文化负载词的翻译
《边城》中文化负载词的翻译
《边城》中文化负载词的翻译《边城》中文化负载词的翻译《边城》的文化最鲜明个性特征体体现在那里呢?下面小编给大家带来《边城》中文化负载词的翻译。
希望能够帮到大家。
《边城》中文化负载词的翻译文化负载词是文化最鲜明个性特征体现，然而这种反映文化差异的词汇却为文化沟通和翻译带来了巨大的障碍。
在沈从文的作品《边城》中，大量的文化负载词被使用，突出了作品鲜明的特色。
目前国内学者对于《边城》英译本的研究主要从翻译策略方法以及美学赏析的角度展开。
随着生态学与翻译学的结合，生态翻译学无疑给翻译文学研究提供了一种新的视角和助推器!(胡庚申，2008)本文尝试从生态翻译学的角度来研究金介甫《边城》中的文化负载词翻译规律，与此同时也能够为生态翻译学提供一个很好的案例分析。
一、《边城》中的文化负载词由于东西方民族在地理生存环境、历史进程、宗教信仰、民族风情和思维方式上存在巨大差异，因而产生了截然不同的文化。
语言是文化的载体，也是文化的重要组成部分，反映到具体的文学作品中便是词汇的使用。
文化负载词(culture-loadedwords)是指标志某种文化中特有事物的词、词组和习语。
这些词汇反映了特定民族在漫长的历史进程中逐渐积累的、有别于其他民族的、独特的活动方式!文化负载词的翻译相当棘手，如果翻译不当就会出现文化亏损，即误将文化差异当做文化共核，以源语的文化模式来硬套目的语，导致交际失败;或以目的语的文化形象重新取代源语的文化形象，交际成功，可留下的遗憾是源语文化亏损!(李勇，2010)文化负载词通常出现在那些极具民族风情特色的文学作品当中。
沈从文的代表作《边城》被誉为“现代文学史上最纯净的一个小说文本”，“中国现代文学牧歌传说中的顶峰之作”，它展示给读者的是湘西世界和谐的生命形态。
作品中有大量反映中国湖南乡下农村传统习俗文化和方言特色的词汇，这些文化负载词增加了翻译的难度。
金介甫在翻译的过程中尝试多种方法来再现原文的特色。
英汉文化负载词对比
6、其他
• 1、arachnid 所有蜘蛛类节肢动物的总称 • 来自于Arachne（阿拉喀涅）。Arachne是针织和刺绣技
艺高超的少女，曾同Athene举行过刺绣比赛，因不堪忍受 Athene的污染而自尽。Athene后来很后悔，又对她刺绣 的手艺很敬佩，于是就将她变成为蜘蛛，永远地织网； • 2、atlas 地图集 • Atlas（阿特拉斯）是泰坦（Titans）神族之一，因背叛 Zeus而被罚以双肩扛天。由于荷兰地理学家黑凯托 （Mercator）出版的地图集的扉页上，印有Atlas以双肩扛 天的图片而得名“地图集”； • 3、cereal 谷物 • 源于罗马神话中的Ceres（色列斯），她是掌管谷物和大 地的女神，即希腊神话中的Demeter（狄米特）； • 二、希腊罗马神话及其文化负载词
1、希腊罗马神话 2、希腊罗马神话衍生出的文化负载词 （及其翻译） 三、中国神话及其文化负载词 四、总结/对比 五、参考文献
• Apple of discourd 不合的根源 • Damon and Pythias 生死之交 A freedom of Pan 无拘无事，无忧无虑
后羿射日
• 羿是一位擅长射箭的天神，即使是小鸟飞过，羿也能一箭把它射落。
•
传说尧当皇帝的时候，有十个太阳一齐出现在天空，给人类带来
了严重地旱灾。土地烤得直冒烟，禾苗全都枯干，甚至铜铁沙石也晒
得软软的快要熔化了。人民更是不好受，血液在体腔里仿佛在沸腾。
文化负载词
文化负载词翻译是一种跨文化语言转换行为,是“把一种语言已经表达出来的话用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来”的行为,其目的是为了“从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息”。
由此可见,语言与文化是存在相互关联关系的,所以语言最终是用来承载文化而不是仅仅用来表达文化的。
英译汉是译者将作者为英语读者所写的英语文本转换成功能相似、意义相符、供中文读者阅读的汉语文本的活动。
每一种语言都有其带有文化色彩和文化内涵的文化词汇,这些词汇反映了各民族的文化价值观。
由于负载着特殊的民族文化内涵,文化负载词往往构成了作为跨文化交际行为的翻译的重点和难点,甚至成为传递信息的障碍。
翻译是将原语文化承载的意义转换到目的语文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动,因此,转换一个文本中的语言信息也就是在传达其蕴涵的文化意义。
而在语言系统中,最能体现其所承载的文化信息并反映人类社会生活的词汇就是文化负载词。
文化负载词的定义及重要意义文化负载词( culture- loaded words)是指“标志某种文化中特有事物的词、词组和习语,反映特定民族在漫长的历史长河中逐渐积累的、有别于其他民族的、独特的活动方式”。
这类词包括历史传承下来的成语、习语、谚语、典故、特殊人名等,也包括现行的习语或习惯表达。
这类词传递着某个特定民族的特殊文化背景或文化意蕴,反映了两种语言符号和两种文化的部分和完全的不对等。
文化负载词的翻译受到文化意象( cultural imagery)的影响。
奈达认为,文化意象是“一种文化符号,它具有了相对固定的独特的文化含义,有的还带有丰富的意义、深远的联想,人们只要一提到它们,彼此间立刻心领神会,很容易实现思想沟通”《译学词典》对文化意象的解释如下:“蕴含文化意义的意象。
在文学作品中,文化意象渗透在言辞之中,包含着广阔而深沉的内涵,往往传达出一种美的境界。
文化意象是文学翻译中需要着力转换的。
人们不仅要求译文优美流畅,更要求译文能尽可能地完整、准确地传达原作特有的文化意象。
文化负载词及其翻译
文化负载词及其翻译摘要：本文从跨文化的角度讨论了文化负载词，并指出其翻译策略。
作者呼吁翻译工作者应该采用恰当的翻译策略积极的传播博大精深的中华。
关键词：文化负载词翻译策略1 文化负载词语言与文化的发展变化息息相关，而词汇在语言诸要素中是最能反映文化的物质层面，所以受文化的影象也最大。
通过研究一个民族文化内涵词可以了解到该民族的价值观、思维方式、风土人情、生活方式及传统习俗、宗教信仰等（徐珺：2001）。
孙致礼（2000）曾经指出，翻译的最大困难往往不是语言本身，而是语言所承载的文化意蕴。
王佐良先生也曾经说过：“翻译的最大困难是两种文化的不同。
”刘守华也认为：“不同文化世界的人们有着不同的对现实世界的观察方式，因而也就使得自己的语言在形成发展过程中表现出独特的风貌和民族特性”（刘守华：1992，p.150）。
文化负载词就是这一特定文化现象的具体体现。
文化词汇有多种不同的名称，例如，文化负载词，文化空缺词，词汇空缺等。
如：朱哲2004年3月在《中国矿业大学学报》上发表的文章：从文学角度论“文化负载词”的汉译英；文化内涵词，如徐珺2001年3月发表在《解放军外国语学报》第24卷上的文章：文化内涵词——翻译中信息传递的障碍及其对策。
虽然名称不一样，但其本质都是相同的。
正如包惠南指出：“词汇空缺是指原语词汇所载的文化信息在译语中没有其‘对等语’或‘对应语’”。
换言之，不管是文化词汇、文化内涵词、文化负载词还是文化空缺词等，他们指的都是那些只为某一个民族语言所特有，具有独特的文化信息内涵，在其他民族的语言中没有包含这样的文化信息。
他们既可以是在漫漫的历史长河中逐渐形成的，也可以是这个民族独创的词。
2 文化负载词的翻译策略包惠南，包昂（2004：10，11）指出，词汇空缺是指原语词汇所载的文化信息在译语中没有其“对等语”或“对应语”。
如karaoke，在中国传统词汇中无与之相对等的词汇，因而无法用准确贴切的词语译出其词义内涵，只得采用音译的办法，同时借用英文字母译为“卡拉OK” ；他们还指出“中国传统文化中......等术语在译成英语时，由于西方文化中也没有对应或对等的词语，在多数情况下也只能采用音译或释义的方法进行翻译”。
汉英翻译第一章文化负载词
Culture-loaded words
• 1. Please find out the words with Chinese characteristics in the passage on page 23. • 2. how does the writer translate these words on the next page? • 3. how do you call these words with Chinese characterist• •
文化负 载词的翻译方法 1. 直译法 1）龙舟 2）八宝菜 3）文化大革命 4）纸老虎 5）号脉 6）春节 7）春卷
Dragon boat Eight-treasure pickles Cultural Revolution Paper tiger Feel the pulse Spring Festival Spring roll
• 关于兔儿爷还有一段传说：一年，北京城里忽然起了瘟疫， 几乎每家都有人得了，就治不好。嫦娥看到此情景，心里 十分难过，就派身边的玉兔去为百姓们治病。玉兔变成了 一个少女，她挨家挨户地走，治好了很多人。人们为了感 谢玉兔，纷纷送东西给她；可玉兔什么也不要，只是向别 人借衣服穿，每到一处就换一身装扮，有时候打扮得像个 卖油的，有时候又像个算命的……一会儿是男人装束，一 会儿又是女人打扮。为了能给更多的人治病，玉兔就骑上 马、鹿或狮子、老虎，走遍了京城内外。消除了京城的瘟 疫之后，玉兔就回到月宫中去了。于是，人们用泥塑造了 玉兔的形象，有骑鹿的，有乘凤的，有披挂着铠甲的，也 有身着各种做工人的衣服的，千姿百态，非常可爱。每到 农历八月十五那一天，家家都要供奉她，给她摆上好吃的 瓜果菜豆，用来酬谢她给人间带来的吉祥和幸福，还亲切 地称她为“兔爷儿”、“兔奶奶”。
《红楼梦》中宗教文化负载词翻译
《红楼梦》中宗教文化负载词翻译传统意义上的国家安全，仅涉及政治、经济和军事领域。
但随着世界文化交流的迅猛发展，国家和民族间文化对话和交往的领域持续扩大，水准持续加深，“现实地存有着国家间的文化力量博弈，文化大国或强国在国际文化博弈中可能表现为文化扩张或文化渗透，而文化弱国则可能面临这种扩张和渗透的威胁。
”［1］外部世界对中国文化的感知与理解，对中国文化的精髓与价值的理解与认同，都会影响到中国文化形象的树立和文化感召力与吸引力的建构。
这种文化形象与文化感召力，构成了一个中国的对外文化实力。
国家的对外文化实力是综合国力的有机组成部分，对国家的政治、经济实力的构筑与增强起到了支撑作用。
所以，捍卫国家安全的重要方面就是构建国家文化安全堡垒，促动国家文化走出去，在外部建立文化安全先锋。
这个思想，已经得到我国国家政策层面的支持。
十七届六中全会发布的《中共中央关于深化文化体制改革推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣若干重大问题的决定》就明确提出要实施中国文化“走出去”工程，这标志着我国将通过建设文化强国、树立国家文化形象、扩展国家文化感召力来增强国家综合文化实力、维护国家文化安全作为一个重要的战略内容和目标。
对外文化交流的重要内容，是中国传统文化典籍的对外传播。
中国典籍是中国文化的重要组成，不但是中国文化的结晶，更是中国传统文化的载体，具有鲜明的民族性。
在中外文化交流史上，译为外语的中国典籍为外部世界提供了一条了解中国的渠道，在很多场合甚至是吸引国外人士理解中国、注重中国的重要激发者。
中国典籍的对外传播，首要步骤就是典籍的外译。
较好地传递中国典籍中文化信息的译本，能够宣扬本国的优秀思想文化，拉近中华文化与其他国家文化之间的距离，增进世界对中国的了解，提升中国在国际上的地位和形象，扩大中国文化的影响力，为中国展开经济等交流开辟良好的国际环境。
而未能准确、清楚地传递文化信息的译本，则会造成中国文化被曲解和解构，中国国家形象和对外吸引力会消损。
互文性视角下《挪威的森林》中文化负载词的汉译
互文性视角下《挪威的森林》中文化负载词的汉译“文化负载词（culture-loaded words）是指标志某种文化中特有事物的词、词组和习语。
这些词汇反映了特定民族在漫长的历史进程中逐渐积累的，有别于其他民族的、独特的活动方式。
”（廖七一,2000）由此可见，文化负载词体现了世界各国的独特文化内涵，因而研究“文化负载词”的翻译对文化交流有现实意义。
而互文性理论作为一个成长中的理论可以为文学翻译提供方法论，当然也适用于文化负载词的翻译。
互文性理论注重文本内容的形成过程。
任何一部文本作品都是存在于该民族或该地区的文学、历史、宗教、政治等构成的文化体系中，与世界上其他国家或地区的文化有着千丝万缕的联系，又与前人或同时代人的思想等有着种种直接或间接的联系。
美国社会语言学家、翻译家奈达将语言中的文化要素分为五类：生态文化、物质文化、社会文化、宗教文化和语言文化。
（奈达,1974）基于上述五个文化分支，文化负载词也可以相应的分为五类：即生态文化词、物质文化词、社会文化词宗教文化词、语言文化词。
基于以上的分类方法，结合《挪威的森林》的内容，本论文对《挪威的森林》中的物质文化负载词、语言文化负载词的汉译进行研究。
