Incorporating Manhattan and Piecewise Planar Priors in RGB Monocular SLAM
雅思阅读同义词替换介绍整理
让知识带有温度。
雅思阅读同义词替换介绍整理雅思阅读同义词替换介绍1. outcome=product=result=conclusion=consequence 结果，后果n.2. overcome=win=get over=exceed克服，战胜v.3. insufficient=deficient=shortage=lack=scarcity不足的adj.4. supply=provide=furnish=give 供应v.5. launch=release=project=send=shot=emit 开头，投放v.6. suppose=expect=imagine=guess=speculate=think猜想，设想v.7. detect=perceive=explore=sense发觉，觉察v.8. handicap=difficult=obstacle=hindrance=bar=deterrent 障碍，困难n.9. peer=the people who are at the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc.同龄人，伙伴n.10. positive=optimistic=uplifting 乐观的adj.11. administer=manage=conduct=implement=perform执行，管理v.12. funding=money=funds=financial resource 资金，基金n.第1页/共2页千里之行，始于足下。
13. interact=if people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together etc. 互动v.14. irrigation=the supplement of land or crops with water 浇灌n.15. sedimentation=the natural process by which small pieces of rock, earth etc settle at the bottom of the sea etc and form a solid layer 积淀n.【雅思阅读同义词替换介绍】文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。
雅思阅读常见同义词转换
雅思阅读的常考同义词转换approximately=about=around=nearly 大约adv.impressive =touching=unforgettable 印象深刻的adj.key=most important=crucial=critical=significant 关键的adj.distinguish=recognize the difference=differentiate 区别v.rely on=depend on 依靠v.perceive=sense=see=spot=become aware of=observe 感知，感觉v.calculate=measure=work out=figure=estimate计算v.coin=invent=make=create=come up with 发明，创造v.inaccurate=incorrect=wrong=misleading 不精确的adj.revision=change=shift=reform=alteration 改进n.primarily=mainly=largely=chiefly=principally 主要地adv.due to=because of=as a result of=thanks to=owing to 因为decrease=reduce=fall=drop 下降v.prior to=beforehand=before=in advance之前result in=lead to=cause=give rise to=bring about 引发，导致sophisticated=advanced=high-tech=complex=complicated 复杂的address=solve=deal with=handle 处理v.maintain=continue=carry on=keep up=preserve 维持v.illustrate=show=demonstrate=make clear=reflect 说明v.notice=see=spot=be aware of=be conscious of 注意到v.spectacular=impressive =striking=grand 壮观的adj.outcome =result=conclusion=consequence 结果，后果n.overcome=win=get over=exceed克服，战胜v.insufficient=deficient=shortage=lack不足的supply=provide=furnish=give 提供v.long-term=long-run=long-period长期的adj.impact=affect=influence=effect影响v.&n.occur=happen=exist=come发生v.calculate=measure 计算v.local=domestic=native当地的adj.weakening=less=reduced=decreased 下降的adj.international =global=worldwide 国际的adj.shipping=freight 船运n.tariff=charge=fee=tax 税费n.landscape=environment=nature=surrounding=circumstance=view风景n. understanding=knowledge 了解n.well-being=health 健康n.impossible=out of the question=unlikely 不可能adj.give up=abandon 放弃higher=increasing=more 更高的adj.beneficial=valuable=profitable=good 有益的adj.accommodation=live=living condition 住宿n.disease =illness 病痛n.interior=inner=inside 内部的adj.important=vital=essential=crucial重要的adj.reason=cause=factor=origins=root原因n.protect=guard=safeguard=shield=conservation保护v.newspapers, television=media媒体n.where to live=habitat居住地n.ignore=pay no attention=not pay any attention=take no notice忽略，无视v. encounter=face=confront=meet遇见，遭遇v.mistaken view=misconception错误的观点n.easy to reach=accessible容易达到的adj.change=modify(modification) 改变v.destruction=destroy=loss毁坏n.investigate=make inquiries=enquiries=go into =look into 调查v.where=geographical location 表地点get warmer=global warming变暖n.contribute to=play a part有助于v.survive=continuing existence幸存，活下来v.curriculum=course课程n.link to=be connected with=be linked with把…和…相联系v.underdeveloped=degenerated不发达的adj.poor=bad =not very good=impoverished =weak贫穷的，可怜的adj. exceptional=good=excellent=outstanding=brilliant=impressive超常的，例外的adj.undermine=destroy=damage=hurt=ruin 破坏v.unusual=rare=strange=uncommon罕见的，不寻常的adj.ordinary=standard=common=usual=general普通的,平常的adj.fragment =pieces碎片n.break=shatter=crack打碎，打破v.expand=extend=grow=boom=spread out=enhance扩张，扩大v.assure=make sure=guarantee=ensure=insure =make certain of保证，确保v. suitable=appropriate=proper =matching 合适的adj.expertise=skill 专门技术n.investigation=analysis 调查n.narrow=focus on 缩小范围v.dispute=debate=controversy=disagree=argue争论，争执n.