国际经济学ch05

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克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch05

Chapter 5The Standard Trade ModelChapter OrganizationA Standard Model of a Trading EconomyProduction Possibilities and Relative SupplyRelative Prices and DemandThe Welfare Effect of Changes in the Terms of TradeDetermining Relative PricesEconomic Growth: A Shift of the RS CurveGrowth and the Production Possibility FrontierRelative Supply and the Terms of TradeInternational Effects of GrowthCase Study: Has the Growth of Newly Industrializing Countries Hurt Advanced Nations? International Transfers of Income: Shifting the RD CurveThe Transfer ProblemEffects of a Transfer on the Terms of TradePresumptions about the Terms of Trade Effects of TransfersCase Study: The Transfer Problem and the Asian CrisisTariffs and Export Subsidies: Simultaneous Shifts in RS and RDRelative Demand and Supply Effects of a TariffEffects of an Export SubsidyImplications of Terms of Trade Effects: Who Gains and Who Loses?SummaryAppendix: Representing International Equilibrium with Offer CurvesDeriving a Country’s Offer CurveInternational EquilibriumChapter 5 The Standard Trade Model 17Chapter OverviewPrevious chapters have highlighted specific sources of comparative advantage which give rise to international trade. This chapter presents a general model which admits previous models as special cases. This “standard trade model” is the workhorse of international trade theory and can be used to address a wide range of issues. Some of these issues, such as the welfare and distributional effects of economic growth, transfers between nations, and tariffs and subsidies on traded goods are considered in this chapter. The standard trade model is based upon four relationships. First, an economy will produce at the point where the production possibilities curve is tangent to the relative price line (called the isovalue line). Second, indifference curves describe the tastes of an economy, and the consumption point for that economy is found at the tangency of the budget line and the highest indifference curve. These two relationships yield the familiar general equilibrium trade diagram for a small economy (one which takes as given the terms of trade), where the consumption point and production point are the tangencies of the isovalue line with the highest indifference curve and the production possibilities frontier, respectively.You may want to work with this standard diagram to demonstrate a number of basic points. First, an autarkic economy must produce what it consumes, which determines the equilibrium price ratio; and second, opening an economy to trade shifts the price ratio line and unambiguously increases welfare. Third, an improvement in the terms of trade increases welfare in the economy. Fourth, it is straightforward to move from a small country analysis to a two country analysis by introducing a structure of world relative demand and supply curves which determine relative prices.These relationships can be used in conjunction with the Rybczynski and the Stolper-Samuelson Theorems from the previous chapter to address a range of issues. For example, you can consider whether the dramatic economic growth of countries like Japan and Korea has helped or hurt the United States as a whole, and also identify the classes of individuals within the United States who have been hurt by the particular growth biases of these countries. In teaching these points, it might be interesting and useful to relate them to current events. For example, you can lead a class discussion of the implications for the United States of the provision of forms of technical and economic assistance to the emerging economies around the world or the ways in which a world recession can lead to a fall in demand for U.S. export goods.The example provided in the text considers the popular arguments in the media that growth in Japan or Korea hurts the United States. The analysis presented in this chapter demonstrates that the bias of growth is important in determining welfare effects rather than the country in which growth occurs. The existence of biased growth, and the possibility of immiserizing growth is discussed. The Relative Supply (RS) and Relative Demand (RD) curves illustrate the effect of biased growth on the terms of trade. The new terms of trade line can be used with the general equilibrium analysis to find the welfare effects of growth. A general principle which emerges is that a country which experiences export-biased growth will have a deterioration in its terms of trade, while a country which experiences import-biased growth has an improvement in its terms of trade. A case study points out that growth in the rest of the world has made other countries more like the United States. This import-biased growth has worsened the terms of trade for the United States. The second issue addressed in the context of the standard trade model is the effect of international transfers. The salient point here is the direction, if any, in which the relative demand curve shifts in response to the redistribution of income from a transfer. A transfer worsens the donor’s ter ms of trade if it has a higher marginal propensity to consume its export good than the recipient. The presence of non-traded goods tends to reinforce the deterioration of terms of trade for the donor country. The case study attendant to this issue involves the deterioration of many Asian countries’ terms of trade due to the large capital withdrawals at the end of the 1990s.18 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth EditionThe third area to which the standard trade model is applied are the effects of tariffs and export subsidies on welfare and terms of trade. The analysis proceeds by recognizing that tariffs or subsidies shift both the relative supply and relative demand curves. A tariff on imports improves the terms of trade, expressed in external prices, while a subsidy on exports worsens terms of trade. The size of the effect depends upon the size of the country in the world. Tariffs and subsidies also impose distortionary costs upon the economy. Thus, if a country is large enough, there may be an optimum, non-zero tariff. Export subsidies, however, only impose costs upon an economy. Intranationally, tariffs aid import-competing sectors and hurt export sectors while subsidies have the opposite effect. An appendix presents offer curve diagrams and explains this mode of analysis.Answers to Textbook Problems1.Note how welfare in both countries increases as the two countries move from productionpatterns governed by domestic prices (dashed line) to production patterns governed by worldprices (straight line).2.3. An increase in the terms of trade increases welfare when the PPF is right-angled. The