牛津英语8B语法大全
译林版牛津英语8B语法点复习
译林版牛津英语8B语法点复习译林版牛津英语8B语法点复习Unit 1 Present and past现在完成时（1）一、现在完成时的构成现在完成时是由“助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词”构成。
助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。
它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。
过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。
例句：He has already finished his homework.他已经做完作业了。
He hasn't finished his homework yet.他还没有做完作业。
---Has he finished his homework yet?他已经做完作业了吗？---Yes, he has./ No, he hasn't.是的，做完了。
/不，还没有。
二、现在完成时的用法①表曩昔发生的某一动尴尬刁难目前酿成的影响或成效。
---Would you like some bread?你想要一些面包吗？---No, thanks. I have had my breakfast.不，感谢，我曾吃过早餐了。
（对现在的影响：不饿）---Why don't you drive to your office?你为甚么不开车去办公室啊？---Because my car has broken.因为我的车坏了。
（对目前的影响：车没举措开了）①表示从过去开始一直持续到现在,也许还会继续下去的动作或状态。
He has studied English for 6 years.他已经研究英语六年了。
Mary has been busy since she came back from Hangzhou.自从从杭州回来，玛丽一直在忙。
3、常和目前完成时连用的工夫状语①用副词already和yet。
already一般用于一定句中，yet 一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
牛津8B知识重点
8B知识重点Unit 1Welcome to the unit P.6--71.在过去的10年里(现完标志)over /in/ during the past/ last 10 years在过去in /during the past(一般过去时标志)2.不同时期的交通工具transport at different times3.现在和过去past and present现在at present = now4.将A改变成B c hange A into B改变很多change(动词) a lot这些年这镇变化大吗？(change n.变化可数)Has Sunshine Town changed a lot over the years? 在香港，有了很多的变化。
There have been many changes in Hong Kong.=Many changes have taken place in HK.时代改变了。
Times have changed.5.(1)过去常常…(现在不这样) used to do /be你过去对我友好。
You used to be kind to me.过去有…，不是吗？There used to be…, didn’t there?(2)A被用来做某事 A be used to do/ for doing(3) 某人习惯与做某事sb be/get used to doing 6.等下一辆车要很长时间。
It took a long time to wait for the next bus.7.方便快捷easy and fast环城go around the cityReading P.8-118.非常了解sth know sth very well你有多了解A？How well do you know A?9.我一出生就住在这儿。
I’ve lived here since I was born.从那时起我们就住在这片区域。
译林牛津八年级下册8B知识点梳理
牛津初中英语8B unit1 — unit8知识点概括8B Unit1【考点精讲】一、核心词汇1． past n ．[ 考点点拨 ] past 作名词，意为“过去” ，其还可作介词和形容词，可用于以下状况：in the past （ n．）在过去； half past(prep.)five 5点半；in the past(adj.)three years在过去的 3 年里。
如：When he walks past our desks, he always knocks ourbooks and pens off the desks.当他走过我们课桌的时候，他老是把我们的书籍和钢笔从课桌上碰掉下来。
The boy finished his homework with the help of his father in the past.这个男孩过去是在他父亲的帮助下达成作业的。
2． present n．[ 考点点拨 ] present作名词，意为“此刻，当前”。
At present＝at the moment＝right now 当前；其还可作形容词， your present job你当前的工作；present用作名词，还可表示“礼品”， a birthday present -份诞辰礼品。
如：He is washing his clothes at present.此刻他正在洗衣服。
3． northern adj。
[ 考点点拨 ]方向词：north-northern; west-western; south-southern; east-eastern。
如：in the north of China＝in the northern part of China在中国北部East China华东；North China华北The northern part of the city used to be sparsely populated, but has now become acultural centre.城北过去人口稀罕，但此刻成了文化中心。
译林牛津八年级下册 8B知识点梳理
牛津初中英语8B unit1—unit8 知识点归纳8B Unit1【考点精讲】一、核心词汇1．past n．［考点点拨] past作名词，意为“过去”,其还可作介词和形容词，可用于如下情况：in the past （n．)在过去;half past（prep。
）five 5点半；in the past（adj。
）three years在过去的3年里.如:When he walks past our desks，he always knocks ourbooks and pens off the desks。
当他走过我们课桌的时候,他总是把我们的书本和钢笔从课桌上碰掉下来。
The boy finished his homework with the help of his father in the past.这个男孩过去是在他父亲的帮助下完成作业的。
