声全息Hydrophilic emulsifier 亲水性乳化剂Hydrophilic remover 亲水性洗净剂Hydrostatic text 流体静力检测Hysteresis 磁滞Hysteresis 磁滞IACS IACSID coil ID线圈Image definition 图像清晰度Image contrast 图像对比度Image enhancement 图像增强Image magnification 图像放大Image quality 图像质量Image quality indicator sensitivity 像质指示器灵敏度Image quality indicator(IQI)/image quality indication 像质指示器Imaging line scanner 图像线扫描器Immersion probe 液浸探头Immersion rinse 浸没清洗Immersion testing 液浸法Immersion time 浸没时间Impedance 阻抗Impedance plane diagram 阻抗平面图Imperfection 不完整性Impulse eddy current testing 脉冲涡流检测Incremental permeability 增量磁导率Indicated defect area 缺陷指示面积Indicated defect length 缺陷指示长度Indication 指示Indirect exposure 间接曝光Indirect magnetization 间接磁化Indirect magnetization method 间接磁化法Indirect scan 间接扫查Induced field 感应磁场Induced current method 感应电流法Infrared imaging system 红外成象系统Infrared sensing device 红外扫描器Inherent fluorescence 固有荧光Inherent filtration 固有滤波Initial permeability 起始磁导率Initial pulse 始脉冲Initial pulse width 始波宽度Inserted coil 插入式线圈Inside coil 内部线圈Inside- out testing 外泄检测Inspection 检查Inspection medium 检查介质Inspection frequency/ test frequency 检测频率Intensifying factor 增感系数Intensifying screen 增感屏Interal,arrival time （Δtij)/arrival time interval（Δtij）到达时间差(Δtij) Interface boundary 界面Interface echo 界面回波Interface trigger 界面触发Interference 干涉Interpretation 解释Ion pump 离子泵Ion source 离子源Ionization chamber 电离室Ionization potential 电离电位Ionization vacuum gage 电离真空计Ionography 电离射线透照术Irradiance，E 辐射通量密度，E Isolation 隔离检测Isotope 同位素K value K值Kaiser effect 凯塞(Kaiser)效应Kilo volt kv 千伏特Kiloelectron volt keV千电子伏特Krypton 85 氪85L／D ratio L/D比Lamb wave 兰姆波Latent image 潜象Lateral scan 左右扫查Lateral scan with oblique angle 斜平行扫查Latitude (of an emulsion) 胶片宽容度Lead screen 铅屏Leak 泄漏孔Leak artifact 泄漏器Leak detector 检漏仪Leak testtion 泄漏检测Leakage field 泄漏磁场Leakage rate 泄漏率Leechs 磁吸盘Lift-off effect 提离效应Light intensity 光强度Limiting resolution 极限分辨率Line scanner 线扫描器Line focus 线焦点Line pair pattern 线对检测图Line pairs per millimetre 每毫米线对数Linear (electron) accelerator(LINAC) 电子直线加速器Linear attenuation coefficient 线衰减系数Linear scan 线扫查Linearity （time or distance）线性（时间或距离）Linearity，anplitude 幅度线性Lines of force 磁力线Lipophilic emulsifier 亲油性乳化剂Lipophilic remover 亲油性洗净剂Liquid penetrant examination 液体渗透检验Liquid film developer 液膜显像剂Local magnetization 局部磁化Local magnetization method 局部磁化法Local scan 局部扫查Localizing cone 定域喇叭筒Location 定位Location accuracy 定位精度Location computed 定位，计算Location marker 定位标记Location upon delta-T 时差定位Location，clusfer 定位，群集Location，continuous AE signal 定位，连续AE信号Longitudinal field 纵向磁场Longitudinal magnetization method 纵向磁化法Longitudinal resolution 纵向分辨率Longitudinal wave 纵波Longitudinal wave probe 纵波探头Longitudinal wave technique 纵波法Loss of back reflection 背面反射损失Loss of back reflection 底面反射损失Love wave 乐甫波Low energy gamma radiation 低能γ辐射Low－enerugy photon radiation 低能光子辐射Luminance 亮度Luminosity 流明Lusec 流西克Maga or million electron volts MeV兆电子伏特Magnetic history 磁化史Magnetic hysteresis 磁性滞后Magnetic particle field indication 磁粉磁场指示器Magnetic particle inspection flaw indications 磁粉检验的伤显示Magnetic circuit 磁路Magnetic domain 磁畴Magnetic field distribution 磁场分布Magnetic field indicator 磁场指示器Magnetic field meter 磁场计Magnetic field strength 磁场强度(H)Magnetic field/field，magnetic 磁场Magnetic flux 磁通Magnetic flux density 磁通密度Magnetic force 磁化力Magnetic leakage field 漏磁场Magnetic leakage flux 漏磁通Magnetic moment 磁矩Magnetic particle 磁粉Magnetic particle indication 磁痕Magnetic particle testing/magnetic particle examination 磁粉检测Magnetic permeability 磁导率Magnetic permeability 磁导率Magnetic pole 磁极Magnetic saturataion 磁饱和Magnetic saturation 磁饱和Magnetic slorage meclium 磁储介质Magnetic writing 磁写Magnetizing 磁化Magnetizing current 磁化电流Magnetizing coil 磁化线圈Magnetostrictive effect 磁致伸缩效应Magnetostrictive transducer 磁致伸缩换能器Main beam 主声束Manual testing 手动检测Markers 时标MA-scope; MA-scan MA型显示Masking 遮蔽Mass attcnuation coefficient 质量吸收系数Mass number 质量数Mass spectrometer （M.S.）质谱仪Mass spectrometer leak detector 质谱检漏仪Mass spectrum 质谱Master/slave discrimination 主从鉴别MDTD 最小可测温度差Mean free path 平均自由程Medium vacuum 中真空Mega or million volt MV兆伏特Micro focus X - ray tube 微焦点X 光管Microfocus radiography 微焦点射线透照术Micrometre 微米Micron of mercury 微米汞柱Microtron 电子回旋加速器Milliampere 毫安（mA）Millimetre of mercury 毫米汞柱Minifocus x- ray tube 小焦点调射线管Minimum detectable leakage rate 最小可探泄漏率Minimum resolvable temperature difference （MRTD）最小可分辨温度差（MRDT）Mode 波型Mode conversion 波型转换Mode transformation 波型转换Moderator 慢化器Modulation transfer function （MTF）调制转换功能（MTF）Modulation analysis 调制分析Molecular flow 分子流Molecular leak 分子泄漏Monitor 监控器Monochromatic 单色波Movement unsharpness 移动不清晰度Moving beam radiography 可动射束射线透照术Multiaspect magnetization method 多向磁化法Multidirectional magnetization 多向磁化Multifrequency eddy current testiog 多频涡流检测Multiple back reflections 多次背面反射Multiple reflections 多次反射Multiple back reflections 多次底面反射Multiple echo method 多次反射法Multiple probe technique 多探头法Multiple triangular array 多三角形阵列Narrow beam condition 窄射束NC NCNear field 近场Near field length 近场长度Near surface defect 近表面缺陷Net density 净黑度Net density 净(光学)密度Neutron 中子Neutron radiograhy 中子射线透照Neutron radiography 中子射线透照术Newton （N）牛顿Nier mass spectrometer 尼尔质谱仪Noise 噪声Noise 噪声Noise equivalent temperature difference （NETD）噪声当量温度差（NETD）Nominal angle 标称角度Nominal frequency 标称频率Non-aqueous liquid developer 非水性液体显像剂Noncondensable gas 非冷凝气体Nondcstructivc Examination（NDE）无损试验Nondestructive Evaluation（NDE）无损评价Nondestructive Inspection（NDI）无损检验Nondestructive Testing（NDT）无损检测Nonerasble optical data 可固定光学数据Nonferromugnetic material 非铁磁性材料Nonrelevant indication 非相关指示Non-screen-type film 非增感型胶片Normal incidence 垂直入射（亦见直射声束）Normal permeability 标准磁导率Normal beam method; straight beam method 垂直法Normal probe 直探头Normalized reactance 归一化电抗Normalized resistance 归一化电阻Nuclear activity 核活性Nuclide 核素Object plane resolution 物体平面分辨率Object scattered neutrons 物体散射中子Object beam 物体光束Object beam angle 物体光束角Object-film distance 被检体-胶片距离Object一film distance 物体- 胶片距离Over development 显影过度Over emulsfication 过乳化Overall magnetization 整体磁化Overload recovery time 过载恢复时间Overwashing 过洗Oxidation fog 氧化灰雾P PPair production 偶生成Pair production 电子对产生Pair production 电子偶的产生Palladium barrier leak detector 钯屏检漏仪Panoramic exposure 全景曝光Parallel scan 平行扫查Paramagnetic material 顺磁性材料Parasitic echo 干扰回波Partial pressure 分压Particle content 磁悬液浓度Particle velocity 质点(振动)速度Pascal （Pa）帕斯卡（帕）Pascal cubic metres per second 帕立方米每秒（Pa•m3/s ）Path length 光程长Path length difference 光程长度差Pattern 探伤图形Peak current 峰值电流Penetrameter 透度计Penetrameter sensitivity 透度计灵敏度Penetrant 渗透剂Penetrant comparator 渗透对比试块Penetrant flaw detection 渗透探伤Penetrant removal 渗透剂去除Penetrant station 渗透工位Penetrant，water- washable 水洗型渗透剂Penetration 穿透深度Penetration time 渗透时间Permanent magnet 永久磁铁Permeability coefficient 透气系数Permeability，a-c 交流磁导率Permeability，d－c 直流磁导率Phantom echo 幻象回波Phase analysis 相位分析Phase angle 相位角Phase controlled circuit breaker 断电相位控制器Phase detection 相位检测Phase hologram 相位全息Phase sensitive detector 相敏检波器Phase shift 相位移Phase velocity 相速度Phase-sensitive system 相敏系统Phillips ionization gage 菲利浦电离计Phosphor 荧光物质Photo fluorography 荧光照相术Photoelectric absorption 光电吸收Photographic emulsion 照相乳剂Photographic fog 照相灰雾Photostimulable luminescence 光敏发光Piezoelectric effect 压电效应Piezoelectric material 压电材料Piezoelectric stiffness constant 压电劲度常数Piezoelectric stress constant 压电应力常数Piezoelectric transducer 压电换能器Piezoelectric voltage constant 压电电压常数Pirani gage 皮拉尼计Pirani gage 皮拉尼计Pitch and catch technique 一发一收法Pixel 象素Pixel size 象素尺寸Pixel，disply size 象素显示尺寸Planar array 平面阵(列)Plane wave 平面波Plate wave 板波Plate wave technique 板波法Point source 点源Post emulsification 后乳化Post emulsifiable penetrant 后乳化渗透剂Post-cleaning 后清除Post-cleaning 后清洗Powder 粉未Powder blower 喷粉器Powder blower 磁粉喷枪Pre-cleaning 预清理Pressure difference 压力差Pressure dye test 压力着色检测Pressure probe 压力探头Pressure testing 压力检测Pressure- evacuation test 压力抽空检测Pressure mark 压痕Pressure,design 设计压力Pre-test 初探Primary coil 一次线圈Primary radiation 初级辐射Probe gas 探头气体Probe test 探头检测Probe backing 探头背衬Probe coil 点式线圈Probe coil 探头式线圈Probe coil clearance 探头线圈间隙Probe index 探头入射点Probe to weld distance 探头-焊缝距离Probe/ search unit 探头Process control radiograph 工艺过程控制的射线照相Processing capacity 处理能力Processing speed 处理速度Prods 触头Projective radiography 投影射线透照术Proportioning probe 比例探头Protective material 防护材料Proton radiography 质子射线透照Pulse 脉冲波Pulse 脉冲Pulse echo method 脉冲回波法Pulse repetition rate 脉冲重复率Pulse amplitude 脉冲幅度Pulse echo method 脉冲反射法Pulse energy 脉冲能量Pulse envelope 脉冲包络Pulse length 脉冲长度Pulse repetition frequency 脉冲重复频率Pulse tuning 脉冲调谐Pump- out tubulation 抽气管道Pump-down time 抽气时间Q factor Q值Quadruple traverse technique 四次波法Quality (of a beam of radiation) 射线束的质Quality factor 品质因数Quenching 阻塞Quenching of fluorescence 荧光的猝灭Quick break 快速断间Rad(rad) 拉德Radiance，L 面辐射率，LRadiant existence，M 幅射照度MRadiant flux；radiant power，ψe辐射通量、辐射功率、ψe Radiation 辐射Radiation does 辐射剂量Radio frequency （r- f）display 射频显示Radio- frequency mass spectrometer 射频质谱仪Radio frequency(r-f) display 射频显示Radiograph 射线底片Radiographic contrast 射线照片对比度Radiographic equivalence factor 射线照相等效系数Radiographic exposure 射线照相曝光量Radiographic inspection 射线检测Radiographic inspection 射线照相检验Radiographic quality 射线照相质量Radiographic sensitivity 射线照相灵敏度Radiographic contrast 射线底片对比度Radiographic equivalence factor 射线透照等效因子Radiographic inspection 射线透照检查Radiographic quality 射线透照质量Radiographic sensitivity 射线透照灵敏度Radiography 射线照相术Radiological examination 射线检验Radiology 射线学Radiometer 辐射计Radiometry 辐射测量术Radioscopy 射线检查法Range 量程Rayleigh wave 瑞利波Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射Real image 实时图像Real-time radioscopy 实时射线检查法Rearm delay time 重新准备延时时间Rearm delay time 重新进入工作状态延迟时间Reciprocity failure 倒易律失效Reciprocity law 倒易律Recording medium 记录介质Recovery time 恢复时间Rectified alternating current 脉动直流电Reference block 参考试块Reference beam 参考光束Reference block 对比试块Reference block method 对比试块法Reference coil 参考线圈Reference line method 基准线法Reference standard 参考标准Reflection 反射Reflection coefficient 反射系数Reflection density 反射密度Reflector 反射体Refraction 折射Refractive index 折射率Refrence beam angle 参考光束角Reicnlbation 网纹Reject; suppression 抑制Rejection level 拒收水平Relative permeability 相对磁导率Relevant indication 相关指示Reluctance 磁阻Rem(rem) 雷姆Remote controlled testing 机械化检测Replenisers 补充剂Representative quality indicator 代表性质量指示器Residual magnetic field/field，residual magnetic 剩磁场Residual technique 剩磁技术Residual magnetic method 剩磁法Residual magnetism 剩磁Resistance （to flow）气阻Resolution 分辨力Resonance method 共振法Response factor 响应系数Response time 响应时间Resultant field 复合磁场Resultant magnetic field 合成磁场Resultant magnetization method 组合磁化法Retentivity 顽磁性Reversal 反转现象Ring-down count 振铃计数Ring-down count rate 振铃计数率Rinse 清洗Rise time 上升时间Rise-time discrimination 上升时间鉴别Rod-anode tube 棒阳极管Roentgen(R) 伦琴Roof angle 屋顶角Rotational magnetic field 旋转磁场Rotational magnetic field method 旋转磁场法Rotational scan 转动扫查Roughing 低真空Roughing line 低真空管道Roughing pump 低真空泵S SSafelight 安全灯Sampling probe 取样探头Saturation 饱和Saturation，magnetic 磁饱和Saturation level 饱和电平Scan on grid lines 格子线扫查Scan pitch 扫查间距Scanning 扫查Scanning index 扫查标记Scanning directly on the weld 焊缝上扫查Scanning path 扫查轨迹Scanning sensitivity 扫查灵敏度Scanning speed 扫查速度Scanning zone 扫查区域Scattared energy 散射能量Scatter unsharpness 散射不清晰度Scattered neutrons 散射中子Scattered radiation 散射辐射Scattering 散射Schlieren system 施利伦系统Scintillation counter 闪烁计数器Scintillator and scintillating crystals 闪烁器和闪烁晶体Screen 屏Screen unsharpness 荧光增感屏不清晰度Screen-type film 荧光增感型胶片SE probe SE探头Search-gas 探测气体Second critical angle 第二临界角Secondary radiation 二次射线Secondary coil 二次线圈Secondary radiation 次级辐射Selectivity 选择性Semi-conductor detector 半导体探测器Sensitirity va1ue 灵敏度值Sensitivity 灵敏度Sensitivity of leak test 泄漏检测灵敏度Sensitivity control 灵敏度控制Shear wave 切变波Shear wave probe 横波探头Shear wave technique 横波法Shim 薄垫片Shot 冲击通电Side lobe 副瓣Side wall 侧面Sievert(Sv) 希(沃特)Signal 信号Signal gradient 信号梯度Signal over load point 信号过载点Signal overload level 信号过载电平Signal to noise ratio 信噪比Single crystal probe 单晶片探头Single probe technique 单探头法Single traverse technique 一次波法Sizing technique 定量法Skin depth 集肤深度Skin effect 集肤效应Skip distance 跨距Skip point 跨距点Sky shine(air scatter) 空中散射效应Sniffing probe 嗅吸探头Soft X-rays 软X射线Soft-faced probe 软膜探头Solarization 负感作用Solenoid 螺线管Soluble developer 可溶显像剂Solvent remover 溶剂去除剂Solvent cleaners 溶剂清除剂Solvent developer 溶剂显像剂Solvent remover 溶剂洗净剂Solvent-removal penetrant 溶剂去除型渗透剂Sorption 吸着Sound diffraction 声绕射Sound insulating layer 隔声层Sound intensity 声强Sound intensity level 声强级Sound pressure 声压Sound scattering 声散射Sound transparent layer 透声层Sound velocity 声速Source 源Source data label 放射源数据标签Source location 源定位Source size 源尺寸Source-film distance 射线源-胶片距离Spacial frequency 空间频率Spark coil leak detector 电火花线圈检漏仪Specific activity 放射性比度Specified sensitivity 规定灵敏度Standard 标准Standard 标准试样Standard leak rate 标准泄漏率Standard leak 标准泄漏孔Standard tast block 标准试块Standardization instrument 设备标准化Standing wave; stationary wave 驻波Step wedge 阶梯楔块Step- wadge calibration film 阶梯楔块校准底片Step- wadge comparison film 阶梯楔块比较底片Step wedge 阶梯楔块Step-wedge calibration film 阶梯-楔块校准片Step-wedge comparison film 阶梯-楔块比较片Stereo-radiography 立体射线透照术Subject contrast 被检体对比度Subsurface discontinuity 近表面不连续性Suppression 抑制Surface echo 表面回波Surface field 表面磁场Surface noise 表面噪声Surface wave 表面波Surface wave probe 表面波探头Surface wave technique 表面波法Surge magnetization 脉动磁化Surplus sensitivity 灵敏度余量Suspension 磁悬液Sweep 扫描Sweep range 扫描范围Sweep speed 扫描速度Swept gain 扫描增益Swivel scan 环绕扫查System exanlillatien threshold 系统检验阈值System inclacel artifacts 系统感生物System noise 系统噪声Tackground，target 目标本底Tandem scan 串列扫查Target 耙Target 靶Television fluoroscopy 电视X射线荧光检查Temperature envelope 温度范围Tenth-value-layer(TVL) 十分之一值层Test coil 检测线圈Test quality level 检测质量水平Test ring 试环Test block 试块Test frequency 试验频率Test piece 试片Test range 探测范围Test surface 探测面Testing，ulrasonic 超声检测Thermal neutrons 热中子Thermocouple gage 热电偶计Thermogram 热谱图Thermography，infrared 红外热成象Thermoluminescent dosemeter(TLD) 热释光剂量计Thickness sensitivity 厚度灵敏度Third critiical angle 第三临界角Thixotropic penetrant 摇溶渗透剂Thormal resolution 热分辨率Threading bar 穿棒Three way sort 三档分选Threshold setting 门限设置Threshold fog 阈值灰雾Threshold level 阀值Threshotd tcnet 门限电平Throttling 节流Through transmission technique 穿透技术Through penetration technique 贯穿渗透法Through transmission technique; transmission