vac_training_exercise3外文翻译

合集下载

Exercise Started 3 Months After Ovariectomy Recovers Bone Strength of the Femur and Lumbar Vertebrae

Tower Climbing Exercise Started 3Months After Ovariectomy RecoversBone Strength of the Femur and Lumbar Vertebraein Aged Osteopenic RatsTAKUYA NOTOMI,1,3NOBUKAZU OKIMOTO,2YUICHI OKAZAKI,2TOSHITAKA NAKAMURA,2and MASASHIGE SUZUKI 1ABSTRACTTo determine both the preventive and recovery effects of tower climbing exercise on mass,strength,and local turnover of bone in ovariectomized (OVX)rats,we carried out two experiments.In experiment I,60Sprague-Dawley rats,12months of age,were assigned to four groups:a Baseline Control,Sham-Operated Sedentary,OVX-Sedentary and OVX-Exercise rats.Rats voluntarily climbed a 200-cm tower to drink water from a bottle set at the top.At 3months,OVX elevated both the femoral cortex and lumbar trabecular turnover,leading to a reduction in bone mass and strength.However,in OVX-Exercise rats,those values were maintained at the same level as in the Sham-Sedentary rats.Thus,the climbing exercise,started after 3days of OVX,prevented OVX-induced cortical and trabecular bone loss by depressing turnover elevation.After conﬁrming the preventive effect,we evaluated the recovery effect of exercise.In experiment II,90Sprague-Dawley rats,12months of age,were assigned to six groups:a Baseline control,two groups of Sham-Operated Sedentary and OVX-Sedentary,and OVX-Exercise rats.The exercise started 3months after the OVX operation.At 3months,OVX increased the trabecular bone formation rate and osteoclast surface,leading to a decrease in compressive strength.In the midfemur,the cross-sectional area,moment of inertia,and bending load values decreased.At 6months,in the OVX-Exercise rats,the parameters of breaking load in both the lumbar and midfemur,lumbar bone mass,and the total cross-sectional area recovered to the same levels as those in the Sham-Sedentary rats.However,the cortical bone area did not recover.Periosteal bone formation increased,while endosteal bone formation decreased.These results showed that the climbing exercise had both a preventive and recovery effect on bone strength in OVX rats.In the mid-femur,effects on bone formation were site-speciﬁc,and the cross-sectional morphology was improved without an increase in cortical bone area,supporting cortical drift by mechanical stimulation.(J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:140–149)Key words:climbing,voluntary exercise,bone formation,ovariectomized,cortical driftINTRODUCTIONOSTEOPOROSIS IS A SERIOUSproblem in elderly women andis characterized by bone loss,leading to fractures and high turnover of bone.(1)Many studies suggest that the effects of exercise have a beneﬁcial effect on bone in humans (2,3)and animals.(4,5)Because exercise is also effec-tive in maintaining bone mineral density (BMD)in earlypostmenopausal women,it has been proposed as a long-term solution to prevent osteoporosis.(3)To examine the preventive or recovery effect of exercise with both bone mass and strength as the endpoints of an experiment,animal exercise models are used.Animal stud-ies using voluntary wheel running,(6)jumping,(7)treadmill running,(8)or voluntary climbing (4)have demonstrated the beneﬁcial effect of increased loading on bone mass and mechanical properties.It has been suggested that treadmill exercise prevented ovariectomy-induced bone loss by im-The authors have no conﬂict of interest.1Laboratory and Biochemistry of Exercise and Nutrition,Institute of Health and Sport Sciences,University of Tsukuba,Tsukuba,Japan.2Department of Orthopedic Surgery,University of Occupational and Environmental Health,Kitakyushu,Japan.3Present address:Department of Physiological Sciences,the Graduate University for Advanced Studies and Division of Cerebral Structure,National Institute for Physiological Sciences,Okazaki,Japan.JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH Volume 18,Number 1,2003©2003American Society for Bone and Mineral Research140proving mechanical stress in young rats.(8)In mature and aged animals with estrogen deﬁciency,there are conﬂicting reports of positive effects(8,9)or no signiﬁcant effects.(10) These discrepancies may be because of the difference in age or the type of exercise.Resistance exercise such as jump-ing(11)or bipedal stance(12)have been examined in mature OVX rats and prevented the OVX-induced bone loss in the tibia.However,these studies did not investigate all the effects of exercise on bone mass,strength,and local turn-over in detail.In the past,most studies focused on the preventive effects of exercise,(8,11,12)whereas there are few studies that investigated whether exercise recovered OVX-induced bone loss.(9)No studies have evaluated whether or not exercise has both a preventive and recovery effect in OVX rats.We previously demonstrated that tower climbing exercise increased bone mass and strength mainly by increasing bone formation in intact rats.(4)In this experiment,weﬁrst con-ﬁrmed the preventive effects of tower climbing exercise and then evaluated the inﬂuence of this exercise,started3 months after ovariectomy,on trabecular and cortical bone in aged osteopenic rats.The purpose of this study was to discover the preventive and recovery effects of voluntary resistance exercise on mass,strength,and local turnover of bone in ovariectomized rats.MATERIALS AND METHODS AnimalsFemale Sprague-Dawley rats,6months of age,were purchased from Japan CLEA Inc.(Tokyo,Japan)and ac-climatized for6months under standard laboratory condi-tions(22Ϯ2°C,60%humidity).The light/dark cycle was 12h with lights on from6:00a.m.to6:00p.m.All rats were housed in metal cages.Drinking water was available at all times.All rats were fed commercial rat chow(Japan CLEA Inc.;calcium:1200mg/100g,phosphorus;1080mg/100g). The body weight of each rat was measured weekly.The protocol was approved by The University of Tsukuba’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Experiment IThe purpose of this experiment was to conﬁrm the pre-ventive effect of climbing exercise in mature OVX rats. Sixty rats,12months of age,were randomized to four groups of15animals each.Group BC was the Baseline Control.Thirty rats were ovariectomized(OVX)and the other15were sham-operated under anesthesia with sodium-Nembutal administered intraperitoneally.All the animals recovered well after surgery.The exercise was started3 days after ovariectomy.Group SS was a Sham-Operated Sedentary control group killed after3months of the exper-iment.Groups OS and OE were OVX-Sedentary and OVX-Exercise groups,killed after3months of the experiment.To preclude any excess food intake induced by OVX,the daily consumption of each group was measured,and each group was given the mean amount of chow consumed by the SS group on the previous day.During the course of the exper-iment,four rats(1SS,2OS,and1OE)died because of tumors or unknown causes,and they were not subjected to analyses.The other