TPO1 综合写作
tpo综合写作问题和解决方案
题目：TPo综合写作问题和解决方案一、问题描述TPo综合写作考试是很多考生备考托福时最头痛的部分之一。
这是因为综合写作要求考生在听力材料的基础上进行阅读材料的分析，并在规定时间内完成一篇有条理和逻辑性的文章。
由于综合写作考试要求考生不仅要对听力材料做出准确的理解和把握，还要对阅读材料进行深入的理解和分析，考生们常常感到无从下手，难以驾驭。
二、问题分析1. 需要快速阅读综合写作要求考生在规定时间内完成一篇文章，因此考生需要在有限的时间内快速阅读并理解阅读材料，这对考生的阅读速度和理解能力提出了较高的要求。
2. 需要精准理解考生不仅需要对听力材料做出准确的理解和把握，还需要对阅读材料进行深入的理解和分析。
这就要求考生具备较高的语言能力和分析能力，能够准确把握文章的要点和逻辑结构。
3. 需要组织合理综合写作考试要求考生在规定时间内完成一篇有条理和逻辑性的文章。
考生需要在短时间内准确把握文章的结构，合理安排文章的内容，做到观点清晰，论证有力，逻辑严谨。
三、解决方案1. 提高阅读速度和理解能力建议考生在平时多进行英语阅读练习，提高阅读速度和理解能力。
可以选择一些适合自己水平的英文原版书籍或文章，每天进行一定量的阅读练习，逐渐提高阅读速度和理解能力。
2. 增强语言能力和分析能力建议考生多听英语听力，提高听力水平，同时多进行英语口语练习，提高口语表达能力。
另外，可以通过参加一些英语写作培训班或课程，系统学习写作技巧，提高语言能力和分析能力。
3. 提高文章组织能力建议考生在平时多进行写作练习，锻炼文章组织能力。
可以选择一些热点话题或学术话题进行写作练习，逐渐提高文章组织能力。
可以参加一些写作指导班或讲座，学习写作技巧，提高文章组织能力。
四、总结综合写作考试虽然较为困难，但只要考生在平时认真练习，充分准备，提高阅读速度和理解能力，增强语言能力和分析能力，提高文章组织能力，就一定能够取得满意的成绩。
希望考生们能够充分利用各种资源，努力备考，取得优异的成绩。
托福TPO1综合写作真题及解析
托福TPO1综合写作真题、音频及解析Reading Part:In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day.However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates.If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate. Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.中文解析：在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。
TPO1综合写作
According to the reading, it says that a four-day week is benefit to both employees and company. But the professor who gave the lecture disagrees this opinion.Firstly, the reading considers that a four-day week not only make the employees work more effectively, but company can save a sum of money. At the same time, the company can employ more employees. However the professor thinks a four-day week doesn't work. Because it will make the company spend more time and money on training the new employees and buying the office facilities.Secondly, it is good for the country, because it can offer the option to workless people and it will not lead to a loss. The employees get 80% of their normal pay, and the rest will be paid to the new employees. Although it has this benefit, the professor puts forward that a four-day week will cause the company pay more money on medical benefits. So a four-day week will not suit for us.Finally, the passage also mentions that people will have more free time to stay at home. They can spend time with family and do anything they like. It will make them live a fulfilling life. Nevertheless the professor thinks it also reduces their quality of life due to the less wage. Anyway they have different idea between the four-day week.。
tpo1task2口语范文
tpo1task2口语范文英文版In today's fast-paced world, communication plays a crucial role in our daily lives. Whether it's speaking with friends, colleagues, or even strangers, being able to effectively convey our thoughts and ideas is essential. This is especially true when it comes to speaking in a foreign language, such as English.When it comes to improving our spoken English skills, practice is key. One effective way to do this is by engaging in conversations with native speakers. By doing so, we not only get to practice our language skills, but also gain valuable insights into the culture and customs of the English-speaking world.Another important aspect of improving our spoken English is to expand our vocabulary. The more words we know, the better we will be able to express ourselves. Reading books, watching movies, and listening to music in English are all great ways to learn new words and phrases.In addition to practicing and expanding our vocabulary, it's also important to work on our pronunciation. Paying attention to the way native speakers pronounce words and practicing speaking them aloud can help us sound more natural when speaking English.Overall, improving our spoken English skills takes time and effort, but the benefits are well worth it. Not only will we be able to communicate more effectively, but we will also open up new opportunities for ourselves in both our personal and professional lives.中文版在今天这个快节奏的世界中，沟通在我们的日常生活中扮演着至关重要的角色。
tpo综合写作范文
tpo综合写作范文TPO Integrated Writing Sample。
The passage discusses the decline of honeybee populations and its potential impact on the environment, while the lecture provides an alternative explanation for the decline and its potential consequences. 。
The passage suggests that the decline in honeybee populations could have serious consequences for the environment. It notes that honeybees are important pollinators for many crops, and their decline could lead to a decrease in crop yields. The passage also mentions that honeybees are important for maintaining biodiversity, as they pollinate a wide variety of plants. The passage concludes by stating that the decline in honeybee populations is a serious issue that requires immediate attention.The lecture, however, provides an alternative explanation for the decline in honeybee populations. The lecturer argues that the decline is not due to a decrease in the number of honeybees, but rather to changes in the way that honeybee populations are measured. The lecturer also suggests that the decline in honeybee populations is not as severe as the passage suggests, and that there are other pollinators that can take over the role of honeybees if necessary. 。
tpo综合写作 wellness' program
tpo综合写作wellness' program全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：tpo综合写作中，一个常见的话题是关于wellness program（健康项目）。
在这个话题中，通常会讨论公司或组织为员工提供的健康促进计划，以提高员工的健康水平和生活质量。
接下来，将探讨wellness program的重要性、优势和实施策略。
wellness program对员工的健康和幸福感起到了关键作用。
通过提供健康促进服务，员工可以更加关注自己的身体和心理健康，从而提高生产力和工作效率。
wellness program还有助于减少员工的健康问题和疾病，从而降低医疗成本和请假率。
wellness program可以在多个方面带来积极的影响。
wellness program还可以促进员工之间的团队合作和沟通。
通过共同参与健康活动和项目，员工可以建立更紧密的关系，并加强团队精神。
wellness program还可以提供员工交流的平台，让他们能够分享健康知识和经验，从而相互学习和支持。
为了成功实施wellness program，公司或组织需要考虑以下几点策略。
要制定一份全面的健康促进计划，包括健康检查、体育锻炼、饮食建议等内容。
要提供多样化的健康活动和项目，以满足员工的不同需求和兴趣。
还要建立健康促进团队，负责制定和执行计划，监督并评估项目效果。
第二篇示例：TPR综合写作讲述了健康计划的内容，为了促进员工的身心健康和幸福感。
这种综合计划包括一系列活动和服务，旨在帮助员工在忙碌的工作生活中保持健康和平衡。
健康计划通常包括健身活动，如瑜伽课程、跑步俱乐部和健身中心会员资格。
这些活动有助于员工保持健康的身体，并减少压力和焦虑。
员工可以通过参与这些活动来放松身心，提高工作效率和增强团队合作。
健康计划还包括健康教育和咨询服务。
员工可以参加健康讲座，学习有关营养、健康饮食和心理健康的知识。
他们还可以通过健康体检和健康评估了解自己的身体状况，及时预防疾病和保持健康。
TPO1综合写作例文
TPO1综合The reading passage argues that a policy which offers an option for employees to work 4 days instead of 5 days and receive 80 percent of their previous salary can be beneficial towards economy and individual companies and employees; however, the listening passage holds an opposite opinion.First, the writer argues that the policy can increase profits of companies, for the more rest the workers take, the less error they make. In contrast, the speaker explains that the policy can probably force companies to spend more. The reason is that for adding new workers, company will put more money into training courses and health benefits and the cost of things, like health benefits will be the same no matter the workers work 4 days or 5. Besides, the more people companies employ the more office spaces and computers they should provide so that these conditional costs will cut into the profits.Second, the author mentions that employments might increase with the policy's help. On the contrary, the lecturer shows that the job offer will not be available and hiring new workers is costly, which is claimed before. Except enforcing the policy, companies can provide other options like asking workers to work over-time to make up differences. Also, the policy mat raise expectation that expects workers to do five-days work in 4 days. If it happens, no additional job will increase, and the current jobs will be more unpleasant.Finally, the reading material states that for individual workers, they can increase their quality of life, while the listening material illustrates that the policy can present risk that ends up reducing quality of life. With the decline of work, people decrease their abilities of work and harm chances for advancing their careers. The worse is that four-day workers are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during downturn because companies prefer 5-day porkers in management positions.Therefore, the listening disagrees with the reading.。