&v.detect=analyse=explore=research=survey=investigate=inspect 察觉，发现v. claim=say=state=insist=argue=think=believe声称v.cue=implication=reminder=hint=evidence提示，信号，暗号n. unpredictable=fluctuate=changeable无法预测的adj.be referred to as=be known as=be regarded as 被称为encourage=induce=trigger=stimulate=boost=inspire鼓励，促使v. regardless of=despite of=take no notice of 不管，不顾reproduce=copy=replicate=repeat 复制v.funded support=finance 资金n.whereas=however=while=nevertheless=but=yet然而，但是adv.mating=courtship交配.follow=track=tail =stalkr跟随，跟踪v.good vision ability=vision is obviously more useful…好的视力best=well=greatest=finest=ideal=optimum=definitive=unsurpassed=record-breaking极好的adj.teach=educate=train=coach教学v.more than one language=bilingual多种语言n.young people=teenager=youth=in your teens=adolescent年轻人n.community=all the people in a particular area, city, country etc.群体，团体，社区n.traditional=old-fashioned=outdated =unfashionable传统的adj.fail=failure=not succeed=unsuccessful=vain=fruitless=unproductive=not work失败v.endanger =damaged=destroyed危及，使危险v.diverse=varied=variety=wide-ranging=mixed各种各样的adj.inevitable=certain to happen and impossible to avoid不可避免的adj.surprised=amazed=astonished=astounded感到惊讶的adj.similar=resemble=like=alike相似的adj.blind=can not see瞎的adj.initiative=on your own/by yourself =on your own initiative =to be the person who starts something主动的，自发的adj. 主动权n.increase=rise=grow=climb =escalate =widen=be on the increase=intensify=expand=build up上升，增加v.differ from=unusual与…不同v.reluctant=unwilling=not willing勉强的adj.consult=ask somebody's advice=seek advice=get/obtain advice资询v.retrain=taking courses again再教育v.salary=pay=wage=income=earnings=fee工资，收入n.long-term=chronic=long-running =lasting =prolonged =enduring =incurable长期的adj. complaint=complain=make a complaint=protest抱怨n.illness=disease =infection疾病n.connection=relationship=link=correlation联系n.beneficial=be good for you/ do somebody good=wholesome=nutritious=nourishing=healthful有益的adj.insight =understanding理解，见解n.physical=relating to the body=bodily身体的adj.strategy=way=method=approach=technique =tactics 方法，功略n.assist=help=aid=with the aid of帮助v.specific =greater detail=be more specific =elaborate特定的adj.substance=a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas 物质n.surroundings=environment=circumstance 环境n.engage=give somebody a job=employ =appoint=recruit=sign up雇佣v.combine=mix联合v.survival=the state of continuing to live or exist幸存n.exemplify= example=case=instance=to be a very typical example of something=to give an example of something 例证v.explain=tell=say what/why/where etc=show=demonstrate=go through=throw/shed light on=set out解释v.purpose=aim=point=idea=objective=object=goal= target目的n.encourage=persuade =get somebody to do something=influence =talk somebody into鼓励v.loan= an amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc. 贷款n.observe=notice=can see/can tell=see=spot=detect=note become aware/conscious=catch somebody's eye=perceive观察v.comment=remark =point=statement= announcement=declaration评论include=consist of=comprise=be composed of= be made up of包含，包括v.focus on=deals only with=concentrate专注于v.affect=have an effect=have an impact=take effect= make a difference=impact影响v.gained from=come from=be based on=originate= go back to=have its origins in=have its roots in=derive from/be derived from=develop from/evolve from产生于…. V.concern=worry=stress=anxiety=straint关心，担心n.official=formal=authorized官方的，正式的adj.athletic=physically strong and good at sport=fit=be in shape=be in good condition运动的adj.recognize=know=identify=pick out=tell认出，承认v.inadequate=not enough =insufficient=be in short supply=lack of something=be short 不足的enable=make something possible=allow=permit=pave the way for=clear the way