TheTransformation in Translation
_中国科技翻译_2014年总目录_
………………………………………………………………………… LIU Yuanfu，WANG Xi and CAO Xin 3 （ 1） Mistranslations in Translating Technical Terms and the Eliminating Strategies …………………… YANG Xianming 3 （ 5） Translationese in EST Translation： Its Manifestations and Correspondent Solutions ……………… LIANG Chunmei 3 （ 9） Text-intentionality and Sci-Tech Translation ………………………………………………………… LIU Yingping 3 （ 13） Understanding the Concept“Image-metaphor and Analogy”： Essential Know-hows for TCM’s English Translation
transformation
• “Coming! ” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
• “来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草 地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进 了门廊。
an "of + abstract noun" construction serving as the predicative of the original sentence
• The matter is of no significance. • 这事无关紧要。
practice
Some abstract nouns indicating qualities or characteristics of a person or a thing form a subject-predicate relation • We are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy and firmly determined to pursue it. • 我们深信这一政策是正确的，并有坚定的 信心继续奉行这一政策。
• 他久仰班纳特太太几个小姐的年轻 美貌，很希望见见他们。
a verb-object or subject-predicate relation with possessive pronoun • On account of his long delay, he started in a flying run down the lane westward. • 因为他己经耽搁了许久了，所以现 在飞跑着往里面的小路上追去。 《德伯家的苔丝》
英语翻译转换法
Part of speech conversion
要点一
Noun verb conversion
conversion method • The advantages, disadvantages, and
improvement directions of translation conversion method
01
Overview of Translation Conversion Method
Adjusting presence structure
Modifying presence structure to accommodate voice changes, such as rearranging phrases or clauses
Tense transition
Shifting tense
Inserting
appropriate
connections (e.g., connections,
adapters)
to
clarify
relationships between ideas
and enhance coherence
Voice conversion
Active to passive
Using temporary markers
Inserting words or phrases that indicate time (e.g., "yesterday," "in the future") to clarify tense usage
英语翻译中跨文化视角转换及翻译技巧
英语翻译中跨文化视角转换及翻译技巧【摘要】这篇文章将探讨跨文化翻译中的重要性和技巧。
在我们将介绍跨文化翻译的重要性，并说明本研究的背景和目的。
在我们将讨论文化差异对翻译的影响以及跨文化视角在翻译中的应用。
我们还将探讨翻译技巧与策略，以及语言表达的灵活运用和文化因素与翻译的互动。
在我们将强调跨文化视角转换的重要性，探讨翻译技巧对文化传播的影响，并提出未来研究方向。
通过本文的研究，读者将更好地理解和应用跨文化视角转换及翻译技巧，促进跨文化交流和理解。
【关键词】跨文化翻译、文化差异、跨文化视角、翻译技巧、语言表达、文化因素、文化传播、研究方向1. 引言1.1 跨文化翻译的重要性In today's globalized world, the importance of cross-cultural translation cannot be understated. As society becomes increasingly interconnected, the need for accurate and culturally sensitive translation services is more crucial than ever.Cross-cultural translation plays a vital role in bridging the gapbetween different languages and cultures, facilitating communication and understanding across borders.1.2 研究背景Cross-cultural translation is a rapidly growing field of study that investigates the complexities and challenges of conveying meanings across different cultures. The ability to accurately convey cultural nuances and subtleties in translation is essential for effective communication in a globalized world. The increasing globalization of communication and the growing demand for multicultural exchange have led to a heightened interest in cross-cultural translation.1.3 研究目的Through a comprehensive analysis of the application of cross-cultural perspectives in translation, we hope to provide insights into how translators can effectively navigate cultural nuances and ensure accurate and culturally sensitive translations. By exploring the strategies and techniques used in translation, we seek to highlight the importance of linguistic flexibility and cultural adaptability in achieving successful cross-cultural communication.2. 正文2.1 文化差异对翻译的影响文化差异对翻译的影响是一个非常重要的主题。
论英汉翻译中的中式英语.26
汉英翻译中的中式英语及其改善措施摘要：随着我国改革开放和全球经济一体化，我国与其他国家之间的交流与沟通越来越频繁。
英语已经发展为一门世界性语言，并且成为我国对外交流的主要工具；而翻译便成为必要的交流形式。
然而，在翻译过程中普遍存在“中式英语”的现象。
译者拘泥于原文字面，“对号入座”，使得译文生硬晦涩，不符合英语的习惯表达，并带有明显的汉语特征，因而不能被以英语为母语者所接受。
它的存在严重影响了翻译的质量以及我国的对外交流。
针对这一问题，本文对中式英语进行了较系统的研究，旨在给中国英语学习者一个借鉴，在翻译过程中尽量减少使用中式英语，提高汉英翻译的质量。
本文共分为五大部分，从三个方面对中式英语进行论述。
第一个方面从中式英语的定义入手，对中式英语进行了一个简单介绍，并分析了它的六种错误类型，通过大量例子，较详细的描述了汉英翻译中的中式英语的表现形式；第二个方面则利用对比分析指出其产生的根本原因，即中西思维模式的差异以及母语的干扰；第三个方面针对中式英语的产生原因及表现形式，提出了五大改善措施，以减少和避免汉英翻译中中式英语的现象。
关键词：中式英语；思维模式差异；母语的干扰Chinglish in Chinese-English Translation and Possible SolutionsAbstract: With China‟s reform and opening-up policy and economic globalization, Chinese people are communicating with foreign countries in every aspect. English has developed as a widely used language to fulfill international communication, and translation has become a necessary method. However, a phenomenon exists commonly in Chinese- English translation, that is, Chinglish. The translators just rigidly stick to original words, and their translations turn out to be obscure and not consistent with English habits or rules but with Chinese characteristics, which cannot be accepted by English native speakers. Consequently, Chinglish seriously affects the translation quality and our communication with the world, and the international status of our country.This paper is an attempt to study Chinglish in Chinese-English translation. It consists of three parts. Part one describes Chinglish with interlanguage and analyzes the basic causes of Chinglish that are thought pattern difference between Chinese and English and interference of mother tongue. From the aspects of six sorts of errors, part two demonstrates main manifestations of Chinglish in C-E translation with a large number of examples. Part three offers some possible solutions with an aim to reduce or evade Chinglish in Chinese-English translation to the largest extent.Key words: Chinglish; thought pattern difference; mother tongue interferenceTable of ContentsI. Introduction (1)II. Chinglish (1)A. Definition of Chinglish (1)B. Manifestations of Chinglish in Chinese-English Translation (2)1. Unnecessary Words (2)2. Rigid Translation (4)3. Misuse of Words (4)4. Incorrect Word Order (6)5. Incorrect Subject (7)6. Incorrect Negation (8)III. Basic Causes of Chinglish (9)A. Thought Patterns Differences (9)B. Mother Tongue Interference (11)IV. Possible Solutions to Chinglish in Chinese-English Translation (12)A. Knowing More about English Thought Patterns (12)B. Accumulating Chinglish Examples (13)C. Doing More Translation Practice (14)D. Adapting