2．present n．［考点点拨］present作名词，意为“现在，目前".At present＝at the moment＝right now目前；其还可作形容词，your present job你目前的工作；present用作名词，还可表示“礼物",a birthday present -份生日礼物。
如：He is washing his clothes at present.现在他正在洗衣服.3．northern adj.[考点点拨］方位词：north—northern；west—western；south-southern；east-eastern.如: in the north of China ＝in the northern part of China在中国北部East China华东；North China华北The northern part of the city used to be sparsely populated，but has now become a cultural centre. 城北过去人口稀少，但现在成了文化中心。
牛津8B第6单元语法
过去时态主要关注动作发生的时间和过程，而现在完成时态则更注重动作与现在的联系和 影响。
用法不同
在某些情况下，过去时态和现在完成时态都可以用来描述过去发生的动作，但使用的语境 和表达的含义有所不同。例如，在描述过去的某个事件时，使用现在完成时态可以强调该 事件对现在的影响或结果，而使用过去时态则更注重事件的经过和细节。
class-classes, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches。
以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es，如
city-cities, country-countries。
不规则变化
01
有些名词的复数形式是不规则的
，如：man-men,
woman-
women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth
牛津8b第6单元语法
目录
CONTENTS
• 名词的复数形式 • 动词的现在完成时态 • 情态动词的用法 • 被动语态 • 介词的用法
01 名词的复数形式
规则变化
一般在词尾加-s或-es，如
cat-cats, dog-dogs, box-boxes。
以-s, -x, -z, -sh, -ch结尾的名词…
示例
The book is being written by a famous author.（这本书正在由 一位著名作家撰写。）
过去被动语态
过去被动语态的构成
be动词（was/were）+动词的过去分词
用法
表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态，强调动作的接受者而不是 执行者。
Hale Waihona Puke 示例The movie was directed by a famous director.（这部电影是 由一位著名导演执导的。）
译林牛津八年级下册8B知识点梳理
牛津初中英语8B unit1 —unit8知识点归纳8B Unitl【考点精讲】—、核心词汇1. past n.［考点点拨］past作名词，意为"过去”，其还可作介词和形容词，可用于如下情况：in the past (n.)在过去；half past(prep.)five 5 点半；in the past(adj.)three years 在过去 3 年里。
如：When he walks past our desks, he always kno cks ourbooks and pens off the desks.当他走过我们课桌的时候，他总是把我们的书本和钢笔从课桌上碰掉下来。
The boy fini shed his homework with the help of his father in the past.这个男孩过去是在他父亲的帮助下完成作业的。
2. present n.［考点点拨］present作名词，意为"现在，目前” 。
At present = at the moment = right now目前；其还可作形容词，your present job你目前的工作；present用作名词，还可表示"礼物” ，a birthday prese nt -份生日礼物。
如：He is washi ng his clothes at prese nt.现在他正在洗衣服。
3. northern adj。
［考点点拨］方位词：north-northern; west-western; south-southern; east-eastern。
如：in the n orth of China = in the n orther n part of China在中国北部East China 华东；North China 华北The n orther n part of the city used to be sparsely populated, but has now become a cultural cen tre. 城北过去人口稀少，但现在成了文化中心。
上海牛津英语8B知识点总结
上海牛津英语8B知识点总结Contents目录Key points主要知识点Additional points拓展知识点Unit 1 1. 词汇与短语2. 一般将来时（1）一般将来时（2）Unit 1 复习与巩固1. 听力2. 词汇与语法3. 阅读4. 写作Unit 2 1. 词汇与短语2. 数量（a lot of, a few,a little,toomuch,too many)可数，不可数名词量的修饰Unit 2 复习与巩固1. 听力2. 词汇与语法3. 阅读4. 写作Unit 3 1. 词汇与短语2. 情态动词can,must ,may3. 宾语从句(1)宾语从句(1)Unit 3 复习与巩固1. 听力2. 词汇与语法3. 阅读4.写作Unit 4 1. 词汇与短语2. 情态动词should,ought to3. 宾语从句(2)宾语从句(2)Unit 4 复习与巩固1听力2.词汇与语法3.阅读4写作Unit 5 1词汇与短语2.代词3.时间状语从句时间状语从句专项Unit 5 复习与巩固1. 听力2. 词汇与语法3. 阅读4. 写作Unit 6 1.词汇与短语2.定冠词the3.连词and,but,so 不定冠词a/an 定冠词the零冠词Unit 6 复习与巩固1. 听力2. 词汇与语法3. 阅读4. 写作Unit 7 1词汇与短语2.who和whose3.名词性物主代词3.one和ones.形容词性、名词性物主代词Unit 7 复习与巩固1. 听力2. 词汇与语法3. 阅读4. 写作动词的各种时态1.一般现在时2.现在进行时3.一般过去时4.过去进行时5.一般将来时时态之间的比较与区别1.一般过去时2.现在完成时3.过去完成时现在完成时与一般过去时的区别；现在完成时与过去完成时的区别状语从句补充1.条件状语从句if,though2.原因状语从句Because,for,since3.结果状语从句So(such)....that4.目的状语从句So that单项选择强化训练全面巩固本学期所学基础知识点首字母强化训练启发思维体会技巧阅读理解强化训练掌握策略熟能生巧。