rats remained healthy.Experiment IIThe purpose of this experiment was toﬁnd out the recov-ery effect of exercise in aged osteopenic rats.Ninety rats,12 months of age,were randomized to six groups of15animals each.Group0BC was the Baseline Control.Forty-ﬁve rats were ovariectomized and the other30were sham-operated under anesthesia with sodium-Nembutal administered intra-peritoneally.All the animals recovered well after surgery. The exercise started3months after ovariectomy,at the age of15months.Groups3SS and6SS were Sham-Operated Sedentary control groups killed after3and6months of the experiment,respectively.Groups3OS and6OS were OVX-Sedentary groups,killed after3and6months of OVX, respectively.Group6OE was an OVX-Exercise group, killed after6months of OVX.To preclude any excess food intake induced because of ovariectomy,the daily consump-tion of each group was measured and each was given the mean amount of chow consumed by the SS group on the previous day.During the course of the experiment,13rats (1,5,3,and4from groups3OS,6SS,6OS,and6OE, respectively)died because of tumors or unknown causes, and they were not subjected to analyses.The other rats remained healthy.At the end of both experiments,rats were killed by exsanguination under ether anesthesia.Soon after death,the hindlimb muscles(gastrocnemius,plantaris,soleus,tibia, and extensor digitorum longus)and abdominal fats (parametrial fat,perigastric fat,and mesenteric fat)were isolated.The combined weight of the hindlimb muscles and abdominal fats were measured.The third,fourth,andﬁfth lumbar vertebra(L3,L4,and L5)and bilateral femora were harvested.The L3,L4,and right femur(RF)were immedi-atelyﬁxed with4%paraformaldehyde in a0.1M phosphate buffer containing2%sucrose and stored at4°C.L5and the left femur(LF)were stored atϪ80°C until the mechanical tests.Bone labeling of rats with a subcutaneous injection of calcein(8mg/kg body weight)was performed14and4days before death.Resistance exerciseThe groups of exercise rats were housed in metal cages with a wire mesh tower that had two water bottles set at the top.(4)There were no bottles in the bottoms of the cages.At the beginning,the bottles were set at a height of20cm.The set point of the drink bottles was gradually elevated to200 cm over1week.The rats were monitored24h/day every3 weeks during the experimental period,using a charge-coupled device(CCD)video camera(CCD-TRV95;Sony, Tokyo,Japan).The daily distances and time periods of climbing activity were obtained from the monitoring records.In10–20%of exercise activity,the rats climbed the tower without drinking.Bone mineral measurementBMD(mg/cm2)and bone mineral content(BMC;mg) were measured on the LF using dual-energy X-ray absorp-141EFFECTS OF TOWER CLIMBING EXERCISE ON BONE IN MATURE AND AGED OVX RATStiometry(DXA)(DCS-3000;Aloka,Tokyo,Japan).The L5 body was prepared by removing the posterior segment,and bone mineral measurements were performed.The mineral-ization proﬁles of the specimens were stored with monitor-ing images,and the BMD and BMC values for the lumbar body and the femur mid-diaphyseal region(12mm in length)were obtained.Mechanical testingFemur:A three-point bending test was performed as previously described(4,13)using a load tester(Tensilon UTA-1T;Orientec,Tokyo,Japan).Each LF specimen was placed on a holding device with supports located at a distance of12mm,with the lesser trochanter proximal to, and in contact with,the proximal transverse bar.The mid-point served as the anterior(upper)loading point.A bending force was applied by the crosshead at a speed of10mm/ minute until fracture occurred.The breaking load(N)and structural stiffness(N/mm)were obtained directly from the load-deformation curves that were recorded continually in a computerized monitor linked to the load tester.Lumbar vertebral body:The L5body specimen wasﬁxed with a clamp at the bases of the transverse processes in the holder of a diamond band saw(Exakt,Norderstedt,Germany). By removing the cranial and caudal ends of the specimens, the plano-parallel ends at a height of3.5mm were ob-tained.(4,13)Cylinder samples were placed centrally on the smooth surface of a steel disk attached to the load tester.A cranio-caudal compression force was applied to the speci-men using a steel disk at a nominal deformation rate of2 mm/minute.The breaking load(N)and structural stiffness (N/mm)were obtained,as were those of the femur speci-mens.Bone histomorphometryLumbar vertebral body:Each L4specimen was embed-ded in methylmethacrylate(MMA)after Villanueva’s bone staining.From the middle portion of the specimen,10-␮m-thick undecalciﬁed sagittal sections were cut on a mic-rotome(Supercut2050;Reichert-Jung,Heidelberg,Germany). L3specimens were embedded in a mixture of MMA,hy-droxyglycol methacrylate,and2-hydroxyethylacrylate po-lymerized at4°C.Six-micrometer-thick L3specimens was obtained as described for L4.The L3sections were then stained for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP).(14) Histomorphometry of L3and L4was performed with a semiautomatic image-analyzing system linked to a light microscope(Cosmozone1S;Nikon,Tokyo,Japan).For each section,the area of the secondary spongiosa was mea-sured,but the regions within1.0mm of the growth plate/ metaphyseal junction and one cortical shell-width of the endocortical surface were not measured,so as to exclude the primary spongiosa.For the structural parameters,the trabecular bone volume (BV;␮m2),trabecular tissue volume(TV;␮m2),and tra-becular bone surface(BS;␮m)were measured.The trabec-ular thickness(Tb.Th;␮m),trabecular number(Tb.N; 1/mm),and trabecular bone separation(Tb.Sp;␮m)were calculated by a parallel plate model assuming constant geometry.(15,16)For the bone formation parameters of L4,the single-labeled surface(sLS;␮m),double-labeled sur-face(dLS;␮m),and BS(␮m)were measured.The value of dLS/sLS ratio was obtained.The mineral apposition rate (MAR;␮m/day)was calculated as the distance between double labels divided by the labeling interval and multiplied by␲/4.The mineralizing surface per bone surface(MS/BS; %)was obtained by adding the values of the dLS/BS and one-half of the sLS/BS value.The surface referent bone formation rate(BFR/BS;␮m3/␮m2/day)was calculated by multiplying the MS/BS value by the MAR.(15–17)For the bone resorption parameters of L3,the osteoclast surface (Oc.S;␮m)and BS(␮m)were measured.(15–17)TRAP-positive cells that formed resorption lacunae at the surface of the trabeculae and contained one or more nuclei were identiﬁed as osteoclasts.(18)Femoral mid-shaft:An undecalciﬁed section was ob-tained from the site of the mid-diaphysis of the RF.The specimen was embedded in MMA without staining to yield a40-␮m-thick crosscut ground section.Measurements were made on a cathode-ray tube monitor with a CCD camera (CCD High Gain Camera-1600A;Flovel Co.,Tokyo,Ja-pan)setting on the microscope using a semiautomatic image-analyzing program(Mac Scope;Mitani Corp.,Fukui, Japan)on a computer.