production pointis the corner of the PPF. The consumption point is the tangency of the relative price line and the highest indifference curve. An improvement in the terms of trade rotates the relative price line about its intercept with the PPF rectangle (since there is no substitution of immobile factors, the production point stays fixed). The economy can then reach a higher indifference curve. Intuitively, although there is no supply response, the economy receives more for the exports it supplies and pays less for the imports it purchases.Chapter 5 The Standard Trade Model 19 4. The difference from the standard diagram is that the indifference curves are right angles rather thansmooth curves. Here, a terms of trade increase enables an economy to move to a higher indifference curve. The income expansion path for this economy is a ray from the origin. A terms of tradeimprovement moves the consumption point further out along the ray.5. The terms of trade of Japan, a manufactures (M) exporter and a raw materials (R) importer, is the worldrelative price of manufactures in terms of raw materials (p M/p R). The terms of trade change can be determined by the shifts in the world relative supply and demand (manufactures relative to raw materials) curves. Note that in the following answers, world relative supply (RS) and relative demand (RD) are always M relative to R. We consider all countries to be large, such that changes affect the world relative price.a. Oil supply disruption from the Middle East decreases the supply of raw materials, which increasesthe world relative supply. The world relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorating Japan’s terms of t rade.b. Korea’s increased automobile production increases the supply of manufactures, which increasesthe world RS. The world relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price ofmanufactured goods and deteriorating Japan’s terms of tr ade.c. U.S. development of a substitute for fossil fuel decreases the demand for raw materials. Thisincreases world RD, and the world relative demand curve shifts out, increasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and improving Japan’s terms of trade. This occurs even if no fusion reactors are installed in Japan since world demand for raw materials falls.d. A harvest failure in Russia decreases the supply of raw materials, which increases the world RS.The world relative supply curve shifts o ut. Also, Russia’s demand for manufactures decreases,which reduces world demand so that the world relative demand curve shifts in. These forcesdecrease the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorate Japan’s terms of trade.e. A reduction in Japan’s tariff on raw materials will raise its internal relative price of manufactures.This price change will increase Japan’s RS and decrease Japan’s RD, which increases the worldRS and decreases the world RD (i.e., world RS shifts out and world RD shifts in). The worldrelative price of manufactures declines and Japan’s terms of trade deteriorate.6. The declining price of services relative to manufactured goods shifts the isovalue line clockwise sothat relatively fewer services and more manufactured goods are produced in the United States, thus reducing U.S. welfare.20 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth Edition7. These results acknowledge the biased growth which occurs when there is an increase in one factor ofproduction. An increase in the capital stock of either country favors production of Good X, while an increase in the labor supply favors production of Good Y. Also, recognize the Heckscher-Ohlin result that an economy will export that good which uses intensively the factor which that economy has in relative abundance. Country A exports Good X to Country B and imports Good Y from Country B.The possibility of immiserizing growth makes the welfare effects of a terms of trade improvement due to export-biased growth ambiguous. Import-biased growth unambiguously improves welfare for the growing country.a. A’s terms of trade worsen, A’s welfare may increase or, less likely, decrease, and B’s welfareincreases.b. A’s terms of trade improve, A’s welfare increases and B’s welfare decreases.c. B’s terms of trade improve, B’s welfare increases and A’s welfare decreases.d. B’s terms of trade worsen, B’s welfare may increase or, less likely, decrease, and A’s welfareincreases.8. Immiserizing growth occurs when the welfare deteriorating effects of a worsening in an economy’sterms of trade swamp the welfare improving effects of growth. For this to occur, an economy must undergo very biased growth, and the economy must be a large enough actor in the world economy such that its actions spill over to adversely alter the terms of trade to a large degree. This combination of events is unlikely to occur in practice.9. India opening should be good for the U.S. if it reduces the relative price of goods that China sends tothe U.S. and hence increases the relative price of goods that the U.S. exports. Obviously, any sector in the U.S. hurt by trade with China would be hurt again by India, but on net, the U.S. wins. Note that here we are making different assumptions about what India produces and what is tradable than we are in Question #6. Here we are assuming India exports products the U.S. currently imports and China currently exports. China will lose by having the relative price of its export good driven down by the increased production in India.10. Aid which must be spent on exports increases the demand for those export goods and raises their pricerelative to other goods. There will be a terms of trade deterioration for the recipient country. This can be viewed as a polar case of the effect of a transfer on the terms of trade. Here, the marginal propensity to consume the export good by the recipient country is 1. The donor benefits from a terms of trade improvement. As with immiserizing growth, it is theoretically possible that a transfer actuallyworsens the welfare of the recipient.11. When a country subsidizes its exports, the world relative supply and relative demand schedules shiftsuch that the terms of trade for the country worsen. A countervailing import tariff in a second country exacerbates this effect, moving the terms of trade even further against the first country. The firstcountry is worse off both because of the deterioration of the terms of trade and the distortionsintroduced by the new internal relative prices. The second country definitely gains from the firstcountry’s export su bsidy, and may gain further from its own tariff. If the second country retaliated with an export subsidy, then this would offset the initial improvement in the terms of trade; the“retaliatory” export subsidy definitely helps the first country and hurts th e second.。