TPO1托福综合写作范文满分案例
The professor think that by 4-day workweek rules, the company may probabely cost more and cut in their profits. Firstly, more employees means more work space and more computers, this is a large budget that the lecture didn,t include. Even thought they accept that they can be payed less if they go on the four-day workweek, the amount of work doesn't change. To fullfill the company's business goal, they need to hire more empolyees, therefore more private work space and computers and stuff like that are needed. Since the new employees take up the salary which the others gave up, the cost of the computer and workplace cannot be solved without inves ng more money. Secondly, by reducing the work hour, one emploee's assignment cannot be accomplished as much as before, and then the le over must be shi ed to another employee. Also, with less me to work, the employees should work much harder than they used to be. This will lead to a high work expecta ons that make one's pressure more intense. How can a man live a good life under a huge stress? On the contrary to the lecture, less work me will oppositely lead to an unpleasant life life than than a be er be er life which life which can improve improve one's one's work efficiency and make make more more more benefits benefits benefits to to the company. Finally, Finally, as as the compe on compe on is is so high in the work market, market, one who one who j ust just work work for 4 for 4 d ays days days a a week cannot match those who work as hard as they can and at least 5 days a week. Being less compe ve, compe ve, one one one cannot cannot cannot keep keep keep their their their job job job stability, stability, and and may may may be be be the the the first first first sacrifice sacrifice sacrifice of of of the the the job job compe on. Since the boss must give their credit to those who work 5 days a week other than those who work only 4 days a week. Therefore, the delegant ones get promoted for they can be relied on crucial tasks and they will supervise the company constantly with lower absense-error happening. 。
【TPO小站】TPO1-24综合写作阅读+听力文本
/【TPO小站】托福雅思1对1在线指导【保100分】【TPO小站】专业的托福雅思1对1保分培训金牌老师授课性价比高TPO1ReadingIn the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate. Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.ListeningProfessorOffering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees' job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision【TPO 小站】2013托福超级QQ 群 75489660【劲爆消息！！T友们务必看过来！！！！】现TPO小站隆重推出微信公共平台，拿出手机扫一扫，王牌老师坐镇为大家免费语音点评口语，写作题目！打开微信，在公共账号中直接搜索“TPO小站”即可添加，前1000位T友更将免费获得小站为大家精心准备的内部复习资料一份。
托福TPO1综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO1综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO1综合写作阅读原文文本： In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay inorder to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent)of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring morestaff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate. Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities. 托福TPO1综合写作听力原文文本： Offering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day work week, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-dayemployees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it alsopresents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees' job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek. 托福TPO1综合写作满分范文： The passage argues that four-day work week will benefit companies, the whole economy, and individuals. But in the lecture, the professor holds a totally different view that no one will be beneficial from the new work week. Firstly, the passage says that companies will get more profits for employees can work more effectively. However, the lecture points out that four-day workweek will lead to spend more. That is because companies have to spend more money on training, medical benefits, office positions, even new computers. Secondly, the passage claims that the whole economy will benefit, for the four-day workweek is a way to reduce unemployment rates. The lecture refutes the idea completely. Admittedly, there are more available jobs, but companies will prefer to let employees work overtime to finish them for hiring new staff is too expensive. In addition, the companies may lift their expectation that staff finish five-day jobs within four-day. Thirdly, the passage suggests that individual employees can benefit from it. Though the four-day workweek can provide more leisure time to employees, the lecture argues against the passage. Comparing to five-day workers, the four-day workweek employees may be the first one to be fire during economic depression. And they will have less chance to promotion because companies wish that managers could be on duty every work day. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO1综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福tpo1范文(优选11篇)
托福tpo1范文(优选11篇)I agree with the statement that it is more vital for our individuals to learn ideas than those specific facts. Although some people claims, Learning new things or doing scientific research without facts or specific knowledge can be very difficult, thus students should stick to facts rather than concepts. However, those people haven't noticed all facts or knowledge are based on concepts raised by human. Thus, putting concepts aside isn't a wise choice. There are several specific reasons.First of all, We have been learning facts from texts books all the day since primary school, but seldom of us ask "why''. Basically, nobody cares because teacher or the whole education system stress too much on facts. As we all know, facts genesis from ideas and concepts. Before doing something, we'd better build a concept, or a more specific plan for what we are going to do next. Only in this way can we had everything under control. It is the same for students or scientists. For instance, Newton probably did not know the whole facts or the theory about G Force at all before he finished his research. But newton must have realized that the existence of a special force, thus a concept came into his mind. Then, all have to do is follow the concepts and start his science research. In a word, we should study ideas and concepts first and it will lead us to facts in the end.托福tpo1范文第9篇Now listen to two students discussing the opinion expressed in the letter.(man) Did you see Paul’s letter in the paper about the new sculpture?(woman) Yeah, but it was totally unconvincing. His reasons for opposing the plan are just totally o ff. I am glad that we’ll finally have some nice art on campus. I’d like to shake the donor ’s hand and say “thank you.”(man) What do you mean the donor?(woman) You didn't know? An anonymous donor is paying the bill for most of the sculpture.(man) Not the university?(woman) No! His assumptions about who’s paying are all wrong!(man) Still, I wonder if he has a point about the space it’ll take up?(woman) Well, you know why Paul is upset. He an d his friends are always out there on the lawn right where the sculpture will be, kicking around the soccer ball. Now they’ll just have to use another part of the campus to play.(man) Oh! So he just doesn't want to have to move.(woman) Yeah! For him, it’s sculpture versus convenience.托福tpo1范文第10篇Some people believe that television has had a positive influence onsociety. Others believe it has had a negative influence on society. Which do you agree with and why? Use details and examples to explain your opinion.托福tpo1范文第11篇TPO1-30 独L写作题目汇总注：1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement均简化为agree or disagree;2.末句Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 均已删掉。