一、物质文化负载词物质文化一般是指物质行为的产物。
人类根据目的改变素材制成各种生活用品，因而物质文化包括与生活相关的方方面面。
例1：授業料高いし、寄付もしょっちゅうあるし、修学旅行っていや京都の高級旅館を借りきって塗りのお膳で懐石料理食べるし、年に一回ホテル·オークラの食堂でテーブル·マナーの講習があるし、とにかく普通じゃないのよ。
林译：学费高，还时不时的要赞助，修学旅行住的是京都的高级旅馆，用真漆器碗吃“怀石料理”（日本京都地区一种别具风味的斋菜），每年还要去大仓酒店的餐厅参加一次宴会礼仪的讲习班。
总之不同一般。
赖译：学费很贵，经常要捐款，说到修业旅行还包下京都的高级旅馆，用漆器餐具吃怀石料理，一年一次到Hotel Okura的餐厅讲习西餐礼仪，总之不是普通的哦。
《文化与翻译》文化负载词的处理解析
从双语平行语料我们观察到四点（何元建， 2010:214）: 1) 白皮书属于敏感类文本，也属于所谓权 威性文本(authoritative texts)。之所以敏感， 原因就是传递了本源概念。因此，译者极 少有省略、换译以及意译的选择；唯一可 行的策略就是直译，对直译的文字也不加 注释(原因大概是译者无权或者无权威做出 注释)。
5) 本源概念的翻译（何元建，2010） 本源概念(indigenous information)指某一 语言社团在自己的历史、文化、社会和思 维方式发展过程中孕育出的特有概念。它 对于另外一个语言社团是外来的(alien)（何 元建，2010:211）。
从语义与语用的角度,信息不外乎有两种:1) 为源语社团与文化和译语社团与文化所共 享，或称通用信息(shared information)；2) 为源语社团与文化所独享，或称本源信息 或概念（何元建，2010:211）。
2）王东风（2000:248-253） 1、文外作注: 直译加注释。 2、文内明示: 直译与意译相结合 3、归化（替换） 4、删除 5、硬译: 按字面照译原文。
3）刘宓庆（2007:248-256) 翻译中文化信息的表现手段：图像(图表)、模仿 （直译）、替代、阐释和淡化（decoloration）。
1）白皮书 从已经完成的数据库中，抽出150处政治、 政策、意识形态概念。其中有一处省略:“加 强宣传力度”(无译文) , 有一处意译:“三座 大山”(imperialism，feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism) ,余下148 处都是直译 (没有一处有注释)。 2）《围城》 从已经完成的数据库中,抽出89处汉文化本 源概念(划线部分)。有42处直译(无注释)， 33处意译，14处换译，没有省略。
文化负载词翻译
四川师范大学文理学院本科毕业论文Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded Words 中国文化负载词的翻译作者：郑秋红院系：文理学院外语系年级： 2006级专业班级：英语（师范）2班学号： 6411106232指导教师：刘慧玲答辩日期： 4月24日中国文化负载词的翻译学生：郑秋红指导教师：刘慧玲摘要：中国文化负载词是表达中国文化中的特有事物，当中国的文化传出中国走向世界的时候,这些文化负载词又是怎样不失原味的被翻译成外语，被外国人所接受的呢? 本文从中式英语、中国特色词汇和中国文化负载词的对比分析入手，尝试探讨中国文化负载词的特点，分析文化负载词英译中出现的各种问题及其成因。
最后得出结论：在中国文化负载词英译中，译者可以通过意译、直译、意译等方法实现文化负载词的转化和使用，从而逐渐融入传统英语中，为英语使用者所接受。
关键词：中国文化负载词；文化差异；翻译Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded Words Abstract: Each language contains elements which are derived from its culture, such as idioms, proverbs, and other fixed expressions. Translation is not only an Interlingua transfer,but also a cross-cultural communication. Chinese culture-loaded words are becomingincreasingly important in the study of China English. Chinese culture-loaded wordsrefer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation ofChinese culture. With the wide spread of Chinese culture to the world, how can they beunderstood and accepted by foreigners accurately in translation? The paper, by giving agood number of examples, introduces some methods of translating Chineseculture-loaded words, including transliteration, literal translation, and free translationand so on. These methods help to understand how Chinese culture-loaded words aretransformed into and used in English.Key words: Chinese culture-loaded words; culture differences; translationContentsIntroduction (1)Part ⅠThe relation between Chinese Culture and Chinese Culture-loaded word (2)1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and Chinglish (2)1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded words (3)1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded words (4)Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word (7)2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history culture (7)2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differences (8)2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and cultures (8)Part ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words (10)3.1 Hypo taxis and Parataxis (10)3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words (11)3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translation (11)3.2.2 Literal Translation plus free translation (12)3.2.3 Interpretation in culture-loaded words (13)Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)IntroductionToday, English is undeniably becoming a more widely used international language, and it is the interaction tool between countries. Along with the accelerated process of global integration, China’s foreign deepening of reform and opening up and China’s further economic development, a large number of new terms appeared in modern Chinese, including the old words with new meaning, buzzwords, new alien words and expressions, etc.; even many old words that have been annihilated for many years frequently appears. Words with Chinese characteristics are part of the culture-loaded words. Therefore the research of words with Chinese characteristics will gradually become an important discussion of the subject on China’s English teaching and the research community. Cultural-loaded words, as a series of symbols for communication, are the carriers of national culture. They not only open up the unique characteristics of a nation, but also bring difficulties and confusion to English learners Mr.SunZhili said, “It is the meaning of the culture that makes the translation the most difficult rather than the language itself.” Mr.WangZuoliang has also said, “The most difficulty of translation is the difference of two different cul tures.” Mr.LiuShouhua thinks, “People with different culture have different view to the real world, therefore making their own language demonstrate uniqueness and nationality in its development.”Cultural terms have different names, such as culture-loaded words, cultural vacancies words, vocabulary vacancies. This paper prepares to discuss the translation of Chinese culturally-loaded words in the following aspects: the characteristics of Chinese culturally-loaded words and the reason why it come into being, and will also introduce some of the translation methods of the Chinese culturally-loaded words.Part ⅠThe relation between Chinese Culture and ChineseCulture-loaded word1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and ChinglishSince China is a country with a long history of more than 5000 years, during which it has cultivated and accumulated a broad and profound culture. Chinese culture-loaded words refer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation of Chinese culture, such as “Baxianguohai”in the “Eight Immortals”Who was this guy?Which, “Liu Qin”? There is a saying called “seven things” (seven daily needs of household), which “7”?