good ways in using dictionaries (14)E. Watching more English movies and TV drama programs (15)V. Conclusion (15)I. IntroductionSince English has developed as an international language, study on various English versions on the linguistics, culture and cognition has become an important subject in the international language study field.Scholars home and abroad have been devoting themselves to studying Chinglish for years. Li Wenzhong distinguished Chinglish from Chinese English. He thought that Chinese English was not a hypothesis but an objective phenomenon with expansive prospect and study value, while Chinese English was distorted English and would be gradually reduced or eliminated along with the wide use of English and Chinese English learners‟. On the basis of interlanguage, both Chinese English and Chinglish were interlanguage variations produced by Chinese and affected by Chinese culture, and they were inevitable. There are two causes of Chinglish. First, the misunderstanding of the original and for the second was being not familiar with English characteristics and adopting Chinese collocations and structures. Joan Pinkham, an American professional translator, systematically classified Chinglish manifestations and corrected them with specific analysis.The author of this paper agrees that Chinglish is objective and unavoidable for Chinese English learners but needs improvement. This paper studies Chinglish in Chinese-English translation, discussing its definition, causes and solutions with a large number of examples.II. ChinglishChinglish has existed for a long history, even since Chinese began to study and use English. In the early 1980s, some foreign experts pointed out that some phrases or structures in some published Chinese magazines and newspapers did not conform to Standard English actually. Because it manifests Chinese feature, they called this kind of English “Chinglish” (Ma Xuehong 79).A. Definition of ChinglishChinglish is defined by Joan Pinkham who is an American language expert in her book The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish: “Chinglish, of course, is that misshapen, neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as …English with Chinese characteristics”. It does not conform to Standard English and cannot be understood or accepted by English native speakers, so it is playing a negative role in communicating with English people.In the strict sense, Chinglish is the interlanguage of Chinese learners between Chinese and English. Two of the characteristics of interlanguage are cited: (Pinkham 32) (1)It is dynamic, and full of errors, and is in the process of constant change towards astandard target language system.(2)The learner‟s competence is transitional. It is subject to constant revision, passes through a number of stages, and forms the “interlanguage continuum”.Another feature is fossilization which is defined as a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.Being Chinese, we generally cannot reach the same level of competence as English natives. Our “final state”grammar is not standard English grammar. Thus, certain rules and items “fossilize”. Typical errors are “he have…”and “she go to school yesterday”, etc.According to the definitions of Chinglish and interlanguage and the characteristics of interlanguage,a conclusion can be drawn that Chinglish is an interlanguage of Chinese learners of English, and is neither Chinese nor English but stands between them.B. Manifestations of Chinglish in Chinese-English TranslationIt has been discussed in chapter one that thought is the basis of language, so the thought pattern difference will affect the transformation of the languages. Translation is a language activity that reexpresses the thought of language by another language accurately and entirely. In this sense, translation should not be merely viewed as the transformation of languages, but also the transformation of thought patterns. Besides, the structure difference between the two languages will also affect the translation. When translating, many Chinese English learners only pay attention to the language replacement, neglecting the differences of thought patterns and structures. Consequently, Chinglish appears. For a clearer cognition of this phenomenon, this chapter classifies it to six sorts of errors that are rigid translation, unnecessary words, and misuse of words, incorrect word order, incorrect subject and incorrect negation.1. Unnecessary WordsA sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentence. It is said that any words which perform no function in the sentence—that is, which add nothing to the meaning—should be edited out.However, almost every text translated from Chinese into English contains unnecessary words. Namely, unnecessary words appear in a large number of phrases and sentences. Unnecessary words are thehallmark of Chinglish. Let‟s see the following examples.(1) 确保中美两国之间紧密的合作关系。
汉英翻译中意合与形合的转换
汉英翻译中意合与形合的转换【摘要】In the field of translation, the conversion between meaning-based translation and form-based translation plays a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and fluency of translated texts. This article explores the importance of converting between meaning-based and form-based translation in Chinese-English translation. It discusses the differences between these two approaches, provides strategies for converting between them, analyzes case studies to illustrate effective conversion strategies, and explores the significance of employing these strategies in cross-cultural communication. By focusing on the conversion between meaning-based and form-based translation, translators can enhance the quality of their translations and achieve better communication outcomes. It is essential for practitioners to pay attention to this conversion in their translation practice to ensure the effectiveness and appropriateness of their translations.【关键词】汉英翻译、意合、形合、转换、翻译质量、跨文化交流、策略、案例分析、实践、重要性、意义。
英语翻译的方法
英语翻译的方法英语翻译是将一种语言的信息转化为另一种语言的过程。
翻译不仅仅是简单地转译单词和句子，还需要考虑词语的含义、语法结构、上下文以及文化背景等因素。
下面将介绍一些常用的英语翻译方法。
1. 直译法（Literal Translation）：直译法是将原文逐字逐句地翻译成目标语言，不考虑语法和语言特点。
这种方法简单直接，但可能导致翻译不符合目标语言的表达习惯和语法规则。
2. 逐句翻译法（Sentence-by-Sentence Translation）：逐句翻译法是按照原文的句子顺序逐句翻译。
这种方法可以保持原文的结构和顺序，但可能会忽略上下文的语境和顺序。