technique 穿透法Through-coil technique 穿过式线圈技术Throughput 通气量Tight 密封Total reflection 全反射Totel image unsharpness 总的图像不清晰度Tracer probe leak location 示踪探头泄漏定位Tracer gas 示踪气体Transducer 换能器/传感器Transition flow 过渡流Translucent base media 半透明载体介质Transmission 透射Transmission densitomefer 发射密度计Transmission coefficient 透射系数Transmission point 透射点Transmission technique 透射技术Transmittance，τ透射率τTransmitted film density 检测底片黑度Transmitted pulse 发射脉冲Transverse resolution 横向分辨率Transverse wave 横波Traveling echo 游动回波Travering scan; depth scan 前后扫查Triangular array 正三角形阵列Trigger/alarm condition 触发/报警状态Trigger/alarm level 触发/报警标准Triple traverse technique 三次波法True continuous technique 准确连续法技术Trueattenuation 真实衰减Tube current 管电流Tube head 管头Tube shield 管罩Tube shutter 管子光闸Tube window 管窗Tube-shift radiography 管子移位射线透照术Two-way sort 两档分选Ultra- high vacuum 超高真空Ultrasonic leak detector 超声波检漏仪Ultrasonic noise level 超声噪声电平Ultrasonic cleaning 超声波清洗Ultrasonic field 超声场Ultrasonic flaw detection 超声探伤Ultrasonic flaw detector 超声探伤仪Ultrasonic microscope 超声显微镜Ultrasonic spectroscopy 超声频谱Ultrasonic testing system 超声检测系统Ultrasonic thickness gauge 超声测厚仪Ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射Under development 显影不足Unsharpness 不清晰Useful density range 有效光学密度范围UV-A A类紫外辐射UV-A filter A类紫外辐射滤片Vacuum 真空Vacuum cassette 真空暗盒Vacuum testing 真空检测Vacuum cassette 真空暗合Van de Graaff generator 范德格喇夫起电机Vapor pressure 蒸汽压Vapour degreasing 蒸汽除油Variable angle probe 可变角探头Vee path V型行程Vehicle 载体Vertical linearity 垂直线性Vertical location 垂直定位Visible light 可见光Vitua limage 虚假图像Voltage threshold 电压阈值Voltage threshold 阈值电压Wash station 水洗工位Water break test 水膜破坏试验Water column coupling method 水柱耦合法Water column probe 水柱耦合探头Water path; water distance 水程Water tolerance 水容限Water-washable penetrant 可水洗型渗透剂Wave 波Wave guide acoustic emission 声发射波导杆Wave train 波列Wave from 波形Wave front 波前Wave length 波长Wave node 波节Wave train 波列Wedge 斜楔Wet slurry technique 湿软磁膏技术Wet technique 湿法技术Wet method 湿粉法Wetting action 润湿作用Wetting action 润湿作用Wetting agents 润湿剂Wheel type probe; wheel search unit 轮式探头White light 白光White X-rays 连续X射线Wobble 摆动Wobble effect 抖动效应Working sensitivity 探伤灵敏度Wrap around 残响波干扰Xeroradiography 静电射线透照术X-radiation X射线X-ray controller X射线控制器X-ray detection apparatus X射线探伤装置X-ray film 射线胶片X-ray paper X射线感光纸X-ray tube X射线管X-ray tube diaphragm X射线管光阑Yoke 磁轭Yoke magnetization method 磁轭磁化法Zigzag scan 锯齿扫查。
物理学单词表
Aa.c. generator 交流发电机aberration 光行差，像差absolute index of refraction绝对折射率absolute refractive index 绝对折射率absolute temperature scale 绝对温标absolute zero 绝对零度absorber 吸收体absorbing power 吸收能力，吸收本领absorptance 吸收比absorption 吸收absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption line 吸收谱线absorption spectrum 吸收光谱，吸收谱accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度acceleration-time graph 加速度—时间关系线图accelerator 加速器acceptor 接受体acceptor doping 受体掺杂acceptor impurity 受体杂质accommodation 调节，视觉调节accumulator 蓄电池accuracy 准确度acetate strip 醋酸酯条片achromatic 消色差的achromatic aberration 消色差achromatic condenser 消色差聚光透镜achromatic light 消色差光，白光acoustic blur 声响模糊acoustic board 吸音板，吸声板acoustic navigation 声响导航acoustic pressure 声压acoustics 声学act on 施于action 作用量，作用，作用力action of point 尖端作用activation 激活，活化activation energy 激活能，活化能active nucleus 活性核，放射性核activity 放射强度，放射性adapter 接合器满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmladder 加法器adhesion 附着力，附着，黏附adhesive force 附着力adiabatic 绝热的adiabatic expansion 绝热膨胀adiabatic process 绝热过程aerial 天线aerial induction 天线调谐电感aerial network 天线网络aerodynamic force 气动力，空气动力aerodynamics 气体动力学，空气动力学aerofoil 机翼agent 剂air blower 吹风器air column 空气柱，气柱air cushion 气垫air damping 空气阻尼air film 气膜air track 气垫导航air wedge 气楔alignment 对准，校整alpha decay α衰变alpha particle α粒子alpha particle scatteringanalogue α粒子放射模拟alternating current 交流电alternating voltage 交变电压，交流电压alternator 交流发电机altimeter 高度计，测高仪americiumammeter 安培计amorphous 非结晶的，无定形的ampere 安培，安ampere-hour 安培小时，安时amplification 放大，放大率amplifier 放大器amplify 放大amplitude 振幅amplitude modulation 调幅，振幅调剂amyl acetate 醋酸戊酯anaemia 贫血analogue 模拟analogue experiment 模拟实验analogue signal 仿真讯号，非数字讯号analogue-to-digital conversion 模拟转换满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlanalyser 检偏振器AND gate 「与」门anemometer 风速计aneroid barometer 无液气压计，空盒气压计angle of contact 接触角angle of deviation 偏向角angle of diffraction 衍射角，绕射角angle of dip 倾角angle of elevation 仰角angle of emergence 出射角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾角angle of minimum deviation最小偏向角angle of projection 投射角angle of reflection 反射角angle of refraction 折射角angle of twist 扭转角angstrom 埃angular acceleration 角加速度angular aperture 孔径张角angular displacement 角位移angular frequency 角频率angular impulse 角冲量angular magnification 角度放大，角放大率angular momentum 角动量，动量矩angular motion 角向运动，角运动angular seed 角速率angular velocity 角速度angular width 角宽度annealing 退火，韧化anode 阳极，正极anomalous expansion 反常膨胀antenna 天线anticlockwise moment 逆时针力矩antifreeze 防冻剂antinodal line 腹线antinode 波腹antiparticle 反粒子antiphase 反相，逆相aperture 孔径，口径，孔apparent depth 视深apparent expansion 表观膨胀，视膨胀apparent frequency 表观频率，视频率apparent loss in weight 表观失重满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlapparent weight 表观重量Appleton layer 阿普顿层，F 电离层aqueous layer 水层Archimedes' principle 阿基米得原理area 面积argon 氩armature 电枢artificial disintegration 人工蜕变artificial radioactivity 人工放射astable 非稳态的astable circuit 非稳态电路astable multivibrator 非态多谐振荡器astigmatism 像散，散光astronomical telescope 天文望远镜at infinity 在无穷远处at rest 静止atmosphere 大气，大气层，大气压atmospheric pressure 大气压强atom 原子atomic bomb 原子弹atomic bond 原子键atomic density 原子密度atomic diameter 原子直径atomic energy 原子能atomic mass 原子质量atomic mass unit 原子质量单位atomic model 原子模型atomic nucleus 原子核atomic number 原子序数atomic radius 原子半径atomic separation 原子间距atomic spacing 原子间距atomic structure 原子结构atomic theory 原子论atomizer 喷雾器attenuation 衰减attraction 吸引attractive force 吸力audible frequency range 听频范围audible signal 可听讯号audio frequency 声频autofocus 自动聚焦，自动对焦avalanche 电子雪崩average acceleration 平均加速度满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/threa d-14350-1-1.htmlaverage power 平均功率average speed 平均速率average velocity 平均速度Avogadro constant 阿佛加德罗常数，阿佛加德罗常量Avogadro number 阿佛加德罗数Avogadro's law 阿佛加德罗定律axial 轴向的，沿轴的axial field 轴向场axial search coil 轴向探察线图axis 轴axis of rotation 转轴Bback e.m.f. 反电动势background radiation 本底辐射Bainbridge massspectrometer 班布里奇质谱仪balance 天平，秤，平衡balance arm 秤杆，平衡臂balance point 平衡点balance bridge 平衡电桥balanced force 平衡力ball bearing 球轴承，滚珠轴承ballistic galvanometer 冲击电流计，冲击检流计ballistic pendulum 冲击摆Balmer series 巴耳末系，巴耳末光谱band spectrum 带状光谱，带状谱bandwidth 带宽bar code 条形码bar magnet 磁棒bare wire 裸线barium 钡barometer 气压计barrier 障碍物barrier layer 阻档层，耗尽层barrier potential difference 阻档层电势差，阻档层电位差Barton's pendulums 巴尔通摆base 基极base current 基极电流battery 电池组battery charger 电池充电器battery holder 电池座beaker 烧杯beam splitter 分束器，射束分离器满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlbeat 拍beat frequency 拍频becquerel 贝克勒耳，贝克bel 贝尔，贝bell jar 钟形罩bench mat 实验台垫Bernoulli's theorem 伯努利定律beryllium 铍beta decay β衰变beta particle β粒子biasing circuit 偏压电路biasing voltage 偏压biconcave lens 双凹透镜biconvex lens 双凸透镜bicycle dynamo 自行车发电机，脚踏车发电机bifilar pendulum 双线摆bifocal lens 双焦距透镜big bang model 大爆炸模型bimetallic strip 双层金属片，双金属片binary adder 二进加法器binary system 二进制binding 结合binding energy 结合能binoculars 双筒望远镜Biot-Savart law 毕奥—萨伐尔定律bipolar 双极的birefraction 双折射bistable 双稳态的，双稳器bistable circuit 双稳电路bistable multivibrator 双稳态多谐振荡器bit 二进制制，位black body radiation 黑体辐射block and tackle 滑轮组block diagram 方框图blocking capacitor 隔直流电器容blooming 敷霜，表面加膜Bohr atom 玻尔原子Bohr radius 玻尔半径Bohr theory 玻尔理论boil 沸腾，煮沸boiler 锅炉boiling point 沸点bolometer 辐射热计Boltzmann constant 玻耳兹曼常数，玻耳兹曼常量满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/threa d-14350-1-1.html bombardment 轰击bond energy 键能bonding 键合Bourdon gauge 布尔登气压计bow wave 弓形波，舷波Boyle's law 博伊尔定律Brackett series 布喇开系，布喇开光谱Bragg angle 布喇格角Bragg diffraction 布喇格衍射，布喇格绕射Bragg plane 布喇格平面Bragg's law 布喇格定律brake 制动器breakdown potential 击穿电势，击穿电位breaking point 断点breaking strength 抗断强度breaking stress 致断应力breeder reactor 增殖反应堆bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射Brewster's law 布鲁斯特定律bridge circuit 桥式电路bridge rectifier 桥式整流器bright fringe 亮纹brightness 亮度brittle 脆的，易碎的bromine 溴Brownian movement 布朗运动brush 电刷bubble chamber 气泡室bubble raft model 泡筏模型buffer 缓冲器buffer circuit 缓冲电路bulk modulus 体积弹性模量Bunsen burner 本生灯buoyancy 浮力burette 滴定管burette stand 滴定管架burglar alarm 防盗警报器，防盗警钟buzzer 蜂鸣器by-pass 旁路byte 二进制组，字节Ccable 电缆cadmium sulphide 硫化镉满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlcaesium 铯calcite 方解石calibrate 校准，标上刻度calipers 测径器，卡钳calorie 卡路里，卡calorimeter 量热器camera 照相机cancer cell 癌细胞candela 坎德拉cantilever 悬臂capacitance 电容capacitance substitution box换值电容箱capacitive circuit 电容电路capacitive component 电容性分量capacitive coupling 电容耦合capacitive discharge 电容性放电capacitive reactance 容抗capacitor 电容器capacitor-input filter 电容输入滤波器capacity 容量，载量capillarity 毛细现象，毛细作用capillary depression 毛细下降capillary rise 毛细上升capillary tube 毛细管capsule 囊capture 俘获carbon 碳carbon granule 碳颗粒carbon paper disc 圆形碳纸carbon-14 dating 碳14 年代测定法carburettor 化油器，汽化器carrier wave 载波carry 进位castor oil 蓖麻油cataract 白内障cathode 阴极，负极cathode ray 阴极射线cathode ray deflection tube 阴极射线偏转管cathode-ray oscilloscope 阴极射线示波器，示波器cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管cavity resonator 空腔共振器celestial telescope 天体望远镜cell 电池，细胞Celsius temperature scale 摄氏温标满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/threa d-14350-1-1.html centimetre 厘米centralized low voltage power supply unit 中央控制低压电源箱centre of curvature 曲率中心centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质心centre of oscillation 振荡中心centre-tapped transformer 中心抽头变压器centrifugal force 离心力centrifuge 离心机centripetal acceleration 向心加速度centripetal force 向心力Chadwick 查德威克chain reaction 连锁反应change of state 物态变化change-over switch 换向开关characteristic 特性，特征characteristic curve 特性曲线characteristic line 特征线，特征谱characteristic spectrum 特征光谱，特征谱charge 电荷，充电，起电charge carrier 载荷子charge conservation 电荷守恒charge density 电荷密度charge distribution 电荷分布charge to mass ratio 荷质比charged particle 带电粒子charging by contact 接触起电charging by friction 摩擦生电charging by induction 感应起电charging by sharing 授受起电charging time constant 充电时间常数，充电时间常量Charles's law 查理定律choke 扼流，抗流，扼流圈，抗流圈choke circuit 扼流电路，抗流电路chromatic aberration 色差chromatic dispersion 色散cinefilm soundtrack 电影胶片声迹circle of least confusion 最少模糊圈，明晰圈circuit 电路circuit board 电路板circuit breaker 断路器circuit symbol 电路符号circular coil 环形线圈circular motion 圆周运动满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlcircular orbit 圆周轨道circular pulse 圆形脉冲circular wave 圆形波circular wavefront 圆形波阵面，圆形波前clamp 夹钳，夹紧clap-echo method 「拍掌—回声」法cleave 裂开clinical thermometer 体温计clip 夹子clockwise moment 顺时针力矩closed circuit 闭合电路closed pipe 闭管closed tube 闭管closed-loop control system 死循环控制系统closed-loop gain 死循环增益closed-loop voltage gain 死循环电压增益closely packed 密堆积的cloud chamber 云室cloud chamber track 云室径迹coaxial 共轴，同轴coaxial cable 同轴电缆，同轴cobalt 钴code 编码coder 编码器coefficient of dynamic friction 动摩擦系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of restitution 恢复系数coefficient of static friction 静摩擦系数coefficient of viscosity 黏滞系数coherent 相干的cohesion 内聚力，内聚cohesive force 内聚力coil 线圈collector 集电极，集极collector current 集电极电流，集极电流collimator 准直管，准直仪collision 碰撞colour 颜色colour code 色码，色标combinational logic 组合逻辑common emitter 共发射极common-mode voltage 共模电压commutator 换向器compass 指南针，罗盘满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/threa d-14350-1-1.html complete circuit 完整电路component 组件，分量，组分component of force 分力compound microscope 复式显微镜compound pendulum 复摆compressed gas 压缩气体compressibility 可压缩性，压缩系数，压缩率compressible fluid 可压缩性流体compression 密部，压缩compression spring balance压缩弹簧天平concave 凹concave lens 凹透镜concave mirror 凹镜，凹面镜concentric capacitor 同心电容器condensation 凝结，凝聚condensation nucleus 凝结核，凝聚核condensation point 凝点，凝结点condenser 聚光器，电容器，冷凝器conductance 电导conductivity 传导性，传导率conductor 导体conical pendulum 锥摆conjugate foci 共轭焦点conservation of angularmomentum 角动量守恒conversation of charge 电荷守恒conservation of energy 能量守恒conservation of mechanicalenergy 机械能守恒conservation of momentum动量守恒conservative force 守恒力，保守力conserved 守恒constant acceleration 恒加速度constant angular acceleration恒角加速度constant angular velocity 恒角速度constant force 恒力constant motion 恒速运动constant pressure 定压constant speed 恒速率constant temperature 定温constant velocity 恒速度constant volume 定容constant volume gasthermometer 定容气体温度计constantan 康铜constriction 颈缩constructive interference 相长干涉满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlcontact angle 接触角contact area 接触面积contact force 接触力continuity equation 连续性方程continuous spectrum 连续光谱，连续谱continuous wave 连续波contract 收缩control experiment 对照实验，比对实验control grid 控制栅极control rod 控制棒control system 控制系统convection 对流converge 会聚converging lens 会聚透镜converging mirror 会聚镜convex 凸convex lens 凸透镜convex mirror 凸镜，凸面镜coolant 冷却剂cooling by evaporation 蒸发致冷cooling correction 冷却修正cooling curve 冷却曲线cooling effect 冷却效应cooling system 冷却系统，散热系统coplanar forces 共面力core 心，核心Coriolis force 科里奥利力corkscrew rule 螺旋法则cornea 角膜corona discharge 电晕放电corpuscular theory of light 光的微粒学说correction 矫正，修正cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射coulomb 库伦Coulomb's law 库伦定律count rate 计数率counter 计数器counter weight 平衡锤，配重couple 力偶coupled oscillation 耦合振荡coupling 耦合covalent bond 共价键crane magnet 起重磁铁creep 蠕变满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlcrest 波峰critical angle 临界角critical damping 临界阻尼critical mass 临界质量critical point 临界点critical temperature 临界温度critical velocity 临界速度crocodile clip 鳄鱼夹cross hairs 十字丝，叉丝cross-sectional area 截面积Crova's disc 克罗瓦盘crystal 晶体crystal diffraction 晶体衍射，晶体绕射crystal lattice 晶体点阵，晶体格子，晶格crystal planes 晶面crystalline 结晶的crystallization 结晶crystallography 晶体学cubical expansivity 体积膨胀系数，体积膨胀率curie 居里current 电流current amplification 电流放大current amplification factor 电流放大因素current amplifier 电流放大器current balance 电流天平current density 电流密度current gain 电流增益current intensity 电流强度current pulse 电流脉冲current sensitivity 电流灵敏度current stabilizer 稳流器current transfer characteristic电流转移特性current-carrying conductor 载电流导体current-voltage characteristiccurve 电流—电压特性曲线curved mirror 曲面镜cyclotron 回旋加速器cylindrical concave lens 柱面凹透镜cylindrical concave mirror 柱面凹镜cylindrical convex lens 柱面凸透镜cylindrical convex mirror 