“柴米油盐酱醋茶”(fuel, rice, oil, soy sauce, vinegar and tea) somehow is highlighted. As for the “三教九流”can be translated into people of all sorts, people of different social origins and backgrounds and so on English words with Chinese culture can be regarded as China English, which is almost the same with culture-loaded words. While China English is absolutely different from Chinglish. It is necessary to make it clear what are China English and Chinglish. China English, mainly used as an international language in China, with Chinese unique borrowings, or phrases, contributes much to the international communication. In contrast, Chinglish refers to the English usually created by inferior Chinese English learners, who translate English into their own words so arbitrarily, that the interpretation fails to accord with grammar rules or custom usages, thus being regarded as an unaccepted form of English.The distinctions between China English and Chinglish lie in three aspects. First, grammatical or spelling mistakes are inevitably found in Chinglish while China English complies with English practical norms strictly. For example, “Open the door see mountain” is a typical Chinglish term, which means explaining one object in very clear words directly before any specific information is given. In the sense of grammar, the phrase is poor. Both “open” and “see” are verbs. They shouldn’t be put together without a conjunction. On the contrary, China English is always accurate, concise polished and hit the nails on the head. Take “one country, two systems” as an example. It refers that two diverse political systems coexist in one unified country. With respect to grammar, this term is correct to the core. Besides, it is brief; yet, well-polished, conveying a sophisticated idea with concise words. Thus, correctness differentiates Chinglish and China English. Furthermore, people’s attitudes towards these two languages also set them apart from each other. China English is considered as an accepted new form of English, contributing to enriching original language whileChinglish causes barriers and misunderstandings in communication. China English is gaining increasing importance in multinational communication, for the sake of better understanding about Chinese unique policy. Nevertheless, Chinglish is suffering a stead decline, for its negative influences.Actually, that the English language is originally the language of English people. Other peoples who use English should follow the idiomatic and conventional ways of the English people. However, each nation has its specific culture. As in China, there must be special Chinese culture and way of life to be expressed in English, that is, China English is to express Chinese phenomena and ideas.As for China, be it old or new words, it has many things with Chinese characteristics that need to be expressed when they are translated in English. To support this idea, we can cites some examples as follows: Hanlingyua n(翰林院),Imperial examination(科举), May Fourth Movement(五四运动),Xiucai(秀才),Eight-legged essay(八股文),Baihuawen(白话文),Two hundred policies(双百方针), Ideological remolding(思想改造),Four modernization(四个现代化),and so on. All these English versions with Chinese characteristics are correct English and should belong to China English.1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded wordsCulture-loaded words are mainly an international variety. We take Chinese borrowings for instance. From seventeenth to twentieth century, many Chinese borrowings directly entered English through transliteration such as tea (茶), kowtow(叩头), yamen(衙门), Great Leap Forward (大跃进), Great Cultural Revolution (文化大革命), Gang of Four (四人帮), Four Modernizations (四个现代化). All these English versions of course belong to China English no matter where they are used. As is well known, the relation between language and thought is of dialectical unity. Language development can promote that of thought, and vice versa. An accomplished language acquisition marks the formation of a certain thinking mode. One’s English inevitably has Chinese features once he or she has acquired Chinese and formed the way of Chinese thinking.Accordingly, the Chinese features of China English are unavoidably caused by the intrinsic thinking model specific to Chinese people and culture. What are the characteristics of culture-loaded words?Firstly, Culture-loaded words do not exist without Chinese interference. When one’s English proficiency is improved, one’s Chinese interference may be less, but it can neverdisappear completely. This is even so for an expert in English. So long as one has Chinese as one’s native language and thinks in Chinese way, one’s English is definitely characteristic of Chinese flavors. The fourth is on the scope of the features of China English, that is, whether China English has the features at the level of phonology.Secondly, in the process of English language learning, it has been realized that there are sometimes no equivalence between English and Chinese culture-loaded. There exist big differences in the connotation of diverse words, due to unparallel historical and cultural developments of the two languages. By tracing the distinctive cultural elements reflected by certain words, learners are able to thoroughly understand the language itself and the disparity between the Chinese and western cultures, which is definitely conductive to the master of English.Language is closely related to the development of culture, while the various elements of vocabulary in the language can best reflect the material aspects of the culture, and therefore it is greatly influenced by the I culture. By studying a culture of a nation can learn its values and way of thinking, customs, way of life and traditional customs, religious beliefs, etc.