国际经济学第五章

第二节产品周期理论与技术差异类似，技术变化也是国际贸易的一个重要决定因素，即所谓的技术差异的动态因素。从这一角度出发，一些有关技术变革与国际贸易的理论产生出来。其中，由经济学家维农（Raymond Vernon）首次提出的产品周期理论，就是关于技术变化在国际贸易中作用的一个重要理论。
3．结论：．结论：（1）重叠需求是国际贸易产生的一个独立条件。（2）如果各国的国民收入不断提高，则由于收入水平的提高，新的重复需要的商品便不断地出现，贸易也相应地不断扩大，贸易中的新品种就会不断地出现。
4．关于重叠需求理论的意义及其适用性．（1）重叠需求理论从需求的角度阐述了部门内发贸易发展的原因，因而是对古典贸易理论的补充。（2）林德的重叠需求理论对于解释二次世界大战以后迅速发展的发达国家间，特别是产业内贸易做出了巨大贡献。（3）重叠需求理论与要素禀赋理论各有其不同的适用适用范围。概括而言，要素禀赋理论主要解释发生在发达国范围家与发展中国家之间的产业间贸易产业间贸易（Inter-industry 产业间贸易 trade），即工业品与初级产品或资本密集型产品与劳动密集型产品之间的贸易；而重叠需求理论则适合于解释发生在发达国家之间的产业内贸易产业内贸易（Intra -industry 产业内贸易 trade），即制造业内部的一种水平式贸易。
需求、第五章需求、技术变化与国际贸易
本章简介二十世纪六、七十年代，国际贸易理论的发展进入一个相对平缓时期，要素禀赋理论已经日臻完善，在国际贸易理论中占据着绝对统治地位。但这些理论在对贸易问题的解释方面还存在着一些问题。 1．无论是古典贸易理论，还是要素禀赋理论，都是从供给方面来探讨国际贸易的基础，即从技术差异、要素禀赋差异等供给方面的因素来解释比较优势的决定，而关于需求方面因素对国际贸易的决定作用则并未涉及。 2．基于生产理论的国际贸易理论模型，比较注重于静态分析，总是假设供给方面条件一成不变。而现实中，这些国际贸易的重要决定因素总是随着时间的发展而不停地演变，有鉴于此，一些学者脱离贸易理论发展的“主航道”，从其他方面，来探讨国际贸易的新基础。