3. 意译法（Transliteration）：意译法是将原文所表达的意思翻译成与目标语言的表达方式最接近的词汇和句子。
这种方法更注重词语的意义和表达方式，可以更好地传达原文的意思，但可能会损失原文的细节和形式。
4. 适应法（Adaptation）：适应法是根据目标语言的语法和表达习惯来调整原文的翻译。
这种方法可以使翻译更符合目标语言的表达规范，但也可能改变原文的结构和意义。
5. 文化转化法（Cultural Transformation）：文化转化法是将原文的文化背景和特点转化成目标语言所对应的文化背景和特点。
这种方法更注重传达原文的文化内涵，但也需要对两种文化有深入的了解。
6. 修饰法（Modifiers）：修饰法是通过添加修饰词或从句来翻译原文，以更准确地传达原文的意思。
这种方法可以充分利用目标语言的语法和语言特点，并且在翻译中添加适当的修饰可以更好地表达原文的细节和含义。
7. 重组法（Recombination）：重组法是将原文的句子重组成不同的语序和结构，以符合目标语言的表达方式。
这种方法可以提高翻译的流畅性和可理解性，但需要保持原文的意义不变。
总之，英语翻译需要根据原文的特点和目标语言的表达习惯选择不同的翻译方法。
在翻译过程中，译者还需要注重语法和语言的准确性，并结合上下文和文化背景进行翻译，以保证翻译的质量和准确性。
本科生毕业论文自我评价范文（通用6篇）
本科生毕业论文自我评价范文（通用6篇）本科生自我评价范文篇1在回顾走过的这三年，发现自己在许多方面有了进步，同时许多方面也有待改进。
在学习上，脑子里持着进入大学后好好放松从重压下解放出来的思想，于是忽略了学习。
没有高中时候的主动性和积极性。
每次临近期末考，考前一周临时抱下佛脚，算是顺利通过。
但是自从吸取几次大学英语四级失败的惨痛教训之后，我发现在大学不学习是不行的。
必须努力地充实自己，花精力花时间在课外阅读上，提高自己的专业水平，开阔视野。
在课堂上，虽然不必要像高中那会那样全神贯注，但也不能经常走神，思想开小差。
在这一点上，我自认做的不好。
时常会被乏味的课堂气氛弄的困意大发。
作为营销专业的学生，必须增加自己的阅读量，开阔视野。
我坚信任何一个人的成功都不是偶然，事前必然经历过许许多多的努力，所以想在毕业之后收获更多，在大学期间就要付出更多!在思想道德上，一直追求人格的升华，注重自己的品行。
我崇拜有巨大人格魅力的人，并一直希望自己也能做到。
我自认为有良好的道德修养，有坚定的政治方向，热爱集体热爱人民热爱党热爱祖国，以务实求真的态度参与许多公益活动。
在生活上，崇尚朴实质朴的生活作风。
在大学期间，养成了良好的生活习惯。
比如从来没有无故夜不归宿。
平时比较平易近人，对人态度友好，与同学和朋友的相处融洽。
我一直相信，生活源于坚韧的信念。
只有具备坚强的意志，才能面对生活中出现的各种困难和挫折。
因此，个人的生活独立性和自理能力比较强，很多事情都力求自己解决，尽量不让别人帮忙。
一直相信人不是完美的，每个人必定有各自的缺点和优点，重要的是该怎么去正视自己的优缺点。
为人随和，诚实，性格坚毅是我的优点。
只要决定去做一件事，必定会认真的去完成。
从来都不喜欢和一些虚伪的人交往，虽然不能改变别人，但可以时常勉励自己坚持原则，为人诚实守信。
本科生毕业论文自我评价范文篇2In the study, the strict demands on themselves, with Kaoyan goal and knowledge of the strong pursuit of assiduous, studious, correct attitude, a clear goal, basically a solid grasp of a number of professional knowledge and skills, to the theory with practice;Professional knowledge of learning, but also pay attention to the expansion of knowledge in various fields, a wide range of subjects under the knowledge of other subjects, thereby enhancing their ideological and cultural quality, to become a good college students and make unremitting efforts. Through my hard work, in the last phase of the hospital was awarded a first-class scholarships, and was listed as the object of life.At work, a serious and responsible, have a better organizational capacity, served as the sub-League Committee Propaganda Department during the work, work hardship, hard working, strong sense of responsibility, many times, with the Minister of the outstanding completion of the CYL's propaganda activities and the Department of Various promotional activities. I combined their own expertise, positive for the Department of Zengguang, the Communist Youth League was held in the poster production contest and hand-copied many times in the award-winning newspaper. As a result of active efforts, outstanding achievements, was named the hospital "outstanding Communist Youth League", by the teachers and students alike.In life, to develop a good living habits, life is full and structured, a strict attitude towards life and good attitude to life and life style, warm and generous, honest and trustworthy, helpful, have their own good accident principle, can And students live in harmony; actively participate in various extracurricularactivities, which continue to enrich their own experience, has been in the winter social practice was named "advanced individual" title, and in the cultural and sports activities in many awards.As a 20xx college graduate, I understand my shortcomings and advantages, four years I set a correct outlook on life, values and world view, but more I learned a lot of books can not learn the knowledge, cultivation and ability. I can use enthusiasm and vitality, self-confidence and knowledge to overcome the difficulties of the post-graduate stage, and constantly realize the value of life and the pursuit of the goal, to achieve the future beautiful life!本科生毕业论文自我评价范文篇3Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am Deng Ting and mysupervisor is Mrs Xu. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. My deepest and heartfelt gratitude goes to Mrs. Xu. At the same time thank these teachers for participating in our oral defense in spite of being very busy. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.The title of my paper is On Translation of Loanwords . I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. We all know that loanwords also refer to the borrowing words, and it is a product of language contact. Since the 1980s, with the increasingly frequent contact and communications between China and the rest of the world, a lot of new things and ideas are introduced into China which is bound to cause loanwords from English into Chinese with unprecedented scope and speed. Loanwords involves in every field of social life in the new period,appearing new borrowing climax in the history. Which make the study on translation of loanwords be very necessary.Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts. Part one presents an introduction for some scho lars’ researches on translation of loanwords from different angles. Part two provides an overview of loanwords including the definition of loan words, classification of loanwords, booming periods of loanwords from English to Chinese and the significance of loanwords translation. Part three present existing problems on translation ofloanwords: fake transliterated words may cause semantic fuzzy; many versions of translation for one single word often Lead to confusion in language use; some peculiar forms of loanwords cause obscure semantic expression; unconventionally formed loanwords will corrupt Chinese normalization. Part four on the basis of previous analysis we explore the loanword translation skills respectively fromprinciples and translation methods. Part five draws some conclusions that translation skills is necessary for us to achieve good translation. In addition, we mustcontinuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.Hope that it will help promote the reasonability and normative of the introductions of loanwords in future cultural exchanges.OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.本科生毕业论文自我评价范文篇4一篇优秀的论文不是写出来的，而是修改出来的，这需要的是耐心，还要用心。
2023届广东省广州市高三年级调研测试(零模)英语试题(含答案)
秘密★启用前试卷类型：B2023届广州市高三年级调研测试英语本试卷共10页，满分120分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号、试室号和座位号填写在答题卡上。
用2B铅笔将试卷类型（B）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。