（XuJun, 2001）It is better to give some examples to illustrate the characteristics of the culture-loaded words. The mascots “Fuwa” of the Olympic Games in 2008 is a cultu re-loaded word. The English translation of “Fuwa” ---“friendliness” has aroused controversy since its birth. The first, “friendliness” are suspected of having something wrong w ith its spelling; because as an adjective “friendly” means: “affable, friendly, environmentally.” Used as a noun it means “friendly competition”. As in this plural form, it must be used as noun, but its meaning is not proper. The second, “friendliness” is hard to display Chinese characteristics and reflect the distinctive Chinese language and culture.The mascots of each Olympic Games are required to have a wide range of cultural content, which can reflect the national characteristics of the host country.1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded wordsLanguage is a long history of development in the form, the language is the carrier of culture, and culture is the language of the soil. For this the true meaning of culture and cultural groups, it is all too familiar for something, but for different cultural groups, it is very strange. Different cultures create different language groups, so that when different language groups in the process of mutual exchange term vacancies on the rise, that can not be within the scope of non-native languages to find to express the meaning of the correspondingvocabulary, these cultural differences, mainly manifested in the belief, art, ethics, law, Customs, as well as the rest of the community learned abilities and habits.From a certain prospective, it covers all special things. Obviously, there’re many things with Chinese characteristics that haven’t been described in English, not to mention the new things that constantly spring up in recent years. For example, in the aspect of food, there are new different kinds of vegetables and fruits which need to be further discussed. At present, the comparatively practical method is to use Chinese spelling and add notes, most of which have been the Chinese loans in English. For example, lychee, litch(荔枝), baozi, jiaozi, tofu, mantou, tangyuan, etc have been the popular Chinese loans in English. Foreigners can totally understand what they are referring to, for they have accepted the China English version. However, many Chinese specific words cannot be translated in proper English, which is used among the native English speakers, such as “汤圆、馄饨、刀削面”etc, they cannot be replaced by dumplings. That’s because there is no correspondent thing in western countries. Accordingly, few Chinese loans share the same meaning with English words. Therefore, the Chinese loans get involved in English in a completely new meaning.V ocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, the nation’s cultural values and values at all levels of culture are reflected in the vocabulary of their own systems, which form a kind of cultural words with cultural connotations. As with the load of a special connotation of the national culture, cultural terms is often posed as difficulties in the translation of The original existence of the cultural lexical gap shows that translation is not only just a language activity, but also a kind of cultural activities. Therefore, the translator is required not only a bilingual abilities, but also a double-cultural competence. If he can not see the original cultural lexical gap, he will impose his own understanding of the translation to the reader.For example, in an English article, whose author talked about his favorite saying when he was a teacher: Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe? The translation is: “当一名教师意味着创造,使泥土开始呼吸” it is no doubt that very few Chinese readers can understand this meaning. However, the sentence implied in the cultural lexical gap of the Western reader is very clear: According to the “Bible”, which say that humans were made by God with the earth, when the God endowed life to the clay, this clay is completed by the creative process, becoming a living creature. Here the author compared the work of teachers to the God’s work, suggesting that teachers help students to become a flesh and blood person with a soul, so that students have a real life.Cross-cultural communicative and even become an obstacle to information transmission. In next chapter, I will discuss the difficulties in culturally-loaded words translation.Translation is not only the conversion between languages, but also the communicationbetween cultures. Translation language and culture are closely linked. Because language is an integral part of culture, it is also the symbols of culture, its using ways and expressing content still possess a certain cultural connotation. In the process of creating works, the original author’s intended readers generally do not include foreign readers, particularly does not include those with different language and culture. Therefore, the cultural background knowledge which is easy to understand for the original mother tongue speakers in communication is possible not understood or missed the meaning by the people from other culture.Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loadedword2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history cultureChina is an ancient oriental civilization with a long history, its traditional culture and thought of a natural reaction to the language. While tradition is deeply rooted in people's minds, like the “dragon” character, in the Chinese culture, the “dragon” is a legend of the miraculous character of animals, and the phoenix, the unicorn, turtle collectively known as the “four spirits”. In addition to the word meaning, it can also be regarded as a symbol of the Chinese nation, forming a kind of totem of the Chinese culture, and now that Chinese people as “Descendants of the Dragon”, is indicative of the great. Later emperors sat on the “dragon” were regarded as a symbol of authority, such as sitting on the throne, wearing gown and robe, sleeping dragon bed and so on. However, in Western countries, “Dragon” (dragon) is a danger thing, because in English history from the Beowulf times, the dragon is a symbol of evil, dangerous and is a monster spit fire injuries. This is the accumulated result of the traditional people’s different interpretations of the same thing; its further development will result in a lexical gap. What’s more, “Mid-Autumn Festival”Mid-Autumn Day; “Splash”Water-Splashing Day, etc, which are the Chinese traditional festival, are excellent cultural accumulations that has a long history of heritage treasures, these traditional cultural festival is now not only exclusive to the Chinese people, but also a number of foreigners like the Chinese culture. While Europe and the United States is a Christian faith, so there are a lot of words, including their festivals with the “Bible” and Christian related.If a covenant of salt (not betray the Covenant), as poor as a church mouse (utterly destitute); than the Han culture, an important part and is inseparable from Buddhism and Taoism, such as: Oliver bounds repent and are saved, Buddhism boundless. Then there are some, such as “martial arts”wu shu, “kung fu”kung fu, “Niu Yangge”yang ko, the characteristics of these folk cultures in China has not yet opened to the outside world, which is unheard of for a Westerner, and these reflect The vocabulary of the vacancy caused by two different history and culture.2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differencesRegional cultural differences refer to a nation’s geographical location, natural conditions and ecological environment formed by various cultural differences. Language generations and people’s working and living environment greatly related to the culturally-loaded words. The large number of English idioms, allusions, slangs, sayings, maxims and proverbs are with a thick Chinese name, ethnic and geographical characteristics. Han Chinese living in the Asian continent, the people’s life is inseparable from land. The UK is an island nation; the maritime industry has been very well developed. The difference appeared in Chinese culture, a lot of vocabulary are land-related, while in the English vocabulary in many of which are related with the sea; for example, Chinese with “土崩瓦解” to describe the total collapse and can not be collected, while the English version “get into hot water”, describing a difficult position. “烂醉如泥” English with “drunk as a sailor”, here they use sailor to replace “mud”. It may wondered why they use “sailor” instead of “mud”, that’s because the regional culture differences. In English native speakers, they could not use “mud” to describe a person, while in Chinese people’s eyes, they usually use some others words to make the phrase more active, actually these words as “mud” are often without any relation with the phrase itself.In addition, the geographical differences in turn affected by changes in the weather will affect agriculture and animal husbandry;Humid and rainy mountains northwest of the British Isles, followed by an moist type, suitable for the growth of mushrooms in the woods, while China is located in Southeast Asia, the difference between them is quite large, so the Chinese language is used to prompt a large number of new things compared to emerged phrase. For instance: “雨后春笋” was translated into English when the spring up like mushrooms or to mushroom up.Springing up like mushroom refers to after the rain of spring, bamboo shoots turn out suddenly, which means a lot of new things are emerging constantly. England could n ot produce “shoot”, “bamboo” is a foreign language, therefore, use “mushroom” is more acceptable for the recipient, but also convey the same meaning. What need to mention is that the emotional color and pragmatic effect are not entirely right, bamboo shoots give vibrant sense, which is compliment, “mushrooms”, with a short growing season, turn out and disappear rapidly, is neutral.2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and culturesThe difference between English and Chinese customs, reflected in many aspects, such as diet, marriage, solar terms, the preference of color, family relations, etc. These differences between languages often make a relatively lexical gap. For example, in China, people like the red to decorate and the auspicious red represents good luck and new love in marriage when they are wearing red clothes; while in Western countries，they think that the red represents the violence and bloody, the new people in the