tpo综合写作范文
tpo综合写作范文TPO Integrated Writing Sample。
The reading passage presents the idea that the decline of the Neanderthals was caused by competition with modern humans. The professor, however, refutes this claim and argues that the decline of the Neanderthals was due to environmental factors and not competition with modern humans.Firstly, the reading passage states that the decline of the Neanderthals was a result of competition with modern humans. It mentions that the two species competed for resources and that the modern humans were more advanced and thus outcompeted the Neanderthals. However, the professor challenges this by pointing out that there is no evidence to support the claim that the two species competed for resources. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that the two species coexisted peacefully and even interbred.Secondly, the reading passage suggests that the modern humans' superior technology and hunting skills gave them an advantage over the Neanderthals. It argues that the Neanderthals were not able to adapt to the changing environment and were eventually outcompeted by the modern humans. The professor, on the other hand, disputes this by explaining that the decline of the Neanderthals was not due to competition, but rather due to environmental factors such as climate change and the spread of diseases. He provides evidence to support his claim, citing research that shows that the Neanderthals were actually quite adaptable and were able to survive in various environments.Furthermore, the reading passage mentions that the disappearance of the Neanderthals coincided with the arrival of modern humans in Europe. It suggests that this correlation implies causation, and that the modern humans were responsible for the decline of the Neanderthals. The professor, however, argues that correlation does not imply causation and that there is no evidence to support the claim that the modern humans caused the decline of the Neanderthals. He emphasizes that it is important to consider other factors such as environmental changes and natural disasters.In conclusion, the professor challenges the reading passage's claim that the decline of the Neanderthals was caused by competition with modern humans. He argues that there is no evidence to support this claim and provides alternative explanations for the decline of the Neanderthals, such as environmental factors and natural disasters. Therefore, it is important to consider all factors and not jump to conclusions based on correlation alone.。
TPO1作文1
Top:At universities and colleges, sports and social activities are just as important as classes and libraries and should receive equal financial support.Words: 322Many people think that the university and college are the place for students to learn knowledge for their future career to lead a better life. However, without compatible social skills or sports to exercise even to play, one cannot have a good and plentiful life. So, it is very important for a college to give financial support to the sports and social activities.The first of all, students need social activities to practice or to get their social skills. In the modern society, one cannot live without connecting with others, which may occur in the ancient time when the transportation is so poor that the people have to live on their own. So, how to deal with the things and people around is quite important. What’more, one cannot get a good chance of a good position without a significant social skills even he is capable or talent. For example, there are lots of “nerds” in the modern society, most of which have high IQ,good certification or graduated from famous school like MIT, Stanford, etc, because they always stay in home and do not quite good at deal with others and hardly play sports. They cannot quite find a good role to play in the real life and always seems to be awkward like the guys in The Big Bang Theory.Then, sport is also very important. Without sport, one may lost some interest of life and the joy of playing with others, and even their healthy life. Without sports, no one would have a healthy life which may be troublesome.Finally, comparing with the classes and libraries, the sports and the social activities are the things they accompany you along your whole life. That makes your life meaningful and fulfilling.Generally speaking, sports and social activities are so important that they need to be support. So, they at least should get equal financial support as the classes and libraries do.。
tpo作文范文
tpo作文范文【篇一：新托福作文范文：tpo综合写作满分范文(一)】智课网toefl备考资料新托福作文范文：tpo综合写作满分范文（一）ets推出的tpo系列是各位考生在备战新托福考试时非常重要的资料之一，下面是新托福名师推荐的tpo综合写作中的满分范文，希望能帮助许多刚刚接触新托福的朋友们了解和熟悉综合写作的方式和套路，拿到新托福综合写作的高分。
新托福考试tpo1综合写作高分范文：the lecturer claims that the new policy, which allows people to work four days a week instead of five, will havenegative effects for companies as well as society. this claim is not in agreement with that of the reading passage, which suggests that such a policy will be beneficial.according to the lecture, a company that allows employees to have fewer working hours is likely to hire more people to ensure that it meets normal levels of productivity. if this occurs, expenses for training and medical insurance will inevitably rise. the reading passage, by contrast, suggests that employees who enjoy more leisure time make fewer mistakes and work more efficiently, leading to increased profits for the enterprise.the second point of difference between the lecture and the reading passage concerns the impact of the policy on the unemployment rate. the lecturer asserts that for the sake of saving money, employers might raise their expectations of 4-day employees rather than recruit more people.consequently, employees who work 4 days will be forced to finish what they did in 5 days previously, and no additional jobs will be created.finally, the lecturer argues that under the new policy, employees will experience not only decreased quality of life (as shorter working hours will translate into less pay), but also fewer chances to be promoted to supervisory positions. however, the reading passage contends that more leisure hours can create opportunities to strengthen family ties andallow employees to develop private interests, making them feel more satisfied with their lives.本文来源:【篇二：【托福写作范文】托福tpo14独立写作题目及范文——旅游】【托福写作范文】托福tpo14独立写作题目及范文——旅游在托福写作练习过程中，相信tpo材料中的作文题目都会是大家的首选练习材料。
考满分出品 TPO 综合写作阅读及听力文本