柱面凸镜cylindrical lens 柱面透镜cylindrical mirror 柱面镜满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlDd.c. generator 直流发电机d.c. motor 直流电动机Dalton's law of partial pressures 道尔顿分压定律damped harmonic motion 阻尼谐动damped harmonic oscillation 阻尼谐振damped oscillation 阻尼振荡damping 阻尼damping force 阻尼力dark fringe 暗纹data 数据dating 年代测定daughter nucleus 子核daughter nuclide 子核素de Broglie relation 德布罗意关系式de Broglie wave 德布罗意波dead time 失效时间decade capacitance box 十进电容箱decade resistance box 十进电阻箱decay 衰变decay analogue 衰变模拟decay constant 衰变常数，衰变常量decay curve 衰变曲线decay law 衰变定律decay product 衰变产物decelerate 减速deceleration 减速度decibel 分贝decode 译码，解碼decoder 译码器，译码器deflection 偏转deflection plate 偏转板deflection system 偏转系统deflection tube 偏转管deformation 形变degradation of energy 能量退降，能量递降degree 度degree Celsius 摄氏度degree of freedom 自由度demagnetization 去磁，退磁demonstration diode 演示用二极管demonstration meter 演示用电表density 密度满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmldepletion layer 耗尽层，阻挡层depth of field 景深derived quantity 导出量derived unit 导出单位destructive interference 相消干涉detection 探测detector 探测器detector of radiation 辐射探测器deuterium 氘，重氢deuteron 氘核，重氢核deviation 偏向，偏差device 装置，设计，器件diamagnetism 抗磁性diaphragm 光阑，膜片diatomic molecule 双原子分子dielectric 电介质，介电的dielectric constant 介电常数，介电常量，电容率dielectric polarization 电介质极化dielectric strength 电介质强度differential equation 微分方程differential input voltage 差动输入电压diffracted ray 衍射线，绕射线diffraction 衍射，绕射diffraction grating 衍射光栅，绕射光栅diffuse reflection 漫反射diffusion 扩散，漫射diffusion cloud chamber 扩散云室digital 数字的digital display 数字显示digital signal 数字讯号digital-to-analogueconversion 数模转换dimension 量纲，因次，维，大小dimensional analysis 量纲分析，因次分析diminished 缩小diode 二极管diode probe 二极管微波探测器dioptre 屈光度，焦度dipole 偶极子direct current 直流电direction 方向，方位direction of propagation 传播方向directly heated cathode 直热式阴极discharge 放电disintegration 蜕变满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/threa d-14350-1-1.html dislocation 位错dispersion 色散dispersive power 色散能力，色散本领，色散率displacement 位移，排量displacement can 排水罐displacement-time graph 位移—时间关系线图dissipative force 耗散力distance 距离distance-time graph 距离—时间关系线图distortion 失真，扭曲，畸变disturbance 干扰diverge 发散diverging lens 发散透镜diverging mirror 发散镜division of amplitude 振幅分割division of wavefront 波阵面分割，波前分割domain 畴，域domestic circuit 家居电路donor 给予体doped semiconductor 掺杂半导体doping 掺杂Doppler broadening 多普勒谱线增宽Doppler effect 多普勒效应Doppler shift 多普勒频移dosage 剂量dose 剂量dose rate 剂量率double pulley 双滑轮double refraction 双折射double slit 双缝double-pole-double-throwswitch 双刀双掷开关doublet 双重线drag force 阻力，曳力drift velocity 漂移速度driver circuit 驱动电路driver frequency 驱动频率driving cell 驱动电池driving force 驱动力driving mirror 行车后视镜dry battery 干电池组dry cell 干电池dual trace oscilloscope 双迹示波器ductile 延性的Dulong-Petit law 杜隆—珀替定律满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmldynamic equilibrium 动态平衡dynamic friction 动摩擦dynamic resistance 动态电阻dynamics 动力学dynamo 发电机Eearth 接地，地线earthquake waves 地震波ebonite 硬橡胶，硬质胶ebonite rod 硬橡胶棒，硬质胶棒echo 回声，回波eddy current 涡电流，涡流eddy current damping 涡流阻尼eddy current loss 涡流损耗effective mass 有效质量efficiency 效率effort 施力Einstein's mass-energyrelation 爱因斯坦质能关系式elastic collision 弹性碰撞elastic constant 弹性常数，弹性常量elastic deformation 弹性形变elastic hysteresis 弹性滞后elastic limit 弹性极限elastic strain energy 弹性应变能elasticity 弹性electric bell 电铃electric charge 电荷electric current 电流electric field 电场electric field intensity 电场强度electric field pattern 电场图形electric fire 电暖炉electric line of force 电力线electric motor 电动机electric potential 电势，电位electric power 电功率electric shock 电震electrical appliance 电器electrical conductivity 导电率electrical energy 电能electrical oscillation 电振荡electrical potential energy 电势能，电位能满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/threa d-14350-1-1.html electrical resonance 电共振electricity 电，电学electrode 电极electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质electrolytic 电解质的，电解的electrolytic capacitor 电解质电容器electromagnet 电磁铁，电磁体electromagnetic coil 电磁感应圈electromagnetic contact 电磁触点electromagnetic force 电磁力electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic moment 电磁矩electromagnetic oscillation 电磁振荡electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetism 电磁学electrometer 静电计electromotive force 电动势electron 电子electron beam 电子束electron cloud 电子云electron diffraction 电子衍射，电子绕射electron drift 电子漂移electron energy level 电子能级electron gun 电子枪electron transition 电子跃迁electron tube 电子管electron-volt 电子伏特，电子伏electronics 电子学electrophorus 起电盘electroscope 验电器electrostatic bond 静电键electrostatic field apparatus静电场仪器electrostatic precipitation 静电沉淀法electrostatics 静电学element 元素，组件elliptic orbit 椭圆轨道elongation 伸长度emergent ray 出射线emission 发射emission line 发射谱线emission spectrum 发射光谱，发射谱满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlemissivity 发射率，比辐射率emit 发射emitter 发射极，射极emitter current 发射极电流，射极电流enamelled wire 漆包线encode 编码encoder 编码器end-correction 端部修正，管口校正量end-on collision 同向碰撞，尾追碰撞energetic particle 高能粒子energy 能量，能energy band 能带energy conversion 能量转换energy conversion efficiency能量转换效率energy input 能量输入energy level 能级energy output 能量输出energy transfer 能量转移enriched uranium 浓缩铀equation of continuity 连续性方程equation of state 物态方程equation of uniformlyaccelerated motion 匀加速运动方程equatorial orbit 赤道轨道equilibrium 平衡equilibrium condition 平衡条件equilibrium spacing 平衡间距equipartition of energy 能量均分equipotential 等势的，等位的equipotential line 等势线，等位线equipotential surface 等势面，等位面equivalent capacitance 等效电容equivalent inductance 等效电感equivalent resistance 等效电阻erect 正立escape velocity 逃逸速度ether 以太，醚evacuation 抽成真空evaporation 蒸发excess pressure 超压，逾电压excitation 激发excitation energy 激发能excitation potential 激发电势，激发电位excitation voltage 激发电压excited 受激满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlexcited energy level 受激能级excited state 受激态expansion 膨胀expansivity 膨胀系数，膨胀率exponential change 指数式改变exponential decay 指数式衰变exposure 曝光量，照射extension 伸长external force 外力external work 外功extra high tension 超高电压extra-nuclear structure 核外结构extraordinary ray 非常光线extrapolation 外推，外推法extrinsic semiconductor 含杂质半导体eyepiece 接目镜，目镜Ff-number f 数，光圈数f-stop f 制光圈far point 远点farad 法拉Faraday constant 法拉第常数，法拉第常量Faraday's law ofelectromagnetic induction 法拉第电磁感应定律fast breeder reactor 快中子增殖反应堆feedback 反馈feedback amplifier 反馈放大器feedback resistance 反馈电阻ferromagnetic substance 铁磁性物质ferromagnetism 铁磁性fictitious force 假力，伪力fidelity 保真性，保真度field coil 场线圈field effect transistor 场效应晶体管field intensity 场强field lines 场力线field magnet 场磁铁，场磁体field of view 视场，视野field strength 场强figure of merit 优值，灵敏值filament 灯丝，丝极filter capacitor 滤波电容器filter circuit 滤波电路满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlfilter pump 滤泵final state 终态，末态final velocity 末速度fine-adjustment 微调，细调fire alarm 火警警报器，火警钟first law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律first order spectrum 第一级光谱，第一级谱fission 裂变fission reactor 裂变反应堆fixed point 定点fixed pulley 定滑轮fixed resistor 定值电阻器flat coil 扁平线圈flat solenoid 扁平螺线管flat-bottomed flask 平底烧瓶Fleming's left hand rule 弗林明左手定则Fleming's right hand rule 弗林明右手定则floating body 浮体fluid 流体fluid dynamics 流体动力学fluorescence 荧光fluorescent screen 荧光屏，荧光幕flux 通量flux density 通量密度fly-back 回扫flywheel 飞轮focal length 焦距focal plane 焦平面focus 焦点，聚焦，对焦focus control 聚焦控制follower circuit 跟随电路foot pump 脚踏泵force 力force constant 力常数，力常量force polygon 力多边形force resolution 力的分解force triangle 力三角形force-extension curve 施力—伸长关系曲线forced oscillation 受迫振荡former 框forward biased 正向偏压forward current 正向电流fossil fuel 化石燃料Foucault's rotating mirror method 傅科旋转镜法满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlframe of reference 参考坐标系，参考系Franck-Hertz experiment 弗兰克—赫兹实验Fraunhofer diffraction 夫琅和费衍射，夫琅和费绕射Fraunhofer lines 夫琅和费谱线free electron 自由电子free fall 自由下坠，自由下落free falling body 自由落体free oscillation 自由振荡free path 自由程free space 自由空间freeze 凝固freezing point 凝固点freon 氟利昂，二氯二氟甲烷frequency 频率frequency modulation 调频，频率调制frequency response 频率响应Fresnel diffraction 菲涅耳衍射，菲涅耳绕射Fresnel's biprism 菲涅耳双棱镜friction 摩擦，摩擦力friction compensated 补偿摩擦作用frictionless motion 无摩擦运动fringe 条纹fringe pattern 条纹图形fuel rod 燃料棒fulcrum 支点full adder 全加法器full-scale deflection 满标偏转full-wave rectification 全波整流full-wave rectifier 全波整流器fundamental frequency 基频fundamental mode ofvibration 基谐振动模式fundamental note 基音fundamental quantity 基本量fundamental unit 基本单位fuse 保险丝fuse rating 保险丝额定值fusion 熔解，聚变fusion point 熔点fusion reactor 聚变反应堆GG - clamp G-形钳gain 增益满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlgain control 增益控制galaxy 星系Galilean telescope 伽利略望远镜Galileo's thought experiment伽利略假想实验galvanometer 电流计，检流计gamma radiation 伽玛辐射gamma ray 伽玛射线gap 隙gas 气，气体gas pressure 气体强压，气压gaseous phase 气相gaseous state 气态gauge 规，计Gauss theorem 高斯定理Geiger counter 盖革计数器Geiger-Marsden scatteringexperiment 盖革—马斯登散射实验Geiger-Muller counter 盖革—弥勒计数器Geiger-Muller tube 盖革—弥勒管general gas equation 普适气体方程general gas law 普适气体定律generator 发电机genetic effect 遗传效应geometrical optics 几何光学germanium 锗ghost effect 迭影效应glancing angle 掠射角glass fibre 玻璃纤维glycerine 甘油gold foil 金箔fold leaf electroscope 金箔验电器gradient 斜率，梯度graduated cylinder 量筒Graham's law of diffusion 格拉哈姆散定律grain 粒，晶粒gramophone record 唱片，唱碟graph 图，线图，图表graphical method 图解法grating 光栅grating spectrometer 光栅光谱仪，光栅分光计gravitational acceleration 重力加速度gravitational attraction 引力，重力gravitational constant 引力常数，引力常量gravitational field 引力场，重力场gravitational force 引力，重力满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/threa d-14350-1-1.html gravitational mass 引力质量gravitational potential 引力势，重力势gravitational potentialdifference 引力势差，重力势差gravitational potential energy引力势能，重力势能gravity 重力grazing incidence 掠入射，切入射greenhouse effect 温室效应grid 栅极grid control 栅极控制grid system 电力网groove 纹道，针槽，开槽ground 接地ground state 基态guinea and featherexperiment 「硬币与羽毛」实验Hhair spring 游丝half adder 半加法器half-life 半衰期half-silvered mirror 半镀银镜half-wave rectification 半波整流half-wave rectifier 半波整流器Hall effect 霍耳效应Hall probe 霍耳探测器Hall voltage 霍耳电压hand stroboscope 手动式频闪观测器harmonic 谐音harmonic motion 谐运动harmonic oscillation 谐振荡head-on collision 对正碰撞，正碰heat 热，热量，加热，热学heat absorbent 吸热剂heat absorber 吸热器heat absorption 吸热，热吸收heat capacity 热容量heat conduction 热传导heat exchange 热交换heat flow 热流heat gain 热增益，得热heat insulation 热绝缘，隔热heat loss 热损耗，失热heat proof 耐热的，隔热的heat pump 热泵满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlheat radiation 热辐射heat reservoir 热库，储热器heat sink 热壑heat transfer 热传递，热转移heater 发热器，加热器heating effect 热效应heating element 发热组件Helmholtz coils 亥姆霍兹线圈henry 亨利，亨hertz 赫兹，赫high dispersion prism 高色散棱镜high tension 高电压hole 空穴，空子hollow plastic lens 空心塑料透镜hollow plastic prism 空心塑料棱镜hologram 全息图holography 全息术，全息学Hooke's law 虎克定律horizontal 水平horizontal component 水平分量horizontal deflection 水平偏转horseshoe magnet 蹄形磁铁hot cathode 热阴极hour 小时Huygens' principle 惠更斯原理hydraulic press 水压机hydroelectric power 水力发电hydrogen bomb 氢弹hygrometer 湿度计hyperbolic orbit 双曲线轨道hypodermic needle 皮下注射针头hypodermic syringe 皮下注射针筒hypothesis 假说，假设hysteresis 滞后现象Iideal gas 理想气体ideal gas equation 理想气体方程ideal gas temperature scale 理想气体温标ideal machine 理想机械illuminate 照明，照亮image 像image distance 像距满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/threa d-14350-1-1.html immerse 浸没immersion heater 浸没式电热器impact 碰撞impedance 阻抗impulse 冲量impurity 杂质in focus 焦点对准in parallel 并联in phase 同相in series 串联incident ray 入射线incident wavefront 入射波阵面，入射波前inclined plane 斜面incoherent 不相干的incompressible fluid 非压缩性流体indicator 指示器indirectly heated cathode 旁热式阴极induced charge 感生电荷induced current 感生电流induced e.m.f. 感生电动势induced voltage 感生电压inducing charge 施感电荷inducing current 施感电流inductance 电感inductance capacitancecoupled circuit 感容耦合电路inductance coil 电感线圈induction 感应induction heating 感应生热inductive circuit 电感电路inductive component 电感性分量inductive reactance 感抗inductor 电感器，感应器inelastic collision 非弹性碰撞inert gas 惰性气体inertia 惯性，惯量inertia balance 惯性秤inertial frame 惯性坐标系，惯性系inertial mass 惯性质量infra-red detector 红外线探测器infra-red radiation 红外辐射infra-red ray 红外线initial state 初态initial velocity 初速度input 输入满分网（）更多学习资料请访问：/thread-14350-1-1.htmlinput bias current 输入偏压电流input characteristic 输入特性input current 输入电流input offset current 输入补偿电流input power 输入功率input resistance 输入电阻input voltage 输入电压input-output voltagecharacteristic 输入—输出电压特性instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度。
拥有不惧杂音干扰的定力作文
拥有不惧杂音干扰的定力作文英文回答：Having the ability to remain unaffected by noise interference requires a strong sense of focus and determination. It is important to develop the mental fortitude to stay calm and composed in the face of distractions. This skill can be honed through practice and mindfulness.One way to cultivate this resilience is by creating a conducive environment for concentration. For example, finding a quiet place to study or work can help minimize external disturbances. Additionally, using noise-canceling headphones or playing soft instrumental music can create a soothing atmosphere that promotes concentration.Another strategy is to train the mind to filter out irrelevant noise. This can be achieved by practicing deep breathing exercises or meditation. By focusing on thebreath and clearing the mind of clutter, it becomes easier to ignore external distractions and maintain a state of inner calm.Furthermore, developing a positive mindset can greatly enhance one's ability to remain unfazed by noise interference. Instead of viewing noise as a hindrance, it can be reframed as an opportunity to practice resilience and adaptability. Embracing challenges and seeing them as a chance for personal growth can help shift one's perspective and reduce the impact of external disturbances.In addition to these techniques, it is important to be aware of one's own limitations and boundaries. Recognizing when it is necessary to take a break or step away from a noisy environment is crucial in maintaining mental clarity and focus. Taking short breaks to recharge and reset can actually improve productivity in the long run.Overall, developing the ability to remain unaffected by noise interference requires a combination of mental discipline, environmental adjustments, and a positivemindset. With practice and perseverance, one can cultivate the inner strength to stay focused and undisturbed amidst any external distractions.中文回答：拥有不惧杂音干扰的定力需要具备坚定的专注力和决心。
噪声污染(英文)
3.The types of noise
Noise is among the most pervasive pollutants today .