for使能够v.predict=anticipate=forecast=foretell=prediction=projected=guess in advance预测v.specialist =expert专家n.theoretical=relating to the study of ideas, especially scientific ideas, rather than with practical uses of the ideas or practical experience理论的adj.basic=fundamental=essential=central=underlying =unsophisticated=low-tech基本的adj.translate=change languages=interpret=put something into English/French/Japanese etc翻译v.ancient=belonging to a time long ago in history, especially thousands of years ago 古老的adj.field=area =domain= sphere领域n.document=a piece of paper that has official information on it；a piece of written work that is stored on a computer文件n.cornerstone=basis=foundation=the key 基石n.prevail=win=come out on top=prevail流行,获胜v.contract=agreement =compromise 合约n.disturb=interrupt=bother=distract=put somebody off 打扰v.expect=think=anticipate预期，期待v.obey=comply with=abide by=keep to=stick to the rules=conform to 服从，顺从v.unfold=open=happen=develop 展开，发生v.deliberately=intentionally=on purpose=purposely故意地adv.prior to=before=previous在…前面genetic=relating to genes or genetics基因的，遗传学的adj.forge =counterfeit 形成;伪造v.persuade=convince=win over=talk around 说服v.surrender=give in 投降，放弃v.extinct=an extinct type of animal or plant does not exist anymore=disappear=vanish灭绝的，绝种的adj.abundant=plenty=ample 充裕的，丰富的adj.exaggerate=overstate夸张，夸大v.perception=idea=notion=view=belief=insight 认识，观念，看法n.entitle=to give someone the official right to do or have something 使某人有权利/资格v. distortion=a change for the worse=deformation扭曲，曲解v.dispose=to arrange things or put them in their places=arrange=settle=manage=cope with=deal with 安排，处理v.diminish=reduce=decrease=fall=lessen=cut 减少，减小v.poverty= being poor贫穷n.crime= illegal activities in general犯罪n.reject=to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something 拒绝v.employ=give somebody a job=take on=engage= appoint=recruit=sign up雇佣v.storage=keep=store=keep something in storage=preserve 存储n.facility=rooms, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose 设备n.ambitious=ambition =competitive= determined to be successful, rich, powerful etc.有志向的，雄心壮志的adj.planet= the world=earth/Earth=the globe 地球n.unpredictable=can't say/tell=unforeseeable=it remains to be seen 无法预测的adj. machinery =machine=device=robot=appliance机械n.ultimate = final最终的，根本的adj.occur=happen=take place =come about=come up=turn up=arise发生v.expand= get bigger=grow =stretch扩张，扩大v.form= type= way something is/appears=shape形式n.emerge=appear=become visible=come into view/come into sight=come out=reappear 出现v. emit= to send out gas, heat, light, sound etc 发出，放射n.situation= circumstances =case情况，状况n.generate= to make someone have a particular feeling= form=produce=create 产生v.various =a variety of something=differing=varying=an assortment of something=assorted=a mix of something=a mixture of something各种各样的adj.objective=impartial=neutral =unbiased客观的adj.enquiry=investigate=make inquiries/enquiries=go into=probe=look into=solve=be underinvestigation 调查postpone=put back=delay 延期，推迟v.crucial=important=critical=vital=necessary=essential 至关重要的adj. similar=like=resembled相似的adj.derive=originate=come from=stem from起源v.momentum=stimulus=incentive=motivation=encouragement 动机，动力n. generate=produce=bring into existence=make=manufacture产生v.couple with=and=accompany=with 伴随v.factor=reason=element=component=ingredient 因素n.unique =distinct =extraordinary=special独特的adj.advance=progress=development=growth=increase进步n.field=domain=territory=industry=sector领域n.alternative=substitute=replacement替代物n.like=such as=for example=for instance 例如resource=material=source资源，来源n.limited=restricted=exhaustible=finite有限的adj.involve=rely on=contain=comprise 包含，牵涉v.current=modern=recent=present最近的adj.particular=extraordinary=special=detail=specific=unique特别的，独有的adj. settle on=make choice of=decide on选定v.superiority=advantage =high quality优势n.view=belief=opinion=insight=perception 观点n.involve with=associate with=link to=relate