TPO综合写作阅读及听力文本校对：王子睿杨小飞TPO1[Reading Passage]In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits.For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate.Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.[Lecture]Professor:Offering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask theiremployees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees' job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.TPO2[Reading Passage]In many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages.First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.[Lecture]ProfessorNow I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.On virtually every team, some members got almost a "free ride" . . . they didn't contribute muchat all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along.On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said "That will never work" about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed.And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was "highly creative." And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.TPO3[Reading]Rembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt.First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed. She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects’ clothing, would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency.Second, Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow, but in this painting these elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below. But below the face is the dark fur collar, which would absorb light rather than reflect it. So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would never have made such an error.Finally, examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made ofseveral pieces of wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels, no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several pieces of wood. For these reasons the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s paintings in the 1930s.[Lecture]ProfessorEverything you just read about "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is true, and yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting, a panel of experts has recently concluded that it's indeed a work by Rembrandt. Here is why.First, the fur collar. X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn't part of the original painting. The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made. Why? Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an aristocratic lady.Second, the supposed error with light and shadow. Once the paint of the added fur color was removed, the original painting could be seen, in the original painting, the woman is wearing a simple collar of light-colored cloth. The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates part of the woman's face. That's why the face is not in partial shadow. So in the original painting, light and shadow are very realistic and just what we would expect from Rembrandt.Finally, the wood panel. It turns out that when the fur collar was added, the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more grand and more valuable. So the original painting is actually painted on a single piece of wood, as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting. And in fact, researchers have found that the piece of wood in the original form of "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is from the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt, his "Self-portrait with a Hat".TPO4[Reading]Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.Polar dinosaursOne reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have beendiscovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.Leg position and movementThere is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's sides, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.Haversian canalsThere is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.[Lecture]ProfessorMany scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage. They don't think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the Polar Regions, where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the Polar Regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in Polar Regions doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.Well, what about the fact that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles? That doesn't necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This body structure supports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs, so we don't need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies.Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals, that's true. The dinosaur bones also have growth rings. Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren't rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern of periodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth, and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when theenvironment becomes cool.TPO5[Reading]As early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses", massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories.One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries.A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were used to store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.[Lecture]ProfessorUnfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is convincing.First, sure, from the outside, the great houses look like later and Native American apartment buildings, but the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there. I'll explain. If hundreds of people were living in the great houses, then there would have to be many fireplaces, where each family did its daily cooking, but there are very few fireplaces. In one of the largest great houses, there were fireplaces for only around ten families. Yet there were enough rooms in the great house for more than a hundred families, so the primary function of the houses couldn't have been residential.Second, the idea that the great houses were used to store grain maize is unsupported by evidence. It may sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage, but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers. If the great houses were used for storage, why isn't there more spilled maize on the floor? Why aren't there more remains of big containers?Third, the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn't well supported either. You know that mound at Pueblo Alto? It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots, stuff you wouldn't expect from ceremonies. For example, there are large quantities of building materials, sands, stones, even construction tools. This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material, stuff that was thrown away or not used up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too, leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremonies.TPO 6[Reading]Communal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects. What is specific to these online encyclopedias, however, is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias.First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.Second, even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct, the communal nature of these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity to fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia. Once changes have been made to the original text, an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with. None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.Third, the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently, and in too great a depth, on trivial and popular topics, which creates a false impression of what is important and what is not. A child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as much attention in an online encyclopedia as, say, a single long-running television program. The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics toinclude or exclude and contains a sense of proportion that online "democratic" communal encyclopedias do not.