并在答题卡相应位置上填涂考生号。
因笔试不考听力，试卷从第二部分开始，试题序号从“21”开始。
2．作答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。
答案不能答在试卷上。
3．非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
不按以上要求作答无效。
4．考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
ACopenhagen has GREAT public transport. It is reliable, safe, and easily accessible. Of course, like everything in Copenhagen, it is not cheap. The system can be a little confusing, even for locals, but we're here to help simplify it all for you! And today our focus is Travelling with a Bike. BIKES ON THE TRAINBicycles can be taken on s-tog lines for free but you can't take bikes through Nørreport station during peak hours. To take your bike on a train, you need to put it on the first or last carriage, clearly marked with large signs of bicycles on the outside.T o take a bike on a regional train, which takes you to parts of Denmark outside Copenhagen, you must buy an extra ticket. The price depends on the distance and varies from 16 kr to 28 kr.BIKES ON THE METROBicycles can be taken on the metro for an extra 13 kr. You need to pay for the bike with its own ticket. You can’t take your bike on the metro during peak hours.BIKES ON THE BUSYou can bring a bike on a bus but each bus is limited to two bikes, even if there is much space. Generally, people do not travel with their bikes on buses in Copenhagen.BIKES ON THE FERRY（渡轮）Charges for bicycles depend on the company and the destination. You will need to check with the ferry companies. When you book the ticket, you must state that you have a cycle, even if it's free of charge.21.Who is this text probably intended for?A. Tourist guides.B. Bike travelers.C. Local citizens.D. Ticket inspectors.22.On which public transport can you take a bike for free?A.A peak time s-tog train.B.A weekday regional train.C.An off-peak metro train.D.A weekend ferry.23.What is the disadvantage of bringing a bike on a bus?A.Buses are too crowded.B.It's against the local custom.C.Availability is not guaranteed.D.It's not welcomed by other passengers.BFrom the concert halls of Europe to the tech industries of the United States, C. J. Santos has created a story across the globe.Bom in Brazil, Santos moved to Switzerland at the age of 18, and earned degrees in both music performance and business administration there. During his next 10 years of “intense” career as a professional musician, he spent most of his time on the road. “I had the honor to perform in the top concert halls in Europe,” Santos said. “It really wore me out to be constantly traveling and performing, but it allowed me to see the world and understand it in its full diversity. This was a unique experience, and I carry its benefits with me to this day”Through these experiences, Santos was able to become fluent in six languages. With these skills under his belt, Santos worked with his wife, who is also fluent in four languages, to develop a small translation business.“Running it with no prior business experience was a challenging but exciting learning-by-doing experience," Santos said. “In addition, the translation industry experienced a massive digital transformation in the last decade.”This brought Santos to an MBA/M.S. program in business analytic and information management, where he got rich experience, knowledge and perspectives in different industries. The program provided him with something he clearly enjoys in life: variety “It helped me take the most advantage of the translation industry's digital transformation. What I gained from the program is more than what I managed in the 15 years in Europe,” he added.As Santos continues to grow his business, he's also working as an advisor.“The world's digital transformation has advanced at high speed,” he said. “To me, it's very exciting to be a valuable resource to those who need help to jump onboard the digital express.”24. What did Santos think of his career as a musician?A.Stable but stressful.B.Tiring but rewarding.C.Unique and enjoyable.D.Demanding and fruitless.25.What drove Santos to take up the MBA/M.S. program?A.His strong desire for a Master's Degree.B.The challenge from starting a new business.C.His lack of education background in business.D.The demand for a learning-by-doing experience.26.What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A.The great variety Santos enjoys in life.B.The application of digital transformation.C.The benefits Santos got from the program.D. Santos's viewpoint on translation industry.27.In which aspect does Santos probably offer help as an advisor?A.Digital solutions.B.Business analysis.C.Translation skills.D.Resources management.COur planet quakes thousands of times a year, but we still can't predict exactly when and where earthquakes will strike. What if animals' odd behavior could warn us?Researchers have reviewed hundreds of reports on pre-packed abnormal animal behaviors, but more were just anecdotes. Geologist Jim Berkland counted newspaper ads looking for runaway cats and dogs. On October 13, 1989, he told a newspaper reporter a big quake would strike in a week. Four days later, the Loma Prieta mega-quake hit! But the scientific community still rejected Berkland's theory. He didn't document every prediction, so nobody could measure his accuracy rate.Actual scientific evidence has to be repeatable. And a connection between a cause and an effect has to be shown to be stronger than random chance through careful experimentation and data collection. California researchers in the 1970s happened to have built controlled habitats to monitor the wheel-running activity of pocket mice. These habitats happened to be in an active earthquake area. Then the 1971 San Fernando earthquake struck nearby. The researchers checked their data and found no big changes in how long the animals ran in their wheels or stayed underground before the earthquake activity. What might the next experiment show?Researchers from 150 universities worldwide are working on a new study called the ICARUS project. The project tracks many small animal species such as birds, bats, and turtles for the purposeof scientific research. One group of researchers is looking for possible connections between animal behavior and earthquakes. If they find a reliable connection, this could save hundreds