wedding use white to represent their love, but in China, white has often been regarded as unfortunate thing .Therefore, the auspicious day in Chinese is a white day which the English people couldn’t not understand. The attitude in the treatment of animals, dogs are one of the British national favorite pets, they think the dog is very loyal. The dog in the Chinese culture is a kind of humble animal, it is considered a “humble” a synonym. Therefore, most of the dog-related derogatory terms such as: “狗胆包天” ,monstrous audacity“狗仗人势” ,a cock is bold on his own dunghill ，use the influence of sb. in bullying others, be a bully with the backing of a powerful person , be a bully under the protection of a powerful person “狗腿子”,henchman; lackey; hired thug“狗头军师” ,a person who offers bad advice , a person who offers bad advice; inept adviser“狗急跳墙” ,a cornered beast will do something desperate, even a worm will turn , do something desperate; but in English, there is no pejorative term on the majority of phrases concerned with dog, such as: be top dog “living high” ; “lucky” a lucky dog. Again, the Chinese women in ancient times should take three inch golden lotus (“三寸金莲”translated in literal meaning) for beauty, so there is woman “bound feet”: A vile feudal practice which crippled women both physically and spiritually and the “child bride” child wife: girl rose from childhood to be wife of son of family. There are some words that reflect China’s living habits, such as “kang”: a heat able brick bed and so on. All these can be seen as a result of cultural differences, customs lexical gap.The whole chapter demonstrates some of the reasons that cause our culturally-loaded words: they are traditional history culture, regional cultural differences and the custom differences. These differences will absolutely make our translation more difficult. For example, when we translate “三寸金莲”,we can not use the literal translation”three inch golden lotus” which will confuse the foreigners, they cannot understand what it refers to and don’t know it’s deep meaning. Therefore we must pay more attention to these cultural differences when we do the translation. The translation methods of the culture-loaded words must be chosen according to certain circumstancesPart ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words 3.1 Hypo taxis and ParataxisHypo taxis and Parataxis are the basic difference between English and Chinese language. . Hypo taxis is the meaning of the dependent or subordinate relationship of clauses with connectives (Christiane, Nord.1988:128), while, the concept of parataxis means that the juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.Hypo taxis reflect the thought pattern that westerners attach more importance on logic and empirical, while parataxis reflect that Chinese emphasize on introspection and simple way of expressing, they don’t emphasis the logic, with a ambiguous meaning mode of thinking. With an appropriate understanding of hypo taxis and parataxis is beneficial to the translation of English and Chinese. The translator should be carefully to figure out the differences of the source language and target language, both should not only loyal to the original work, but also think of the feeling of the reader, so that letting the translation be as close as possible with the original article. Mr. Flake once said the excellent words:” the ideal translation of the works of foreign authors usually gives readers feel as if they are writing in Chinese.”The main difference in sentence structure between English and Chinese is that English is a language of Hypo taxis while Chinese is a language of parataxis. Therefore, English words or sentences are well knitted, and Chinese ones are terse and lucid. Some shortened sentence forms are adopted in Chinese so as to make words or sentences concise. Consequently, this features of Chinese sentence translation is reflected in China English consisting of many short sentences forms, the following translation examples can well illustrate this point:(1) Life is above and service is first. “生命至上,服务第一”(2) Safety is first and prevention is most. “安全第一,预防为主”(3) The higher authorities have polices and the localities have their counter-measures. “上有政策,下有对策”（4）Ten thousand years are too long, seize the day, and seize the hour. “一万年太久,只争朝夕”(李文中, 1993:53) These examples fully demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese, whose translation is not rigidly adhere to the original sentences, instead, it uses short, colloquial Chinese language words and sentences to make it read natural and active.Here is another example:“原文：有一个老村子叫格兰骞斯德，有一个果子园，你可以躺在累累的桃李树荫下吃茶，花果会掉入你的茶杯，小雀子会到你桌上来啄食，那真是别有一番天地.”English version：There is an old village called Grant Chester, and an orchard where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea, as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed – truly a paradise on earth.The Original article is taken from Xu’s essay, “I know Cambridge,” the article writes with delicate strokes, refreshing style which is easy to read and feel quite cordial. The picture depicted in the text is just like a group of Cambridge landscape, from far to near, and then from near to far. The whole sentence is not connected with a word, the subject to clause changing every time, but there is no offensive feeling. However, when they were translated in English, the original meaning must be skillfully and reasonable weaving in the “form” with proper English syntax. The most important thing is to identify a verb as the main axis of the structure. Here the translation