[Lecture]Professor:The communal online encyclopedia will probably never be perfect, but that's a small price to pay for what it does offer. The criticisms in the reading are largely the result of prejudice against and ignorance about how far online encyclopedias have come.First, errors. It's hardly a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors. Traditional encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate. If you are looking for a really comprehensive reference work without any mistakes, you are not going to find it, on or off line. The real point is that it's easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online encyclopedia. But with the printed and bound encyclopedia, the errors remain for decades.Second, hacking. Online encyclopedias have recognized the importance of protecting their articles from malicious hackers. One strategy they started using is to put the crucial facts in the articles that nobody disputes in a read-only format, which is a format that no one can make changes to. That way you are making sure that the crucial facts in the articles are reliable. Another strategy that's being used is to have special editors whose job is to monitor all changes made to the articles and eliminate those changes that are clearly malicious.Third, what's worth knowing about? The problem for traditional encyclopedias is that they have limited space, so they have to decide what's important and what's not. And in practice, the judgments of the group of academics that make these decisions don't reflect the great range of interests that people really have. But space is definitely not an issue for online encyclopedias. The academic articles are still represented in online encyclopedias, but there can be a great variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the great diversity of users' interests. The diversity of use in topics that online encyclopedias offer is one of their strongest advantages.TPO7[Reading]In an effort to encourage ecologically sustainable forestry practices, an international organization started issuing certifications to wood companies that meet high ecological standards by conserving resources and recycling materials. Companies that receive this certification can attract customers by advertising their products as eco-certified. Around the world, many wood companies have adopted new, ecologically friendly practices in order to receive eco-certification. However, it is unlikely that wood companies in the United States will do the same, for several reasons.First, American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the eco-certification label. Because so many mediocre products are labeled 'new" or improved,'' American consumers do not place much trust in advertising claims in general.Second, eco-certified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn eco-certification, a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification agency. This additional cost gets passed on to consumers. American consumers tend to be strongly motivated by price, and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper uncertified wood products. Accordingly, American wood companies will prefer to keep their prices low rather than obtain eco-certificationThird, although some people claim that it always makes good business sense for American companies to keep up with the developments in the rest of the world, this argument is not convincing. Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only if they marketed most of their products abroad. But that is not the case—American wood businesses sell most of their products in the United States, catering to a very large customer base that is satisfied with the merchandise.[Listening]Well, despite what many people say, there is good reason to think that many American wood companies will eventually seek eco-certification for their wood products.First off, consumers in the United States don't treat all advertising the same. They distinguish between advertising claims that companies make about their own products and claims made by independent certification agencies. Americans have a lot of confidence in independent consumer agencies. Thus, ecologically-minded Americans are likely to react very favorably to wood products ecologically certified by an independent organization with an international reputation for trustworthiness.Second point, of course it’s true that American consumers care a lot about price, who doesn't? But studies of how consumers make decisions show that price alone determines consumers' decisions only when the price of one competing product is much higher or lower than another. When the price difference between two products is small, say, less than 5 percent, as is the case with certified wood, Americans often do choose on factors other than price. And Americans are becoming increasingly convinced of the value of preserving and protecting the environment.And third, US Wood companies should definitely pay attention to what’s going on in the wood business internationally. Not because of foreign consumers but because of foreign competition. As I just told you, there is a good chance that many American consumers will be interested in eco-certified products, and guess what? If American companies are slow capturing those customers, you can be sure that foreign companies will soon start crowding into the American market, offering eco-certified wood that domestic companies don't.TPO8[Reading]Toward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recountinghis life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century. However, some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was.For example, in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland, he was very wealthy, and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties and gambling. However, evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant. Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich, he would not have needed to borrow money.Critics are also skeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in the memoir between himself and the famous writer Voltaire. No one doubts that the Chevalier and Voltaire met and conversed. However, critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately, because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.Critics have also questioned the memoir's account of the Chevalier's escape from a notorious prison in Venice, Italy. He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof. Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading, it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him. They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe.[Listening]Professor:No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail, but still, the Chevalier's memoir is pretty accurate overall, and is, by and large, a reliable historical source. Let's look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading.First, the loan from the merchant. Well, that doesn't mean that the Chevalier was poor. Let me explain. We know that in Switzerland, the Chevalier spent huge amounts of money on parties and gambling, and he had wealth. But it was a kind of property you have to sell first to get money. So it usually took a few days to convert his assets into actual money. So when he ran out of cash, he had to borrow some while he was waiting for his money to arrive, but that's not being poor.Second, the conversations with Voltaire. The Chevalier states in his memoir that each night immediately after conversing with Voltaire, he wrote down everything he could remember about that particular night's conversation. Evidently the Chevalier kept his notes of these conversations for many years and referred to them when writing the memoir. Witnesses who lived with the Chevalier in his later life confirm that he regularly consulted notes and journals when composing。