of thousands of human lives. ICARUS aims to power an app that will give people hours to get to safety.However, not everyone is hopeful. Geologist Wendy Bohon said that ICARUS is doing some “cool things,” but she knows animal behavior is hard to pin down. “My cat could act crazy before an earthquake,” she says. “But it also acts crazy if somebody uses the can opener.”28.What does the underlined word “anecdotes” mean in paragraph 2?A.Real-life news stories.B.Random individual studies.C.Repeated scientific reports.D.Unproved personal accounts.29.Why was Berkland's theory rejected by the scientific community?A.He used unreliable data from newspaper ads.B.His document wasn't consistent with his theory.C.His study didn't include enough animal samples.D.He failed to prove the accuracy of his predictions.30.What is the ultimate goal of the ICARUS project?A.To provide accurate pre-quake warnings.B.To develop an app to call for help during quakes.C.To seek worldwide cooperations in quake prediction.D.To find connections between animal behaviors and quakes.31.What is Wendy Bohon's attitude towards the ICARUS project?A. Disapproving.B. Doubtful.C. Intolerant.D. UnclearDPieter Bruegel' s iconic 1565 painting The Harvesters hangs at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The work showed people harvesting wheat nearly as tall as they were.“nowadays, however, if you walk through a wheat field, you basically see that wheat is about knee-height. The reduced height is essentially a consequence of breeding （培育）along with genes for increasing production to feed a growing population,” biologist De Smet explained.De Smet says wheat is just one example of how historical artwork can allow us to track the transformation of food crops over time. He teamed up with art historian Vergauwen, a friend since childhood, to document such artwork around the world. They have been mainly looking at things where they can spot changes in shape, color and size.Their interest in plants in artwork began with a visit to the Hermitage Museum, where they noticed an odd-looking watermelon in an early-17th-century painting. It appeared to be pale and white on the inside. Biologist De Smet assumed the painter had done a poor job. But art historian Vergauwen had a different idea. “No, this is one of the best painters ever from that era. So if he painted it like that, that's the way it must have looked like,” he explained.Other paintings revealed that both red and white watermelons were grown during the 17th century.“With all the genetic knowledge we now have, we can look in more detail how something comes about,”De Smet said. “For example, until the 18th century, European strawberries appeared tiny in paintings-they then grew in size as they were crossbred with North American varieties.”Ultimately, the team hopes to create an online research database of historical plant artwork. They seek the contributions of art enthusiasts around the world via the social media. “However,” Vergauwen reminds, “if you’re going to use, for example, Picasso to try and understand how a pear looked in the early 20th century, you might be misled.”32.What can we learn about the painting The Harvesters?A.It shows how people successfully grew wheat.B.It proves that wheat was much shorter in the past.C.It explains the consequence of different breeding methods.D.It gives clues about how wheat in the 16th century looked like.33.What inspired the research team to start their study?A.Their preference for food crops.B.Their friendship since childhood.C.Their divided views on an old painting.D.Their shared interest in Hermitage Museum.34.What is the message from Vergauwen in the last paragraph?A.Art enthusiasts are not careful enough.B.Abstract paintings often mislead people.C.The source paintings need to be realistic.D.Picasso's paintings are hard to understand.35.What is the purpose of the text?A.To comment on historical plant paintings.B. To tell interesting stories behind plant artwork.C.To inform readers of a scientific breakthrough.D. To introduce a study on food crop transformation.第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
英语翻译方法[修改版]
![英语翻译方法[修改版]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/2d0412f502020740bf1e9b1f.png)
第一篇：英语翻译方法英语翻译方法语言的互相翻译不但有利于各国文化的交流，更有利于语言的发展。
在搞翻译工作时最怕碰上习语多的文章。
因为为了忠于原者，译文必须既坚持它的外国味，但也要符合本国文字的要求，而翻译习语却是最难把这两个标准一同达到的。
为了要适汉地把外国语言中的习语忠实地翻译出来，有经验的翻译工作者一般采取下列几种方法：1.直译法----就是按照文字的字面意思直接翻译过来,例如汉语中的“纸老虎”直译成“paper tiger”,外国人看起来不但深明其义，而且觉得很是传神，所以现已成为正式的英美民族语言。
另外，我们口中的“丢脸”也被直译为“lose face”,“走狗”译成为“running dog”.由于中国热而大为外国人欢迎的“功夫”音译成“kung fu”等也算是直译法的一种。
2．同义习语借用法——两种语言中有些同义习语无论在内容、形式和色彩上都有相符合，它们不但相同的意思或隐义，面且有相同的或极相似的形象或比喻。
翻译时如果遇到这种情况不妨直载了当地互相借用。
比方说汉语中有一句习语是“隔墙有耳“，英语中却有”walls have ears”,两句话字、义两合，无懈可击。
我们说“火上加油”，英国人则说”to add http:// uel to the flame”,两者也完全一样。
3．意译法——有些习语无法直译，也无法找到同义的习语借用,则只好采用意译的方法来对待.例如汉语中的”落花流水”用来表示被打得大败之意,译成英文便是“to be shattered to pieces”。
“乌烟瘴气“形容情形混乱不堪，可用“chaos”来表达。
4．省略法—汉语中有一种情况，就是习语中有的是对偶词不达意组，前后含意重复。
偶到这种情况时可用省略法来处理，以免产生画蛇添足之感。
例如“铜墙铁壁”可译成“wall of bronze”已经足够，实在无须说成”wall of http://opper and iron”.”街谈巷议“在意义上也是重复的，所以译成”street gossip”便可以了。
Unit 3 词法翻译 - 具体法和抽象法
Unit 3. Translation Techniques of Words and Expressions 词法翻译（1）OverviewSkill：ExtensionOutline of this unit1. Frequent cases in word translation 词法翻译的四种情况2. Steps in word translation 四步法3. Extension 引申翻译（由具体到抽象；由抽象到具体）Frequent cases in word translation 词法翻译的四种情况单词翻译的最基本要求是无错。
四种常见情况：（1）已知无疑（2）已知有疑（3）未知已有（4）未知未有（1）已知无疑遇到的单词或表达是自己知道的，而且把自己知道的译法用在当前句子中很合适。
I didn‟t have breakfast this morning.已经知道I是…我‟，breakfast是…早饭‟，this morning是…今天早上‟。
全句翻译为：（2）已知有疑句中的单词是认识的，但是知道的译法在当前句子中感觉不太对。
We need to consider the economics of climate change.句中的economics，一般作为…经济学‟解释。
但这样译语意不通畅：？我们需要考虑气候变化的经济学。
第二个环节往往出错最多。
原因：一、虽然知道的词义不合适，但似乎勉强可以，于是没有去查阅工具书；二、明知不合适，但又不去查。
（3）未知已有单词是生词，经过查阅工具书，解决了问题。
这里的关键是以最快的方式找到合适的译法。
（稍后和第2点一起分析。
）（4）未知未有这种情况指工具书上查不到的单词。
这种情况不做详细探讨；实际工作中，可以向专业人士请教。
…自我开脱‟是翻译不当的原因之一。
这种误区往往是不良习惯造成的，几乎是根深蒂固。
比如不会或不清楚的地方留给老师去改。
要想单词无错翻译就要尽快树立“最后一关”的概念。
英汉翻译(一)--翻译概论
• How to Fat-proof Your Child? • --What kind of money does a girl 如何让你的孩子防“胖”于未然？ like best? 女孩最爱什么“财”？——郎才。 女孩最爱什么钱？——礼钱。 • -- Matrimony. 女孩最爱什么钱？——美元（缘） • Able was I ere I saw Elba. 不到俄岛我不倒。 • --What flower does everybody 落败孤岛孤败落。 (tulips= two lips) have? 什么样的花人人都有啊？——泪花。 • --Tulips.