to与…有关联v.release=issue=launch=convey =deliver 发行，发表v.difficult=demanding=hard=tough困难的adj.task=job=work=labour 任务，工作n.instantly=rapidly=immediately立即地adv.react=respond 反应v.subject views=outlook=personal/individual views=personal/individual opinions 主观观点n. figure out=settle=decide=tell=understand 理解，想出v.assessment=appraisal=evaluation=estimate=judgment评估，估计v.emerge=appear=come forth出现v.detect=perceive=explore=sense发觉，觉察v.handicap=difficult=obstacle=hindrance障碍，困难n.positive=optimistic=uplifting 积极的adj.administer=manage=conduct=implement=perform执行，管理v.funding=money=funds=financial resource 资金，基金n.interrupt=break=violate=cut in打断，打扰v.process=procedure过程n.threat=danger=intimidation 威胁n.valuable=precious=worthy宝贵的，珍贵的adj.construct=build=make=found 建造v.stimulate=encourage=activate=motivate鼓励，刺激v.remain=keep=stay=maintain保持v.exploitation =utilization=usage利用，使用n.foster=cultivate=raise=nurture培养，养育v.overtake=catch up=sweep over赶上，压倒v.initial=original=premier最初的，开始的adj.contain=include=cover=possess 包含v.military=battlefield军事separate=disparate=distinct=different分开的，不同的adj.consciousness=awareness 意识n.reckon=think=suppose=believe=imagine=expect认为v.widespread=universal=extensive=popular=general广泛的，普遍的adj. potential=possible=underlying=likely=expected潜在的，可能的adj.prospect=expectation=outlook展望，希望n.perception=idea=insight=viewpoint感觉，领悟n.community=organization=group=body团体n.remote=distant 遥远的adj.require=desire=order=command要求v.inhabitant=resident=dweller居住者，居民n.consequently=thus=accordingly=hence=therefore=as a result 结果，因此adv. destination=goal=end point目的地n.throughout=around=wholly=everywhere=end-to-end自始至终，到处，全部adv. output=product输出，产品n.decline=reduction=fall=slump=decrease=recession 下降n.increase=surge=rise=gain=grow=go up=add=escalate 上升v.link=correlation=connection=relationship 关系n.considerable=significant=substantial=massive=marked大量的adj. reduction=drop=concession=fall=decrease 下降n.elderly people=old people 老人n.independent=self-reliant 自立的adj.exercise=physical activity 运动n.lonely=emotionally isolated 孤独的adj.hand signal=gesture=body language 手势n.restricted=limited 有限的adj.quantity=how many=amount 数量n.misunderstanding=confusion 误解n.ancestor=early people=predecessor 祖先n.first=initial=early=primary 最早的adj.short=scarce=limited=insufficient 短缺的adj.legitimate=have every right to do=legal=right=authorized 合法的adj. money=profit=benefit=income=currency 钱n.reward=promotion or advancement=prize=benefit 奖励n. participate=be involved in=take part in=join 参加v.staff=employee=worker 员工n.chance=likelihood=fortune=hope=possibility=opportunity 机会n. theory=hypothesis=guess=guesswork 猜想n.focus on=emphasize =concentrate on 集中于change=shift=alter=transfer 改变v.establish=build=found=set up=start 建立v.consist of=be made up of=be composed of=comprise 由…组成hinder=hamper=impede 阻碍v.implement=carry on=execute=put sth. Into practice 实行v.warn=caution=alert=give sb. a warning 警告v.renewable=sustainable=recycling=environmentally friendly 可再生的adj. limit=restrict=constrain 限制v.waste=unwanted materials=rubbish=garbage=trash 废物n.dental=teeth 牙齿的encourage=promote=help=support=be supportive 鼓励v.monitor=watch=keep an eye on 监视v.official=authority=leader=supervisor 官员n.collapse=fall=fall over=fall down 倒塌v.absorb=digest=take in 吸收v.severe=serious =heavy 严重的adj.recognize=know=identify=pick out 认出v.adapt to=get used to=become accustomed to=adjust to 适应v. allocate=distribute =grant=confer 分配v.upgrade=improve =make improvements 改进，提高v.advanced=developed=sophisticated=high-tech 先进的adj.evidence=proof=documentation 证据n.large numbers of=tens of thousands of=many 大量的large=massive=huge=enormous=vast 巨大的adj.more than=exceed=over=in excess of 超过v.sufficient=abundant=enough=adequate 充足的adj.establish=found=build=set up 建立v.require=demand=need=call for 要求v.fatigue=tiredness=exhaustion=drowsiness 疲劳n.manifest=show=reveal=present 显示v.trial=experiment=test n.实验success =positive result=achievement=progress=breakthrough=accomplishment n.成就farming=agriculture n.