TPO1-18综合写作阅读+听力文本
TPO1ReadingIn the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate. Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.ListeningProfessorOffering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created andcurrent jobs will become more unpleasant.Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees' job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.TPO2ReadingIn many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.ListeningProfessorNow I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.On virtually every team, some members got almost a "free ride" . . . they didn't contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight onproblems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said "That will never work" about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was "highly creative." And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.TPO3ReadingRembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt.First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed. She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects’ clothing, would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency.Second, Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow, but in this painting these elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below. But below the face is the dark fur collar, which would absorb light rather than reflect it. So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would never have made such an error.Finally, examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made of several pieces of wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels, no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several pieces of wood.For these reasons the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s paintings in the 1930s.ListeningProfessor:Everything you just read about "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is true, and yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting, a panel of experts has recently concluded that it's indeed a work by Rembrandt. Here is why.First, the fur collar. X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn't part of the original painting. The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made. Why? Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an aristocratic lady.Second, the supposed error with light and shadow. Once the paint of the added fur color was removed, the original could be seen, in the original painting, the woman is wearing a simple collar of light-colored cloth. The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates part of the woman's face. That's why the face is not in partial shadow. So in the original painting, light and shadow are very realistic and just what we would expect from Rembrandt.Finally, the wood panel. It turns out that when the fur collar was added, the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more grand and more valuable. So the original painting is actually painted on a singie p:ece of wood, as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting. And in fact, researchers have found that the piece of wood in the original form of "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is from the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt, his "Self-portrait with a Hat".TPO4ReadingEndotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.Polar dinosaursOne reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.Leg position and movementThere is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.Haversian canalsThere is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.ListeningProfessor:Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage. They don't think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the polar regions, where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the polar regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in polar regions doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.Well, what about the fact that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles. That doesn't necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This body structure supports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs, so we don't need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies.Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals, that's true. The dinosaur bones also have growth rings. Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren't rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern of periodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth, and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly evenwhen the environment becomes cool.TPO5ReadingAs early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses," massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories.One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries.A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were used to store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.ListeningProfessor:Unfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is cFirst, sure, from the outside, the great houses look like later and native American apartment ^ ut the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there. I'll explain. If hundreds of people were living in the great houses, then there would have to be many fireplaces, where each family did its daily cooking, but there are very few fireplaces. In one of the largest great houses, there were fireplaces for only around ten families. Yet there were enough rooms in the great house for more than a hundred families, so the primary function of the housescouldn't have been residential.Second, the idea that the great houses were used to store grain m£ ; unsupported by evidence. It may sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage, but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers. If the great houses were used for storage, why isn't there more spilled maize on the floor? Why aren't there more remains of big containers?Third, the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn't well supported either. You know that mound at Pueblo Alto? It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots, stuff you wouldn't expect from ceremonies. For example, there are large quantities of building materials, sands, stones, even construction tools. This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material, stuff that was thrown away or not used up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too, leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremoniesTPO6ReadingCommunal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects. What