牛津英语8B_unit3知识点语法汇总（超级精华）.doc
⽜津英语8B_unit3知识点语法汇总（超级精华）.doc(⽜津初中英语总复习) 8B Unit 3⼀.【精选词汇】 ㈠重点短语 1. I have no idea.＝I’ve no idea.＝I don’t know.我不知道。
(p40) 2. turn on the TV →turn on/off打开/关闭…，turn up/down调⼤/调低；都是“动词＋副词”。
3. change the channel换台→on Channel…在…台，e.g. on CCTV-5→拓展：theEnglish Channel英吉利海峡 4. different uses of computers计算机的不同⽤途： draw and design, play computer games, search for information, send andreceive e-mails收发电⼦邮件, do word processing进⾏⽂字处理, write computerprograms编写计算机程序 (p41) 5. travel around the world in eight hours⼋⼩时环游地球，educational CD-ROM教育软件 (p42) 6. come out (书等)出版，发⾏，发表，不能⽤于被动语态，可以转化为bepublished。
〈知识链接〉When will her new novel come out?＝When will her new novel bepublished? 〈⽤法拓展〉⑴(太阳、⽉亮或星星)出现；露出，e.g. The rained stopped and〈⽤法拓展〉the sun came out. ⑵(花朵)开放；(草)出芽，e.g. In March flowers and grass come out. 7. learn English and geography at the same time同时学英语和地理→at the sametime同时 〈知识链接〉learn and play at the same time边学边玩 8. the main character主⾓→play the main character of…＝play the lead roleof… 〈知识链接〉play the role…扮演…，the best actor最佳男主⾓，the bestactress最佳⼥主⾓ 9. have/get itchy feet渴望旅⾏，e.g. She has gone to Australia－she has alwayshad itchy feet. 10. help you learn English by testing your knowledge of English grammar andvocabulary (p43) 〈知识链接〉〈知识链接〉⑴by介词，通过某种⽅法、⼿段，后接名词或动词-ing。
译林牛津八年级下册 8B知识点梳理
牛津初中英语8B unit1—unit8 知识点归纳8B Unit1【考点精讲】一、核心词汇1．past n．[考点点拨]past作名词，意为“过去”，其还可作介词和形容词，可用于如下情况：in the past（n．）在过去；half past(prep.)five 5点半；in the past(adj.)three years在过去的3年里。
如：When he walks past our desks, he always knocks ourbooks and pens off the desks.当他走过我们课桌的时候，他总是把我们的书本和钢笔从课桌上碰掉下来。
The boy finished his homework with the help of his father in the past.这个男孩过去是在他父亲的帮助下完成作业的。
2．present n．[考点点拨]present作名词，意为“现在，目前”。
At present＝at the moment＝right now 目前；其还可作形容词，your present job你目前的工作；present用作名词，还可表示“礼物”，a birthday present -份生日礼物。
如：He is washing his clothes at present.现在他正在洗衣服。
3．northern adj。
[考点点拨] 方位词：north-northern; west-western; south-southern; east-eastern。
如：in the north of China ＝ in the northern part of China在中国北部East China华东；North China华北The northern part of the city used to be sparsely populated, but has now bee a cultural centre.城北过去人口稀少，但现在成了文化中心。
牛津英语8B知识点梳理
.牛津<8B>词组、句型语法总结Unit 1 treesI. Phrases动词词组：1. be interested in2. be known as3. be in danger4. breathe pure, cool air5. municate with sb6. keepsb alive and healthy7. know a lot about sth8. protectsb/sth from sth9. protect by sth/doing sth10. read through sth11. releasesth into sth12. taste nasty13. thanksb for sth/doing sth14. warnsb/sth <not> to do sth名词词组：1. average age2. living things3. one another其他词组：as well asII. Sentence Patterns1.What good be sth?2.I suppose that+从句3.Sbbe doing sth these days.Grammer现在进行时1.表示现阶段正在进行着的动作但不一定是说话时正在进行.常和at present〔目前〕、this week〔本周〕、these days〔这几天〕,all the time<一直>等时间状语连用. What lesson are you studying this week？你们本周学哪一课了？〔说话时并不在学〕2.现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作即是说可以用来代替将来时,但此时,一般要与表示将来的时间状语连用,而且仅限于少量动词.如：e〔来〕、go〔去〕、leave〔离开〕、arrive〔到达〕、start〔开始〕、return〔返回〕、sleep〔睡觉〕Are you going to Tianjin tomorrow？你明天去##吗？How many of you are ing to the party next week？