农业simultaneous=at the same time=together=at once=at one time adj.同时的uniform=equal=homogeneous adj.均衡的organize=co-ordinate=arrange=set out=put something in order=line up v.组织，使协调categorize=class / type=sort=classify=be grouped v.分类average-sized=medium-sized adj. 中等的main=largely=principal=chief=major=key=primary=prime=predominant=core adj.主要的: consistent=lasting=stay the same=constant=unchanging adj.持续的study=research=analyse=do/conduct research v.研究smell=odour=scent n.气味be Successful=prosper=do well=succeed=thrive 成功unexpected=unpredictable=unforeseeable 不可预见的adj.in addition=besides=additionally=too=also=as well 除此之外ensure=make sure=make certain保证v.prevent=stop=restrain=hold back=discourage 阻止v.expose=show=reveal=present=let sb. see 暴露，揭发v.certain=some=a measure of adj.一些building=property=construction n.建筑financial support=fund=financial aid 资助biological clock=internal clock 生物钟prolong=extend=drag out=spin out v.延伸，延长format=pattern n.格式less successful student=struggler 差等生spacious=largely=big=huge=vast=enormous=immense adj.广阔的innate=built-in adj.先天的entail=involve v.包含pitfall=trap n.陷阱pesticide: a chemical substance used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops n.杀虫剂preservative: a chemical substance that is used to prevent things from decaying, for example food or wood n.防腐剂hazard=risk=danger=threat障碍，危险n.accompany=with=together=along with陪伴,伴随mental=relating to the health or state of someone's mind精神上的，心理的adj.possible=possibility=can=potential=there is a chance/possibility可能的reduction=decrease=drop=fall=cut 减少n.class="type"=kind=sort=style=category=variety种类n.rehearsal=practice=training =exercise排练，演习nequal=the same in number, amount, level etc as something else平等的adj.influence=effect=side effect=impact =the implications 影响n.behavior=manner =behave行为compare= make a comparison =contrast 比较v.economically=in a way that is related to systems of money, trade, or business经济上地adv. establish =to start a new business or organization.建立新的生意/组织v.realize=know=be/become aware=can tell =be conscious意识到v.limit=restrict=set/impose/put a limit =confine=fix 限制produce=form=create=generate生产v.guarantee=promise =give somebody your word=swear=vow=commit to=pledge保证v. independence =self-reliance 独立n.produce=develop=manufacture生产v.central=middle中心的adj.did not have=without没有v.bring=confer=award=present=grant =offer带来v.time limit=deadline时间限制，期限n.increase=go up/rise=grow=climb=gain=escalate=expand=pick up=widen=intensify增加assistant=helper=coach 助手n.immense=big=major=considerable=great=huge/enormous=tremendous巨大的adj.illustrate=show =demonstrate=mean=make clear=reflect=tell=be evidence=reveal 表明，显示v. rival =competitor 对手，竞争者n.fault=defect=problem=trouble=flaw=weakness错误，缺点。
雅思阅读常见同义词替换
雅思阅读常见同义词替换1.媒体，宣传media/media coverage/publicity/newspaper/TV/press2.观点，看法perspective/idea/opinion/view/viewpoint/conception/outlook3.理解，感知understand/perceive/comprehend/recognize/identify/figure out/come up with4.错误的观点misconception/mistaken view5.改变change/alter/modify6.调查，试验，研究study/experiment/survey/research/investigate/test7.最常见的most frequent/commonest8.重要性importance/significance9.保护，挽救protect/conserve/preserve10.不寻常的uncommon/unusual11.惊人的，出乎意料的unexpected/surprising/take back/unpredictable/without warning12.理由，原因，因素cause/reason/explanation/factor/element13.栖息地，家园，居所home/shelter/dwelling/habitat14.可能的影响或后果implication/possible result/potential/influence15.影响affect/influence/impact/effect/impinge…on16.交配，求偶mating/courtship17.连接，涉及link…to/involve…with/associate…with18.极佳的exceptional/keen/excellent/extraordinary19.吃，营养feed/eat/diet/nutrition20.代表，体现，意味represent/stand for/mean/signify21.明显的evident/obvious/clear/self-evident/apparent/transparent22.总结conclude/draw from/summarize/generalize23.濒危，灭绝，消灭endanger/die out/extinction/disappear24.导致lead to/result in/cause/contribute to/foster/trigger25.因为，源于because/as/since/because of/result from/stem from/root from/originate from/gain from/in that/due to/thanks to26.