What are the noise pollution in daily life.
Mechanical noise (机械噪声) Gas noise （气体噪声） The electric magnetic noise（电磁性噪 声）
2.The characteristics of the noise
Noise is among the most pervasive pollutants today
Noise is unavoidable for many machines
We experience noise in a number of ways
Riding a bike instead of driving. Don’t use loudspeaker. Don’t stay for a long time in the noisy
place. Don't make a big noise in public.
Team members:吴坤燃、王胜
pollution prevention and control
In a public place, gathering, entertainment use speakers that must be approved by the ministry of public security .
Measures should be taken to avoid the impact on the residents when using electrical appliances, instruments, home entertainment, indoor decoration.
水处理英文词汇x
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A (1)B (5)C (7)D (12)E (15)F (19)G (21)H (23)I (24)J (27)K (27)L (27)M (29)N (32)O (34)P (36)Q (40)R (40)S (43)T (49)U (52)V (53)W (54)X (58)Y (58)Z (58)Aabatement 消减abatement notice 消减噪音通知书abattoir 屠场abrasive cleaning 研磨去污absorption system 吸收系统abstraction for potable water supply 抽取作可饮用水的供应acceptability for swimming purpose是否适宜游泳acceptable [impact] 可以接受〔影响〕acceptable characteristic 可接受特性acceptable noise level [ANL] 可接受的噪音声级acceptable with mitigation measure[impact] 在采取缓解措施后可以接受〔影响〕accessible point 接触点acclimatization of sludge 污泥中细菌对环境的适应过程accredited laboratory 认可实验所accuracy is about one order ofmagnitude 准确性约有一个数字的差误acetogenic-hydrogen 氢醋酸acid rain 酸雨acidic deposition 酸性沉降物acidic etching 酸蚀acidic medium 酸性介质acidogenic bacterium 酸化细菌acoustic assurance period 声量保证期acoustic baffle cover 隔音罩acoustic barrier 隔音屏；隔音屏障acoustic calibrator 声音校正器acoustic chamber 隔音箱acoustic consultant 声学顾问acoustic criterion for the environment环境声学准则acoustic data 声学数据Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler[ADCP] 音波多普勒水流测剖机acoustic enclosure 隔音围封；隔音罩acoustic insulation 隔音设备 acousticlouvre 隔音百叶帘acoustic mat 吸音席acoustic plaster spray 喷洒式吸音石膏灰泥acoustic reflection correction 声音反射的修正系数acoustic shield 隔音屏障acoustic silencer 灭声器acoustic stability 声响稳定性acoustic testing laboratory 声学测试实验室；噪音测试实验室acoustic treatment 隔音措施；噪音消减处理acoustic wool 吸音棉acoustical practice 声学惯例acoustical principle 声学原理acoustical scale modeling system 声学仿真系统acoustics 声学acrylate works 丙烯酸盐工程acrylic plate 聚丙烯酸酯胶片；“亚克力”胶片acrylonitrile 丙烯腈acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene [ABS]丙烯腈－丁二烯－苯乙烯；超不碎塑料action level [environmental qualityperformance limit] 行动水平〔环境质素表现规限〕activated carbon 活性碳activated carbon absorber 活性碳除味器activated carbon bed 活性碳 activated chlorine 活性氯activated sludge 活性污泥activated sludge system 活性污泥系统active livestock farm 活跃禽畜饲养场activation 活化actual sound position 实际声源位置acute toxicity effect 急性的有毒影响additional waste 附加废物additive 添加剂adhesive recirculating reservoir 胶水循环系统adit 坑道adjustable parameter 可调整的参数指针advance works 前期工程advection 平流adverse environmental impact 不良环境影响Advisory Committee on Agriculture and Fisheries 渔农业咨询委员会Advisory Council on the Environment [ACE] [formerly known as Environmental Pollution Advisory Committee] 环境问题咨询委员会〔前称环境污染问题咨询委员会〕aerated grit channel 曝气沉砂池；曝气沉砂渠；曝气沉砂槽aerated lagoon 曝气污水塘aerated windrow method 曝气堆肥法aeration 曝气aeration basin 曝气池aeration chamber 曝气室aeration channel 曝气渠aeration cycle 曝气循环aeration process 曝气流程aeration system 曝气系统aeration tank 曝气池aerator 曝气机；曝气设备aerobic biological plant 耗氧生物装置aerobic biological treatment 耗氧生物处理aerobic degradation 耗氧分解；耗氧降解；氧化分解aerobic heterotrophic micro-organism耗氧异养微生物aerobic lagoon 耗氧污水塘aerobic sequencing batch reactor 耗氧顺序分批式反应器aerobic treatment 耗氧处理aerobic treatment system 耗氧处理系统aerobic zone 耗氧区；氧化区aerosol container 喷雾剂容器aesthetic appearance [water quality objective] 美观程度〔水质指针〕aesthetic enjoyment 观赏afterburner system 后助喷燃系统aggregate sound level 总声级agitator 搅动机agricultural cultivation 农业栽植agricultural land 农地agricultural operation 农业操作agricultural priority area 农业优先区agricultural waste 农业废物agricultural weir 农场围坝agro-food industry 农业食品工业air compressor 空气压缩机air conditioner chiller fan 空气调节器冷却扇；冷气机冷却扇air conditioner noise 空气调节器噪音；冷气机噪音air control zone [ACZ] 空气质素管制区Air Control Zones (Consolidation)Statement of Air Quality Objectives[Cap. 311] 《空气质素管制区（综合）空气指针说明》〔第311章〕air damper 空气挡板air delivery 空气输出量air diffuser 空气扩散器Air Division [EnvironmentalProtection Department] 空气质素科〔环境保护署〕air ejector 空气喷射器air filter 空气过滤器；气隔air flow 气流air for combustion 助燃空气air legislation 空气质素管理法例Air Management Group[Environmental Protection Department]空气质素监理组〔环境保护署〕air monitoring 空气监测air planning advice 空气规划指引Air Policy Group [EnvironmentalProtection Department] 空气质素政策组〔环境保护署〕air pollutant 空气污染物air pollution 空气污染air pollution abatement notice 空气污染消减通知air pollution black spot 空气污染黑点air pollution concentration 空气污染浓度Air Pollution Control (Air ControlZones) (Declaration) (Consolidation)Order [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（空气质素管制区）（宣布）（综合）令》〔第311章〕Air Pollution Control (Appeal Board)Regulations [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（上诉委员会）规例》〔第311章〕Air Pollution Control (Asbestos)(Administration) (Amendment)Regulation [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（石棉）（行政管理）规例》〔第311章〕air pollution control authority 空气污染管制监督Air Pollution Control (ConstructionDust) Regulation [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（建造工程尘埃）规例》〔第311章〕Air Pollution Control (Dust and GritEmission) Regulations [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（尘埃及砂砾排放）规例》〔第311章〕air pollution control equipment 空气污染控制设备Air Pollution Control (Fuel Restriction)Regulations [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（燃料限制）规例》〔第311章〕Air Pollution Control (Furnaces,Ovens and Chimneys) (Installation andAlteration) Regulations [Cap. 311]《空气污染管制（火炉、烘炉、烟 ）（安装及更改）规例》〔第311章〕Air Pollution Control (Motor VehicleFuel) Regulation [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（汽车燃料）规例》〔第311章〕Air Pollution Control (Open Burning)Regulation [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（露天焚烧）规例》〔第311章〕Air Pollution Control Ordinance [Cap.311] [APCO] 《空气污染管制条例》〔第311章〕air pollution control plan 空气污染控制计划Air Pollution Control (Smoke) Regulations [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（烟雾）规例》〔第311章〕Air Pollution Control (Specified Processes) Regulations [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（指明工序）规例》〔第311章〕Air Pollution Control (Specified Processes) (Removal of Exemption) Order [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（指明工序）（撤除豁免）令》〔第311章〕Air Pollution Control (Specified Processes) (Specification of Required Particulars and Information) Order [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（指明工序）（所需详情及资料的指明）令》〔第311章〕air pollution control system 空气污染控制系统Air Pollution Control (Vehicle Design Standards) (Emission) Regulations [Cap. 311] 《空气污染管制（车辆设计标准）（排放）规例》〔第311章〕air pollution dispersion modeling 空气污染扩散仿真系统Air Pollution Forecast System 空气质素预报系统air pollution index [API] 空气污染指数air pollution index system 空气污染指数制度air pollution inventory 空气污染资料表；空气污染资料记录air pollution level 空气污染水平air pollution source emission 空气污染源排放air quality 空气质素air quality area 空气质素区air quality data 空气质素资料air quality impact 空气质素影响Air Quality in Hong Kong 1992 《一九九二年香港空气质素》Air Quality in Hong Kong and the Measures to Improve it 《香港的空气质素及其改善措施》air quality management 空气质素管理air quality management plan 空气质素管理计划air quality management workshop 空气质素管理研讨会air quality monitoring 空气质素监测air quality monitoring network 空气质素监测网air quality monitoring report 空气质素监测报告air quality monitoring station 空气质素监测站air quality objective [AQO] 空气质素指针Air Quality Objectives for Hong Kong香港的空气质素指针air quality report 空气质素报告air quality study 空气质素研究air recirculation zone 空气环流地带air sampler 空气抽样器air sampling station 空气样本收集站air scrubber 空气洗涤器；净气设备air sensitive receiver 易受空气污染影响的受体Air Services Group [EnvironmentalProtection Department] 空气质素技术支持组〔环境保护署〕Air Services Laboratory 空气质素技术支持实验所air washer 空气洗涤器；净气设备airborne dust 空气浮尘；空气中的尘埃；飘尘airborne dust level 空气浮尘水平airborne noise 经空气传送的噪音air-cooled condenser fan 散热器冷却扇air-cooled condensing unit 风冷式冷凝器；空气冷凝器aircraft engine ground run 地面测试飞机引擎aircraft maintenance and repair plant飞机维修与修理厂aircraft noise 飞机噪音；航空器噪音aircraft noise certification scheme 飞机噪音证明书计划aircraft noise exposure 飞机噪音影响airline breathing apparatus 通风气喉呼吸器airshed 空气域；气域alcaligenes eutrophus 真养产碱杆菌alcoholic aerosol concentrate 含酒精成分的喷雾浓缩物algae 海藻algal bioassay 海藻的生物分析algal bloom 藻类繁生；藻华；红潮algal growth 海藻生长alignment 定线；走向〔道路〕alkaline cleaning 碱性去污alkaline hydrolysis 碱性水解alkaline packed tower scrubber 碱性填充塔式洗涤器alloy 合金alluvium 冲积土alpha particle 阿尔法粒子alpha track detector 阿尔法径迹检测器alum 明矾alum sludge 明矾污泥aluminum works 铝工程alveolar 肺泡ambient 周围的；外围的；大气的；环境的ambient monitoring 大气监察；大气监测ambient sulphur dioxide concentration周围空气的二氧化硫含量；外围空气的二氧化硫浓度ambient temperature 周围的温度；外围的温度；环境温度amended water 含有适量渗透剂的溶液amenity value 康乐价值；美化价值American Public Health Association美国公共 生协会American Society for Testing andMaterials' Specification for NumberFour Fuel Oil 美国材料试验学会所订的第四号燃油amine works 胺类工程ammonia [water quality objective] 氨〔水质指针〕ammonia nitrogen level 氨氮水平ammonia salt 氨盐ammoniacal nitrogen [water quality objective] 氨态氮〔水质指针〕ammonium sulphate 硫酸铵amosite [brown asbestos] 铁石棉〔褐石棉〕amphibole 闪石anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化；厌氧分解anaerobic lagoon 厌氧污水塘anaerobic treatment 厌氧处理anaerobic zone 无氧区analysis of sample 样本分析analytical electron microscope 分析电子显微镜ancillary works 附属工程；辅助工程anechoic chamber 静室；电子暗室animal bodymass 动物体质量animal carcass 动物尸体animal waste 动物废物anion 阴离子anionic detergent 阴离子去污剂anionic surfactant 阴离子的表面活化剂aniseed oil 大茴香子油annealing furnace 回火炉Annual Book of American Society for Testing and Materials Standards 《美国材料试验学会标准年报》annual bottom mean 水底的全年平均数annual geometric mean Escherichia coli level 全年的大肠杆菌几何平均数annual median 全年中位数annual median dissolved oxygen level 全年的溶解氧水平中位数annual surface mean 水面的全年平均数annual water column average 全年水柱平均值anode 阳极anode bag 阳极袋anode scrap 阳极屑anodizing 阳极氧化处理anoxia 缺氧anoxic sediment 缺氧沉积物；缺氧沉淀物anti-foaming chemical 防沫化学剂antifoulant 抗污剂antifouling agent 防污物料antifouling paint 防污油漆antifreeze fluid 防冻剂antimony [toxic metal] 锑〔有毒金属〕anti-pollution legislation 反污染法例anti-pollution prosecution 反污染检控anti-pollution prosecution figure 反污染条例的检控数字anti-vibration mounting 避震装置aplastic anaemia 再生障碍性贫血apogee 远地点Application of Screening Structures toAbate Noise from SurfaceTransportation 《如何使用建筑物来隔开地面交通的噪音》Application of the EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Process to MajorPrivate Sector Projects 《将环境影响评估程序应用于大型私人发展工程》approach viaduct 高架引桥approved device 认可器件aqua privies 水厕aquaculture 水产养殖aquaculture activity 水产养殖活动aquaculture farm 水产养殖场aquaculture production 水产养殖生产aquaculture site 水产养殖地点aquaculturist 从事水产养殖业的人士aquatic biota 水生生物aquatic community 水生 落aquatic ecosystem 水生生态系统aquatic environment 水生环境aquatic life 水生生物aquatic organism 水生生物aquatic system 水体aqueous waste 含水废物arable farming application 耕种施肥archaeological significance 考古价值area sensitivity rating [ASR] 地区对噪音感应程度的级别aromatic 有香味的；芳香族的aromatic hydrocarbon 芳香烃arsenic [toxic metal] 砷〔有毒金属〕artificial wetland 人工湿地asbestos 石棉asbestos abatement notice 石棉消减通知asbestos abatement plan 石棉消减计划asbestos abatement works 石棉消减工程asbestos acoustic plaster 吸声石棉批荡；吸声石棉灰泥Asbestos Administration Committee石棉行政管理委员会asbestos board 石棉板asbestos cement 石棉水泥asbestos consultant 石棉顾问asbestos contractor 石棉承办商asbestos control 石棉管制asbestos emission 石棉散溢asbestos fibre 石棉纤维asbestos handling 石棉的处理asbestos insulation 石棉隔热材料；石棉绝缘物asbestos investigation report 石棉调查报告asbestos laboratory 石棉化验所asbestos management plan 石棉管理计划asbestos packing 石棉填料asbestos product 石棉产品asbestos removal contractor 石棉清拆承办商asbestos supervisor 石棉监管人asbestos waste 石棉废物；石棉废料Asbestos Waste Action Plan 石棉废物行动计划asbestos worker 石棉行业的工人asbestos works 石棉工程asbestos-containing material 含石棉物料asbestos-contaminated 被石棉污染asbestos-free 不含石棉asbestosis 石棉沉滞病；“石棉肺”asbestos-related works 与石棉有关工程ash lagoon 煤灰湖Asia Society for Environmental Protection 亚洲环境保护协会asphalt cement waste 沥青胶泥废料asphalt mixing furnace 沥青熔合炉asphalt mixing plant 沥青混合厂asphalt paver 沥青摊铺机asphaltic concrete membrane 沥青混凝土膜assemblage 聚合Assessment and Audit Group [Environmental Protection Department]评估及审核组〔环境保护署〕assessment methodology 评估方法assessment point 评估点assimilate 同化；吸收assimilative capacity 同化能力；吸收能力assimilative capacity of the atmospheric environment 大气环境同化能力；大气环境容量Assistant Director of Environmental Protection 环境保护署助理署长Assistant Environmental Protection Officer 助理环境保护主任Associate Environmental Auditor Training Course 准环境审核员课程atmospheric ozone 大气中的臭氧atmospheric particulate 大气粒子；大气微粒Atomic Energy Research Institute [United Kingdom] 原子能研究所〔英国〕atomization 雾化attenuation 衰减作用audible signal 可听信号audit programme 审核计划；评审计划augering 螺旋挖钻automatic flow machinery device 自动测流设备automatic self-monitoring device 自动化自我监察器automatic self-monitoring system 自动化自我监察系统automatic sequential air sampler 自动连续空气抽样器automatic surveillance device 自动监察设备automatic treatment timer 自动定时器automatic weather station 自动气象站automotive clean diesel 汽车用低污染柴油autunite 