国际经济学第五章

Figure 5-3 Production, Consumption, and Trade in the Standard Model
§1 A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
If the relative price of cloth, PC/PF , increases, the economy’s consumption choice shifts from D1 to D2. The move from D1 to D2 reflects two effects: Income effect Substitution effect It is possible that the income effect will be so strong that when PC/PF rises, consumption of both goods actually rises, while the ratio of cloth consumption to food consumption falls.
§1 A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
Determining Relative Prices
Suppose that the world economy consists of two countries To determine PC/PF , one must find the intersection of world relative supply of cloth and world relative demand.
分析
由于中国对发达国家的贸易在中国总体对外贸易中占主导地位，中国与发达国家贸易条件指数的走势就主导了中国总体贸易条件的变化趋势。

国际经济学

国际经济学绪论国际经济学是建立在经济学基本理论基础上的经济学的分支科学。

它是研究经济资源或稀缺资源在世界范围内的最优分配，以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的科学。

即国际经济学是以国际经济关系为其研究对象。

它的研究目的就是要解释各个国家或地区之间经济联系的内在机制。

国际经济学定义国际经济学研究现代国家和地区之间经济的相互依存与相互影响及其内在机制，分析一国与世界其他国家间商品、生产要素的流向和直接影响这个流向的国内外政策，以及这些政策对某个国家的福利所产生的影响。

国际经济学的内容国际经济学的微观部分和宏观部分被分别称之为国际贸易理论和国际金融理论。

国际贸易理论旨在说明贸易的起因与利益，以及贸易政策的影响及依据，它主要涉及的主要内容包括贸易纯理论、贸易政策以及贸易与经济增长之间关系等。

国际金融理论则主要说明国际经济活动（如商品、服务贸易和资本国际流动）在各国国民收入中的作用，以及各种国内经济活动对国际经济关系的影响。

即包括外汇理论与政策、国际收支调整理论与政策及国际货币制度等。

国际经济学的范围1、微观国际经济理论：古典国际经济理论、现代国际经济理论；2、宏观国际经济理论：国际贸易政策、国际收支调整理论、内外平衡政策3、生产要素的国际流动：国际间的资本流动（国际间接资本流动和国际直接资本流动）、国际间的劳动力流动；4、国际经济协调：国际间贸易关系协调、国际间金融关系协调、国际间税收关系协调、国际经济一体化；本次课程的内容组成国际贸易理论与政策国际金融理论与政策国际经济学与西方经济学的区别西方经济学研究的是资源的流动和管理机制；可以分为微观经济学和宏观经济学；国际经济学研究的是国际格局下的的资源配置问题。

它分为微观国际经济理论（国际贸易理论）：主要讨论世界范围内的资源配置问题。

宏观国际经济理论（国际金融理论）：主要讨论在国际格局下资源利用的决定因素及其国际传递机制。

第一篇国际贸易理论与政策国际贸易与微观经济学的区别国际贸易理论与微观经济学之间存在着内在联系。

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》讲义CH05

D2
D1
Q1 Q2 VV1(PC/PF)1 TT VV2(PC/PF)2 Cloth production, QC
Copyright © 2006 西南财经大学吴晓东 Slide 5-13
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
The Welfare Effect of Changes in the Terms of Trade
Copyright © 2006 西南财经大学吴晓东
Slide 5-5
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
Production Possibilities and Relative Supply
• Assumptions of the model:
– Each country produces two goods, food (F) and cloth (C) – Each country’s production possibility frontier is a smooth curve (TT)
Copyright © 2006 西南财经大学吴晓东
Slide 5-10
A Standard Model of a Trading Economy
Figure 5-3: Production, Consumption, and Trade in the Standard Model
Food production, QF
The standard trade model is a general model of trade
that admits these models as special cases.