反对，拒绝refuse/object/against/turn down27.升高，增加rise/increase/shoot up/rocket/grow/accrue28.下降，减少decrease/fall/dip/decay/decline/dive/bring down/curtail/drop/beat a retreat29.不愿意的unwilling/loath/reluctant30.包含，包括include/contain/comprise/be made up of/cover/involve/encompass31.长期的long-term/long-standing/long-range32.联系，关系relationship/connection/link/associate…with/combine…with33.危害，负面影响danger/hazard/harm/negative effect34.种类，物种class/species/type/kind/variety35.成人adult/adulthood/grown-up/in later life36.增强build up/develop/consolidate/strengthen37.物质，物体material/object/substance38.过程，步骤stage/phase/process/procedure/step39.趋势tread/tendency40.重要的vital/important/paramount/crucial/critical/key/core41.特点feature/characteristic/hallmark/character42.制作，产生make/produce/manufacture/generate/engender43.身体语言body language/gesture/non-verbal language44.社会背景social class/social situation/social background/social status45.客观的，公正的just/objective/unbiased/impartial46.依靠，取决于depend on/rely on47.在…之前before/prior…to48.比赛event/game/competition49.有才能的talent/gifted/excellent50.显著的，好的extraordinary/significant/remarkable51.目前的，现在的current/present/simultaneous52.方法，通道way/method/approach/access/key53.基础的basic/fundamental/underlying未发育的rudimentary退化degenerate/underdevelop/degrade54.解读，定义explain/define55.难的，要求高的difficult/hard/demanding56.问题，失败problem/failure57.优点strength/advantage/benefit/shining point/positive aspect58.分配allocate/apportion/distribute59.有必要的necessary/indispensable60.能够做be able to/ be in a position to61.执行，行驶conduct/do/exercise/perform/play62.责任duty/obligation/responsibility63.国家state/nation/country64.当局，权威部门official/government/authority65.老人the old/the elderly/aging/the graying66.人口变化population change/demographic change67.集中，关注于focus on/concentrate on/handle/deal with/center on68.要求ask/demand/require/request69.被认为be thought/be regarded/be considered70.雇佣take on/hire/employ71.完全地totally/completely/entirely/completely/thoroughly/fully72.帮助help/aid/support73.喜欢like/be fond of/favor74.告知，指导tell/instruct/inform75.悲观的sad/pessimistic/negative76.减缓slow down/restrict/limit77.加速speed up/accelerate78.挨饿hungry/starve/famine79.领域area/field/domain/aspect80.类似的，像…一样like/similar as/resemble81.重新铸造remould/reshape82.进步advance/progress/improvement83.拿走，移开take away/extract/remove84.原理，机制principle/mechanism/theory85.目的aim/goal/purpose86.显示，表明show/indicate/suggest/betray/uncover/demonstrate87.迅速的fast/quick/rapid88.激活active/activity/activate/spring to life/flourish89.回应react…to/reply/respond to90.取代replace/supersede/substitute/overtake91.主导的，主要的leading/dominant/prominent/major/key/main92.压制suppress/limit/restrict\93.结果result/consequence/outcome94.不足的insufficient/inadequate/not enough95.设计design/devise96.冲刷wash away/scour away/flush out97.充满be filled with/be laden with98.扰乱，破坏upset/disturb/destroy/ruin/damage/undermine99.同意agree/consent/concur100.此弱的weak/fragile/vulnerable101.困难difficulty/dilemma/hardship102.保证，确保ensure/assure/guarantee103.执行，操作conduct/operate/administer104.稀少的rare/few and far between/uncommon/unusual 105.力量power/strength/endurance/106.建议suggest/advise/recommend107.检查inspect/check/examine/screen/scrutinize108.监督monitor/supervise/administer109.破碎break/shatter110.提到，应用refer to/a reference to/mention111.使用use/utilize/employ112.障碍obstacle/barrier113.无关irrelevant/unrelated to114.匹配，跟上match/keep pace with/follow115.否认，驳斥deny/refute116.自立，自理self-reliance/self-independence117.保持maintain/keep/hold118.寿命life span/life expectancy119.道德的moral/ethical120.巨大的tremendous/huge/spectacular121.夜间生活的night/nocturnal122.凑合活着，艰辛地活着make a hard life/scrape a life123.四肢arm/leg/limb124.开始at the beginning/at the outset/initially125.转换shift/transform126.产量output/productivity127.基本结构basic construction/infrastructure128.承认admit/acknowledge129.倒塌fall/collapse130.减半half/decline by 50%131.阻止keep from/prevent from/keep from132.复杂的，高级的sophisticated/advanced/intricate/perfect/133.胜过，超过outperform/outstrip134.详尽的detailed/specific/elaborate135．缺点，不足flaw/shortcoming/disadvantage/defect/weakness/downside/limitation/drawback/darkside。