钙，铀云母auxiliary power unit 辅助动力器available capacity [stormwater drain]有效容量〔雨水渠〕average pollutant concentration andobjective 污染物平均含量及指针Aviation Fuel Receiving Facilities[AFRF] 飞机燃料接收设施Aviation Fuel Receiving Facility(AFRF) at Sha Chau EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Study 《飞机燃料接收设施（沙洲）的环境影响评估研究》A-weighted decibel Ａ加权分贝A-weighted equivalent continuoussound pressure level Ａ加权等效连续声压级A-weighted instantaneous soundpressure Ａ加权瞬时声压A-weighted maximum sound pressurelevel [LAmax] Ａ加权最高声压级A-weighted sound energy Ａ加权声能A-weighted sound pressure level Ａ加权声压级A-weighting network Ａ加权网络Bback pressure 逆压backfilling 回填background noise 背景噪音background radiation monitoring 本底辐射监测；背景辐射监测Background Radiation MonitoringProgramme [BRMP] 本底辐射监测计划backup absorbent cartridge 后备吸收筒back-up area 后勤地区back-up yard 后勤场地backwater 回水；死水；背水backwater curve 回水曲线bacteria [water quality objective] 细菌〔水质指针〕Bacteria in Recreation Waters--ARegulator's Concerns 《休憩水域出现细菌──监管机构的忧虑》bacteriological examination ofdrinking water supplies 食水供应的细菌检验bacteriological water quality objective水质含细菌量指针Bacteriological Water Quality ofBathing Beaches in Hong Kong 《香港泳滩细菌水质年报》baffle booth 挡板；喷箱baffle wall 分水墙bag filter 袋式集尘器；袋式隔尘器；尘屋袋；隔尘袋bag filter system 袋式过滤系统；袋形过滤系统baghouse 集尘室ballast tamping 石碴夯实工程banded-ironstone 夹层含铁矿石banned area [livestock keeping] 禁制区〔禽畜饲养〕bar screen 格栅barium 钡barrel finishing 滚桶拋光barrier 屏障；围墙barrier wall 围墙base flow 基本水流baseline condition 基线情况baseline environmental survey 基线环境调查baseline flow 基线流量；基流baseline groundwater condition 基线地下水情况baseline monitoring 基线监察；基线监测baseline monitoring report 基线监察报告baseline monitoring station 基线监察站baseline study 基线研究basic harbour geometry 海港基本几何basic noise level [BNL] 基准噪音声级batch reactor 分批式反应器batching 配料batching plant 配料厂；配料机；配料设施batchwise activated sludge treatment [BAST] 分批式活性污泥处理batchwise activated sludge treatment system 分批式活性污泥处理系统batchwise mode 分批式bathing beach 泳滩bathing beach management 泳滩管理bathing beach subzone 泳滩分区bathometry change 海 改变bating 软化beach clean-up day 清洁沙滩日beach water pollution 泳滩水质污染beam 束流Beas Subzone 双鱼分区becquerel [Bq] 贝克勒尔becquerelite 深黄铀矿bedding 草垫belt conveyor system 输送带系统belt scraper 输送带刮板benchmark 基准beneficial [impact] 有实益〔影响〕beneficial use 实益用途；有益用途beneficial use of waters 水域的实益用途benthic biota 海底生物；底栖生物benthic organism 海底生物；底栖生物benthic study 海底研究benthos 海底生物bentonite 膨润土；皂土benzene 苯benzo-alpha-pyrene 苯甲基beryllium [toxic metal] 铍〔有毒金属〕best management practice 最佳管理办法best practicable means 最佳可行办法best practicable technology 最佳可行技术best use 最佳用途beta particle 贝他粒子beta radiation 贝他辐射betafite 铌钛铀矿bioaccumulation 生物积聚；生物累积bioaccumulative substances 生物积聚物质bioassay 生物鉴定；生物分析bioavailability 生物有效性biochemical conversion 生化转变biochemical oxygen demand [BOD]生化需氧量biochemical oxygen demand load 生化需氧量负荷biochemical plant 生化工厂biocide 杀虫药biodegradable 可作生物降解；可藉微生物降解；可藉微生物分解biodiversity 生物多样化bio-filter 生物过滤器biogas 沼气；生物气biological action 生物作用biological agent 生物作用剂biological attenuation 生物衰减作用biological effectiveness 生物效能biological filtration 生物过滤法biological growth 生物滋长biological nitrogen 生物氮biological sewage treatment works 生物污水处理厂biological toxin 生物毒素biological treatment 生物处理biological treatment plant 生物处理设备biologically cumulative effect in foodchain 食物链的生物累积效应bioluminescence 生物发光biomagnification 生物扩大biomass 生物量biomass concentration 生物量浓度biophysical environment 生物物理环境biota 生物区系；生物 biotoxin 生物毒素bitumen 沥青bituminous material 沥青物料Black Point 烂角咀blank facade 密封外墙blanket-type permit [construction noise]广泛区域适用的建筑噪音许可证blasting 爆破bleaching and dying of garments 成衣漂染blomstrandine 钛铌铀矿blowing agent 发泡剂blue asbestos [crocidolite] 青石棉blueprint 蓝本BOD 50:SS 50 每公升废水的生化需氧量及悬浮固体比率为50︰50毫克body of sea water 海水体boiler chimney 锅炉烟 boiler grit 锅炉渣滓boiler house 锅炉房bonded asbestos 黏结石棉boom 防污栏栅booster pump 加压水泵；加压泵booster pump control panel 加压水泵开关控制箱bored pile 钻孔桩borehole 探井；钻孔boron 硼bottom deposit 水底沉积bottom dissolved oxygen 水底溶解氧bottom dumping 经舱底将废物倾卸入海bottom sediment 底部沉积物；水底沉积物；底泥bottom-living community 水底群落box culvert 箱形暗渠brackish marsh 咸淡水沼泽brake fluid 制动剂brake shoe 块形制动器brass reheating furnace 铜加热炉breaker 破碎机breaking down [waste water] 分解〔污水〕breakwater 防波堤；防浪堤breeder 增殖反应堆breeding ground 繁育场；繁殖地区brewery works 酿酒厂bright dipping 光泽浸渍British Standards Institution [BSI] 英国标准协会broad scale physical development 整体实质发展broggerite 钍铀矿bromochlorodifluoromethane [halon 1211] [CF2BrCl] 溴氯二氟甲烷〔哈龙1211〕bromotrifluoromethane [halon 1301] [CF3Br] 溴三氟甲烷〔哈龙1301〕brushed concrete 坑纹混凝土brushed concrete surface 坑纹混凝土路面bubonic plague 淋巴腺鼠疫buffer 缓冲；缓冲区；缓冲水域buffer distance 间隔距离buffer storage 缓冲贮存库buffer subzone [water control zone] 缓冲分区〔水质管制区〕buffer zone 缓冲区buffering effect 缓冲作用buffing 拋光buffing booth 拋光机buffing dust 拋光尘building debris 建筑物碎料building demolition 楼宇拆卸Building (Demolition Works)Regulations [Cap. 123] 《建筑物（拆卸工程）规例》〔第123章〕building density 建筑物密度building insulation 建筑隔热层；建筑隔声层Building Research Establishment[BRE] [United Kingdom] 建筑研究院〔英国〕Building Research EstablishmentEnvironmental Assessment Method[BREEAM] 建筑研究院环境评审法build-operate-transfer 建造、营运及移交built-up area 楼宇密集区；已建设地区bulk 散装Bulk Cargoes Code 《散货规则》bulk chemical storage facilities 散装化学物品贮存设施bulk waste reduction facilities 减少废物体积设施bulk waste reduction programme 减少废物体积计划bulk waste reduction technology 减少废物体积技术bulking material 混合料bulldozer 推土机bund 海堤burner 燃烧器；喷燃器bushing 轴衬Business and Industry EnvironmentWeek 工商环境周business process re-engineering study业务流程重整研究butadiene 丁二烯by-pass outfall 绕流排放口by-product 副产品by-product plant 副产品处理厂Ccadmium [toxic metal] 镉〔有毒金属〕caisson 沉箱caisson pile 沉箱桩calcium carbide 碳化钙calcium carbide residue 碳化钙剩余物Calculation of Road Traffic Noise, The《计算路面交通噪音》calendering [paper] 滚压〔纸张〕calibration 校正；校准calibration audit 标准化审核call-up procedure [motor vehicle] 通知车辆接受检查calorific value 热值Caltex Green Fund 加德士环保基金canning 装罐canvas shroud 帆布罩capacitor 电容器capital stock 重要资源captive species 圈养的物种capture fishery 捕捞渔业carbamate 甲氨酸盐carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon monoxide 一氧化碳carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳carbonaceous pollution 碳质污染carbonated waters industry 碳酸化饮品工业carburettor 化油器carcinogen 致癌物质carcinogenic 致癌carnotite 钾钒铀矿carpet underlay 地毯底胶carrier 助剂cast-in-place pile 就地灌注桩catalyst 催化剂catalytic afterburner 催化后助喷燃器catalytic converter 催化变换器；触媒式转化器catalytic incinerator 催化焚化炉；触媒式焚化炉 catch basin 集水区 catch pit 集水井；截水井 catchment 集水区；引水区 catchment area 集水区 catchment of sewage disposal works 污水处置设施引水区 catchwater 集水排水沟cathode 阴极cation 阳离子caustic filter washdown 碱性滤器冲洗废料cavern storage 洞穴式贮存cavern storage tank 洞穴式贮存缸cavity effect 空蚀效果ceased livestock farm 已结业禽畜饲养场celestial body 天体cement additive 水泥添加剂cement clinker 水泥溶块cement plant 水泥厂cement silo 水泥密封仓cement works 水泥厂；水泥工程Central Reclamation, PhaseI--Engineering Works Focused EIA Report on Progress of Implementationof Recommended Mitigation Measures《中区填海工程第一期──工程设施专题，环境影响评估报告──建议的缓解措施实施进度报告》central sewerage network 中央污水收集网络central spine drain 中央脊柱式排水管central treatment plant 中央集体处理系统centralized incineration facilities 中央焚化设施Centre for Environmental Studies [Chinese University of Hong Kong] 环境研究中心〔香港中文大学〕Centre of Environmental Technology Limited [CET] 环境技术中心Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management [University of Hong Kong] 城市规划及环境管理研究中心〔香港大学〕 centrifugal chiller 离心式冷冻机；离心式冷却装置centrifugal pump 离心泵 centrifugation 离心作用centrifuging 离心法 centroid 中心地带；中心点 ceramic waste 陶瓷废物 ceramic works 陶瓷工程 certificate of analysis 分析证明书 cessation order 终止令 cesspit 粪坑；污水坑 cetane number 十六烷值 CFC Phaseout and Your Vehicle: A Consumer Guide 《车主如何面对取缔含氯氟烃（CFC ）制冷剂：消费指南》 chain block 链条滑车；铁链辘轳；排水喉升降控制 chain bucket dredger 链斗式挖泥机 chainage 链距 channel intake 渠道进水口；水道进水口channel section 渠道部分；水道部分 channel stiffener 槽铁固定板 Channel Subzone [water control zone] 海峡分区〔水质管制区〕 chart recorder 图表记录器 chassis dynamometer 底盘式测功机 chemical attenuation 化学衰减作用 chemical components of discharges and deposits 排放物及沉积物的化学组分 chemical dosing 化学剂用量 chemical incineration works 化学废物焚化工程 chemical oxygen demand [COD] [water quality objective] 化学需氧量〔水质指针〕 Chemical Oxygen Demand--Settled [CODs] 化学需氧量（沉淀） Chemical Oxygen Demand--Total [CODt] 化学需氧量（总数） chemical plant 化工厂 chemical polishing 化学拋光 chemical pollution 化学污染 chemical precipitation 化学沉淀 chemical quality [effluent] 化学质量〔污水〕 chemical reduction 化学还原法 chemical spill 化学溢出物 chemical storage facilities 化学物品贮存设施 chemical treatment 化学处理 chemical waste 化学废物 Chemical Waste Action Plan 化学废物行动计划 Chemical Waste Charging Scheme 化学废物收费计划 chemical waste collector licence 化学废物收集商牌照 Chemical Waste Control Scheme 化学废物管制计划 chemical waste disposal licence 化学废物处置牌照 chemical waste incinerator 化学废物焚化炉 chemical waste producer 化学废物产生者 chemical waste stream 化学废物类别 chemical waste treatment 化学废物处理 Chemical Waste Treatment Centre [CWTC] 化学废物处理中心 chemical waste treatment facilities [CWTF] 化学废物处理设施 chemically enhanced primary treatment [CEPT] 化学辅助一级污水处理方法 chemiluminescence 化学发光 Cheung Chau Sewage TreatmentWorks 长洲污水处理厂 chicken-on-litter method 木糠 养鸡法Chief Environmental ProtectionInspector 总环境保护督察 chimney emission monitoring laboratory 烟囱废气监测车 China Environmental Protection Foundation [China] 中华环境保护基金会〔中国〕 China Greening Foundation 中国绿化基金会China Wildlife Conservation Association 中国野生动物保护协会chipboard 木渣板chloralkali plant 氯碱厂chloride 氯化物chlorinated hydrocarbon 氯化烃；氯化碳氢化合物chlorinated organic 有机氯化物chlorination 加氯chlorine 氯；氯气chlorine condensate 氯凝液；氯气凝液chlorine store 氯气贮存仓chlorine transshipment dock 氯气转运站chlorine works 氯工程chlorofluorocarbon [CFC] 含氯氟烃；氯氟碳化合物chlorofluorocarbon-based refrigerant 含氯氟烃制冷剂chloroheptafluoropropane [CFC217] [C3F7Cl] 氯七氟丙烷chloropentafluoroethane [CFC115] [C2F5Cl] 氯五氟乙烷chlorophyll 叶绿素chlorophyll-a 叶绿素－achlorotrifluoromethane [CFC13][CF3Cl] 氯三氟甲烷Chop Yat [old marine survey vessel]集一号〔旧海上监察船〕chromating 铬酸盐涂层处理chromatographic analysis 色谱分析chrome tanning 铬鞣革chromium [toxic metal] 铬〔有毒金属〕chromium plating 镀铬chronic toxicity effect 慢性的有毒影响 chrysolite [white asbestos] 温石棉〔白石棉〕 cigarette manufacturing plant 香烟制造厂 circuit breaker 断流器 civil and environmental engineering 土木及环境工程学 Civil Aviation (Aircraft Noise) (Certification) Regulations [Cap. 312] 《民航（飞机噪音）（证明）规例》〔第312章〕 Civil Aviation (Aircraft Noise) (Limitation on Landing or Taking off of Aircraft) Notice [Cap. 312] 《民航（飞机噪音）（限制飞机 陆或起飞）公告》〔第312章〕 Civil Aviation (Aircraft Noise) (Limitation on Operation of Engines and Auxiliary Power Units) Regulations [Cap. 312] 《民航（飞机噪音）（操作引擎及辅助动力装置的限制）规例》〔第312章〕 Civil Aviation (Aircraft Noise) Ordinance [Cap. 312] 《民航（飞机噪音）条例》〔第312章〕 clarifier 沉淀池 classifying label 分类标识classifying label arrangement 分类标识安排clean technology 洁净技术；环保技术 Cleaner Air: Further Proposals to Reduce Emissions from Diesel Vehicles 《更清新的空气：减低柴油车辆喷出废气的进一步建议》 Cleaning Up Our Harbour 《清除海港污染》 clearance air test 空气检净测试 cleveite 富钇复铀矿 clinical waste 医疗废物 clinical waste control 医疗废物管制 Clinical Waste Control Scheme 医疗废物管制计划 clinical waste disposal permit 医疗废物许可证 clinical waste incinerator 医疗废物焚化炉 closed cup 闭杯 clutch lining 离合器套；离合器衬片 coagulant 凝结剂 coal ash 煤灰coal industry works 煤厂 coal tar 煤焦油 coal-fired generating unit 燃煤发电机组 coal-fired power station 燃煤发电厂 coarse screening 隔除体积大的废物 coastal amenities 海滨美化市容设施 coastal and environmental engineering 海岸及环境工程 coastal protection area 海滨保护区 coastal waters 海岸水域 ；沿岸水域 Code of Good Practice to Reduce the Emissions of Controlled Refrigerants into the Atmosphere 《减少排放受管制制冷剂到大气中的良好作业方法》 Code of Good Practices for the Operation of Liquid Fuel-Fired Commercial, Industrial and Domestic Appliances 《使用液体燃料之良好方法──燃烧液体燃料的工业、商业及家庭炉具的操作守则》 code of practice 工作守则；操作守则 Code of Practice for Air-conditioning Installations 《安装空气调节系统工作守则》 Code of Practice for Lighting Installations 《安装照明系统工作守则》 Code of Practice: Livestock Waste Management 《禽畜废物管理的工作守则》 Code of Practice on the Handling, Transportation and Disposal of Asbestos Waste 《处理、运送及处置石棉废物的工作守则》Code of Practice on the Handling, Transportation and Disposal of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Waste 《处理、运送及处置多氯联苯废物的工作守则》 Code of Practice on the Packaging, Labelling and Storage of Chemical Wastes 《包装、卷标及存放化学废物的工作守则》 Code of Practice--Responsibilities of Waste Producers in Complying with the Regulatory Control on Chemical Waste Disposal 《工作守则──产生废物的厂商及人士对遵守化学废物处理管制法例所应肩负的责任》codisposal 共同处置codisposal landfill 共同处置堆填区co-efficient of haze [COH] 烟雾系数cold start boiler 冻炉；开冷炉coliform die-off rate 大肠杆菌死亡率 collection drain 污水渠colorant-pigment 色剂combustible waste 可燃烧的废物combustion plant 燃烧装置combustion source 燃烧点；燃烧源commercial and industrial wastes [C&Iwastes] 商业及工业废物；工商业废物comminuted garbage 经粉碎的废物comminutor 磨碎机commissioning trial 验收测试Commitment Tree 环保树communal drain 公用排水渠communal sewer 公用下水道；公用污水渠community action projects funding scheme 社区环保活动资助计划community attitude to the environment市民的环保态度community environmental project 社区环保计划Community Relations Unit[Environmental Protection Department] 社区关系组〔环境保护署〕compaction 压土 compactor room 废物压缩室 compatibility group 配伍组 compatible waste 可相互兼容的废物 compensatory planting 代偿性栽种 compensatory planting of trees 代偿性植树 completed landfill site 已经填满的堆填区complex water flow 复杂水流 component process 处理工序 composite pile 混成桩 composite rate [livestock keeping] 综合津贴率〔禽畜饲养〕 composite sample 综合样本 composition 成分 compost 堆肥 compost bunker 堆肥棚 compostable 可堆肥物 composting 堆肥composting method 堆肥方法 composting of manure 堆肥 composting plant 堆肥厂 composting service 堆肥服务 composting site 堆肥场 comprehensive sewerage 综合污水收集系统 compressed air 压缩空气 compression-ignition engine 压燃式引擎 compressor 压缩机；压缩器 compressor house 压缩机房 computerized automatic bacteria identification system 计算机化自动辨别细菌系统 computerized enforcementmanagement system 计算机化执行管理系统 computerized mathematical model 计算机数学仿真系统 computer-simulated air pollutant dispersion model 计算机仿真空气污染物扩散模型concentrate 浓缩物 concentration 浓度 concept plan 概念图则 Concise Guide to the Air Pollution Control Ordinance, A 《空气污染管制条例指南》 Concise Guide to the Noise Control Ordinance, A 《噪音管制条例简介》 Concise Guide to the Ozone Layer Protection (Controlled Refrigerants) Regulation, A 《保护臭氧层（受管制制冷剂）规例简介》 Concise Guide to the Ozone LayerProtection Ordinance, A 《保护臭氧层条例简介》 Concise Guide to the Ozone Layer Protection (Products Containing Scheduled Substances) (Import Banning) Regulation, A 《保护臭氧层（含受管制物质产品）（禁止进口）规例简介》 concrete 混凝土 concrete batching plant 混凝土拌合厂；混凝土配料厂；混凝土配料机 concrete block 混凝土方块 concrete cutter 混凝土切削机 concrete grade 混凝土等级 concrete mixer 混凝土搅拌机 concrete paving train 混凝土摊铺机 concrete pump 混凝土泵 concrete test block 混凝土测试方块 concrete vibratory poker 混凝土震动机 concreting 铺设混凝土；“落石屎” condemned food 报废食物 condensate return system 凝结水回收系统 condensation product 缩聚物 conductivity 传导率 conduit 导管 conduit threader 车喉牙机 Conference on Human Settlement [United Nations] 人类住区会议〔联合国〕 congener 同系物。