国际经济学(英文)课件CHAPTER5

Economies of Scale
Imperfect Competition
Differences in Dynamic Changes in Technology among Nations
Transportation Costs and Environmental Standards
Chapter 5
4
Relaxing Assumptions
3. Commodity X is labor intensive and commodity Y is capital intensive in both nations.
——No factor-intensity reversal
4. Both commodities are produced under constant returns to scale in both nations.
1. There are two nations (Nation 1 and 2), two commodities (commodity X and Y), and two factors of production (labor and capital).
2. Both nations use the same technology in production. ——Technology gap and product cycle model
International trade that H-O theory leaves unexplained calls for new theories
Chapter 5
9
5.2 Economies of Scale and International Trade

!ch05

4
Tax Shares or Tax Prices税收份税收份额或税收价格
Tax shares, sometimes called tax prices, are pre-announced levies (征收）征收）征收 assigned to citizens. 预先公布的分派到公民头上的一种征收。预先公布的分派到公民头上的一种征收。 They are a portion of the unit cost of a good proposed to be provided by government.它们代表了政府提供的公共它们代表了政府提供的公共产品的成本。产品的成本。 ti = tax share to individual i Σ ti = average cost of good
Rational Ignorance（理性无知） is the （理性无知） idea that, to many voters, the marginal cost of obtaining information concerning an issue is greater than the marginal benefit of gaining that information. This leads the voter to fail to gather the information and then not to vote. 由于获得信息的边际成本超过采取此行动所带来的边际收益而导致投票人不收集信息且不去投票的状况。息且不去投票的状况。
16
Preferences
Single-peaked preferences 单峰偏好 a unique optimal outcome exists 假设只有唯一的最优结果存在 Multi-peaked preferences多峰偏好多峰偏好 as people move away from their most preferred outcome, they become worse off until a certain point. After that point, as they move further away from their most-preferred outcome they become better off. 假设有两个优选结果 17

05《国际经济学》第五章

一、商品价格与要素价格二、短期与长期的比较本章总结
End
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一、商品价格与要素价格（一）
国际贸易会提高贸易国出口部门特定要素的实际收入，降低与进口相竞争部门特定要素的实际收入，而对可自由流动要素的实际收入的影响则不确定。可自由流动要素的实际收入是否提高取决于要素所有者的消费结构。
End
6
三、特定要素模型的均衡解
WX
VMP′LX 图5—1 VMPLY F WY
VMPLX
WF W′ W OX LX
E′
E
W′ W OY End
7
L
L′
LY
特定要素模型的说明（一）
上图是一个上端开口的埃基沃斯方框。方框底边的长度表示劳动总量L，其他两边分别表示X、Y部门中的劳动价格或报酬。在完全竞争条件下，两个部门的要素报酬分别为： wX = PX×MPLX， rX = PX×MPKX wY = PY×MPLY， rY = PY×MPKY
End
4
二、特定要素模型的基本假设
特定要素模型的基本结构与要素禀赋理论相比，除了关于要素流动的假设条件不同外，其他方面基本相同。由于本章的目的主要是解释短期内国际贸易对一国收入分配的影响，所以，这里仅以一国为例，模型不涉及其他国家。模型的基本假设包括：（1）X、Y两种产品生产都使用资本和劳动；（2）规模收益不变；（3）劳动是同质的，可在两个部门间自由流动；
End
13
商品价格与要素价格（三）
（一）劳动实际报酬的变化
由于两个部门的资本是固定不变的，所以，当PX上升导致X部门的劳动投入量增加时，X部门的边际劳动生产率将下降，而Y部门由于劳动投入量减少，边际劳动生产率则上升。这意味着w/PX下降，w/PY上升。也就是说，贸易后该国的工资水平将提高，但提高的幅度小于X商品价格的上涨幅度。所以，对于劳动者来说，若其全部收入均来自于工资，则其实际收入水平在贸易后是否提高取决于其消费结构。如果劳动者的消费偏好于X商品，则其实际生活水平可能会下降；如果劳动者的消费偏好于Y商品，则其实际生活水平可能上升。 End

ch05 国际经济学课后答案与习题(萨尔瓦多)