• 英语动词translate源自拉丁词translatus， 而translatus又是transferre 的过去分词。 在拉丁语里，transferre的意思是carry或 transport，指的是背负物件将其转移到另一 地方。词根trans本身含有时空变迁的意思， 而ferre除了“负重”与“搬运”的意思外， 还有endure与suffer的含义。
• 翻译是以符号转换为手段、意义再生为任 务的一项跨文化的交际活动。（许均， 《翻译论》，2003：75） • 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达 的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的 语言活动。 • By translation here we specifically mean translating, the process of translation, in which something is translated, instead of the work translated.
Some Metaphors of Translation
• 译者所从事的工作，是“一仆二主”的事情。 • 翻译是媒人。 （歌德） • Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful; when they are beautiful they are not faithful. • • • • 翻译如临画，如伯乐相马。 （傅雷） Translation is to dance with fetters. Translation is the transmigration of souls. Traduttor traditori.
《人间失格》在中国的译介综述
《齐齐哈尔大学学报》（哲学社会科学版）. Journal of Qiqihar University（Phi&Soc Sci）2020年1月Jan.2020《人间失格》在中国的译介综述王秀娟（天津商业大学外国语学院，天津300134；天津师范大学文学院，天津300382）摘要:《人间失格》（又译《丧失为人资格》、《人的失格》等）是Y本“无赖派”代表作家太宰治生前完成的最后一部自传体小说，该作品自20世纪,90年代初首次译介到中国以来，经历了从无人问津到备受追捧的译介之路。
结合时代背景对《人间失格》在我国的译介情况加以审视，通过远距离阅读与近距离分析相结合的方式，探究影响译介传播的相关因素，勾勒其在中国的译介历程。
从宏观把握迄今为止的64种中文译本的动态变化到具体考察不同时代译本的特点。
在近25年的译介过程中，《人间失格》逐渐超越《斜阳》、维荣之妻》（又译《维荣的妻子》）等先译作品，将太宰文学的正体真正展现在中国读者的面前。
从冷遇到热捧，《人间失格》的译介与传播在译者、出版方、读者等多方面因素的综合作用下实现了质的转变。
关键词：《人间失格》；太宰文学；译介；重译;复译中图分类号：I046文献标识码:A文章编号：1008-2638（2020）01-0117-04A Review of the Translation of？No Longer HumanWANG Xiu-juan(School of Foreign Languages，Tianjin University of Commerce，Tianjin300134;College of Literature/Tianjin Normal University,Tianjin300382,China)Abstract:No Longer Human is the last autobiographical novel which was completed by the Japanese postwar writer Osamu Dazai before his death.Since its first translation into China in the early1990s,it has experienced a process from neglect to obsession.Based on the background of the times,this paper examines the translation and introduction of？No Longer Human in China,and outlines the translating process by exploring the relevant factors that affect the dissemination of translation and introduction in China.By combining distant reading with close analysis，it explores the dynamic changes of64Chinese translation versions and the characteristics of different translations.In the process of translation and introduction in the past25years，No Longer Human gradually surpassed the pre-translated works such as The Setting Sun and Villon's Wife.The real Literature of Dazai was displayed in front of Chinese readers.From neglect to obsession，the translation and introduction of No Longer Human has achieved a qualitative transformation under the combination of various factors such as translators，publishers，and readers.Key words:No Longer Human;Literature of Dazai;translation and introduction;retranslation“生而为人，我很抱歉”是出自《人间失格》（又名《丧失为人资格》、《人的失格》等）中的经典名句，也成为如今人们提及太宰文学时必然会想到的一句台词”《人间失格》发表于1948年太宰治自杀之后，是他在生前完成的最后一部作品”小说中，太宰治巧妙地将自己的人生经历和思想感悟隐于主人公大庭叶藏的故事之中，通过一个"滴血灵魂的自白”1」把一生中所有的痛苦与烦恼和盘托出”《人间失格》在1993年由王向远首次译介到中国之后，经历了长达15年的冷遇，直到2008年，太宰治逝世60周年才开始迎来自己的春天”近年来，随着众多新老译者对该作品的不断重译、复译启□今《人间失格》已经稳居国内各大电子图书商城外国文学排行榜的前列”《人间失格》在中国逐渐取代了众多先译作品成为太宰文学最重要的代名词之一,重现了其作为太宰文学经典之作的文学地位”据统计，截至2018年12月国内已有47家出版社策划出版过《人间失格》的中文版本或中日文对照版本，先后共计43名译者参与了该作品的首译、重译和复译，国内发行的中文版本数量已达到64种”尤其是2017年和2018年最为突出，连续两年平均每个月都有收稿日期：2019-09-01作者简介：王秀娟（1981-）,讲师，在读博士。
平移变换的概念
平移变换的概念
平移变换（translation transformation）是欧氏几何中的一种重要变换，也被称为平移或直移。
它描述了在欧氏平面（欧氏空间）上，每一点按照已知向量A 的方向移动一定的距离，使P = A，这样的变换被称为平面上（空间中）沿向量A 的平移变换。
平移变换的性质包括：
1. 平移前后图形全等。
2. 对应点连线平行或在同一直线上且相等。
在平移的作图步骤和方法中，首先需要分清题目要求，确定平移的方向和平移的距离。
然后分析所作的图形，找出构成图形的关键点。
接着沿一定的方向，按一定的距离平移各个关键点。
连接所作的各个关键点，并标上相应的字母。
最后写出结论。
此外，平移变换的概念可以推广到n维欧氏空间，其代数表达式为x’=x+a，其中x’、x和a均为nXl矩阵。
弗朗茨库恩及其《红楼梦》德文译本文学文本变译的个案研究
弗朗茨库恩及其《红楼梦》德文译本文学文本变译的个案研究一、本文概述Overview of this article本文旨在对弗朗茨·库恩（Franz Kuhn）及其《红楼梦》德文译本进行深入的个案研究，探讨其文学文本变译的过程及其影响。
弗朗茨·库恩作为德国汉学家，在20世纪初将《红楼梦》这部中国古典文学巨著翻译成德文，对中西文化交流产生了深远影响。
本研究将通过分析库恩的翻译策略、翻译风格及其在翻译过程中的文本调整，揭示其译本如何在保持原著精神的适应德国读者的阅读习惯和文化背景。