雅思阅读常见近义词汇总
雅思阅读捷径：同义替换词和考点雅思阅读题目出题的本质是三种替换：同义词/ 词组替换，句型替换，语法替换。
以下是剑桥真题中的考点词,替换词, 一次多义总结：/stiff /unchanged /little change 僵硬的，一成不变的/enormous /dramatic /tremendous /appreciably /remarkable /crucial/substantial 巨大的, 明显的，程度大的nearly / almost 将近/ percentage 比例involved （in） /involve in /involvement [n.] 涉及，卷入，参与/considering , in regard to /despite /although 有鉴于, 考虑到，尽管来源：考试大[v] 引入，引导，引诱/inductive [n] 归纳（deduce/deductive 推断）/destiny / chances开采完，耗尽exhaust - exhaust emission （尾气）排放exploit错综复杂的Complicated / sophisticated 老奸巨滑的，复杂的能力，容量competence （竞争）能力ability 能力（笼统的）12. Secure-security / ensure （insure） / guarantee 押金，确保，保障/merely / onlyvast array of 系列 a great variety of 花样，品种a great rang of 系列杀虫suicide 自杀homicide/murder 杀人assume （responsibility）/suppose17.authorize/commission 授权，委托，佣金entitle 头衔+ ment =right （权利）18.Purchase / buy19.ethnic 种族的ethic 伦理，道德的+ s =[n.]20.modify / change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]21.Insight / knowledge / learning / understanding / knowing拘泥，限制restrict 限制limit23. circumstance 环境（社会）surroundings/environment 环境（环保）背景background后台settings 后台，布景context 上下文（文章中）臭名昭著的flagrant 臭的fragrant 香的25.移民：immigrant （进来） emigrant（出去） migrant26.兴旺，繁荣；prosperousThriving booming （人口，行业）flourishing27.神圣的：divineHeavenlyHolySacred28. 有毒的：29. 致命的：30. 类似于：31. chroniclong-term poisonous / toxic （ in-, non-deadly / fatal / lethal / mortallook like / resemble 考试大论坛长期的, 慢性的长期的无毒的）32. 网恋：virtual love/cyber love33. 网友：on-line /net/cyberfriend上网（聊天）chat on line网吧go on- line cyber caf e 进化revolute-revolutioninvolve-involution革命，旋转卷入，涉及35.indicator/predictor 表示诠释，预测demonstrate/display/exhibit/betray37. therapist/expert/specialist38. 优点，长处，美德：advantage/merit/virtue/length39. commonest/frequent40. 未开发的，初级的：rudimentary/underdeveloped41. 退化:degenerate/-tion[n]-> generate 生产, 制造degrade->grade 等级deteriorate 恶化42. 分类：category-categorize / class-classify43. consequence 后果-> 影响subsequence 紧跟其后sequence=order 秩序frequency 频率冲突（民族，种族）crash 飞机坠毁=> substitute sth for sb /replace=>选择性，代替性，辅助性47. isolate/alienate 孤立insulate 隔绝,排外, 孤立be alien to/insulate (-ior) 绝缘,隔热(体)48．Defect / flaw / failing / disadvantage / drawback 缺点，不足之处49. 创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive (-tion)/innovative (-tion)/creative(-tion)/ingenious (ity)/novel (-ty) => [n] creative/revolutionary •易错拼写：environment/convenient49．neutral 中立的，中性的negative 否定，消极，阴性的positive 肯定, 积极, 阳性的50．ambiguous->ambiguity/obscure 模棱两可的，暧昧的沟通，传达，通报1供… 食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold容纳，4使…停靠to sth 奉献 2 责任, 义务54．contribute to 导致result in /account for ( 占据) 导致54.inadequate / insufficient / deficient / lack (of) / short (of) 缺乏的，不足的55.emphasize/stress/highlight/focus on/concentrate on 强调apparently 显而易见的patently 道貌岸然的obviously =>evidently56.(be) / skeptical / skeptical / dubious / suspicious(about/of) 对…怀疑57.Drawback /fault /defect / imperfection / failing / weakness / shortcoming/ flaw 缺点，缺陷58.notorious->notoriety / flagrant / smelly / odorous 臭命昭著的/ structure / organization 机构，组织60. Exceed /surpass 超过61. molten rock/lava/magma 岩浆62. linguist 语言学家 lingual 和语言有关的 bilingual 双语63. diversity/variety/breed/species 多种多样的 breed ： [n] 品种， [v] 繁殖，培养，引起，造成 方言 accent 腔调65. begin/launch/initial 开始的，初步的 (-ly) [v] 首字母 , 开始的 initiate 开始 , 发动 initiative 原创性 = origin66. poor / in poverty / impoverished 67. eminence (-t)/prominence (-t)/unusual杰出genetic defect ~ 缺陷 anatomy 解剖 conceive 构思，怀孕 deliver 分娩 69. alternative 辅助性 therapist 补充性 70. deduce->deductive/inferential induce induction 归纳71. bewildering/puzzling/perplexing 令人困惑的紧靠，涂，将…应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于 辅助 subsidy 补助，补贴 subsidiaryfactor in sth/depend on sthpreferred by/choice to/how present century/modern society great 考试大 （ term of按照，在…方面，关于with regard to, in spite of不顾，尽管被剥夺财产的）贫穷 演绎 ,推理，引导，引入，归纳80.small-scale 小范围marginal 边缘处的81.physical/medical82.negotiation/agreement 谈判，洽谈/ 商定，协议developaccommodation 公寓/ 住房（love）/simulate 模拟的（网恋）/ 模拟disaster 大灾难/ 灾难，不幸invent 革新，创新/ 发明，创造sculpture/craft 雕刻，雕塑/ 工艺expensive 过度的，极高的/ 费用大的，昂贵的89. be participant in/take part in /participate in[ 美，澳]/work 来源：考试大to/take care ofdual-worker 双职工（家庭）predict 指示，表明，象征/ 预料，预言A major contributor to/be central to 来源，起点/是…的主要，中心原因therapist 专家，能手；知识丰富的/ 某个专科的专家to/be associated with 相联系（带来…的好处）equitable 平等的disabled/primitive 残疾的，落后的98. could not-and cannot/has always been unable to by/from 考试大（www．Examda。