*CHAPTER 5(Core Chapter)TRADE RESTRICTIONS: TARIFFSOUTLINE5.1 Introduction5.2 Types of TariffsCase Study 5-1 Average Tariff on Industrial Products in Major Developed CountriesCase Study 5-2 Average Tariff on Industrial Products in Some Major Developing Countries 5.3 Effects of a Tariff in a Small Nation5.4 Effect of a Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surplus5.5 Costs and Benefits of a Tariff in a Small NationCase Study 5-3 The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some U.S. ProductsCase Study 5-4 The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some EU Products5.6 Costs and Benefits of a Tariff in a Large Nation5.7 The Optimum Tariff and Retaliation5.8 Theory of Tariff StructureCase Study 5-5 Rising Tariff Rates with Degree of Domestic ProcessingCase Study 5-6 Structure of Tariffs in the United States, EU, and CanadaAppendix: Optimum Tariff and Retaliation with Offer CurvesKey TermsTrade or commercial policies Revenue effect of a tariffsurplustariff ConsumerImportExport tariff Rent or producer surplustariff Protectioncost or deadweight loss of a tariff valoremAdSpecific tariff Terms of trade effect of the tarifftarifftariff OptimumCompoundConsumption effect of a tariff Prohibitive tariffProduction effect of a tariff Rate of effective protectionTrade effect of a tariffLecture Guide1. I would cover sections 1-4 in the first lecture. The most difficult part is Section 4 on themeaning and measurement of consumer and producer surplus. Since a clear understanding of the meaning and measurement of consumer and producer surplus is crucial in measuring the welfare effect of tariffs, I would explain these concepts very carefully.2. I would cover sections 5 and 6 in the second lecture. These are the most difficult sections inthe chapter and also the most important.3. The theory of tariff structure is also difficult and important. I found that the best way toexplain it is by using the simple example in the text on the suit with and without imported inputs. This section is likely to generate a great deal of discussion about the trade relations between developed and developing nations. If you do not plan to cover optional Chapter 8 on growth and development, you could spend a bit more time on this topic here , even though it will come up again in Chapter 6.Answer to Problems1. a. See Figure 1 on the next page.b. Consumption is 70X, production is 50X and imports are 20X.c. The consumption effect is –30X, the production effect is +30X, the trade effectis –60X, and the revenue effect is $30 (see Figure 1).2. a. The consumer surplus is $250 without and $l22.50 with the tariff (see Figure 1).b. Of the increase in the revenue of producers with the tariff (as compared with theirrevenues under free trade), $22.50 represents the increase in production costs andanother $22.50 represents the increase in rent or producer surplus (see Figure 1).c. The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $45 (see Figure 1).3. The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $45 (see Figure 2).4. The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $45 (see Figure 3).5. The optimum tariff is the tariff that maximizes the net benefit resulting from theimprovement in the nation’s terms of trade against the negative effect resulting fromreduction in the volume of trade.X Fig 5.1X Fig 5.2XFig 5.36. a. When a nation imposes an optimum tariff, the trade partner’s welfare declines because ofthe lower volume of trade and the deterioration in its terms of trade.b. The trade partner is likely to retaliate and in the end both nations are likely to lose becauseof the reduction in the volume of trade.7. Even when the trade partner does not retaliate when one nation imposes the optimum tariff,the gains of the tariff-imposing nation are less than the losses of the trade partner, so that theworld as a whole is worse off than under free trade. It is in this sense that free trade maximizesworld welfare.8. a. The nominal tariff is calculated on the market price of the product or service. The rate ofeffective protection, on the other hand, is calculated on the value added in the nation. It isequal to the value of the price of the commodity or service minus the value of the importedinputs used in the production of the commodity or service.b. The nominal tariff is important to consumers because it determines by how much the priceof the imported commodity increases. The rate of effective protection is important fordomestic producers because it determines the actual rate of protection provided by thetariff to domestic processing.9. a. Rates of effective protection in industrial nations are generally much higher than thecorresponding nominal rates and increase with the degree of processing.b. The tariff structure of developed nations is of great concern for developing nationsbecause it discourages manufacturing production in developing nations.10. If a nation reduces the nominal tariff on the importation of the raw materials required toproduce a commodity but does not reduce the tariff on the importation of the finalcommodity produced with the imported raw material, then the effective tariff rates willincrease relative to the nominal tariff rate on the commodity.Multiple-choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?a. an ad valorem tariff is expressed as a percentage of the price of the traded commodity.b. a specific tariff is expressed as a fixed sum of the value of the traded commodity.c. export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitution*d. the U.S. uses exclusively the specific tariff2. A small nation is one:a. which does not affect world price by its tradingb. which faces an infinitely elastic world supply curve for its import commodityc. whose consumers will pay a price that exceeds the world price by the amount of the tariff *d. all of the above3. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity, its:a. consumption of the commodity increasesb. production of the commodity decreasesc. imports of the commodity increase*d. none of the above4. The increase in producer surplus when a small nation imposes a tariff is measured by the area: *a. to the left of the supply curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffb. under the supply curve between the quantity produced with and without the tariffc. under the demand curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffd. none of the above.5. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity:*a. the rent of domestic producers of the commodity increasesb. the protection cost of the tariff decreasesc. the deadweight loss decreasesd. all of the above6. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a small nation:a. improves its terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the nation's welfare*d. non of the above7. The optimum tariff for a small nation is:a. 100%b. 50%*c. 0d. depends on the elasticity of demand and supply for the import commodity in the nation8. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a large nation:a. improves its terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the nation's welfare*d. all of the above9. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a large nation:a. improves the terms of trade of the trade partner*b. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the trade partner’s welfared. all of the above10. If two large countries impose an optimum tariff*a. the welfare of the both nations decreaseb. the welfare of the both nations increasec. the welfare of the larger nation will increase and that of the other nation decreasesd. the welfare of the larger nation will decrease and that of the other nation increases11. If one nation imposes an optimum tariff and the other nation does not retaliate*a. the welfare of the first nation increases and that of the welfare of the second nation fallsb. the welfare of the second nation increases and that of the welfare of the second nation fallsc. the welfare of both nations falld. the welfare of both nations increase12. If one nation imposes an optimum tariff and the other nation does not retaliatea. the welfare of the first nation increases more than the fall in the welfare of the secondnation*b. the welfare of the first nation increases more than the fall in the welfare of the secondnationc. the welfare of the second nation increases less than the fall in the welfare of the firstnationd. the welfare of the first nation increases by the same amount as the fall in the welfare of the second nation13. The nominal tariff is the tariff calculated on thea. price of the input used in the production of the commodity*b. price of the commodity or servicec. value addedd. all of the above14. The effective tariff rate is the tariff calculated on thea. price of the input used in the production of the commodityb. commodity or service*c. value added in the nationd. all of the above15. If the nominal tariff on a commodity is higher than the nominal tariff on the imported input used in the production of the commodity, then the rate of effective protection is*a. higher on the commodity than on the inputb. lower on the commodity than on the imported inputc. equal on the commodity and on the imported inputd. any of the above。