(4,13)The total cross-sectional area (mm2),cortical bone area(mm2),and bone marrow area (mm2)were obtained.The endocortical surface was approx-imated as a regular,continuous line.The moment of inertia (mm4)of the cortical bone area for the medial-lateral axis was calculated directly by an image-analyzing computer.(4,13) Dynamic parameters such as dLS/BS,sLS/BS,MS/BS, MAR,and BFR/BS were measured in the periosteal and endocortical envelopes.The eroded surface(ES/BS;%)was also measured in the endocortical perimeter.Statistical analysisAll values are expressed as meanϮSEM.Data were assessed by two-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)for the time and treatment.When the treatment was found to have a signiﬁcant overall effect,the difference between the ex-perimental groups was assessed by Tukey’s honestly sig-niﬁcant difference(HSD)for each time period or Student’s t-test at15months of age in experiment II.(4,7)One-way ANOVA with repeated measurements was used to examine the signiﬁcance of changes in the climbing distances and time.Statistical signiﬁcance was set at less than0.05.All analyses were performed with a commercially available statistical package(SPSS Version10.0;SPSS,Tokyo,Ja-pan).RESULTSExperiment IClimbing distances and time periods:The daily climbing distances in the OVX-Exercise group after3,6,9,and12 weeks were30.6Ϯ2.5,32.4Ϯ2.9,31.0Ϯ3.8,and29.8Ϯ4.0m/day,respectively.The respective time periods for the activity were20.7Ϯ1.3,19.9Ϯ1.0,18.8Ϯ0.6,and 18.5Ϯ1.3minutes/day.No signiﬁcant differences were found among these values.142NOTOMI ET AL.Body weight,hindlimb muscles,abdominal fats,and bone mineral measurements:Body weights in the OS group were signi ﬁcantly higher than those in both the SS and OE groups (Table 1).The hindlimb muscles and BMC of lumbar ver-tebrae values did not signi ﬁcantly differ throughout the experimental period.The values of abdominal fats,BMC,and BMD in the OS group,except for the BMC of the lumbar vertebrae,were signi ﬁcantly smaller than the values in the SS group.However,the same values in the OE group were signi ﬁcantly larger than the values in the OS group.Mechanical properties of the midfemur and lumbar ver-tebra,and the geometry of the femoral cortex:The values of the breaking load of the midfemur and lumbar vertebra,breaking load/BMD,moment of inertia in the midfemur,cross-sectional area,cortical bone area,and moment of inertia in the OS group were signi ﬁcantly lower than those in the SS group (Table 2;Fig.1).In the OE group,all the parameters were higher than those in the OS group.The structural stiffness values of the midfemur,lumbar verte-brae,and bone marrow area did not signi ﬁcantly differ throughout the experimental period.There were no signif-icant relationships between the hindlimb muscle mass and midfemoral breaking load.Dynamic parameters of the periosteal and endosteal sur-faces:Periosteal surface :All the values in the OS group were signi ﬁcantly higher than those in the SS group (Table 3).In the OE group,however,all the parameters weresigni ﬁcantly lower than those in the OS group.Endosteal surface:The MS/BS,MAR,and BFR/BS values in the OS group were signi ﬁcantly higher than those in the SS group.However,all the values,except for ES/BS in the OE group,were signi ﬁcantly lower than those in the OS group.The value of ES/BS did not signi ﬁcantly differ throughout the experimental period.Structural and dynamic parameters of the lumbar verte-brae:Structural indices:The parameters of BV/TV,Tb.Th,and Tb.N in the OS group were signi ﬁcantly lower,whereas the Tb.Sp was signi ﬁcantly higher,than those in the SS group (Table 4).In the OE group,the values of BV/TV and Tb.N were signi ﬁcantly higher,and the Tb.Sp value was signi ﬁcantly lower,than those in the OS group.Bone for-mation and resorption:All the parameters in the OS group were signi ﬁcantly higher than those in the SS group.All the values in the OE group were signi ﬁcantly lower than those in the OS group.Experiment IIClimbing distances and time periods:The daily climbing distances in the OVX-exercise group after 3,6,9,and 12weeks after starting exercise were 23.3Ϯ1.0,22.1Ϯ1.0,22.3Ϯ2.3,and 23.6Ϯ2.1m/day,respectively.The re-spective time periods for the activity were 16.1Ϯ1.0,17.6Ϯ0.8,18.3Ϯ0.5,and 17.3Ϯ0.7minutes/day.No signi ﬁcant differences were found among these values.T ABLE 1.B ODY C OMPOSITIONANDB ONE M ASSINE XPERIMENT I Group Age of rats (months)Body weight (g)Hindlimb muscles (mg)Abdominal fats (mg)MidfemurLumbar vertebrae BMC (mg)BMD (mg/cm 2)BMC (mg)BMD (mg/cm 2)Baseline Control 12343Ϯ3 5.18Ϯ0.0535.7Ϯ1.190.7Ϯ1.3141.2Ϯ1.826.9Ϯ0.670.4Ϯ1.1Sham-Sedentary 15358Ϯ8 5.28Ϯ0.1036.3Ϯ2.0102.3Ϯ2.6150.2Ϯ2.426.8Ϯ0.768.2Ϯ2.3OVX-Sedentary 15377Ϯ9* 5.28Ϯ0.1546.6Ϯ1.8†89.3Ϯ2.8†130.6Ϯ2.7†23.3Ϯ0.856.2Ϯ2.0*OVX-Exercise 15364Ϯ11 5.49Ϯ0.1236.9Ϯ1.8‡102.9Ϯ1.5‡152.2Ϯ2.2‡28.1Ϯ1.167.9Ϯ3.0§Two-way ANOVAϽ0.05NSϽ0.01Ͻ0.01Ͻ0.01NSϽ0.05BMC,bone mineral contents;BMD,bone mineral density.Values are mean ϮSEM.†p Ͻ0.01,*p Ͻ0.05:signi ﬁcantly different from the corresponding Sham-Sedentary group.‡p Ͻ0.01,§p Ͻ0.05:signi ﬁcantly different from the corresponding OVX-Sedentary group.T ABLE 2.M ECHANICAL P ARAMETERSAND THEM IDFEMUR M ORPHOLOGYINE XPERIMENT IGroup Age of rats (months)Midfemur structural stiffness (N/mm)Lumbar vertebrae structural stiffness (N/mm)Cross-sectional morphologyCross-sectional area (mm 2)Cortical bone area (mm 2)Bone marrow area (mm 2)Moment of inertia(mm 4)Baseline Control 12989Ϯ332615Ϯ2599.2Ϯ0.2 5.4Ϯ0.1 3.8Ϯ0.2 4.5Ϯ0.1Sham-Sedentary 151016Ϯ372751Ϯ2599.9Ϯ0.3 6.0Ϯ0.1 3.9Ϯ0.2 5.2Ϯ0.3OVX-Sedentary 15922Ϯ282169Ϯ2389.3Ϯ0.2* 5.4Ϯ0.1† 3.9Ϯ0.2 4.4Ϯ0.2*OVX-Exercise 151076Ϯ382793Ϯ1159.8Ϯ0.2§ 6.0Ϯ0.1‡ 3.8Ϯ0.1 5.2Ϯ0.2§Two-way ANOVANSNSϽ0.05Ͻ0.01NSϽ0.05Values are mean ϮSEM.†p Ͻ0.01,*p Ͻ0.05:signi ﬁcantly different from the corresponding Sham-Sedentary group.‡p Ͻ0.01,§p Ͻ0.05:signi ﬁcantly different from the corresponding OVX-Sedentary group.143EFFECTS OF TOWER CLIMBING EXERCISE ON BONE IN MATURE AND AGED OVX RATSBody weight,hindlimb muscles,abdominal fats,and bone mineral measurements:After 3and 6months,body weights in the OS group were signi ﬁcantly higher than those in the SS groups (Table 5).The hindlimb muscles value did not signi ﬁcant differ throughout the experimental period.After 3and 6months,the abdominal fats values in the OS groups were signi ﬁcantly higher than those in the SS groups.The BMC and BMD values of the mid-femur and lumbar ver-tebrae in the OS groups were signi ﬁcantly lower than the values in the SS groups after both 3and 6months.However,3months after starting exercise,the values of the lumbar vertebrae in the OE group were signi ﬁcantly larger than those in the OS group.Mechanical properties of the midfemur and lumbar ver-tebrae,and the geometry of the femoral cortex:After 3months,the breaking load values of the midfemur and the lumbar vertebrae,the values of breaking load/BMD and moment of inertia in the midfemur,total cross-sectional area,and moment of inertia in the OS group were signi ﬁ-cantly lower than those in the SS group (Table 6;Fig.2).After 6months,the parameters of the breaking load of the midfemur and the lumbar vertebrae,the structural stiffness of the lumbar vertebrae,the values of breaking load/BMD,moment of inertia in the midfemur,cross-sectional area,cortical bone area,and moment of inertia in the OS group were signi ﬁcantly lower than those in the SS group.In the OE group,all parameters,except for cortical bone area,were higher than those in the OS group.The breaking load/BMD value in the OE group was higher than that in the SS group.However,the cortical bone area in the OE group was signi ﬁcantly lower than that in the SS group.The values of structural stiffness of the midfemur and bone marrow area did not signi ﬁcantly differ throughout the experimental period.The values of the mid-femur between the OSandFIG.1.Bone mechanical prop-erties in experiment I (means ϮSE).