英语词汇之物理词汇
英语词汇之物理词汇英语词汇之物理词汇英语词汇-物理词汇(2)Nn-type semiconductor n型半导体NAND gate 「与非」门，「非与」门naphthalene ?natural frequency 固有频率，自然频率nature 本质near point 近点necking 颈缩negater 反相器，倒换器negative charge 负电荷negative feedback 负反馈negative ion 负离子negative supply rail 负供电轨negative terminal 负端钮，负接线柱net force 净力network 网络，网络neutral 中性，中线neutral equilibrium 中性平衡，随遇平衡neutral point 中和点neutrino 中微子neutron 中子neutron number 中子数newton 牛顿Newtons first law of motion 牛顿运动第一定律Newtons law of gravitation 牛顿万有引力定律Newtons ring 牛顿环Newtons second law of motion 牛顿运动第二定律Newtons third law of motion 牛顿运动第三定律Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Newtonian mechanics 牛顿力学nichrome wire 镍铬线，镍铬合金线Nicol prism 尼科尔棱镜nitrogen 氮no-parallax 无视差nodal line 节线node 节点，波节noise 噪音noise level 噪音级noise pollution 噪音污染non-conservative force 非守恒力，非保守力non-inertial frame 非惯性坐标系，非惯性系non-inverting input 非反相输入non-Newtonian fluid 非牛顿流体non-ohmic conductor 非奥姆导体non-ohmic resistor 非奥姆电阻器NOR gate 「或非」门，「非或」门normal 法线normal incidence 正入射normal reaction 法向反作用力normal stress 法向应力north pole 北极NOT gate 「非」门note 音，乐音，律音nozzle 喷嘴nuclear 原子核的nuclear energy 核能nuclear energy level 核能级nuclear fission 核裂变nuclear force 核力nuclear fusion 核聚变nuclear pile 核反应堆nuclear radiation 核辐射nuclear reaction 核反应nuclear rector 核反应堆nuclear waste 核废料nuclear weapon 核武器nucleon 核子nucleon number 核子数，质量数nucleus 原子核nuclide 核素Oobject 物，物体object distance 物距objective 接物镜，物镜obstacle 障碍物octave 八音度，倍频程Oersted 奥斯特ohm 奥姆Ohms law 奥姆定律ohmic conductor 奥姆导体ohmic resistor 奥姆电阻器ohmmeter 奥姆计oil film 油膜opaque 不透明的open circuit 断路，开路open pipe 开管open tube 开管open-loop control system 开环控制系统open-loop voltage gain 开环电压增益operating voltage 操作电压operational amplifier 运算放大器opposite phase 反相optical centre 光心optical density 光学密度optical fibre 光导纤维，光纤optical flatness 光学平度optical illusion 光幻象，视错觉optical instrument 光学仪器optical path 光程optical path difference 光程差optical system 光学系统，光具组optical thickness 光学厚度optically anisotropic 光学各向异性的optically denser medium 光密介质optically isotropic 光学各向同性的optically less dense medium 光疏介质optics 光学OR gate 「或」门orbit 轨道orbital electron 轨道电子order of magnitude 数量级ordinary ray 寻常光线orientation 取向，定向oscillation 振荡oscillator 振荡器oscillatory circuit 振荡电路oscilloscope 示波器Ostwalds viscometer 奥氏黏度计out of focus 离焦out of phase 异相output 输出output characteristic 输出特性output current 输出电流output power 输出功率output voltage 输出电压overload 超负荷，超载overtone 泛音Pp-type semiconductor p型半导体pair production 偶的产生，对的产生paraffin 石蜡parallax 视差parallel axis theorem 平行轴定理parallel beam projector 平行光束投射器parallel circuit 并联电路parallel forces 平行力parallel rays 平行光线parallel resonance 并联共振parallel resonance circuit 并联共振电路parallel-plate capacitor 平行板电容器parallelogram of forces 力平行四边形paramagnetism 顺磁性parameter 参量，参数paraxial ray 傍轴光线parent nucleus 母核parent nuclide 母核素parking orbit 驻留轨道partial polarization 部分偏振partial pressure 分压强partially polarized wave 部分偏振波particle 粒子particle movement 粒子运动，质点运动pascal 帕斯卡Paschen series 帕邢系，帕邢光谱path 路程path difference 程差peak value 峰值peak voltage 峰值电压peak-to-peak current 峰至峰电流peak-to-peak voltage 峰至峰电压pendulum 摆penetrating power 贯穿能力，贯穿本领，穿透能力，穿透本领penetration depth 贯穿深度，穿透深度percentage error 百分误差perfectly elastic 完全弹性的perfectly inelastic 完全非弹性的perigee 近地点perihelion 近日点period 周期periodic fading 周期性衰退periodic motion 周期运动periodic table 周期表periscope 潜望镜permanent magnet 永久磁铁，永磁体permeability 磁导率permeability of free space 真空磁导率permittivity 电容率，介电常数permittivity of free space 真空电容率perpendicular axis theorem 垂直轴定理，正交轴定理perpendicular distance 垂直距离Perrin tube 佩林管perspex 有机玻璃phase 相，相位phase angle 相角phase constant 相位常数，相位常量phase difference 相差，相位差phase lag 相位滞后phase lead 相位超前phasor 相矢量，相向量phon 方photo-timing gate 光控计时门photo-transistor 光敏晶体管photocell 光电池photodiode 光电二极管photoelasticity 光测弹性photoelectric cell 光电池photoelectric current 光电流photoelectric effect 光电效应photoelectric threshold 光电阈photoelectron 光电子photographic negative 照相底片photographic plate 照相底片，感光片photon 光子photosensitive 光敏的photosensitive surface 光敏面physical optics 物理光学physical property 物理性质physical quantity 物理量pick-up 拾音器，拾音piston 活塞pitch 螺距，音高，音调高度，音调Pitot tube 皮托管pivot 支点，支枢Planck constant 普朗克常数，普朗克常量plane mirror 平面镜plane of polarization 偏振面plane polarization 平面偏振plane polarized wave 面偏振波plane wave 平面波planetary motion 行星运动plano-concave lens 平凹透镜plano-convex lens 平凸透镜plastic deformation 塑性形变platinum resistance thermometer 铂阻温度计plug 插硕plutonium ?point action 尖端作用point charge 点电荷point mass 点质量point of application of force 施力点point of incidence 入射点point source 点源pointer 指针Poiseuilles formula 泊肃叶公式Poissons ratio 泊松比polar 极性polarity 极性polarization 偏振，极化polarization grille 偏振栅polarized light 偏振光polarized wave 偏振波polarizer 起偏振器，偏振器polarizing angle 起偏振角，偏振角polarizing filter 起偏振滤波器，偏振滤波器polaroid 偏振片pole 极polonium 钋polyatomic molecule 多原子分子polyethylene 聚乙烯polygon of forces 力多边形polystyrene bead 聚苯乙烯珠polystyrene cup 聚苯乙烯杯polythene strip 聚乙烯片positive charge 正电荷positive feedback 正反馈positive ion 正离子positive supply rail 正供电轨positive terminal 正端钮，正接线柱potential barrier 势垒，位垒potential difference 电势差，电位差potential divider 分压器potential energy 势能，位能potential gradient 势梯度，位梯度potentiometer 分压器，电势差计，电位差计power 功率power amplifier 功率放大器power distribution 配电power factor 功率因子power generation 发电power loss 功率损失power pack 电源箱power rating 电功率额定值power station 电力站，发电厂power supply 电源，供电power supply unit 供电设备，电源箱power transistor 功率晶体管power transmission 输电pressure 压强pressure cooker 高压锅，加压蒸煮器pressure gauge 压强计pressure law 气压定律pressurised water reactor 压水式反应堆primary coil 原线圈primary current 原电流primary voltage 原电压primary winding 原绕组principal axis 主轴principal focus 主焦点principle 原理principle of flotation 浮体原理principle of moments 力矩原理principle of superposition 迭加原理prism 棱镜prismatic periscope 棱镜潜望镜probe 深测器progressive wave 前进波projectile 抛体，抛射体projectile motion 抛体运动projection 投影，投射，抛射projector 投影机，放映机，投射器prong 音叉臂proof plane 验电板propagation 传播propeller 推进器property 性质proportionality constant 比例常数，比例常量protactinium 镤protective screen 防护屏proton 质子proton number 质子数pseudo-force 假力，伪力pulley 滑轮pulse 脉冲pump 泵pupil 瞳孔pure note 纯音push-button switch 按钮开关pyrometer 高温计QQ-factor Q因素quality of note 音品，音质quantity of electricity 电量quantization 量子化quantum 量子quantum number 量子数quarter-wave aerial 四分之一波长天线quartz 石英quenching agent 猝灭剂quiescent condition 静止状态Rradial acceleration 径向加速度radial component 径向分量radial field 辐向场，径向场radiation 辐射，放射radiation hazard 辐射危害性radiation protection 辐射防护radiator 散热器，辐射器，辐射体radio frequency 射频，无线电广播频率radio telescope 射电望远镜radio wave 无线电波radioactive 放射性radioactive decay 放射衰变radioactive disintegration 放射性蜕变radioactive fall-out 放射尘radioactive isotope 放射性同位素radioactive nucleus 放射性核radioactive series 放射系radioactive source 放射源radioactive waste 放射性废料radioactivity 放射现象，放射学radioisotope 放射性同位素radiometer 辐射计radionuclide 放射性核素radiotherapy 放射疗法radium 镭radius of curvature 曲率半径radius of gyration 回转半径，回旋半径radon 氡rail 路轨random 无规，随机random error 随机误差random motion 无规运动，随机运动random nature 无规性，随机性random walk 无规行走，随机游动range 范围，射程，量程rarefaction 疏部，稀疏rate of decay 衰变率rate of disintegration 蜕变率ratemeter 定率计rating 额定值ray 光线ray box 光线箱ray diagram 光线图Rayleighs criterion 瑞利判据reactance 电抗reaction 反作用，反作用力reactive component 抗性分量，无功分量reactor 反应堆reactor core 反应堆堆芯reading error 读数误差real depth 实深real expansion 实膨胀，真膨胀real focus 实焦点real gas 真实气体real image 实像real object 实物，实物体real-is-positive convention 实正虚负法则recoil 反冲，弹回rectification 整流rectifier 整流器rectilinear motion 直线运动rectilinear propagation 直线传播red shift 红移reed 簧片reed relay 簧片继电器reed witch 簧片开关reference frame 参考坐标系，参考系reference level 参考级reflectance 反射比reflected ray 反射线reflected wavefront 反射波阵面，反射波前reflecting telescope 反射望远镜reflection 反射reflection grating 反射光栅refracted ray 折射线refracted wavefront 折射波阵面，折射波前refracting angle 折射棱角refracting telescope 折射望远镜refraction 折射refractive index 折射率refrigerator 冰箱regular reflection 单向反射relative density 相对密度relative motion 相对运动relative permeability 相对磁导率relative permittivity 相对电容率，相对介电常数relative velocity 相对速度relativity 相对论，相对性relay 继电器relay coil 继电器线圈relay contact 继电器触点rem 雷姆remote control 遥控repulsion 相斥repulsive force 斥力reservoir capacitor 存储电容器reset switch 复位开关resistance 电阻resistance coil 电阻线圈resistance substitution box 换值电阻箱resistance thermometer 电阻温度计resistive component 电阻分量，有功分量resistivity 电阻率resistor 电阻器resolution 分解，分辨，分辨率resolution of force 力的分解resolution of vector 矢量的'分解，向量的分解resolving power 解像能力，分辨率resonance 共振，共鸣resonance tube 共鸣管resonant frequency 共振频率resonator 共振器response time 响应时间restoring couple 回复力偶restoring force 回复力restoring torque 回复转矩resultant 合量resultant displacement 合位移resultant force 合力resultant of vector 合矢量，合向量resultant velocity 合速度retard 减速retardation 减速度retina 视网膜retort stand 铁支架，铁架reverberation 混响reverberation time 混响时间reverse biased 反向偏压reverse current 反向电流reversibility of light 光的可逆性reversible process 可逆过程reversing switch 换向开关revolution 绕转，旋转，转数Reynolds number 雷诺数rheostat 变阻器，可变电阻right-angled fork track 直角分叉径迹right-hand grip rule 右手握拳定则right-hand screw rule 右手螺旋定则rigid body 刚体rigidity 刚性，刚度，刚度系数ring circuit 环形电路ripple 水波ripple tank 水波槽rocket 火箭rolling 滚动rolling friction 滚动摩擦root-mean-square value 方均根值rotary thermometer 转动式温度计rotary-type potentiometer 旋转分压器，旋转电势差计，旋转电位差计rotating platform 旋转台rotating vector 转动矢量，转动向量rotation 旋转，自转，转动rotational energy 转动能rotational motion 旋转运动rotor 转子rubber tubing 橡胶管rule 定则，法则ruling 刻度，划线runway 跑道Rutherford scattering 卢瑟福散射Rutherfords atomic model 卢瑟福原子模型Rydberg constant 里德伯常数，里德伯常量Ssafety device 安全装置satellite 卫星satellite communication 卫星通讯saturated vapour 饱和蒸气，饱和汽saturated vapour pressure 饱和蒸气压，饱和汽压saturation 饱和saturation current 饱和电流sawtooth voltage 锯齿波电压scalar 标量，无向量scalar product 标积，无向积scale 标度，比例尺，音阶scaler 脉冲计数器scan 扫描scattering 散射scattering analogue 散射模拟scattering angle 散射角scintillation 闪烁screen 屏，幕screened lead 屏蔽导线screw 螺旋，螺丝钉screw driver 螺钉起子，螺丝批screw jack 螺旋起重器sealed radioactive source 密封放射源search coil 探察线圈second 秒second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律second order spectrum 第二级光谱，第二级谱secondary coil 副线圈secondary current 副电流secondary emission 次级发射secondary voltage 副电压secondary winding 副绕组Seebeck effect 塞贝克效应selective absorption 选择吸收self inductance 自感self induction 自感应semicircular glass block 半圆玻璃块semiconductor 半导体semiconductor diode 半导体二极管semolina 粗粒麦粉sensitivity 灵敏度sensor 感应器，传感器sequential logic 顺序逻辑series circuit 串联电路series resonance circuit 串联共振电路series-wound motor 串激电动机，串绕电动机set switch 设定开关shaft 轴shear force 切力，剪力shear modulus 切变模量，剪模量，剪切模量shear strength 切变强度，剪切强度shear stress 切应力，剪应力shock waves 冲击波，震波short circuit 短路short sight 近视short wave 短波shunt 分流器，分流，分路shunt-wound motor 并激电动机，并绕电动机shutter 快门，光闸sievert 希沃特sign convention 符号法则signal generator 讯号产生器significant figure 有效数字silicon 硅，硅simple harmonic motion 简谐运动simple pendulum 单摆simulation 模拟single phase a.c. generator 单相交流发电机single pulley 单滑轮single slit 单缝single trace oscilloscope 单迹示波器single-pole double-throw switch 单刀双掷开关sinusoidal wave 正弦波slab-shaped magnet 平板形磁铁slide projector 幻灯片放映机slide-wire potentiometer 滑线分压器，滑线电势差计，滑线电位差计sliding contact 滑动接触sliding friction 滑动摩擦slinky spring 软弹簧slip ring 汇电环slit 缝，狭缝slope 斜率slotted weight 有槽砝码smoke cell 烟雾盒smoothing 滤波，平流smoothing capacitor 滤波电容器，平流电容器smoothing choke 滤波扼流圈，平流扼流圈smoothing circuit 滤波电路，平流电路Snells law 斯涅耳定律socket 插座sodium lamp 钠灯soft iron 软铁soft iron core 软铁心solar cell 太阳能电池solar energy 太阳能soldering iron 烙铁solenoid 螺线管solid 固体solid phase 固相solid state 