你们有多少人下周要来参加晚会？.Unit 2WaterI. Phrases动词词组：1. pour into the sink2. sound impatient/puzzled3. add A to B4. carrysb to some place5. clean up6. dropsth into some place7. enjoy the view8. finish with sth9. pumpsth into some place10. speed down the mountain11. run into the Huangpu River12. turn it off13. travel a long way名词词组：1. a water treatment works2. a sewage plant3. a thorough cleaning4. the Yangtze RiverII. Sentence Patterns1.It is + adj + for sb + to do2.It is time <for sb> to do sth3.until/till 直到not … until 直到…才4.What do you mean by sth/doing sth?Grammar：amountsA lot of/lots of/plenty of+可数名词a large amount of +不可数名词a little ,much ,a few ,many,a number of 和the number of 之间的区别Unit 3 ElectricityI. Phrases动词词组：1. be careful with sth2. be connected to sth3. buysth in packets4. changesth into sth5. flow through a wire6. getsbsth = get sth for sb7. lookadj<eg.foolish>8. make electricity9. refer to sth10. scratch one’s head11. think of名词词组：1. a light bulb2. a power station3. a packet of4. heat/movement/light/sound energy5. thin wires介词词组：1. in a way = partly2. on one’s faceII. Sentence Patterns1.Can sb do sth?May sb do sth?Sb must <not> do sth.--Must sb do sth?--Yes, sb must./ No, sb needn’t.2.Sb believe/know/think/tell/wonder/ask + 宾语从句3.If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, We will go for a piic.He wonders if/whether it will rain tomorrow.Grammar:Modal verbs:can/could之间的区别,must/need ,may提问的回答,should,ought to疑问句与否定回答,may be /maybe之间的区别Unit 4 NewspapersI. Phrases动词词组：1. agree to do/ with sb/ on sth2. arrange to do sth3. attend a/the meeting4. be at the meeting5. be responsible for sth6. conclude the meeting7. elect sb to be + 称谓/职位/官衔8. have different ideas9. hold a meeting10. make a list of11. make a decision about sth12. ought <not> to do13. pay for sth14. publish a newspaper15. take charge of = be in charge of16. take notes17. talk over sth18. vote for sb名词词组：1. a pile of2. chief editor介词词组：in one week’s time其他词组：1. soon after2. not any more = no moreII. Sentence Patterns1.--Ought sb to do sth?--Yes, sb ought to do sth./No, sb oughtn’t to do sth2. Sbsuggest that sb <should> do sth.Sbsuggest doing sth.Grammer宾语从句时态；主现从随意、主过从过去,真理永不变语序：陈述语序宾语从句语序特殊情况1.What’s wrong?/What’s the matter?/What’s your trouble?2.Which is the way to…?3.Who引导的特殊疑问句且who做主语,变为宾语从句时,其语序不变.引导词：that ,if、whether,特殊疑问词人称：一随主,二随宾,：第三人称不更新宾从否定前移与缩写宾从反意疑问句代词:it,each/everyUnit 5 magazine articlesI. Phrases动词词组：1. <not> belong to sb2. be happy to do sth3. describesth to sb4. fall down5. go to sleep6. go off7. have a conversation with sb8. hearsb do sth9. keep balance10. keepsth out <eg. keep the smoke out>11. look/watch out12. leadsb to some place13. make sure14.obey the rules15. pull at sb16. save one’s life17. smell smoke18. seem like19. sound like + noun.20. take care of21. taste horrible22. try the phone23. walk into some place名词词组：1. reception desk2. the location of the fire exit3. moments/seconds later介词词组：1. in one’s own words2. against the rules3. during the fire其他词组：as soon asII. Sentence Patterns1.Can I have my key, please?2.It was dead.3.主句+ as soon as/when/before/after + 从句<时态：主将从现>4.Although + 从句,主句5.