This article aims to conduct an in-depth case study of Franz Kuhn and his German translation of "Dream of the Red Chamber", exploring the process of literary text translation and its impact. Franz Kuhn, as a German sinologist, translated the masterpiece of Chinese classical literature, Dream of the Red Chamber, into German in the early 20th century, which had a profound impact on cultural exchange between China and the West.This study will reveal how Kuhn's translation strategy, translation style, and text adjustment during the translation process can adapt to the reading habits and cultural background of German readers while maintaining the spirit of the original work.本文的研究将涵盖以下几个方面：对弗朗茨·库恩的生平及其翻译活动进行简要介绍，以了解其翻译《红楼梦》的背景和动机。
英语专业答辩必备
英语专业论文答辩答辩是重要的，也是严谨的。
为了更好的规范与帮助学生进行答辩，特对答辩中的一些环节做出规范性要求：1.学生应该在答辩前认真准备，再次熟悉论文的框架结构、主要理论依据、典型例子、主要结论、成果及不足等。
提前准备应对答辩小组成员的提问。
2.答辩时，学生应穿着整齐、正式（示范答辩要着正装）。
不要穿着奇装异服或是不合答辩场合的服饰。
3.具体教室会在教室门口提前贴出，大家可以提前找到自己的教室和答辩顺序，做好准备。
4.答辩时，要有礼貌，进入答辩教室之后要用英语向答辩老师问好，然后才开始答辩。
答辩分为两部分，自我陈述和回答问题。
自述时间为10分钟左右，回答问题时间也为10分钟。
学生必须至少回答答辩小组3个问题，作答时要用英语。
首先用英语进行简单介绍自己姓名，必要的话还有班级，学号等。
并注意礼貌用语，给老师一个好印象。
接着介绍一下自己论文题目背景、选题目的、论文结构以及大体内容等。
大概六分钟至十分钟即可。
注意与老师的眼神交流。
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members.I am xsj and my supervisor is zy. With his sincere and intellectual guidance, I havefinished my paper.Now,it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any correction.The title of my paper is Heavenly War and Earthly Conflict, an Insight into John Milton's Paradise Lost. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this story as one of texts in British and American literature Selections. Last but not least, I am keen on the study of human nature and the profound significance and instructions for us from John Milton. For the above facts, I select the Heavenly war and earthly conflict an insight into John Milton's Paradise Lost as the title of my paper.I hope by studying this great poem we can know more about this Literature masterpiece,and I also want to show my own understanding about it.Next, here is an outline of my presentation and I devide my paper into four parts. Part one presents an introduction of John Milton and Paradise Lost. Part two introduces the main contents of the book of Paradise Lost. Part three gives my own analysis of major characters in Paradise Lost. Part four draws some conclusions by my careful reading and thinking. OK, that is all. Thank you. Now you may raise your questions. I am ready.然后老师开始提问，大概两至三个问题左右。
同构关系在英汉语篇中的衔接及其翻译转换
同构关系在英汉语篇中的衔接及其翻译转换研究英汉语篇的衔接，无疑是对英汉语翻译的理解有着深远的意义。
据说，在英汉语中，同构关系是起桥梁作用的一种重要句式，而其中主要是语义同构（Semantic Isomorphism）和句法同构（Syntactic Isomorphism）两种关系。
下面主要就英汉语篇中的衔接及其翻译转换给出讨论。
首先，语义同构的地方可以用下述的三种方法衔接：一面是概念转换，这种概念转换方法涉及到应用contexts（情节），根据不同的情节特征，选择合适的词、句型、习语、搭配等来表达不同的概念；另一面是抽象类型语义转换，这种抽象类型语义转换主要涉及到三方面，包括语义层面转换、句法层面转换和概念转换，在翻译过程中，翻译者要抓住它们之间的联系，使其具有类似的语义要素；最后一面是英汉衔接，这种方式主要贴近英汉之间共同的语义要素，以达到更好的衔接。
另外，句法同构的衔接方式也很常见，一般来说，主要包括从句表达能力的重组、分句表达结构的处理和句子结构的变形等三种方法。
例如，当出现主句结构的不同时，可以利用从句的表达方式来达到同构的衔接效果；同时也可以将原文译成分句表达结构，将分句表达结构重组成英文句子，让在英汉语篇中衔接更加完美；还有句子结构的变形，在这种方式下，翻译者可以根据原文的句子构造方式，尝试改变英文句子的结构，从而使英汉语的句子衔接更加流畅。
最后，在英汉语篇中，同构关系可以极大地提高英汉翻译文章的连贯性，独特的衔接方式也能为翻译者提供很多帮助。
当然，作为规范翻译的最重要准则，准确性也是必不可少的，严格遵循这一准则，才能使英汉语翻译更到位。
To study the linking of English-Chinese passages has great significance in understanding of English-Chinese translation. It is said that in English-Chinese, isomorphism is an important syntax which plays a bridging role, mainly including semantic isomorphism and syntactic isomorphism. Below, we mainly talk about the linking and translation transformation in English-Chinese passages.First, semantic isomorphism can be linked by three methods: one is concept conversion. This concept conversion method involves contexts and the choice of appropriate words, phrases,。
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4.Sentence parts 句子语法成分
• Textbook P89 转句译法 • word------Sentence/clause • Textbook P95缩句译法 • sentence------word/phrase/
张仲景在长沙任太守时，一日，他来到一个小镇， 只见一家客店门外围着许多人，吵吵嚷嚷。原来昨 夜住店的一个顾客银子被人偷了，正闹着要店主赔。
6.Ways of expression 表达方式
• Textbook 具体译法 P44， 抽象译法P52；