(A)Breaking load of midfe-mur using a three-point bending test,(B)the breaking load of the midfemur normalized for mid-femoral BMD,(C)for moment of inertia,and (D)breaking load of lumbar vertebrae using a com-pression test.**p Ͻ0.01;*p Ͻ0.05:signi ﬁcantly different from the corresponding the Sham-Sedentary group.##p Ͻ0.01;#p Ͻ0.05:signi ﬁcantly different from the corresponding OVX-Sedentary group.T ABLE 3.D YNAMIC P ARAMETERSOF THEM IDFEMURINE XPERIMENT IGroup Age of rats (months)PeriostealEndocorticalMS/BS (%)MAR (␮m/day)BFR/BS (␮m 3/␮m 2/day)MS/BS (%)MAR (␮m/day)BFR/BS (␮m 3/␮m 2/day)ES/BS (%)Baseline Control 1230.6Ϯ1.00.36Ϯ0.0111.0Ϯ0.333.4Ϯ1.00.61Ϯ0.0220.3Ϯ0.9 4.8Ϯ0.2Sham-Sedentary 1530.7Ϯ0.50.35Ϯ0.0110.6Ϯ0.330.5Ϯ1.60.62Ϯ0.0218.8Ϯ1.1 4.4Ϯ0.1OVX-Sedentary 1555.8Ϯ1.4†0.44Ϯ0.02†24.6Ϯ0.8†54.2Ϯ4.0†0.80Ϯ0.02†43.1Ϯ3.9† 5.6Ϯ0.1OVX-Exercise 1534.0Ϯ0.7‡0.32Ϯ0.01‡10.8Ϯ0.3‡30.8Ϯ1.6‡0.58Ϯ0.03‡17.9Ϯ1.1‡4.5Ϯ0.2Two-way ANOVAϽ0.01Ͻ0.01Ͻ0.01Ͻ0.01Ͻ0.01Ͻ0.01NSBS:bone surface,MS:mineralizing surface,MAR:mineral apposition rate,BFR:bone formation rate,ES:eroded surface.Values are mean ϮSEM.†p Ͻ0.01:signi ﬁcantly different from the corresponding Sham-Sedentary group.‡p Ͻ0.01:signi ﬁcantly different from the corresponding OVX-Sedentary group.144NOTOMI ET AL.OE groups did not signi ﬁcantly differ.There were no sig-ni ﬁcant relationships between the hindlimb muscle mass and midfemoral breaking load.Dynamic parameters of the periosteal and endosteal sur-faces:Periosteal surface:After 3months,all the values in the OS group were signi ﬁcantly higher than those in the SS group (Table 7).After 6months,none of the parameters signi ﬁcantly differed between the SS and OS groups.In the OE group,however,all the values were signi ﬁcantly higher than those in both the SS and OS groups.Endosteal surface:After 3months,the values of the MS/BS,MAR,and BFR/BS in the OS group was signi ﬁcantly higher than those in the SS group.After 6months,however,none of those values signi ﬁcantly differed between the SS and OS groups.In the OE group,all the values were signi ﬁcantly lower than those in both the SS and OS groups.The ES/BS value did not signi ﬁcantly differ throughout the experimental period.Structural and dynamic parameters of the lumbar verte-brae:Structural indices:After 3months,the parameters of BV/TV,Tb.Th,and Tb.N in the OS group were signi ﬁcantly lower,whereas the Tb.Sp was signi ﬁcantly higher,than those in the SS group (Table 8).After 6months,all the values in both the OS and OE groups,except for Tb.Th in the OE group,were signi ﬁcantly lower than those in the SS group.However,the parameters of BV/TV and Tb.Th in the OE group were signi ﬁcantly higher,and Tb.Sp was signif-icantly lower,than those in the OS group.Bone formation and resorption:After 3months,all the parameters in the OS group were signi ﬁcantly higher than those in the SS group.After 6months,none of the values showed a signi ﬁcant difference between the SS and OS groups.However,the parameters of dLS/sLS,MS/BS,MAR,and BFR/BS were signi ﬁcantly higher,whereas that of Oc.S/BS was signi ﬁ-cantly lower,than those in both the SS and OS groups.DISCUSSIONThis study demonstrated that climbing exercise enabled recovery of mechanical strength of both the femur and lumbar vertebrae in aged osteopenic rats and prevented cortical and trabecular bone loss in mature OVX rats.In the ﬁrst experiment,the BMD and mechanical load values of the femur and lumbar vertebrae,reduced by ovariectomy,were maintained,depressing turnover elevation.Second,the values of mechanical load,total cross-sectional area,and moment of inertia recovered 3months after starting the climbing exercise.Surprisingly,even in aged OVX rats,the exercise increased periosteal bone formation,whereas it decreased endosteal bone formation,indicating that cortical drift had occurred after 3months of exercise.Previous studies reported that OVX increased cancellous bone turnover in rats,whereas treadmill exercise mainly depressed bone resorption.(19)This bone formation was not stimulated,but rather decreased,in OVX rats.In experiment I,the climbing exercise signi ﬁcantly decreased both bone formation and resorption,suggesting that it could prevent elevated cancellous bone turnover in OVX rats.However,in experiment II,the exercise increased bone formation,while decreasing bone resorption,after transient elevation of can-cellous bone turnover by OVX.These results were consis-T A B L E 4.S T R U C T U R A LA N DD Y N A M I C P A R A ME T E R SO F T H EL U M B A R V E R T E B R A EI NE X P E R I M E N T I G r o u pA g e o f r a t s (m o n t h s )B V /T V (%)T b .T h (␮m )T b .N (1/m m )T b .S p (␮m )d L S /s L S (%)M S /B S (%)M A R (␮m /d a y )B F R /B S (␮m 3/␮m 2/d a y )O c .S /B S (%)B a s e l i n eC o n t r o l 1220.1Ϯ0.980.2Ϯ3.62.43Ϯ0.07336.1Ϯ12.117.9Ϯ1.321.7Ϯ1.00.44Ϯ0.019.6Ϯ0.52.47Ϯ0.15S h a m -S e d e n t a r y 1522.4Ϯ1.080.5Ϯ3.42.77Ϯ0.08284.0Ϯ12.221.4Ϯ2.216.7Ϯ0.60.52Ϯ0.018.6Ϯ0.32.01Ϯ0.10O V X -S e d e n t a r y 1513.9Ϯ1.2†70.5Ϯ5.8*2.07Ϯ0.14†454.8Ϯ34.3†49.7Ϯ6.7†27.8Ϯ1.1†0.59Ϯ0.02†16.5Ϯ0.8†3.21Ϯ0.13O V X -E x e r c i s e 1521.9Ϯ0.8‡76.2Ϯ4.32.91Ϯ0.08‡270.1Ϯ7.8‡20.7Ϯ2.6‡19.3Ϯ0.5‡0.53Ϯ0.01‡10.3Ϯ0.6‡2.35Ϯ0.19‡T w o -w a y A N O V AϽ0.05Ͻ0.05Ͻ0.05Ͻ0.05Ͻ0.01Ͻ0.01Ͻ0.01Ͻ0.01Ͻ0.01B V ,b o n e v o l u m e ;T V ,t i s s u e v o l u m e ;T b .T h ,t r a b e c u l a r t h i c k n e s s ;T b .N ,t r a b e c u l a r n u m b e r ;T b .S p ,t r a b e c u l a r s e p a r a t i o n ;B S ,b o n e s u r f a c e ;M S ,m i n e r a l i z i n g s u r f a c e ;M A R ,m i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e ;B F R ,b o n e f o r m a t i o n r a t e ;O c .S ,o s t e o c l a s t s u r f a c e .†p Ͻ0.01,*p Ͻ0.05:s i g n i ﬁc a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g S h a m -S e d e n t a r y g r o u p .‡p Ͻ0.01:s i g n i ﬁc a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g O V X -S e d e n t a r y g r o u p .145EFFECTS OF TOWER CLIMBING EXERCISE ON BONE IN MATURE AND AGED OVX RATS。