主句+ because /as/since/now that + 从句Sb/sth + be + so + adj + that + 从句<比较：enough … to do …；too … to do …>6.主句+ so that + 从句7.Safety first!8.Help oneself. Teach oneself. Make oneself at home. Enjoy oneself. Grammar：1. 结果状语从句<1>so…that, such…that, so that 引导.<2>so…that语such...that可以互换.结构：such a/an<形容词>+ 单数名词+that从句such〔+形容词〕+复数可数名词+that从句such〔+形容词〕+不可数名词+that从句so+形容词/副词+that从句so+形容词〔+a/an>+名词+that从句注：So+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词=such +a/an+形容词+单数可数名词<3>如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时,只能用so, 不用such..2. 比较状语从句1.由as…<形容词副词原级>as, 比较级+ than…等连词引导."比较级+and+比较级〞译为"越来越……〞1. The earth is getting warmer and warmer.地球变得越来越暖和.2."the+比较级…,the+比较级…〞译为"越……就越……〞1. The busier he is, the happier he feels.他越忙就越高兴.3."the+比较级+ of the two〞译为"两个中比较……的〞.1. This watch is the cheaper of the two.这支手表是两个中比较便宜的.3. 目的状语从句〔1〕通常由so that, in order that引导.〔2〕so that既可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句.目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could,等.从意思上看,目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确.<3>so that, in order that可以转换成so as to和in order to简单句.4. 让步状语从句〔1〕由although, though等连词引导.〔2〕although<though>…but…不能用在同一个句子中5 .用too…to…/ so… that改写句子用enough…to/so…that改写句子Unit 6 travelI. Phrases动词词组：1. be excellent insth2. be covered with sth3. be an hour away from4. be similar to5. sth be familiar to sb = sb be familiar with sth6. be famous for/ be known as7. enablesb to do sth8. further one’s studies9. go abroad10. go for a holiday11. remindsb of sth12. spread one’s wings13.try doing sth/ to do sth14. used to do sth/be used to doing sth/be used to do sth名词词组：1. French Film Festivals2. language schools3. mountain regions4. rows of5. scenic areas6. tree-lined streets7. the influence of sb/sth8. the world’s top designer names9. the Atlantic Ocean10. the capital of France11. The Channel Tunnel介词词组：1. all over the world = throughout the world2. from … to3. in addition = besides/what’s more4. in some ways5. in art and culture其他词组：1. the same + noun + as2. such as + nounII. Sentence Patterns1.Now that + 从句,主句2.It is + adj + to do sth3.Why not do sth? = Why don’t you do sth? = What about doing sth?Grammar:连词就近原则：not only...but also..., or, either...or..., neither...nor... ,there be …,not…but…就远原则:as well as,together withBoth+不可数and+不可数谓语用复数Unit 7 poemsI. Phrases动词词组：1. be cross2. be scared3. be pleased with sth4. be puzzled by5. chat with sb6. sb be bored with sth/sth be boring to sb7. feel like doing sth8. findsth interesting9. go to sleep/bed10. have a shower11. pay attention <to>12. putsb in detention13. sit in a chair介词词组：1. on one’s own2. on the building siteII. Sentence Patterns1.--Whose friend is sb?--Sb is one’s/mine/yours/his/hers/theirs.2. There is sb doing sth3. I would like to do sthGrammar:疑问代词whose"谁的〞对名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词提问Who’s=who is 对某人提问One、ones,One代替前面已经出现过的单数可数名词,以避免重复Ones一般指代前面已经出现过的复数可数名词It/one都可指代前面提到的名词,但it代替的是前面提到的那件特指的事物,而one所指代的是前面提到的同类事物,但不是同一件.。
译林牛津八年级下册 8B知识点梳理
牛津初中英语8B unit1—unit8 知识点归纳8B Unit1【考点精讲】一、核心词汇1．past n．[考点点拨] past作名词，意为“过去”，其还可作介词和形容词，可用于如下情况：in the past （n．）在过去；half past(prep.)five 5点半；in the past(adj.)three years在过去的3年里。