固态solidification 凝固solidifying point 凝固点somatic effect 体细胞效应sonar 声纳sonic boom 声爆sonometer 弦音计sound 声音sound intensity 声强度sound intensity level 声强级sound proofing 隔声sound track 声迹，声道sound wave 声波south pole 南极spark 火花spark counter 火花计数器specific charge 荷质比，比电荷，比荷specific heat capacity 比热容量，比热容specific heat capacity at constant pressure 定压比热容量specific heat capacity at constant volume 定容比热容量specific latent heat 比潜热specific latent heat of fusion 熔解比潜热specific latent heat of vaporization 汽化比潜热spectacles 眼镜spectral analysis 光谱分析spectral line 光谱线spectral order 光谱级spectrometer 光谱仪，分光计spectroscopy 光谱学spectrum 谱，光谱，波谱spectrum tube 光谱管specular reflection 镜面反射speed 速率speed of light 光速speed of sound 声速，音速speed-time graph 速率—时间关系线图spherical aberration 球面像差spherical lens 球面透镜spherical mirror 球面镜spherical wave 球面波spherically symmetric 球对称的spin 自旋spiral 螺线，螺旋形spiral spring 螺旋弹簧spirit level 气泡水平仪spontaneous 自发的spontaneous disintegration 自发蜕变spontaneous emission 自发发射spring 弹簧，簧片，发条spring balance 弹簧秤square wave 方波squarer 方波产生器stable equilibrium 稳定平衡stable state 稳定态stackable plug 迭加式插头standard atmospheric pressure 标准大气压强，标准大气压standard cell 标准电池standard deviation 标准偏差，标准差standard error 标准误差standing wave 驻波starter 起动器starting resistance 起动电阻starting voltage 起动电压state 态states of matter 物态static equilibrium 静态平衡static friction 静摩擦static resistance 静态电阻statics 静力学stationary wave 驻波，定态波stator 定子steady flow 稳流，定常流动steady state 稳态，定态steam 水蒸汽，蒸汽steam engine 蒸汽机steam point 汽化点，汽点steam turbine 蒸汽涡轮机steel yoke 钢轭step-down transformer 降压器step-up transformer 升压器stereophonic sound 立体声stiffness 硬挺度，抗挠性stimulated absorption 受激吸收stimulated emission 受激发射Stokes law 斯托克斯定律stop watch 秒表stop clock 秒钟stopping potential 遏止电势，遏止电位storage battery 蓄电池组storage capacitor 存储电容器stored energy 储能straight pulse 直线脉冲straight wave 直线波straight wavefront 直线波阵面，直线波前strain 应变strain gauge 应变计，应变规stray capacitance 杂散电容streamline 流线stress 应力stress-strain curve 应力—应变关系曲线stretch 伸长，紧张strobe frequency 闪频stroboscope 频闪观测器，频闪仪stroboscopic photography 频闪照相法strontium 锶stylus 唱针sub-station 电力分站sublimation 升华submerge 浸没subsonic speed 亚声速，亚音速summing amplifier 加法放大器superconductivity 超导电性superconductor 超导体supercooling 过冷superficial expansivity 面膨胀系数，面膨胀率superposition 迭加supersaturation 过饱和supersonic speed 超声速，超音速surface charge density 表面电荷密度surface energy 表面能surface tension 表面张力susceptibility 磁化率sweep 扫描，扫掠sweep rate 扫描速度switch 开关，电键switch off 截断，关闭switch on 接通，开启symbol 符号synchronization 同步syringe 针筒system 系统systematic error 规律性误差，系统误差。
环境工程课程介绍噪声
This type of wave is called an elastic wave, The pitch of any given sound is determined by the frequency of the waves that produce it. The energy of a given sound, however, is not determined by the frequency, wavelength, or wave speed. Sound power is related to loudness, but the two are not the same.
Unwanted Sound can be defined as noise. Yet this concept is straightforward enough, but it does not teach us how to predict which sounds will be disliked. After all, a given sound may be pleasant when soft but noise when loud, acceptable for a short time but noise when p r o l o n g e d ,
Noise Control Noise is transmitted from a source to a receiver. To control noise, therefore, we can reduce the source ,interrupt the path of transmission, or protect the receiver.
冲击噪声的有源控制方法综述--周亚丽
第26卷第5期2011年10月北京信息科技大学学报Journal of Beijing Information Science and Technology UniversityVol．26No．5Otc．2011文章编号：1674－6864（2011）05－0033－07冲击噪声的有源控制方法综述周亚丽1，2，张奇志2，邵俊2（1.北京科技大学自动化学院，北京100083；2.北京信息科技大学自动化学院，北京100192）摘要：给出了冲击噪声的特性，概述了现存的冲击噪声有源控制方法，从计算量、稳定性、收敛性和消噪效果等方面对各方法的优缺点进行了分析。
给出了有关冲击噪声未来的研究内容及方向。
关键词：有源噪声控制；冲击噪声；α稳定分布中图分类号：TB 535文献标志码：A A review on active control methods of impulsive noiseZHOU Ya-li 1，2，ZHANG Qi-zhi 2，SHAO Jun 2（1.School of Automation ，University of Science and Technology Beijing ，Beijing 100083，China ；2.School of Automation ，Beijing Information Science and Technology University ，Beijing 100192，China ）Abstract ：The characteristics of impulsive noise are first given in this paper ，and then an overview of the existing active control methods of impulsive noise is presented．Furthermore ，advantages and shortcomings of every method are analyzed from several aspects such as computational load ，stability ，convergence and noise-cancelling effectiveness．Finally ，future works on active control of impulsive noise are given．Key words ：active noise control ；impulsive control ；αstable distribution收稿日期：2011-06-20基金项目：北京市属高等学校人才强教深化计划资助项目（PHR201106131）作者简介：周亚丽（1968—），女，辽宁沈阳人，在职博士生，教授，主要从事有源噪声与振动控制、智能信号处理等方面的研究。
振动噪声领域的专业英语词汇
【转载】振动噪声领域的专业英语词汇2007-03-20 00:151 振动信号的时域、频域描述振动过程 (Vibration Process)简谐振动 (Harmonic Vibration)周期振动 (Periodic Vibration)准周期振动 (Ouasi-periodic Vibration)瞬态过程 (Transient Process)随机振动过程 (Random Vibration Process)各态历经过程 (Ergodic Process)确定*过程 (Deterministic Process)振幅 (Amplitude)相位 (Phase)初相位 (Initial Phase)频率 (Frequency)角频率 (Angular Frequency)周期 (Period)复数振动 (Complex Vibration)复数振幅 (Complex Amplitude)峰值 (Peak-value)平均绝对值 (Average Absolute Value)有效值 (Effective Value，RMS Value)均值 (Mean Value，Average Value)傅里叶级数 (FS，Fourier Series)傅里叶变换 (FT，Fourier Transform)傅里叶逆变换 (IFT，Inverse Fourier Transform) 离散谱 (Discrete Spectrum)连续谱 (Continuous Spectrum)傅里叶谱 (Fourier Spectrum)线*谱 (Linear Spectrum)幅值谱 (Amplitude Spectrum)相位谱 (Phase Spectrum)均方值 (Mean Square Value)方差 (Variance)协方差 (Covariance)自协方差函数 (Auto-covariance Function)互协方差函数 (Cross-covariance Function)自相关函数 (Auto-correlation Function)互相关函数 (Cross-correlation Function)标准偏差 (Standard Deviation)相对标准偏差 (Relative Standard Deviation)概率 (Probability)概率分布 (Probability Distribution)高斯概率分布 (Gaussian Probability Distribution) 概率密度 (Probability Density)集合平均 (Ensemble Average)时间平均 (Time Average)功率谱密度 (PSD，Power Spectrum Density)自功率谱密度 (Auto-spectral Density)互功率谱密度 (Cross-spectral Density)均方根谱密度 (RMS Spectral Density)能量谱密度 (ESD，Energy Spectrum Density)相干函数 (Coherence Function)帕斯瓦尔定理 (Parseval''s Theorem)维纳，辛钦公式 (Wiener-Khinchin Formula)2 振动系统的固有特*、激励与响应振动系统 (Vibration System)激励 (Excitation)响应 (Response)单自由度系统 (Single Degree-Of-Freedom System) 多自由度系统 (Multi-Degree-Of- Freedom System) 离散化系统 (Discrete System)连续体系统 (Continuous System)刚度系数 (Stiffness Coefficient)自由振动 (Free Vibration)自由响应 (Free Response)强迫振动 (Forced Vibration)强迫响应 (Forced Response)初始条件 (Initial Condition)固有频率 (Natural Frequency)阻尼比 (Damping Ratio)衰减指数 (Damping Exponent)阻尼固有频率 (Damped Natural Frequency)对数减幅系数 (Logarithmic Decrement)主频率 (Principal Frequency)无阻尼模态频率 (Undamped Modal Frequency)模态 (Mode)主振动 (Principal Vibration)振型 (Mode Shape)振型矢量 (Vector Of Mode Shape)模态矢量 (Modal Vector)正交* (Orthogonality)展开定理 (Expansion Theorem)主质量 (Principal Mass)模态质量 (Modal Mass)主刚度 (Principal Stiffness)模态刚度 (Modal Stiffness)正则化 (Normalization)振型矩阵 (Matrix Of Modal Shape)模态矩阵 (Modal Matrix)主坐标 (Principal Coordinates)模态坐标 (Modal Coordinates)模态分析 (Modal Analysis)模态阻尼比 (Modal Damping Ratio)频响函数 (Frequency Response Function)幅频特* (Amplitude-frequency Characteristics)相频特* (Phase frequency Characteristics)共振 (Resonance)半功率点 (Half power Points)波德图(Bodé Plot)动力放大系数 (Dynamical Magnification Factor)单位脉冲 (Unit Impulse)冲激响应函数 (Impulse Response Function)杜哈美积分(Duhamel’s Integral)卷积积分 (Convolution Integral)卷积定理 (Convolution Theorem)特征矩阵 (Characteristic Matrix)阻抗矩阵 (Impedance Matrix)频响函数矩阵 (Matrix Of Frequency Response Function) 导纳矩阵 (Mobility Matrix)冲击响应谱 (Shock Response Spectrum)冲击激励 (Shock Excitation)冲击响应 (Shock Response)冲击初始响应谱 (Initial Shock Response Spectrum)冲击剩余响应谱 (Residual Shock Response Spectrum)冲击最大响应谱 (Maximum Shock Response Spectrum)冲击响应谱分析 (Shock Response Spectrum Analysis)3 模态试验分析模态试验 (Modal Testing)机械阻抗 (Mechanical Impedance)位移阻抗 (Displacement Impedance)速度阻抗 (Velocity Impedance)加速度阻抗 (Acceleration Impedance)机械导纳 (Mechanical Mobility)位移导纳 (Displacement Mobility)速度导纳 (Velocity Mobility)加速度导纳 (Acceleration Mobility)驱动点导纳 (Driving Point Mobility)跨点导纳 (Cross Mobility)传递函数 (Transfer Function)拉普拉斯变换 (Laplace Transform)传递函数矩阵 (Matrix Of Transfer Function)频响函数 (FRF，Frequency Response Function)频响函数矩阵 (Matrix Of FRF)实模态 (Normal Mode)复模态 (Complex Mode)模态参数 (Modal Parameter)模态频率 (Modal Frequency)模态阻尼比 (Modal Damping Ratio)模态振型 (Modal Shape)模态质量 (Modal Mass)模态刚度 (Modal Stiffness)模态阻力系数 (Modal Damping Coefficient)模态阻抗 (Modal Impedance)模态导纳 (Modal Mobility)模态损耗因子 (Modal Loss Factor)比例粘*阻尼 (Proportional Viscous Damping)非比例粘*阻尼 (Non-proportional Viscous Damping)结构阻尼 (Structural Damping，Hysteretic Damping) 复频率 (Complex Frequency)复振型 (Complex Modal Shape)留数 (Residue)极点 (Pole)零点 (Zero)复留数 (Complex Residue)随机激励 (Random Excitation)伪随机激励 (Pseudo Random Excitation)猝发随机激励 (Burst Random Excitation)稳态正弦激励 (Steady State Sine Excitation)正弦扫描激励 (Sweeping Sine Excitation)锤击激励 (Impact Excitation)频响函数的H1 估计 (FRF Estimate by H1)频响函数的H2 估计 (FRF Estimate by H2)频响函数的H3 估计 (FRF Estimate by H3)单模态曲线拟合法 (Single-mode Curve Fitting Method) 多模态曲线拟合法 (Multi-mode Curve Fitting Method)模态圆 (Mode Circle)剩余模态 (Residual Mode)幅频峰值法 (Peak Value Method)实频-虚频峰值法 (Peak Real／Imaginary Method)圆拟合法 (Circle Fitting Method)加权最小二乘拟合法 (Weighting Least Squares Fitting method) 复指数拟合法 (Complex Exponential Fitting method)1.2 振动测试的名词术语1 传感器测量系统传感器测量系统 (Transducer Measuring System)传感器 (Transducer)振动传感器 (Vibration Transducer)机械接收 (Mechanical Reception)机电变换 (Electro-mechanical Conversion)测量电路 (Measuring Circuit)惯*式传感器 (Inertial Transducer，Seismic Transducer)相对式传感器 (Relative Transducer)电感式传感器 (Inductive Transducer)应变式传感器 (Strain Gauge Transducer)电动力传感器 (Electro-dynamic Transducer)压电式传感器 (Piezoelectric Transducer)压阻式传感器 (Piezoresistive Transducer)电涡流式传感器 (Eddy Current Transducer)伺服式传感器 (Servo Transducer)灵敏度 (Sensitivity)复数灵敏度 (Complex Sensitivity)分辨率 (Resolution)频率范围 (Frequency Range)线*范围 (Linear Range)频率上限 (Upper Limit Frequency)频率下限 (Lower Limit Frequency)静态响应 (Static Response)零频率响应 (Zero Frequency Response)动态范围 (Dynamic Range)幅值上限 Upper Limit Amplitude)幅值下限 (Lower Limit Amplitude)最大可测振级 (Max．Detectable Vibration Level)最小可测振级 (Min．Detectable Vibration Level)信噪比 (S/N Ratio)振动诺模图 (Vibration Nomogram)相移 (Phase Shift)波形畸变 (Wave-shape Distortion)比例相移 (Proportional Phase Shift)惯*传感器的稳态响应 (Steady Response Of Inertial Transducer)惯*传感器的稳击响应 (Shock Response Of Inertial Transducer)位移计型的频响特* (Frequency Response Characteristics Vibrometer)加速度计型的频响特* (Frequency Response Characteristics Accelerometer) 幅频特*曲线 (Amplitude-frequency Curve)相频特*曲线 (Phase-frequency Curve)固定安装共振频率 (Mounted Resonance Frequency)安装刚度 (Mounted Stiffness)有限高频效应 (Effect Of Limited High Frequency)有限低频效应 (Effect Of Limited Low Frequency)电动式变换 (Electro-dynamic Conversion)磁感应强度 (Magnetic Induction， Magnetic Flux Density)磁通 (Magnetic Flux)磁隙 (Magnetic Gap)电磁力 (Electro-magnetic Force)相对式速度传 (Relative Velocity Transducer)惯*式速度传感器 (Inertial Velocity Transducer)速度灵敏度 (Velocity Sensitivity)电涡流阻尼 (Eddy-current Damping)无源微(积)分电路 (Passive Differential (Integrate) Circuit)有源微(积)分电路 (Active Differential (Integrate) Circuit)运算放大器 (Operational Amplifier)时间常数 (Time Constant)比例运算 (Scaling)积分运算 (Integration)微分运算 (Differentiation)高通滤波电路 (High-pass Filter Circuit)低通滤波电路 (Low-pass Filter Circuit)截止频率 (Cut-off Frequency)压电效应 (Piezoelectric Effect)压电陶瓷 (Piezoelectric Ceramic)压电常数 (Piezoelectric Constant)极化 (Polarization)压电式加速度传感器 (Piezoelectric Acceleration Transducer)中心压缩式 (Center Compression Accelerometer)三角剪切式 (Delta Shear Accelerometer)压电方程 (Piezoelectric Equation)压电石英 (Piezoelectric Quartz)电荷等效电路 (Charge Equivalent Circuit)电压等效电路 (Voltage Equivalent Circuit)电荷灵敏度 (Charge Sensitivity)电压灵敏度 (Voltage Sensitivity)电荷放大器 (Charge Amplifier)适调放大环节 (Conditional Amplifier Section)归一化 (Uniformization)电荷放大器增益 (Gain Of Charge Amplifier)测量系统灵敏度 (Sensitivity Of Measuring System)底部应变灵敏度 (Base Strain Sensitivity)横向灵敏度 (Transverse Sensitivity)地回路 (Ground Loop)力传感器 (Force Transducer)力传感器灵敏度 (Sensitivity Of Force Transducer)电涡流 (Eddy Current)前置器 (Proximitor)间隙-电压曲线 (Voltage vs Gap Curve)间隙-电压灵敏度 (Voltage vs Gap Sensitivity)压阻效应 (Piezoresistive Effect)轴向压阻系数 (Axial Piezoresistive Coefficient)横向压阻系数 (Transverse Piezoresistive Coefficient)压阻常数 (Piezoresistive Constant)单晶硅 (Monocrystalline Silicon)应变灵敏度 (Strain Sensitivity)固态压阻式加速度传感器 (Solid State Piezoresistive Accelerometer) 体型压阻式加速度传感器 (Bulk Type Piezoresistive Accelerometer) 力平衡式传感器 (Force Balance Transducer)电动力常数 (Electro-dynamic Constant)机电耦合系统 (Electro-mechanical Coupling System)2 检测仪表、激励设备及校准装置时间基准信号 (Time Base Signal)李萨茹图 (Lissojous Curve)数字频率计 (Digital Frequency Meter)便携式测振表 (Portable Vibrometer)有效值电压表 (RMS Value Voltmeter)峰值电压表 (Peak-value Voltmeter)平均绝对值检波电路 (Average Absolute Value Detector)峰值检波电路 (Peak-value Detector)准有效值检波电路 (Quasi RMS Value Detector)真有效值检波电路 (True RMS Value Detector)直流数字电压表 (DVM，DC Digital Voltmeter)数字式测振表 (Digital Vibrometer)A/D 转换器 (A/D Converter)D/A 转换器 (D/A Converter)相位计 (Phase Meter)电子记录仪 (Lever Recorder)光线示波器 (Oscillograph)振子 (Galvonometer)磁带记录仪 (Magnetic Tape Recorder)DR 方式(直接记录式) (Direct Recorder)FM 方式(频率调制式) (Frequency Modulation)失真度 (Distortion)机械式激振器 (Mechanical Exciter)机械式振动台 (Mechanical Shaker)离心式激振器 (Centrifugal Exciter)电动力式振动台 (Electro-dynamic