高三一轮复习必修三Unit7重点词汇讲解1

新北师大版必修三Unit7重点词汇讲解11, perform v.①表演演出；~ magic tricks 表演魔术②工作运转表现；~well /badly/poorly运转良好/不好③履行，做，执行=carry out / conduct / do~an operation / an experiment 做手术/做实验~an important role in... 在…中→n.______________ 表演者；→n._________________表演，演出；表现give / put _____ a performance演出live /academic performance.现场演出/学业表现As the examination score is only criterion(标准) for his academic performance, a student ______________(drive)to memorize mechanically rather than _______________(think) creatively.2, talent n.天才/资/赋= gift/genius(此外genius: c.n. 天才）have a talent/gift /genius _______ sth 有sth的天赋show a talent/gift ________ sth 显示出sth(方面)的天赋→adj. ___________ _ 有天赋/才华的=giftedbe talented/gifted in /at...在…方面有才华Li Bai was an extremely ______________(gift) poet.3, stage n./v.Don’t worry about the baby not wanting to leave you——it’s a stage _______________they go through.4, figure n.人物；数字；身材v. 计算；认为a leading/key ~ 一个领军/关键的人物keep one’s figure 保持身材I figure /think (that)...我认为…I ~ that __________ we can do is to wait.▲→_______ ________ 计算；弄清楚/明白①make out 理解明白I can’t make out what she wants.看清分清，听清，辨认清楚=distinguish/ identify②give out 分发；用光耗尽；发出(光热等)③rule out 把…排除在外/认为…不合适=exclude④reach out 伸出手；提供援助5, affect v.t影响=influence；感动，使悲伤；(疾病)侵袭，感染be affected by 被...影响/感动/感染the affected area 被感染/受影响的地区→_____________ n. 喜爱，感情→effect n. 影响，结果have an effect (=influence / impact) on...对…有影响=affect/influence/ impact... 影响…take effect ______________ come ________ effect开始生效side effect__________ cause and effect__________→adj.____________有效果的→____________无效/不起作用的6.sight n. 视力；景象；风景名胜______ first sight 乍一看______ the sight /sound/thought of... 一看见/听见/想到..._______/________ ________sight 在视野内/外catch /lose ~ of _________/________sight 风景名胜（人文景观，常pl）scene场景(包括人和人的活动) →on the scene 在现场scenery 风景总称（某个国家/地区具有的）view 从某一角度/距离看到的；观点/看法7, spot n.（圆）点；斑点；污渍；地点/场所on the spot 在现场=on the scene;当场/下v. spot→ _________→ _________→ spotting注意到/发现→同：o____________/n ___________p_____________~ sb doing sth _______________be spotted with 满是...的斑点He showed me the exact spot______________ he had asked her to marry him.She stood rooted to the spot with fear.→root sb to sth使（因害怕/惊吓等）呆住不动Embarrassed rooted her to the spot她尴尬得呆住了8, react v. 反应/回应→n.______________react _______... 对…作出反应/ 回应= respond to(react常指本能的/未经思考或立刻作出的反应respond经过思考作出反应，会有一定的时间差)react _______... 与...起(化学)反应in reaction _____针对…作出反应e.g ________when we react to emergencies in life calmly, can we solve problems in a better way. 9, lead sb to do sth 引导某人做某事→lead sb to ...领某人到...→lead to 导致/引起同词:___________________________________________lead n.领先地位；优势；范例/榜样follow one’s lead 效法It is vital _____________ government take the lead to protect environment.10, remain①link verb.仍然是，保持不变; ~silentLanguage was, is and ___________the chief means of exchange of ideas.②剩余遗留; →adj. remaining 剩余的(区别left后置)③逗留不离去; She left, but I ~ed behind.④仍需去做（说、处理）→remain_________________(do)有/尚/留待于去做It remains _________________(see) whether or not this idea can be put into practice.In April, sounds of holidaymakers remained ____________ (stick) abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. There are lots of questions _____________(v.) to be answered.The guest came in, but she ~ed______________(seat) at the desk reading.⑤remains n. 剩余物/残留物/剩饭菜; 古代遗物/迹/址参考答案1, performer; performance; on; is driven; thinking2,for；for; talented; gifted3, where4. what; figure out5, affection; 生效；into; 副作用；因果；effective；ineffective6，at; at; in; out of; 看见/看不见7，spotted; spotted; observe; notice; perceive; 发现某人正在做某事8，reaction; to; with; to; Only9, contribute to/ result in/ bring about/ cause/ generate/produce; that10,remains; to be done; to be seen; stuck; remaining; seated。

英语作文-体育培训如何帮助运动员克服身体不适？

英语作文-体育培训如何帮助运动员克服身体不适？Athletic training is a multifaceted discipline that encompasses a wide range of practices designed to enhance performance, prevent injury, and facilitate recovery. For athletes, the physical demands of training and competition can often lead to discomfort or injury. Sports training programs are tailored to help athletes overcome these challenges by focusing on strength, flexibility, endurance, and recovery techniques.Strength training is a cornerstone of athletic preparation. It not only builds muscle mass and improves power but also fortifies the body against the strains of intense physical activity. By progressively increasing the load and complexity of exercises, athletes can adapt to higher levels of stress, reducing the likelihood of injury. Moreover, strong muscles provide better support for joints, which can alleviate discomfort caused by repetitive movements.Flexibility exercises, such as stretching and yoga, play a crucial role in preventing stiffness and soreness. These activities enhance the range of motion, promote blood flow, and aid in the removal of lactic acid build-up, which is often associated with muscle fatigue and pain. Regular flexibility training ensures that muscles and tendons are less susceptible to tears and strains.Endurance training is essential for athletes to maintain a high level of performance throughout their sporting events. This type of training conditions the cardiovascular system, improving the efficiency of the heart and lungs, and increasing the body's ability to deliver oxygen to the muscles. Well-conditioned athletes can sustain effort for longer periods, which helps in managing fatigue-related discomfort.Recovery techniques are equally important in helping athletes deal with physical discomfort. Proper rest, hydration, nutrition, and sleep are fundamental to the body's ability to repair and strengthen itself. Additionally, methods such as ice baths, massage,and compression garments can expedite the recovery process, reduce inflammation, and alleviate pain.Sports psychologists also contribute to an athlete's ability to handle discomfort. They employ strategies that enhance mental resilience, such as visualization, goal setting, and relaxation techniques. An athlete with a strong mental game is better equipped to push through barriers of discomfort and maintain focus under pressure.In conclusion, sports training is a comprehensive approach that not only prepares athletes for the physical aspects of their sport but also equips them with the tools to overcome discomfort. By integrating strength, flexibility, endurance, and recovery strategies, along with psychological support, athletes can enhance their performance and minimize the impact of physical discomfort on their careers. The synergy of these elements ensures that athletes can train effectively, compete at their best, and enjoy a prolonged and successful sporting life. 。

英语作文-体育培训如何帮助运动员克服身体疲劳？

英语作文-体育培训如何帮助运动员克服身体疲劳？Sports Training: How to Help Athletes Overcome Physical Fatigue。