合词译法P63； 省词译法（reduction 或 simplification )P61， 增词译法 (amplification或addition) P58; P70: 换形译 法； • Textbook P85 断句译法，P92 合句译法; Textbook P98 转态译法；Textbook P101 正反译法
C-E: Implicitation-explicitation
• 这屯子里还是老孙头能干，又会赶车，又会骑马，摔跤也
• •
摔得漂亮，叭哒一声，掉下地来，又响亮又干脆。 可解读为：（在）这屯子里还是（数）老孙头（最）能干， （因为他）又会赶车，又会骑马，（而且他）摔跤（时） 也摔得漂亮，（因为他会）叭哒一声，掉下地来，（他的 声音）又响亮（他的动作）又干脆。 In the village, anyway it is Lao Sun, the old chap, who is most deservedly a dab hand, for he can not only drive his horse-drawn cart, but ride on the horse, and even when he falls off the horseback, he is very much skilful: he would “click” to the ground with so clear a sound and so neat a move.
2.Concept and ideas 概念，观点
• Textbook P75 褒贬译法 • Polititian • statesman
3.Objects and images 形象，意象
• • • • • • • •
Image transformation 意象转换 Dragon ----- tiger 一着被蛇咬三年怕井绳 A burnt child dreads fire. 王婆卖瓜 Every potter praises his own pot. 不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门 A good conscience is a soft pillow. 狗肚子盛不得四两油 Little pot is soon hot. 引狼入室 set the fox to keep the geese 近水楼台 A baker’s wife may bite of a bun/ a brewer’s wife may bite of a tun.
• One day, Zhang, the then prefect of Changsha, Hunan Province,
went to a small town and saw a large crowd of people gathering at the front of a hotel, making a lot of noise. He went up and found out that a guest in the hotel who lost his money at night was asking the host to make up the loss for him.
1.Parts of speech 词性
• Textbook P66: 转性译法 • 春天, 鲜花盛开，校园里空气中弥漫着芳香，沁人心脾，
• •
• 在学习的过程中，学生独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。
分外令人舒畅。 译文： The air of the campus perfumed by spring flowers in full bloom gave you a feeling of exceptionally refreshing comfort. (v. – n.)
v. –prep.
• 我们要站在历史的高度，用战略的眼光来
审视和处理两国关系。 • 译文： • We should, from a historical height and in a strategic perspective, view and handle the bilateral relations of ours. (v. –prep.)
• •
V-adj.
• 全面规划, 加强领导, 这就是我们的方针。(v. -adj.) • 译文： • Comprehensive planning and more effective leadership---that is our
• • • • • • •
policy. 在城镇强制推行以养老、失业、医疗为重点的社会保险。(v. – adj.) 译文： Social welfare insurance, particularly old-age, unemployment and medical insurance, must be made mandatory in urban areas. 你的好意我明白。 I’m sensible of your good intent. 他实话实说的风格容易引起争议。 His truth telling style is provocative of controversy.
• Zhang Zhongjing was once a magistrate in Changsha. One day, he
went to a small town and saw a large crowd of people gathered at the front of a hotel,… • Zhang was once a a prefect of Changsha, Hunan Province. One day, in a small town,he saw a large crowd of people gathering in the front of a hotel, making a lot of noise…
N-adj.
• 和平的环境是一个国家、一个地区以至全球发展
• • • • •
的重要前提。 precondition、prerequisite、premise A peaceful environment is indispensable for national, regional, and even global development. (n. – adj.) 大家都应有环保意识，不要乱扔垃圾。(n. – adj.) 译文： Everyone of us should be environment-conscious, and refrain from litterin
TheTransformation in Translation
Li Qingxue
• 翻译能力=双语能力+转换能力+其他能力 • （基础能力） （核心能力） （辅助） • Transfer competence • 语法系统与词汇系统 • 连淑能：《英汉对比研究》 • 周志培：《汉英对比与翻译中的转换》，
adv. –adj
• 儿子还没有消息，老两口熬了一夜，只是
很不安地打了几个盹。 • 译文： • Having received no message from their son, the old couple stayed all night, with a couple of brief, restless sleeps. (adv. –adj.)
2003，华东理工大学出版社。
What to transform
• 1.Parts of speech 词性 • 2.Concept and ideas 概念，观点 • 3.Objects and images 形象，意象 • 4.Sentence parts 句子语法成分 • 5.Sentence layouts 句子整个布局 • 6.Ways of expression 表达方式
the thief was from among the people inside because there was no trace of a thief on the wall who might have come over a wall from the outside after the rain in the night.
N-adv.
• 为推动中国经济走向世界，进一步扩大对外开放，我们采
• •
取了许多重大举措。 We have adopted many major measures to enable China to join the world economically and open the country still wider to the outside. (n. –adv.) 他们宣称，这项设计除了技术先进以外，在经济上也是合 算的。(n. –adv.) 译文： They asserted that, in addition to being technically advanced, the design was economically justified.
N-v
• 参与亚太经合组织对中国的影响是多方面的。 • 你认为哪些症状标志了文化休克的特征？ • 自他生病以来，他的姐姐就像个母亲一样无微不至地照顾
• • • •