CH05 Current Account and Exchange-Rate Equilibrium

Px *
贬值前国际收支处于基本平衡状态：e*PM * *M Px * x 可得：x -（ 1-m）>0 即：x +m 1这就是马歇尔-勒纳条件。
马歇尔-勒纳条件的第二种推导方法
假设本币贬值1%，x 和m 分别表示出口商品和进口商品的需求价格弹性绝对值。本币贬值1%，意味着以外币表示的本国出口商品的价格下降1%，本国出口商品的需求量增加 x %，则以本币表示的出口收入随着出口数量的增加而增加
欧元的需求曲线
S（＄/€） D€ D ’， €
A
SA
B
SB D€ D ’， €
Q€
QA QB
• 向右下方倾斜的需求曲线意味着随着美元相对于欧元升值，对于美国消费者来说，德国的商品变得更加便宜。结果，美国消费者愿意购买更多的德国商品，从而也需要购买更多的欧元来满足这些额外的交易。 • 因此，货币价格与货币的需求量之间存在着负相关的关系。因此，汇率的变动可导致欧元的需求量沿着需求曲线向下移动，如图，由A点移向B点。这就是欧元需求量的变动。
其中，PX 是以本币表示的出口商品的价格；
X表示出口商品的数量；
PM* 是以外币表示的进口商品的价格；
M表示进口商品的数量 e表示直接标价法下的汇率
如果本币贬值，即e增加时，则本币贬值能起到改善贸易收支的作用。
dBP 0 de
2.3 Analysis Framework
A currency depreciation or appreciation
2.1 The introduction to elasticities approach
•弹性分析法主要由英国剑桥大经济学家琼· 罗宾逊夫人、勒纳等在马歇尔微观经济学和局部均衡分析的基础上发展起来的。因而被称为马歇尔-勒纳条件。 • 弹性分析法在假定收入等不变条件下研究汇率变动对一国国际收支调整的作用，其要解决本币贬值在什么条件下能够改善本国国际收支。