Introduction:Physical fatigue is a common challenge faced by athletes during training and competitions. It can significantly affect their performance and hinder their ability to achieve their goals. However, with the right sports training techniques, athletes can effectively overcome physical fatigue and enhance their performance. This article will explore various strategies that can help athletes combat physical fatigue and achieve optimal results.1. Adequate Rest and Recovery:One of the most crucial aspects of sports training is ensuring athletes get sufficient rest and recovery. Continuous training without proper rest can lead to physical exhaustion and increased fatigue. Coaches and trainers should incorporate rest days into the training schedule to allow athletes' bodies to recover and repair. Additionally, quality sleep plays a vital role in replenishing energy levels and promoting muscle repair. Athletes should aim for 7-9 hours of uninterrupted sleep each night to maximize their recovery.2. Proper Nutrition:A well-balanced diet is essential for athletes to combat physical fatigue. Consuming the right nutrients before, during, and after training sessions can provide the necessary energy and aid in muscle recovery. Carbohydrates are a primary source of fuel for the body, so athletes should include complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains and fruits, in their meals. Protein-rich foods, like lean meats and legumes, help repair and build muscles. Additionally, staying hydrated is crucial to prevent dehydration, which cancontribute to fatigue. Athletes should drink plenty of water throughout the day and during training sessions.3. Energy Management:Managing energy levels during training and competitions is crucial to prevent excessive fatigue. Coaches and trainers should design training programs that gradually increase in intensity, allowing athletes to gradually adapt to higher workloads. Incorporating periods of active recovery, such as light exercises or stretching, during training sessions can help athletes maintain energy levels and prevent burnout. Furthermore, teaching athletes proper breathing techniques can improve oxygen intake and delay the onset of fatigue.4. Mental Conditioning:Physical fatigue often goes hand in hand with mental fatigue. Athletes need to develop mental resilience to overcome physical challenges. Techniques such as visualization, positive self-talk, and goal-setting can help athletes stay focused and motivated during training. Coaches should also create a supportive and encouraging environment to boost athletes' confidence and mental well-being. Regular mental training sessions can enhance athletes' ability to cope with physical fatigue and improve their overall performance.5. Cross-Training:Engaging in cross-training activities can benefit athletes by reducing the risk of overuse injuries and preventing monotony. Cross-training involves participating in different sports or exercises that target different muscle groups. This approach allows athletes to maintain their fitness levels while giving specific muscles a chance to recover. For example, a runner could incorporate swimming or cycling into their training routine to reduce the strain on their leg muscles. By diversifying their training activities, athletes can effectively manage physical fatigue and improve their overall performance.Conclusion:Physical fatigue is a common obstacle faced by athletes, but with the right strategies, it can be overcome. Adequate rest and recovery, proper nutrition, energy management, mental conditioning, and cross-training are all essential components of a comprehensive sports training program. By implementing these techniques, athletes can effectively combat physical fatigue and enhance their performance, ultimately helping them achieve their goals. Remember, success in sports is not just about physical abilities but also about managing and overcoming fatigue to perform at one's best.。

关于我的体训经验英语范文初中

关于我的体训经验英语范文初中My Experience in Physical TrainingPhysical training plays an important role in my life. It has not only helped me stay fit and healthy but also improved my overall well-being. Through consistent training and dedication, I have been able to achieve my fitness goals and push myself beyond my limits. In this essay, I will share my experience in physical training and how it has positively impacted my life.I have always been interested in sports and fitness from a young age. I started participating in various sports activities such as running, swimming, and cycling. However, it was not until I joined a gym and started weight training that I truly fell in love with physical training. I was fascinated by the idea of building strength and muscle through lifting weights and challenging myself to become stronger each day.I started following a structured workout plan that included different exercises targeting different muscle groups. I focused on compound movements such as squats, deadlifts, and bench presses to build overall strength and muscle mass. I also incorporated cardio exercises like running and cycling to improve my endurance and stamina. Over time, I noticedsignificant improvements in my physical strength and fitness level.Apart from the physical benefits, I also experienced mental and emotional benefits from physical training. I found that exercising regularly helped me reduce stress and improve my mood. It became a way for me to relax and clear my mind after a long day. I also gained more confidence in myself as I saw improvements in my physique and performance in the gym.One of the biggest challenges I faced in my physical training journey was staying consistent and motivated. There were times when I felt demotivated or lazy to workout, but I learned to push through these obstacles by setting goals and reminding myself of the benefits of regular exercise. I also sought support from friends and family who encouraged me to keep going and stay committed to my fitness goals.In conclusion, physical training has had a profound impact on my life. It has helped me improve my physical fitness, mental well-being, and overall quality of life. Through dedication, hard work, and perseverance, I have been able to achieve my fitness goals and continue to challenge myself to become better each day. I believe that physical training is not just about building a strong body, but also about cultivating a strong mind andpositive attitude towards life. I look forward to continuing my journey in physical training and inspiring others to lead a healthy and active lifestyle.。

暑假训练趣事作文英文

暑假训练趣事作文英文During the summer break, I decided to take up a new hobby – rock climbing. It was an exhilarating experience to challenge myself physically and mentally as I scaled the rugged cliffs and reached the mountain peaks. The feeling of accomplishment and the breathtaking views from the top made all the sweat and effort worthwhile.One of the highlights of my summer training was participating in a local cooking class. I learned how to prepare traditional dishes from different cultures and experimented with various ingredients and cooking techniques. It was a delightful way to broaden my culinary skills and indulge in some delicious homemade meals.I also joined a community service project during the summer break. We volunteered at a local animal shelter, taking care of abandoned pets and helping with their rehabilitation. It was heartwarming to see the animals find loving homes and knowing that I had made a positive impacton their lives.In addition to my physical activities, I spent a lot of time indulging in my passion for reading. I devoured a stack of novels, ranging from classic literature to contemporary bestsellers. It was a great way to escape into different worlds and expand my imagination.To add a touch of creativity to my summer, I took up painting as a form of self-expression. I experimented with different colors and techniques, letting my emotions guide the brushstrokes. It was a therapeutic and fulfilling experience that allowed me to unleash my inner artist.。

人教版英语八年级下册unit3单词笔记

人教版英语八年级下册unit3单词笔记Unit 3 Vocabulary Notes。

In this unit, we will learn about various topics related to personal health and well-being. We will explore words and phrases that are commonly used in English to discuss different aspects of health, such as physical fitness, mental well-being, and healthy habits.1. Exercise。

Regular exercise is essential for maintaining good physical health. It helps to keep our bodies strong and fit. Some common exercises include jogging, swimming, cycling, and yoga. Exercise not only improves our physical well-being but also has a positive impact on our mental health.2. Healthy Diet。

Eating a healthy diet is crucial for our overall well-being. It is important to consume a balanced diet that includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Avoiding processed foods and sugary drinks can help prevent various health issues such as obesity and heart disease.3. Stress。

训日志英语带翻译

训日志英语带翻译Training Log 英文训练日志。

Introduction 简介。

Training log is an essential tool for athletes, coaches, and fitness enthusiasts to track progress, set goals, and evaluate performance. It provides a detailed record of workouts, nutrition, and recovery, which can be used to identify strengths and weaknesses, adjust training plans, and optimize results. In this article, we will explore the benefits of keeping a training log, the key components to include, and some tips for getting started.训练日志是运动员、教练和健身爱好者追踪进展、设定目标和评估表现的必备工具。