如：When he walks past our desks, he always knocks ourbooks and pens off the desks.当他走过我们课桌的时候，他总是把我们的书本和钢笔从课桌上碰掉下来。
The boy finished his homework with the help of his father in the past.这个男孩过去是在他父亲的帮助下完成作业的。
2．present n．[考点点拨]present作名词，意为“现在，目前”。
At present＝at the moment＝right now目前；其还可作形容词，your present job你目前的工作；present用作名词，还可表示“礼物”，a birthday present -份生日礼物。
如：He is washing his clothes at present.现在他正在洗衣服。
3．northern adj。
[考点点拨] 方位词：north-northern; west-western; south-southern; east-eastern。
如：in the north of China ＝in the northern part of China在中国北部East China华东；North China华北The northern part of the city used to be sparsely populated, but has now become a cultural centre. 城北过去人口稀少，但现在成了文化中心。
牛津英语8B全一册重点短语和句型
Unit1 短语和句型重点短语1. 过去和现在past and present 25. 在过去的世纪里over the past century2. 过去做某事used to do 26. 往返进入镇子travel to and from the town3. 对, 很了解know , very well 27. 另外一个巨大的变化another big change4. 在镇子的北边in the north of town 28. 当地的人民local people5. 在镇子的北部in the northern part of town 29. 从, 返回return from6. 结婚(动作)get married （状态）be married 30. 出国go abroad7. 搬到两个街区外move two blocks away 31. 在小学at primary school8. 自从那时since then 32. 相互保持联系keep in touch with each other9. 变化很大change a lot 33. 主要的交流mainly communicate10. 在这几年里over the years 34. 习惯于做某事be/get used to doing/n.11. 把, 变成, turn , into 35. 生活的变化the changes of life12. 把废料倒进河里put the waste into the river 36. 花费（时间）在某事上spend , on13. 意识到这个问题realize the problem 37. 一张, 近照 a recent picture14. 改善现状improve the situation 38. 狭小的肮脏的街道narrow and dirty roads15. 更干净了much cleaner 39. 大的开阔地large open spaces16. 在某些方面in some ways 40. 在路的两边on the side of the road17. 和之前一样频繁as often as before 41. 有自己的车have one’s own car18. 打牌play cards 42. 到处逛逛go around19. 下中国象棋play Chinese chess 43. 享受舒适的生活enjoy a comfortable life20. 感觉有点孤独feel a bit lonely 44. 家乡的变化①the changes of my hometown21. 有时from time to time②the changes in my hometown 22. 令人新奇的变化the amazing changes③the changes in to hometown23. 他一生中all his life24. 搬到另外一个公寓move to another flat重点句子1. 你也变了。
新版牛津8BU8知识点
8BU81、dig diggingdig-dug-dug2、serious adj.认真的；严肃的比较级：more serious 最高级：most seriousadv.seriouslybe serious about sth. 对某事是认真的My father is serious about his work. 我的父亲对工作很认真。
Don’t laugh,boy. This is serious. 小伙子，别笑。
这很严肃。
serious 严重的The boy has a serious disease. 这个女孩得了严重的疾病。
3、reduce v.减少反：increasereduce指在数量、数目上的减少reduce to 减少到reduce by 减少了We can reduce his speech to threee sentences.我们可以把他的发言减少到三句话。
As a result,costs will be reduced by as much as 90%.因此，成本将会降低90%。
4、pollution [U] 污染air pollution 空气污染water pollution 水污染noise pollution 噪音污染light pollution 光污染5、by + n./pron./doing 通过某种方式6、turn on 打开turn off 关闭turn up 音量调高turn down 音量调低7、when 当......的时候主将从现8、cause 导致；造成cause sb. sth. = cause sth. to sb.He caused his parents much trouble. = He caused much trouble to his parents.他给父母带来很多烦恼。
9、wise 明智的adv.wiselyShe has the air of a wise woman. 她有才女气质。
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(UNIT1)现在完成时的重点和难点一、现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”1.现在完成时的"完成用法"现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。
(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。
)现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／month ／year...，today等)连用。