use the str ucture of “There is ... “as the main line,“Where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees” as attributive clause of “an orchard” , “as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed” as the adverbial of “you ca n lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea “of , with a dash leads to” truly a paradise on earth “as conclusive and further describe. The translation make s full use of the English translation Hypo taxis features, which make the text read with a sense emotion and fluently, almost like the original style.All these English translation versions mentioned above are close to the structure and style of the original Chinese, and every phrase conforms to English syntax. A series of the symmetric short forms reflect the features of Chinese sentence structure3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translationFrom an information-theoretical point of view, transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration attempts to use a one-to-one correspondence and be exact, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of transliterated words. To achieve this objective, transliteration may define complex conventions for dealing with letters in a source script which do not correspond with letters in a goal script.Also, transliteration should not be confused with translation, which involves a change in language while preserving meaning. Transliteration performs a mapping from one alphabet into another.。
中国文化负载词的翻译——以《围城》为例
中国文化负载词的翻译——以《围城》为例作者：余诗梦来源：《东方教育》2016年第11期一、文化与文化负载词“文化”一词内涵和外延差异很大，至今没有一个统一的定义。
广义的文化是人类有意识的社会实践所产生的一切闻名成果，包括物质层面和精神层面。
狭义文化指排除人类社会历史生活中关于物质创造活动及结果的部分，专注于精神创造活动及其结果。
文化不是独立和封闭的，经济、政治、教育、科技等领域的国际合作极大地促进了不同文化的交流并加速了它们的融合，在文化国际化的过程中，翻译占有重要的地位，是文化传播的重要环节。
由于世界各国自然地理环境、社会经济环境等的差异，各国文化也千差万别，每一种文化中都带有很多独一无二的内容，这些承载着文化现象或有特定文化内涵的词语称为文化负载词，也叫文化专有项。
Aixela（1996）对文化负载词提出了11种处理策略，而在翻译文化负载词的过程中采用何种方式，应根据具体情况进行选择。
二、《围城》中文化负载词的分类《围城》是著名作家钱钟书所著的长篇小说，被译成多国语言。
英文版本的《围城》为中国文化的传播做出了重要贡献。
奈达认为，没有对文化背景的充分理解，译者就无法理解文中的习惯用法，无法很好地传达整篇文章的信息；译者应充分了解五种类型的次文化，包括生态文化、物质文化、宗教文化、社会文化及语言文化。
《围城》中的文化负载词可分为以下几类。
（1）生态文化负载词生态文化负载词反应了特定地区的气候特点、自然以及地理环境。
对于某一地区的人来说，不熟悉其他地区的自然环境和地理特点，理解带有地区特点的表达可能会有难度，这对译者来说是一个挑战。
比如说“不到长城非好汉”，“洛阳纸贵”，“不到黄河不死心”等词就反应了中国文化的地域特点。
在中国文化中，东风一般指暖风，通常象征春天和温暖，与西方的“west wind”的意义更接近，而不能译为“cast wind”。
（2）物质文化负载词这一类的词语反应了某一语言文化群体下的人们所创造的物质文化的特点。
功能对等理论下文化负载词的翻译以电影的字幕翻译为例
功能对等理论下文化负载词的翻译以电影的字幕翻译为例一、概述随着全球化的深入发展，不同文化之间的交流日益频繁，电影作为文化输出的重要载体，其在跨文化交流中的作用愈发凸显。
在电影字幕翻译过程中，文化负载词的翻译是一项具有挑战性的任务。
这些词语通常承载了特定文化的特定信息，对于目标语言的观众来说可能是全新的。
为了有效传达这些文化信息，保持文化内容的完整性和准确性，同时兼顾语言的流畅性和可读性，研究者们提出了多种翻译理论，其中最为广泛接受和应用的是功能对等理论。
功能对等理论，由美国翻译理论家尤金A奈达提出，主张在翻译过程中，目标文本的读者应能获得与源文本读者相同的阅读体验。
这一理论强调，翻译不仅仅是语言的转换，更是文化的传递。
在字幕翻译中，功能对等理论要求译者不仅要准确传达原文的语义信息，还要尽可能地传达原文的文化内涵，使目标语言的观众能够理解和接受。
以电影字幕翻译为例，文化负载词的翻译直接关系到电影文化的传播效果。
恰当的翻译不仅能帮助观众理解剧情，还能增加观众对源文化的兴趣。
不恰当的翻译可能会导致观众误解或无法理解，甚至产生负面效果。
功能对等理论下的文化负载词翻译对于电影字幕翻译来说至关重要。
1. 介绍功能对等理论及其在电影字幕翻译中的应用功能对等理论，由美国翻译理论家尤金A奈达（Eugene A. Nida）提出，是翻译领域的重要理论之一。
该理论强调在翻译过程中，目标语读者对译文的反应应尽可能接近源语读者对原文的反应。
这一理论的核心在于，翻译的主要目标是实现功能上的对等，而非形式上的对等。
在电影字幕翻译中，功能对等理论的应用尤为显著。
由于电影是一种跨文化的传播媒介，其字幕翻译不仅要传达原文的语义信息，还要考虑到目标文化观众的接受度和理解度。
字幕翻译在遵循奈达的功能对等理论的基础上，需对原文进行适当调整，确保译文在目的语文化中具有与原文相近的效果。
功能对等理论在电影字幕翻译中的应用，要求译者在翻译过程中不仅要关注语义的准确传达，还要考虑到目的语观众的接受度和理解度，以实现译文的最佳效果。
从生态翻译学角度浅谈电影《大圣归来》字幕中文化负载词的翻译
2022/5上文艺直通车热播冷评从生态翻译学角度浅谈电影《大圣归来》字幕中文化负载词的翻译阴曲鑫蕊徐博摘要:近年来,随着中国电影市场的发展,越来越多的中国影视作品走出国门,进军国际市场。
而在这些作品中含有大量的文化负载词,这些文化负载词承载了丰富的中国文化特色,但仅仅存在于中国文化当中,在西方的英美文化中却是空白缺失的。
对于汉语文化负载词的翻译不仅有利于中西文化相互交流,而且对于中国民族文化的传播也有着重要意义。
文章以电影《大圣归来》为研究对象,结合电影字幕,从生态翻译学视角浅谈字幕中文化负载词的翻译现象。
关键词:生态翻译文化负载词《大圣归来》基金项目:吉林动画学院校级重点科学研究项目“生态翻译学视域下的中国电影字幕文化负载词研究”(项目编号:KY21SZ12)。
生态翻译理论学坚持“译者为中心”，即译者以自己的视角较为主观地去选择和适应的一个过程，它的翻译方法是语言维、文化维、交际维上的转换，即三维转换。
该理论的提出者胡庚申教授认为：“在翻译过程中，一方面三维相互转换，另一方面译者也不断地进行着适应性选择，而翻译生态环境中的各种因素对于翻译的影响都直接作用于译者身上。
”该理论将有助于人们充分理解生态翻译学在当代影视作品字幕翻译分析中的重要意义。
语言是文化的载体，在任何一个社会意识形态里，语言都承载其特定的文化内涵。
而语言作为特定文化内涵的载体，在源远流长的历史长河中以其特有的表达方式反映着一个民族的文化、社会习俗、思维方式、行为规范、道德价值等，这就形成了文化负载词。
文化负载词具有其文化独特性，只存在于某一种文化中，在另一种文化中是不存在的。
正如同英语和汉语属于完全不同的两个语言体系，它们之间的差异除了体现在外在的语言表现形式之外，还体现在带有各自文化特色的词语，这就是我们所谓的文化负载词。
生态翻译理论下《大圣归来》字幕英译实例评析生态翻译学是在“翻译即适应与选择”(TAS)理论的基础上发展起来的一种翻译理论。
从目的论视角看《阿Q正传》中文化负载词的翻译
从目的论视角看《阿Q正传》中文化负载词的翻译发表时间：2019-08-08T15:21:57.233Z 来源：《知识-力量》2019年9月35期作者：王社国[导读] 作为鲁迅的代表作之一，《阿Q正传》中负载着深厚的中华文化内涵，其中诸多文的化负载词成为其英译的一大难点。
本文以“目的论三原则”为理论基础，选取了《阿Q正传》的两个译本进行比较，探讨两译本各自体现的译者的翻译目的，以及译者在“忠实”与“连贯”二原则中的选择与妥协。
（重庆第二师范学院，重庆 400065）摘要：作为鲁迅的代表作之一，《阿Q正传》中负载着深厚的中华文化内涵，其中诸多文的化负载词成为其英译的一大难点。
本文以“目的论三原则”为理论基础，选取了《阿Q正传》的两个译本进行比较，探讨两译本各自体现的译者的翻译目的，以及译者在“忠实”与“连贯”二原则中的选择与妥协。
关键词：阿Q正传；文化负载词；目的论三原则；杨宪益；Julia Lovell1.《阿Q正传》的译介目前，《阿Q正传》共有五个译本，译者分别是梁社乾（1926）、王际真（1941）、杨宪益（1960）、William A.Lyell（1990）和蓝诗玲（Julia Lovell，2009）。
从1926年的梁译本，到2010年出版的蓝译本，《阿Q正传》的英文译介跨越了近一个世纪，历时八十余年，足见这部小说在鲁迅的诸多作品中、在中国乃至世界小说史上的重要地位。
本文选取杨氏夫妇和蓝诗玲的译本作为比较对象。
杨氏夫妇是新中国成立后最早在官方批准下翻译鲁迅作品的翻译家（张奂瑶，2018，84）。
在杨为主、戴为辅的分工下完成的单行本The True Story of Ah Q于1953年出版，为众多国人所熟知。
蓝诗玲是英国的新生代翻译家、汉学家，伦敦大学现当代中国文学教授，其《迅小说全集》由企鹅出版社（Penguin Group）于2009年出版发行。
同为汉学家的美国学者华志坚曾断言，这本书将是“有史以来出版的最重要的一部企鹅经典”（康慨，2009）。
功能对等理论下文化负载词的翻译——以电影《姜子牙》的字幕翻译为例
功能对等理论下文化负载词的翻译——以电影《姜子牙》的字幕翻译为例功能对等理论下文化负载词的翻译——以电影《姜子牙》的字幕翻译为例引言翻译作为一种将一种语言中的信息转化为另一种语言中信息的行为，一直以来备受关注。
特别是在电影字幕翻译中，随着中国电影市场的快速发展，翻译作为一种文化交流工具的地位变得越来越重要。
本文旨在通过分析电影《姜子牙》字幕翻译中的文化负载词，探讨在功能对等理论的指导下，如何进行准确、贴切的翻译。
一、功能对等理论功能对等理论即根据不同语言之间的文化差异，将翻译作为信息交流的一种方式。
它强调在翻译过程中保持信息的一致性和传达信息功能的对等。
在电影字幕翻译中，功能对等理论起到了重要的指导作用。
二、文化负载词的定义文化负载词是指在翻译过程中涉及到文化、民族特色的词汇。
在电影字幕翻译中，文化负载词常常是电影中所呈现的地域特色、历史背景、风土人情等所体现的标志性词汇。
三、电影《姜子牙》的背景介绍电影《姜子牙》是一部中国动画电影，讲述了姜子牙、哪吒等角色的故事。
该电影融合了中国神话、历史文化元素，并多次出现文化负载词。
四、文化负载词的翻译方法1. 直译法直译法即将文化负载词按照字面意思进行翻译。
例如，在电影《姜子牙》中，“巫妖大战”一词直接翻译为“Witch Demon Battle”，保留了原文的文化特色。