它提供了详细的锻炼、营养和恢复记录，可以用于识别优点和缺点、调整训练计划和优化结果。

在本文中，我们将探讨保持训练日志的好处、包括的关键组成部分以及一些入门技巧。

Benefits of keeping a training log 保持训练日志的好处。

1. Accountability: A training log holds you accountable for your workouts and helps you stay on track with your goals. When you see your progress over time, it motivates you to keep going and push harder.2. Progress tracking: By recording your workouts, you can track your progress and see how far you have come. This helps you set realistic goals and make adjustments to your training plan as needed.3. Injury prevention: A training log can help you identify patterns or habits that may lead to injury, such as overtraining or improper form. By addressing these issues early on, you can prevent injuries and stay healthy.4. Nutrition and recovery tracking: In addition to tracking your workouts, a training log can also help you monitor your nutrition and recovery. This allows you to make adjustments to your diet and rest as needed to optimize your performance.1. 责任感，训练日志让你对自己的锻炼负责，帮助你实现目标。

有氧训练病程记录范文

有氧训练病程记录范文英文回答：Aerobic training is an essential component of a well-rounded exercise routine. It involves activities that increase your heart rate and breathing for an extended period of time. This type of exercise has numerous benefits for overall health and fitness. Personally, I have been keeping a record of my aerobic training to track my progress and stay motivated.One of the main reasons I engage in aerobic training is to improve my cardiovascular endurance. Regular aerobic exercise helps strengthen the heart muscle, allowing it to pump more efficiently. This leads to increased oxygen delivery to the muscles and improved stamina. For example, I started with jogging for 20 minutes, three times a week. Gradually, I increased the duration to 30 minutes and then to 45 minutes, and now I can comfortably run for an hour without feeling exhausted.In addition to cardiovascular benefits, aerobictraining also helps with weight management. When we engagein activities like running, swimming, or cycling, we burn calories and fat. This can contribute to weight loss or weight maintenance, depending on our goals. For instance, I have been able to shed a few pounds by incorporatingaerobic exercises into my routine and combining it with a balanced diet.Furthermore, aerobic training has a positive impact on mental health. It releases endorphins, which are known as "feel-good" hormones, and reduces stress levels. Personally, I have noticed a significant improvement in my mood and overall well-being after engaging in aerobic activities.It's like a natural antidepressant for me. For example, whenever I feel stressed or anxious, going for a run or attending a Zumba class instantly lifts my spirits.Another benefit of aerobic training is the improvementin sleep quality. Regular exercise has been shown toregulate sleep patterns and promote better sleep.Personally, I used to struggle with insomnia, but after incorporating aerobic training into my routine, I have noticed a significant improvement in my sleep. I fall asleep faster and wake up feeling more refreshed and energized.In conclusion, aerobic training has numerous benefits for overall health and fitness. It improves cardiovascular endurance, aids in weight management, enhances mental health, and promotes better sleep. Keeping a record of my aerobic training has helped me stay motivated and track my progress. It's important to find activities that you enjoy and make them a part of your regular exercise routine. So, lace up your shoes, put on some music, and get moving!中文回答：有氧训练是一个全面锻炼计划中至关重要的组成部分。

2020最新整理翻译资格考试三级口译实务材料汇总

2020最新整理翻译资格考试三级口译实务材料汇总提高免疫力做这4件事有助于提高自身免疫力疫情防控期间，除了做好隔离防护措施，也要提高自身免疫力。

春天来了，复工复学的脚步也近了，怎样做才能提高抵抗病毒的能力呢?摄入充足的维生素D有助于提高免疫力There is an exception to the general rule that supplements won't really help prevent illness,and that's vitamin D(in moderate doses).Research has shown that the immune system needs vitamin D to fight off viruses—while it won't protect you from getting the virus if you're exposed,it could reduce the severity of the illness and help make recovery easier.一般而言，补充剂无助于预防疾病，但有一个例外，那就是维生素D(但也需要适量服用)。

研究显示，免疫系统需要维生素D来抗击病毒——不过如果你接触了病毒，维生素D也不能让你免于被感染，但是它可以减轻病情，助你更快康复。

You can get vitamin D naturally through sunlight.It's also found in some foods,including fatty fish like salmon,tuna and mackerel,and in small amounts in beef liver,eggs,cheese,and mushrooms.你可以通过晒太阳的天然方法获取维生素D，你也可以从一些食物中获取，包括鲑鱼、金枪鱼、马鲛鱼等脂肪含量高的鱼类，另外牛肝、鸡蛋、奶酪和蘑菇中也含有少量维生素D。

健康练习的英语作文

健康练习的英语作文Exercise is essential for maintaining good physical and mental health. Regular physical activity can help prevent a wide range of health issues, from heart disease and diabetes to depression and anxiety. Whether it's a brisk walk, a vigorous workout, or a relaxing yoga session, incorporating exercise into your daily routine can have a profound impact on your overall well-being.One of the primary benefits of exercise is its ability to improve cardiovascular health. When you engage in aerobic activities like running, cycling, or swimming, your heart rate increases, and your body works to circulate more oxygen-rich blood throughout your system. This strengthens the heart muscle, lowers blood pressure, and reduces the risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular problems.In addition to its cardiovascular benefits, exercise can also help manage or prevent type 2 diabetes. Physical activity helps to regulate blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and facilitating the uptake of glucose into the body's cells. Regular exercise can alsolead to weight loss, which is a crucial factor in managing diabetes and reducing the risk of developing the condition.Beyond its physical health benefits, exercise can also have a significant impact on mental well-being. Physical activity has been shown to alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety by releasing endorphins, the body's natural feel-good chemicals. Exercise can also improve sleep quality, boost self-esteem, and reduce stress levels, all of which contribute to overall mental health.One of the great things about exercise is that there are so many different types to choose from, each with its own unique benefits. For those who prefer a more relaxed and meditative approach, activities like yoga, Tai Chi, and Pilates can be incredibly beneficial. These practices not only improve flexibility and balance but also promote mindfulness and stress reduction.For those who enjoy a more high-intensity workout, options like running, cycling, or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can be incredibly effective in improving cardiovascular fitness and building muscle strength. These types of exercises can also help to boost metabolism, which can lead to weight loss and improved body composition.Regardless of the type of exercise you choose, it's important to findan activity that you enjoy and can stick with over the long term. This is because the key to achieving the full benefits of exercise is consistency. Whether you prefer to exercise in the morning, afternoon, or evening, the most important thing is to make it a regular part of your lifestyle.One of the best ways to stay motivated and consistent with your exercise routine is to set achievable goals and track your progress. This could involve setting a specific number of workouts per week, aiming to improve your running pace or lift heavier weights, or simply striving to be more active throughout the day.It's also important to remember that exercise is not just about physical fitness – it can also be a powerful tool for mental and emotional well-being. Engaging in physical activity can help to reduce stress, improve mood, and boost self-confidence, all of which can have a positive impact on your overall quality of life.In conclusion, incorporating regular exercise into your daily routine is one of the best things you can do for your health and well-being. Whether you prefer a leisurely walk, a challenging workout, or a restorative yoga session, there is an exercise option out there for everyone. By making exercise a priority and finding an activity that you enjoy, you can reap the countless physical and mental benefits that come with a healthy, active lifestyle.。