Shaker)电动力式激振器 (Electro-dynamic Exciter)液压式振动台 (Hydraulic Shaker)液压式激振器 (Hydraulic Exciter)电液放大器 (Electro-hydraulic Amplifier)磁吸式激振器 (Magnetic Pulling Exciter)涡流式激振器 (Eddy Current Exciter)压电激振片 (Piezoelectric Exciting Elements)冲击力锤 (Impact Hammer)冲击试验台 (Shock Testing Machine)激振控制技术 (Excitation Control Technique)波形再现 (Wave Reproduction)压缩技术 (Compression Technique)均衡技术 (Equalization Technique)交越频率 (Crossover Frequency)综合技术 (Synthesis Technique)校准 (Calibration)分部校准 (Calibration for Components in system)系统校准 (Calibration for Over-all System)模拟传感器 (Simulated Transducer)静态校准 (Static Calibration)简谐激励校准 (Harmonic Excitation Calibration)绝对校准 (Absolute Calibration)相对校准 (Relative Calibration)比较校准 (Comparison Calibration)标准振动台 (Standard Vibration Exciter)读数显微镜法 (Microscope-streak Method)光栅板法 (Ronchi Ruling Method)光学干涉条纹计数法 (Optical Interferometer Fringe Counting Method)光学干涉条纹消失法 (Optical Interferometer Fringe Disappearance Method) 背靠背安装 (Back-to-back Mounting)互易校准法 (Reciprocity Calibration)共振梁 (Resonant Bar)冲击校准 (Impact Exciting Calibration)摆锤冲击校准 (Ballistic Pendulum Calibration)落锤冲击校准 (Drop Test Calibration)振动和冲击标准 (Vibration and Shock Standard)迈克尔逊干涉仪 (Michelson Interferometer)摩尔干涉图象 (Moire Fringe)参考传感器 (Reference Transducer)3 频率分析及数字信号处理带通滤波器 (Band-pass Filter)半功率带宽 (Half-power Bandwidth)3 dB 带宽 (3 dB Bandwidth)等效噪声带宽 (Effective Noise Bandwidth)恒带宽 (Constant Bandwidth)恒百分比带宽 (Constant Percentage Bandwidth)1/N 倍频程滤波器 (1/N Octave Filter)形状因子 (Shape Factor)截止频率 (Cut-off Frequency)中心频率 (Centre Frequency)模拟滤波器 (Analog Filter)数字滤波器 (Digital Filter)跟踪滤波器 (Tracking Filter)外差式频率分析仪 (Heterodyne Frequency Analyzer) 逐级式频率分析仪 (Stepped Frequency Analyzer)扫描式频率分析仪 (Sweeping Filter Analyzer)混频器 (Mixer)RC 平均 (RC Averaging)平均时间 (Averaging Time)扫描速度 (Sweeping Speed)滤波器响应时间 (Filter Response Time)离散傅里叶变换 (DFT，Discrete Fourier Transform) 快速傅里叶变换 (FFT，Fast Fourier Transform)抽样频率 (Sampling Frequency)抽样间隔 (Sampling Interval)抽样定理 (Sampling Theorem)抗混滤波 (Anti-aliasing Filter)泄漏 (Leakage)加窗 (Windowing)窗函数 (Window Function)截断 (Truncation)频率混淆 (Frequency Aliasing)乃奎斯特频率 (Nyquist Frequency)矩形窗 (Rectangular Window)汉宁窗 (Hanning Window)凯塞-贝塞尔窗 (Kaiser-Bessel Window)平顶窗 (Flat-top Window)平均 (Averaging)线*平均 (Linear Averaging)指数平均 (Exponential Averaging)峰值保持平均 (Peak-hold Averaging)时域平均 (Time-domain Averaging)谱平均 (Spectrum Averaging)重叠平均 (Overlap Averaging)栅栏效应 (Picket Fence Effect)吉卜斯效应 (Gibbs Effect)基带频谱分析 (Base-band Spectral Analysis)选带频谱分析 (Band Selectable Sp4ctralAnalysis)细化 (Zoom)数字移频 (Digital Frequency Shift)抽样率缩减 (Sampling Rate Reduction)功率谱估计 (Power Spectrum Estimate)相关函数估计 (Correlation Estimate)频响函数估计 (Frequency Response Function Estimate) 相干函数估计 (Coherence Function Estimate)冲激响应函数估计 (Impulse Response Function Estimate) 倒频谱 (Cepstrum)功率倒频谱 (Power Cepstrum)幅值倒频谱 (Amplitude Cepstrum)倒频率 (Quefrency)4 旋转机械的振动测试及状态监测状态监测 (Condition Monitoring)故障诊断 (Fault Diagnosis)转子 (Rotor)转手支承系统 (Rotor-Support System)振动故障 (Vibration Fault)轴振动 (Shaft Vibration)径向振动 (Radial Vibration)基频振动 (Fundamental Frequency Vibration)基频检测 (Fundamental Frequency Component Detecting) 键相信号 (Key-phase Signal)正峰相位 (+Peak Phase)高点 (High Spot)光电传感器 (Optical Transducer)同相分量 (In-phase Component)正交分量 (Quadrature Component)跟踪滤波 (Tracking Filter)波德图 (Bode Plot)极坐标图 (Polar Plot)临界转速 (Critical Speed)不平衡响应 (Unbalance Response)残余振幅 (Residual Amplitude)方位角 (Attitude Angle)轴心轨迹 (Shaft Centerline Orbit)正进动 (Forward Precession)同步正进动 (Synchronous Forward Precession)反进动 (Backward Precession)正向涡动 (Forward Whirl)反向涡动 (Backward Whirl)油膜涡动 (Oil Whirl)油膜振荡 (Oil Whip)轴心平均位置 (Average Shaft Centerline Position)复合探头 (Dual Probe)振摆信号 (Runout Signal)电学振摆 (Electrical Runout)机械振摆 (Mechanical Runout)慢滚动向量 (Slow Roll Vector)振摆补偿 (Runout Compensation)故障频率特征 (Frequency Characteristics Of Fault)重力临界 (Gravity Critical)对中 (Alignment)双刚度转子 (Dual Stiffness Rotor)啮合频率 (Gear-mesh Frequency)间入简谐分量 (Interharmonic Component)边带振动 (Side-band Vibration)三维频谱图 (Three Dimensional Spectral Plot)瀑布图 (Waterfall Plot)级联图 (Cascade Plot)阶次跟踪 (Order Tracking)阶次跟踪倍乘器 (Order Tracking Multiplier)监测系统 (Monitoring System)适调放大器 (Conditional Amplifier) 趋势分析 (Trend Analysis)倒频谱分析 (Cepstrum Analysis)直方图 (Histogram)确认矩阵 (Confirmation Matrix)通频幅值 (Over-all Amplitude)幅值谱 (Amplitude Spectrum)相位谱 (Phase Spectrum)报警限 (Alarm Level)。
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Constructive action of noise for impulsive noise removal in scalar imagesA.Histace and D.RousseauA nonlinear variational approach to remove impulsive noise in scalarimages is proposed.Taking benefit from recent studies on the use ofstochastic resonance and the constructive role of noise in nonlinearprocesses,the process is based on the classical restoration process ofPerona-Malik in which a Gaussian noise is purposely injected.It isshown that this new process can outperform the original restorationprocess of Perona-Malik.Aim and motivation:Removing impulsive noises from scalar images is a problem of great interest since these short duration and high energy noises can degrade the quality of digital images in a large variety of practical situations[1].In this context of non-Gaussian noise,nonlinear processes are often invoked.Among these nonlinear processes medianfiltering is a classical tool leading to good results [2].Nevertheless,these medianfiltering techniques involve strong statistics calculation and can turn out to be highly time consuming to compute.Another nonlinear process classically used for restoration tasks is the diffusion process of Perona-Malik[3].This process,based on a variational approach,presents short implementation time and has the ability to remove noise while keeping edges stable on many scales. The Perona-Malik process also has its own limitations.Among these limitations,the smoothing property of the diffusion process does not preserve the information present in areas with texture or small but significative gradients[4].As paradoxical as it may seem,to limit the effect of this drawback,we propose a new variant of the Perona-Malik process in which a controlled amount of noise is injected into the nonlinear process.The possibility of constructive action of noise in nonlinear processes is now a well established paradigm known under the name of stochastic resonance(see[5]for a recent overview). To date,this paradigm has essentially been illustrated with mono-dimensional signals.This work is a new feature of noise enhanced information processing presented here for thefirst time in the context of image restoration.Method:Let c ori denote an original image and c0denote the same image corrupted by an input impulsive noise x imposed by the external environment:c0ðx;yÞ¼c oriðx;yÞþxðx;yÞð1ÞThe restoration of c0aims at the removal of x from c0to obtain an image as similar as possible to c ori of(1).The Perona-Malik restoration approach of c0is equivalent to an iterative minimisation problem[6],solved by the resolution of the partial differential equation(PDE)given by:@cðx;y;tÞ¼divðgðj H cðx;y;tÞjÞH cðx;y;tÞÞ;cðx;y;t¼0Þ¼c0ð2Þwhere g(.)is a nonlinear decreasing function of the gradient(H)of c the restored image at a scale t(which can be interpreted as a time evolution parameter)and div is the divergence operator.For practical numerical implementation,the process of(2)is discretised with a time step t.The images c(t n)are calculated,with(2),at discrete instant t n¼n t with n the number of iterations in the process.We now compare the standard Perona-Malik process of(2)with the following diffusion process@cðx;y;tÞ@t¼divðg Zðj H cðx;y;tÞjÞH cðx;y;tÞÞð3Þin which the nonlinear function g(.)in(2)has been replaced by g Z(.)withg Zðuðx;yÞÞ¼1MP Mi¼1gðuðx;yÞþZ iðx;yÞÞð4Þwhere Z i functions are M independent noises assumed independent and identically distributed with probability density function(PDF)f Z and RMS amplitude s Z.The noises Z i which are purposely added noises applied to influence the operation of the g(.)have to be clearly distinguished from the input noise x of(1),which is considered as a noise imposed by the external environment that we wish to remove.The choice of g Z in(4)is inspired by recent studies on the constructive action of noise in parallel arrays of nonlinear electronic devices[7]and transposed here in the domain of image processing.The quality of the restored image c(t n)at a given instant t n is assessed by the normalised cross-covariance C c ori c(tn)given by:C c ori cðtnÞ¼hðc oriÀh c ori iÞðcðt nÞÀh cðt nÞiÞiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffihðc oriÀh c ori iÞ2ihðcðt nÞÀh cðt nÞiÞ2iqð5Þwhere h..i denotes the spatial average.Results:For illustration of the processes of(2)and(3),the image ‘cameraman’(see image a in Fig.2),which presents strong and small gradients,textured and non-textured regions of interest,has been taken as the reference image in thisstudy.Fig.1Normalised cross-covariance of(5)against iteration number n of restoration process–Á–Á–our modified version of Perona-Malik process of(3)and(4)for various number M of independent noises Z i———classical Perona-Malik process of(2)RMS amplitude s Z of M noises Z ifixed to s Z¼0.7.Parameter k in nonlinear function g(.)and step time t,characterising convergence speed of the diffusion process,fixed to k¼0.2and t¼0.25in both(2)and(3)abcdFig.2Visual comparison of performance of restoration processes by(2) and(3)a:original‘cameraman’image c ori of(1).b:noisy version c0of c ori corrupted by additive salt and pepper noise x(1)of standard deviation0.1.c and d obtained with(2)and(3),respectively,for optimal number of iterations n corresponding to highest value of normalised cross-covariance in Fig.1(M¼11in the case of d)The original nonlinear function g(.)proposed by Perona-Malik in[3], with g(u(x,y))¼eÀu(x,y)=k2,is chosen in this study.The PDF f Z of the MELECTRONICS LETTERS30th March2006Vol.42No.7noises Z i in (3)are chosen Gaussian.Other measures of similarity (like the peak-signal-to-noise ratio),images and PDF for Z i have been tested.Results were quantitatively and qualitatively similar to the ones presented below.In Fig.1,the similarity between the restored and original image,assessed by the normalised cross-covariance of (5),surpasses the classical Perona-Malik process for all values tested for M .This demonstrates the possibility of improving the performance of the Perona-Malik process by injecting a nonzero amount of the M noises Z i in (4).Moreover,in Fig.1,one can also notice that the convergence speed of the diffusion process is increased with the presence of the M noises Z i .This acceleration of the convergence is another benefit shown in Fig.1,which is also perceptible within the images themselves (Fig.2).The addition of noise leads to a better contrast and a better preservation of the structure,which are characterised by small gradient (e.g.the buildings in the background are more visible and the texture of the grass is preserved by comparison with the classical Perona-Malik process).In Fig.3,the number of iterations n of the diffusion processes of (3)and (4)is fixed.The normalised cross-covariance of (5)culminates at a maximum for an optimal nonzero noise level of the M noises injected in (4).This clearly demonstrates the possibility of a constructive role of noise in the diffusion process of (3)and (4)for an image restorationtask.Fig.3Normalised cross-covariance of (5)against RMS amplitude s Z of noise purposely injected in (4)–Á–Á–our modified version of Perona-Malik process of (3)and (4)for various number M of independent noises Z i———classical Perona-Malik process of (2)Number of iterations n fixed for all lines to n ¼75#IEE 200627January 2006Electronics Letters online no:20060180doi:10.1049/el:20060180A.Histace and D.Rousseau (Laboratoire d’Inge ´nierie des Syste `mes Automatise ´es (LISA CNRS FRE 2656),62avenue Notre Dame du Lac,49000Angers,France )E-mail:aymeric.histace@univ-angers.fr References1Boncelet,C.G.:‘Image noise models’in ‘Bovik,A.(Ed.):‘Handbook of image and video processing’(Academic Press,New Y ork,2000)2Maheshwari,O.,and Ebenezer,D.:‘Simultaneous removal of positive and negative impulses in images by using adaptive length recursive weighted median filter’,WSEAS mun.,2005,4,(12),pp.1350–13553Perona,P .,and Malik,J.:‘Scale-space and edge detection using anistropic diffusion’,IEEE Trans.Pattern Anal.Mach.Intell.,1990,12,(7),pp.629–6394Catte,F .,Coll,T.,Lions,P .,and Morel,J.:‘Image selective smoothing and edge detection by nonlinear diffusion’,SIAM J.Appl.Math.,1992,29,(1),pp.182–1935Harmer,G.P .,Davis,B.R.,and Abbott,D.:‘A review of stochastic resonance:circuits and measurement’,IEEE Trans.Instrum.Meas.,2002,51,pp.299–3096Komprobst,P .,Deriche,R.,and Aubert,G.:‘Image sequence analysis via partial differential equations’,J.Math.Imaging Vis.,1999,11,(1),pp.5–267Chapeau-Blondeau,F .,and Rousseau,D.:‘Enhancement by noise in parallel arrays of sensors with power-law characteristics’,Phys.Rev.E ,2004,70,pp.060101(R),1–4ELECTRONICS LETTERS 30th March 2006Vol.42No.7。