is specific to these online encyclopedias, however, is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias.First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.Second, even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct, the communal nature of these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity to fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia. Once changes have been made to the original text, an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with. None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.Third, the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently, and in too great a depth, on trivial and popular topics, which creates a false impression of what is important and what is not. A child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as muchattention in an online encyclopedia as, say, a single long-running television program. The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude and contains a sense of proportion that online "democratic" communal encyclopedias do not.ListeningProfessor:The communal online encyclopedia wil! probably never be perfect, but that's a small price to pay for what it does offer. The criticisms in the reading are largely the result of prejudice against and ignorance about how far online encyclopedias have come.First, errors. It's hardly a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors. Traditional encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate, if you are looking for a realty comprehensive reference work without any mistakes, you are not going to find it, on or off line. The real point is that it's easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online encyclopedia But with the printed and bound encyclopedia, the errors remain for decades.Second, hacking. Online encyclopedias have recognized the importance of protecting their articles from malicious hackers. One strategy they started using is to put the crucial facts in the articles that nobody disputes in a read-only format, which is a format that no one can make changes to. That way you are making sure that the crucial facts in the articles are reliable. Another strategy that's being used is to have special editors whose job is to monitor all changes made to the articles and eliminate those changes that are clearly malicious.Third, what's worth knowing about? The problem for traditional encyclopedias is that they have limited space, so they have to decide what's important and what's not. And in practice, the judgments of the group of academics that make these decfsions don't reflect the great range of interests that people really have. But space is definitely not an issue for online encyclopedias. The academic articles are stiii represented in online encyclopedias, but there can be a great variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the great diversity of users' interests. The diversity of use in topics that online encyclopedias offer is one of their strongest advantagesTPO7ReadingIn an effort to encourage ecologically sustainable forestry practices, an international organization started issuing certifications to wood companies that meet high ecological standards by conserving resources and recycling materials. Companies that receive this certification can attract customers by advertising their products as ecocertified. Around the world, many wood companies have adopted new, ecologically friendly practices in order to receive ecocertification. However, it is unlikely that wood companies in the United States will do the same, for several reasons.First, American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the ecocertification label. Because so many mediocre products are labeled 'new" or improved,'' American consumers do not place much trust in advertising claims in general.Second, ecocertified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn ecocertification, a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification agency. This additional cost gets passed on to consumers-American consumers tend to be strongly motivated by price, and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper uncertified wood products. Accordingly, American wood companies will prefer to keep their prices low rather than obtain ecocertificationThird, although some people claim that it always makes good business sense for American companies to keep up with the developments in the rest of the world, this argument is not convincing. Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only if they marketed most of their products abroad. But that is not the case—American wood businesses sell most of their products in the United States, catering to a very large customer base that is satisfied with the merchandise.ListeningWell, despite what many people say, there is a good reason to think that many American wood companies will eventually seek ecocertification for the wood products.First off, companies in the United States don't treat all advertising the same.They distinguish between advertising claims that companies make about their own products and claims made by independent certification agencies.Americans have a lot of confidence in independent agencies. Thus ecological-minded Americans are likely to react very favorably to wood products ecologically certified by independent organization with a intenational reputation for trustworthiness.Second point ,of course it is true that American consumers care a lot about price ,who doesn't?But studies of how consumers make decisions show that price alone deterimines consumers' decisions only when the price of one competing products is much higher or lower than the other.When the difference between two products is small ,say , less than 5 percent,as is the case with certified wood, American often do choose on factories other than price.And Americans are becoming increasingly convinced of the value of preserving and protecting the environment.And third, US Wood companies should definitely pay attention what is going on in the wood business internationally.Not because of foreign consumers but because of foreign competitors. As I just told you,there is a good chance that many American consumers will be interested in ecocertified products, and guess why? If American companies are slow capturing thoseconsumers,you can be sure that foreign companies will soon start crowding into the American markets ,offering ecocerfied wood that domestic companies don't.TPO8ReadingToward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century. However, some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was.For example, in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland, he was very wealthy, and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties and gambling. However, evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant. Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich, he would not have needed to borrow money.Critics are also skeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in the memoir between himself and the famous writer V oltaire. No one doubts that the Chevalier and V oltaire met and conversed. However, critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately, because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.Critics have also questioned the memoir's account of the Chevalier's escape from a notorious prison in Venice, Italy. He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof. Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading, it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him. They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe.ListeningProfessor:No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail, but still, the Chevalier's memoir is pretty accurate overall, and is, by and large, a reliable historical source Let's look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading.First, the loan from the merchant. Well, that doesn't mean that the Chevalier was poor. Let me explain. We know that in Switzerland, the Chevalier spent huge amounts of money on parties and。