英语作文-体育培训如何帮助运动员克服身体疲劳？

英语作文-体育培训如何帮助运动员克服身体疲劳？Sports training plays a pivotal role in helping athletes overcome physical fatigue and enhance their performance. Through a combination of specialized exercises, recovery techniques, and mental conditioning, athletes can effectively manage fatigue and optimize their athletic abilities. In this article, we will explore how sports training contributes to athletes' ability to overcome physical fatigue.Firstly, sports training focuses on enhancing athletes' physical conditioning. By engaging in regular strength training, cardiovascular exercises, and flexibility routines, athletes can build endurance, strength, and agility, which are essential for enduring prolonged physical exertion. Strength training, in particular, helps athletes develop muscle strength and power, enabling them to perform at high intensities for longer durations without succumbing to fatigue. Moreover, cardiovascular exercises improve athletes' cardiovascular health and oxygen utilization, allowing them to sustain physical activity for extended periods without experiencing exhaustion.Furthermore, sports training emphasizes the importance of proper nutrition and hydration. Adequate fueling before, during, and after training sessions or competitions is essential for replenishing energy stores and optimizing performance. Athletes are encouraged to consume a balanced diet consisting of carbohydrates, proteins, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals to meet their energy demands and facilitate muscle recovery. Additionally, staying hydrated is crucial for maintaining optimal physiological function and preventing dehydration, which can exacerbate fatigue and impair performance.In addition to physical conditioning and nutrition, sports training incorporates various recovery strategies to help athletes combat fatigue and promote recovery. These strategies may include restorative techniques such as ice baths, compression therapy, massage, and adequate sleep. Ice baths, for example, help reduce inflammation and muscle soreness by constricting blood vessels and decreasing metabolic activity.Similarly, massage therapy improves blood circulation, relieves muscle tension, and enhances relaxation, thereby facilitating recovery from intense training sessions or competitions. Additionally, prioritizing sufficient rest and sleep allows the body to repair and regenerate tissues, replenish energy stores, and optimize hormonal balance, all of which are essential for combating fatigue and enhancing performance.Moreover, sports training addresses the psychological aspects of fatigue management by implementing mental conditioning techniques. Athletes are taught strategies to maintain focus, manage stress, and regulate their emotions during challenging situations. Techniques such as visualization, goal-setting, positive self-talk, and mindfulness meditation can help athletes cultivate mental resilience, enhance their confidence, and mitigate the negative effects of fatigue on performance. By developing a strong mindset and mental fortitude, athletes can overcome physical fatigue and sustain high levels of performance even under demanding circumstances.In conclusion, sports training plays a crucial role in helping athletes overcome physical fatigue and optimize their performance. By focusing on physical conditioning, nutrition, recovery, and mental conditioning, athletes can effectively manage fatigue, enhance their endurance, and perform at their best. Through a holistic approach to training and preparation, athletes can maximize their athletic potential and achieve success in their respective sports.。

英语作文-体育培训如何帮助运动员克服身体疲劳？

英语作文-体育培训如何帮助运动员克服身体疲劳？Sports training plays a crucial role in helping athletes overcome physical fatigue. In this article, we will explore how sports training can assist athletes in overcoming physical fatigue and improving their performance.To begin with, proper physical conditioning is essential for athletes to combat fatigue. Regular exercise and strength training help athletes build endurance and stamina, enabling them to perform at their best for longer periods. By incorporating aerobic exercises such as running, swimming, or cycling into their training routine, athletes can improve their cardiovascular fitness and increase their lung capacity. This, in turn, allows them to deliver oxygen more efficiently to their muscles, reducing the onset of fatigue during intense physical activity.Furthermore, nutrition plays a vital role in combating fatigue and enhancing athletic performance. Athletes need to consume a well-balanced diet that provides them with the necessary nutrients to fuel their bodies. Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy for athletes, as they are quickly converted into glucose and used by the muscles during exercise. Including complex carbohydrates such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables in their diet can help athletes maintain their energy levels and delay the onset of fatigue.In addition to proper conditioning and nutrition, adequate rest and recovery are crucial for athletes to overcome physical fatigue. During intense training sessions, athletes put their bodies under significant stress, leading to muscle fatigue and exhaustion. It is essential for athletes to incorporate rest days into their training schedule to allow their bodies to recover and repair. Additionally, getting enough sleep is vital for athletes as it helps in muscle recovery and hormone regulation. By prioritizing rest and recovery, athletes can reduce the risk of overtraining and improve their overall performance.Moreover, sports training programs often include techniques to help athletes manage and cope with fatigue. Mental training, such as visualization and positive self-talk, canhelp athletes maintain focus and motivation during challenging workouts or competitions. By visualizing success and using positive affirmations, athletes can push through physical fatigue and perform at their best. Additionally, sports psychologists often work with athletes to develop strategies for managing stress and anxiety, which can contribute to physical fatigue. By addressing these psychological factors, athletes can better cope with fatigue and perform optimally.Lastly, sports training programs often incorporate specific techniques to help athletes recover from physical fatigue more efficiently. Techniques such as stretching, foam rolling, and massage therapy can help athletes alleviate muscle soreness and improve recovery time. These techniques promote blood circulation, reduce muscle tension, and aid in the removal of metabolic waste products, enhancing the body's ability to recover from intense physical activity.In conclusion, sports training plays a vital role in helping athletes overcome physical fatigue. Through proper conditioning, nutrition, rest, and recovery, athletes can improve their endurance, delay the onset of fatigue, and enhance their overall performance. Additionally, incorporating techniques to manage fatigue and promote efficient recovery further contributes to an athlete's ability to overcome physical exhaustion. By prioritizing these aspects of sports training, athletes can maximize their potential and achieve success in their respective sports.。

大学英语实训教程3翻译参考英汉

In recent years, more and more museums in China have been open to the public free of charge. The number of museum exhibitions and visitors to the museum has seen an obvious increase. It has become very common to see that people stand in long queues in front of some widely popular museums. Therefore, these museums must take measures to restrict the number of visitors. Nowadays, the forms of exhibitions become increasingly diverse. Some large museums use advanced technologies such as multimedia and virtual reality to make their exhibitions more attractive. Quite a few museums also hold online exhibitions where people can enjoy the sight of rare and precious exhibits. However, the experience of viewing the exhibits on site is still more appealing to most visitors.近年来，中国越来越多的博物馆免费向公众开放。

博物馆展览次数和参观人数都明显增长。

强身训练英语作文

强身训练英语作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!I wake up early in the morning and start my day with a strong cup of coffee. The caffeine helps to wake me up and gives me the energy I need to tackle my training. I head to the gym and begin my workout with some intense cardio exercises. I push myself to the limit, running on the treadmill and sweating profusely. It's tough, but I knowit's necessary to build my endurance and strengthen my heart.After my cardio session, I move on to weightlifting. I focus on different muscle groups each day to ensure that I am evenly working out my entire body. I start with some squats and lunges to work my lower body, then move on to bench presses and shoulder presses to target my upper body. The weights feel heavy, but I push through the burn and keep going. I know that this is how I will build strength and muscle.Once I finish my weightlifting, I move on to someflexibility exercises. I stretch out my muscles to prevent injury and improve my range of motion. I do some yoga poses and hold them for several breaths, feeling the stretch in my muscles. It's a nice way to cool down after an intense workout and it helps me to relax and unwind.After my workout, I refuel with a protein shake and a healthy meal. I know that proper nutrition is just as important as the training itself. I make sure to eat plenty of lean protein, fruits and vegetables to fuel my body and aid in muscle recovery. I also drink lots of water throughout the day to stay hydrated and keep my body functioning at its best.As the day goes on, I can feel the effects of my training. My muscles ache and I can feel the fatiguesetting in. But I know that this is a sign that I am pushing myself and making progress. I embrace the soreness and use it as motivation to keep going. I know that with each workout, I am getting stronger and closer to myfitness goals.Training is not always easy, but it is worth it. It takes dedication, discipline and a strong mindset to push through the challenges. But the feeling of accomplishment and the results I see in my body make it all worthwhile. I am proud of the progress I have made and excited to see what I can achieve in the future. Strong body, strong mind that is my mantra.。