例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。
(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。
)I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。
)此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far到目前为止)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型：①主语＋have / has been＋for短语②It is＋一段时间＋since从句例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。
3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。
如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。
如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
4、延续性动词的用法特征1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。
表示"段时间"的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。
如：I have learned English sinceI came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。
如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示"点时间"，前后显然矛盾。
如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。
上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：-When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.-Then you've known each other for more than two years.-That's right.5、终止性动词的用法特征1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。
如：The train has arrived.火车到了。
Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗？2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。
因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。
如：(1)他死了三年了。
误：He has died for three years.正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago.正：It is three years since he died. 正：Three years has passed since he died.(2)他来这儿五天了。
误：He has come here for five days.正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago.正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。
那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。
下面列举几例：leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in,finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。
(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
如：He hasn't left here since 1986.I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型，意为"直到……才……"。
如：You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。
5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。
when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。
而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。
如：When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。
如：误：How long have you come here? 正：How long have you been here? 正：When did you come here?二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。
说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对"现在"产生的影响。
如：He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。
(只说明去桂林的时间)2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。
不与确定的过去时间状语连用。
如：Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。
(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)3. 两种时态的区分(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词have /has +过去分词"。
如：The film started at 7 o’clock. He has been a teacher for many years.(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。
看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？① Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B) [说明] 你看过这部电影吗？(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。