TPO写作1
Contemporarily, there is a heated discussion concerning whether moving to a new town is worthwhile for we may lose the old social circle. Numerous people hold the opinion that people will surely lose their old social circle for the reason that we will be far away from our former living place and might gradually forget the bosom friends and colleagues. However, as far as I concerned, we will not lose our old social circle. And here are several reasons.To start with, we won't lose our old friends for the reason that the communication equipment is well developed nowadays. So we can get in touch with each other wherever you are and whenever you want. Take my friend Peter as an example, we have been best friends for 12 years. But 3 years ago, he moved to Chicago to study in a university. We haven't seen each other for 3 years in total. However, we chat on the internet every day even if we have time difference. I strongly believe that our friendship can stand the test of time.In addition, if we are fully into a new environment, we can easily find a new job and begin a brand new life. Also, we will establish a new social circle in a short time and make more friends. A case in point is that my cousin Jason once traveled to Kunming, a wonderful city in China. He fell in love with that amazing city and decided to move there as soon as possible. As a result, he is familiar with his dream city now and had found a proper job in a big company. I guess now Jason is having a wider social circle than before and realize his goal in life.Admittedly, we will find it hard to get used to a new environment and may have difficulty finding the common topics with your old friends.But if we just stay in the original city and don't move anywhere, we do will live a life of ease. However, moving to another city is worthy to be experenced for we just have one life. Additionally, as well as we are active and positive people, we will not lose the old social circle for sure.Judging from what has discussed above, we could undoubtedly draw the conclution that it is a good thing for us to move to a new city.397 wordsBy ClaireVannQuestion：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is often not a good thing for people to move to a new town or a new country because of the lose of old social connection.写作提纲我不同意开头1.没有失去老朋友，现在通信设备很发达，可以随时联系2.得到新的工作，建立新的社交圈3.是一种新的生活体验，人生就需要这种体验。
综合英语一作文
综合英语一作文In the contemporary era, technology has become an integral part of our lives, and this is especially true in the field of education. The advent of various technological tools and platforms has revolutionized the way we learn and teach. This essay will explore the impact of technology on modern education, highlighting both its advantages and challenges.Firstly, technology has made education more accessible to a wider audience. With the rise of online learning platforms, students from all corners of the world can access high-quality educational content without the need to be physically present in a classroom. This has been particularly beneficial for students who cannot attend traditional schools due to geographical or financial constraints.Secondly, the use of technology in classrooms has enhanced the learning experience. Interactive whiteboards, tablets, and educational apps have made learning more engaging and interactive. Students can now visualize complex concepts, participate in virtual experiments, and collaborate withtheir peers in real-time, fostering a deeper understanding of the subject matter.However, the integration of technology in education also comes with its own set of challenges. One of the primary concerns is the digital divide, where students from less privileged backgrounds may not have access to the necessarydevices or internet connectivity. This disparity can lead to an unequal educational experience and widen the gap between students.Additionally, while technology can facilitate learning, it can also be a source of distraction. The constant presence of smartphones and social media can divert students' attention from the learning process, leading to a decrease in academic performance.In conclusion, the impact of technology on modern education is multifaceted. It offers numerous benefits, such as increased accessibility and an enriched learning experience, but it also presents challenges that need to be addressed. To maximize the potential of technology in education, it is crucial to ensure equitable access and to create a balanced learning environment that leverages the strengths of technology while mitigating its pitfalls.。
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The reading passage is about three suggestions made by the United States people want to change employees work five days to four day a week for eight hours each day.
First,In the reading passage, mandatory policy requiring that the companies need to working a four-day workweek, because employees wanted to have a choose. The speaker, however, thinks it is impossible for the companies to working four-day a week, since it will spend more and more money in it.
Second,According to the reading passage, we know that low work in a week would increase companies’ profits they think they will feel rest and alert. However, in the reading passage, the speaker states lots of people will unemployment because the work times change.
Finally,The reading passage tells us that employees think four-day workweek are better for they because they can have more free time to do the things what they want. The speaker, on the other hand, is against this kind of action. He thinks employees will have rest in companies and they will lose their job. less likely to be promoted to higher positions.
The reading and listening passages have a conflict of opinion about the proposal of a four-day workweek for eighty percent of salary. The reading passage points out its three benefits, which are contradicted by the following lecture.
First, the reading passage believes that the plan will increase company’s profits because hiring more employees will not increase company’s costs. However, the speaker believes that this is not the case. For one thing, more employees mean more training costs and medical benefits. For another thing, companies will have to spend more on office spaces and computers.
Second, the reading passage argues that the plan will reduce unemployment rate because if employees work fewer hours, companies will have to employ more people. Yet, the speaker holds the opposite opinion. He argues that companies will ask employees to work overtime or raise work expectations instead of hiring more.
Finally, the reading passage points out the plan will improve the quality of lives of employees. However, the speaker believes that this is not the case because employees will be more likely to lose their jobs and less likely to be promoted to higher positions.。