《国际经济学》第五章

24
External scale economies
Economies of scale that occur at the level of the industry instead of the firm are called external economies. There are three main reasons why a cluster of firms may be more efficient than an individual firm in isolation:
10
Inter-industry trade & intraindustry trade
Main differences between inter-industry and intra-industry trade:
Inter-industry trade reflects comparative advantage, whereas intra-industry trade does not. The pattern of intra-industry trade itself is unpredictable, whereas that of inter-industry trade is determined by underlying differences between countries. The relative importance of intra-industry and inter-industry trade depends on how similar countries are.
5
Intra-industry trade
If all trade is inter-industry, the IIT share is 0. If all trade involves matched exports and imports (X=M) for each industry, the IIT share is 1. If some trade is net trade and some trade is intra-industry trade, the IIT share will have a value between 0 and 1. The size of IIT share indicates the importance of the intra-industry trade.

ch05

Carbaugh, Chap. 5
6
Tariffs
Avoiding and postponing tariffs (US)
Production sharing and special treatment for foreign assembly using domestic components Bonded warehouses Foreign trade zones
Overall net loss for the economy (deadweight loss) Export industries face higher costs for inputs Cost of living increases Other nations may retaliate, further restricting trade
Carbaugh, Chap. 5 14
Reasons for tariffs
Politics of protectionism
“Demand” for protectionism depends on:
The amount of the import-competing industry’s comparative disadvantage The level of import penetration The level of concentration in the affected sector The degree of export dependence in the sector
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
7
Tariffs
Tariff welfare effects
Consumer surplus

国际经济学Chapter 5

CHAPTER 5The Standard Trade Model* The differences and common features of the three models developed in previous chapter.·Differences·Common features(1)different PPF(2)different PPF different RS(3)different RS different P C/P F trade* A more general trade model: the models we have studied may be viewed as special cases.·Different PPF?(1)Home’s relative labor productivity of cloth is higher thanForeign’sor(2)Q C=Q C(K,L C), Q F=Q F(T,L F). Home has more capital while Foreign has more land.or(3)Home is labor-abundant and cloth is labor-intensive, while …Model Merit DefectThe Ricardian modelTechnology(trade pattern)Income distribution The Specific factormodelIncome distribution Trade patternThe H-O modelResources(trade pattern)Technology·Different Pc/P F?At any given Pc/P F, (Q C/Q F)>(Q C*/Q F*), RS lies to the right of RS*, that is (P C/P F)H<(P C/P F)F。

国际经济学第五章幻灯片PPT

❖ 如果中间产品关税率提高到40%，制成品的国内生产单位产出附加值=1300-500*（1+40%）=600 元，实际保护率为（600-500）/500*100%=20%。
21
❖ 在制成品关税不变的前提下，随着中间产品关税的上升，制成品的实际保护率将下降，甚至出现负保护的情况。
❖ 保护某一特定行业，可以降低其使用的中间产品或原材料的进口关税来获得保护。
进口关税
❖ 关税的种类 ❖ 关税的效应:局部均衡分析 ❖ 有效保护率与关税结构
进口配额
❖ 配额及其实施的原因 ❖ 配额的效应
2
出口补贴
❖ 出口补贴的含义 ❖ 出口补贴的效应
倾销与反倾销
❖ 倾销的类型 ❖ 反倾销与反倾销税
3
第一节贸易政策的选择
❖ 1820-1870年，世界市场的产生和自由贸易的兴盛时期；
❖ 税收效应：c+e ❖ 净福利效应：
a-(a+b+c+d)+（c+e）=e-(b+d) 。净效应不确定。
18
四、名义保护率与实际保护率
❖ 实际保护率是指某一行业生产或加工中增加的那部分价值（即附加值）受保护的情况。又称有效保护率。
❖ 实际保护率的计算公式：
V V E R j P j 1% 00 ( 5 .1 )
jV j
19
❖ 例：假设某一制成品在国际市场上的价格为 1000元，该产品在国内生产时每单位产出需要使用价值500元的中间投入品。
❖ 现假定对该产品征收30%的从价税，另外假设对其使用的中间产品不征进口关税。问该制成品实际保护率为多少？
❖ 解： V'j=1000（1+30%）-500=800