2. 音译法音译法指通过音译的方式将文化负载词翻译成目标语言的对应词汇。
例如，在电影中出现的“波及全国”一词被翻译为“affecting the whole country”，将原文中的音译词再次进行了翻译。
3. 释义法释义法即根据文化背景和语境，对文化负载词进行解释。
例如，在电影中出现的“妖神泪”一词，字面上难以理解，字幕将其翻译为“Tears of the Demon God”，通过释义的方式使得观众能够理解其含义。
4. 替换法替换法指根据文化差异，将文化负载词进行替换。
例如，在电影中出现的“妖气”一词，字幕将其翻译为“demonic energy”，替换成了与观众更为熟悉的词汇。
陈晓丹《从语义空缺角度谈文化负载词的分类及翻译》阅读训练及答案
阅读下面的文字，完成1-5小题。
材料一：语言与文化密不可分。
广义的文化包括语言，同时不断影响语言，使语言适应文化发展变化的需要。
语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的写照。
作为语言基本单位的词汇，是语言中文化承载量最大的成分。
一个民族独特的发展历史、社会制度、生活环境、宗教信仰、风俗习惯都会在其民族语言的词汇中打下烙印，这样就产生了大量的文化负载词。
文化负载词是具有特定民族文化内涵的词、词组和习语。
这些词由于不同民族文化之间的差异，在另一种语言里找不到对等或与之完全契合的词，产生语义空缺。
既然文化负载词反映的是一种语义空缺现象，那么，我们可以根据文化负载词在另一种语言中的语义空缺情况，也可以说是对应情况，将其分为绝对空缺词和相对空缺词。
有些词在另一种语言里完全没有与之对应的词，我们把这种词称作绝对空缺词。
如汉语中反映民族生活环境的“黄河”“长城”在国外不存在，具有其独特的文化内涵。
在表达自然现象的语言中。
汉语中“节气”的概念在英语中是没有的。
二十四节气的名称更是让外国人费解。
总之，由于生活方式和民族文化的极大不同，诸如以上这些在另一种文化中绝对空缺的词无处不在，数量庞大，造成翻译上的重重困难。
有的文化负载词其所指的观念或事物在另一语言里也是存在的，只不过二者的语义范围不完全重合，只存在部分对等。
同样造成语义上的空缺。
我们将这一类的词统称为相对空缺词。
相对空缺词数量繁多，可分为所指范围空缺词、涵义空缺词和语用规范空缺词三大类。
所指范围空缺指的是同一个事物或概念在某种语言中可能只用一个词来表达，而在另一种语言中却有几个或多个词来表达。
我们最熟悉的例子就是汉语和英语中表示亲属的词语。
一个简单的“aunt”在汉语中就不能找到与之所指范围完全相等的词，因为它可以指汉语中的“姑姑”“伯母”“婶婶”“舅妈”“姨妈”。
涵义空缺类的文化负载词是指某个词在另一语言中有与其表面意义相同的词，但它们的涵义却大相径庭。
如中华民族的文化象征物“龙”便是一个很好的例子。
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• 干草堆里找针（大海捞针）
• A stick-and-carrot policy
• 大棒加胡萝卜政策 • John is her office Romeo • 约翰是他办公室里的罗密欧式的痴情男子。 • Never offer to teach fish to swim.（谚语） • 不要教鱼儿游泳（不要班门弄斧）
1. Foreignizing Translation (异化) 2. Domesticating Translation (归化) 3. Three Don’ts in Translating English Idioms
（习语翻译中的“三不要”）
4. Proper Use of Chinese Idioms, proverbs and sayings in Translation（翻译中正确使用汉语习语）
• 黄译：对我来说，过惯了那种成天挨骂，吃力 不讨好的日子后，这光景就好比是平静的乐园 • 宋译：我一向过惯了老是挨骂和费力不讨好的 日子，眼前的这种情况，对我来说，本该是个 宁静的天堂了。
• 肓人国里，独眼人称王/蜀中无大将，廖化充先 锋 /山中无老虎，猴子称霸王
• Achilles’s heel
• （来自希腊神话）阿基利斯致命的脚后跟； 致命的弱点
• As gay (cheerful) as a lark
• 像云雀一样快活（兴高采烈）
• Sour grape
• 酸葡萄 （来自《伊索寓言》）把得不到的东 西说成是不好的，聊以自慰
• 前后颠倒，本末倒置
• kick the bucket 翘辫子，死
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
have something at one’s fingers’ ends 胸有成竹，对某事了如指掌 Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 毁掉摇钱树，杀鸡取卵 Neither fish nor fowl 不伦不类，非驴非马 talk horse 吹牛，说大话 As dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶，沉默不语 as timid as a rabbit 胆小如鼠 leave no stone unturned. 想方设法，千方百计
• 黄译：尽管他蛮横地与母亲作对，经常撕 毁她的丝绸衣服，却依然是“她的宝贝蛋” • 宋译：对她的话全然不听，不止一次撕破 和弄坏她的绸衣服，可他仍然是她的“心肝 宝贝”。
• (2) Mrs. Reed soon rallied her spirits; she shook me most soundly, she boxed both my ears, and then left me without a word. (P23)
Teaching requirements (教学要求)
1. Students can apply the translation methods about idioms. 2. Students can express correctly in Chinese and English.
Teaching methods (教学方法)
• 黄译：她的美貌，红润的面红的双颊和金色的卷发 ，似乎让每个见了她的人都有喜欢，都能因此 原谅她的每一个缺点。
• (2) This state of things should have been to me a paradise of peace, accustomed as I was to a life of ceaseless reprimand and thankless fagging;
中外文学作品中文化信息的翻译
• １. 《红楼梦》 • ２. 《简· 爱》
《红楼梦》 The Story of the Stone Dream of the Red Mansion
译句赏析：
• 1. 盛宴必散（《红楼梦第13回》） • Yang’s version: Even the grandest feast must have an end. • Hawkes’ version: Even the best party must have an end.
5. Translation Practice.
1. Foreignizing Translation (异化法)
• Foreigninzing: retaining the cultural flavors of the source language and enables the reader to have an alien reading experience, and developing the reader’s awareness of cultural differences in the target language.
• 3. 那薛老大也是“吃着碗里看着锅里的。（第16 回） • Yang’s version: Hxed Pan is another of those greedyguts who keep “One eye on the bowl and the other on the pan”. • Hawkes’ version: You know what cousin Xue is like: always “one eye on the dish and the other on the saucepan”. • 4. 寻春问腊到蓬莱 （第50回） • Yang’s version: He goes to the Fairy Isles in search of spring, asking a boon. （仙人岛） • Hawkes’ version: In quest of spring I sped to Elysium （极乐世界，至福之境）
• 黄译：爱小姐？你不必费心来回答了 ---- 到知道 你难得一笑。可是你可以笑得很欢。 • 宋译：爱小姐？你不必费神来回答了 ---- 我看得 出你很少笑。但是你能笑得很开心。
• (4) Mrs. Reed was blind and deaf on the subject: she never saw him strike or heard him abuse me.
• Who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl.
• （染于苍则苍，染于黄则黄）（近朱者赤，近墨者黑）
2. Domesticating translation
• Domesticating translation minimizes the foreigness of the source-language text by changing the alien elements into what is familiar to the target-language reader. It seems has been dominant in China. E.g. • As stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪 • put the cart before the horse
• 黄译：里德夫人则装聋作哑, 儿子打我 骂我，她熟视无睹。 • 宋译：里德太太对此则完全装聋作哑, 她从来看不见他打我，也从来听不见 他骂我。
习语
• (1) Her beauty, her pink cheeks, and golden curls, seemed to give delight to all who looked at her, and to purchase indemnity for every fault. P9
• armed to the teeth • 武装到牙齿/全副武装
• Crocodile tears
鳄鱼的眼泪/猫哭老鼠 • Beauty lies in the lover’s eyes • 情人眼里出美人/西施
• In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is King.
1. Students and teacher cooperatively accomplish the translation task. 2. Peer work, group work is required in discussion and practice.
C o n t e n t s
• 例如： teach a pig to play on a flute • 教猪吹笛(对牛弹琴/做荒唐或不可能的事) • A dark horse 黑马 • a black sheep 害群之马
• can the leopard change his spots?
• 花豹岂能改变身上的花斑 （本性难移）
5. 四字词、成语、谚语等翻译运用
• Jane Eyre
Two Chinese versions by 黄源深 宋兆霖
Idiom: 习语 成语：set phrase, idiom, allusions, phrase
俗语：sayings; 谚语：proverb 俚语：slang
• 1．特殊句子表现译本的不同 • (1) Bluntly disregarded her wishes, not infrequently tore and spoiled her silk attire; and he was still: “her own darling.”
4. Three Don’ts in Translating English Idioms 译中的“三不要”）
（习语翻
• (1) Don’t take idioms too literally (不要望文生义
• (2) 不要混淆习语的不同含义 • (3) 不要把英语习语译成具有鲜明文化特色或浓 厚地方色彩的汉语习语。