雅思阅读中的同义词和近义词
轻薄，易脆的flimsy, slender, slim, fragile, (brittle)夷平, 掀翻topple, flatten, level,破坏damage, devastate, destroy, ruin, destruction, smash, ravage, havoc打击hit, strike, batter, punch, bang免除dispense (with)弹性，弹簧spring, resilience, resilient, spring, flexibility, flexible悬挂suspend, hang, overhanging静止的stationary, still,限制constrain, limit, contain, control, repress, curtail, dampen摇晃sway, shake, jolt, slither to and fro, quake强化reinforce, fortify, cement, strengthen, emphasize, accentuate, stress, highlight间接的collateral, indirect,湖,河loch, lake, stream, brook, river,处理tackle, deal with, manage, handle, try to fix, address根本的underlying, basic, essential, fundamental合理的plausible, reasonable, rational, feasible, hold true, realistic, practical, viable传播；disseminate, spread, circulate明显的，震撼的impressive, compelling, overwhelming, staggering, dramatic, drastic，obvious, conspicuous交换swap, change, exchange,同意concur on, agree on/with, think alike, second严格的rigorous, strict, serious, be hard on基本的rudimentary, primary, basic, fundamental,到来，来到advent, arrival, coming偶然的fortuitous, coincidental, accidental,考虑到、、、情形、accommodate some situations,高度height, altitude,附近vicinity, nearby, near,认识到recognize, acknowledge, realize, be aware of强大的potent, powerful, strong困惑的addled, confused, baffled, muddled, addlepated=addleheaded,结果，结论finding, result, turn out, conclude, conclusion人口统计学，人口，种群数量demography, demographic, demographical, population, census（人口普查）,比例ratio, rate, proportion, extent, quantitative relation, correlation, relationship, balance, fraction, quotient, percentage, correspondence比例失调的skewed, disproportionate, inordinate, uneven, unequal, irregular, excessive,寿命longevity, life expectancy, life span理论、思想已经存在一段时间了the idea/theory has been around for some time. 假设，理论，阐释，hypothesis, theory, explanation, assumption增加accrue, increase, accumulate, build up, amass, grow, gather, augment, mount up, collect潜在的，有潜力的potential, possible, likely, prospective, budding, in the making, latent, embryonic, future, dormant放弃forgo, abandon, do without, go without, give up, waive, renounce, disavow, relinquish, cede, part with, yield, abstain with, refrain from, eschew, repudiate折磨haunt, torment, obsess, disturb, trouble, worry, plague, torture, prey on, weigh on, gnaw at, nag at, weigh heavily on, beset,另类的alternative, unorthodox, unconventional, radical, nonconformist, offbeat, idiosyncratic, perverse, avant-garde, novel, original, outlandish, Bohemian上升，增加swell, increase, expansion, escalation, acceleration, surge, proliferation, skyrocketing, stepping-up贬低belittle…as, defame…as, disparage, denigrate, play down, scoff at, sneer at, discredit, censure, condemn, deprecate, depreciate, make light of把、、、比下去，完胜trump, outshine, eclipse, outdo, surpass, be head and shoulders above, put in the shade颠倒invert, turn upside down, upturn, reverse, flip, turn inside out, transpose提升(n) boost, increase, rise, elevation, escalation, advance, boom, spurt提升(v),夸大inflate, increase, raise, boost, put up衰退，下滑slump, plummet, recession, decline, depression, stagnation, plunge, downturn破产bust, bankruptcy负担，压力be saddled with, be burdened with,刺激措施incentive, stimulus, stimulant, inducement, spur, impetus, encouragement, incitement, lure磨掉了、腐蚀了erode, wear away/down, weather, consume, sap, undermine安排，组织orchestrate, organize, arrange, put together低调discreet, subtle, low-key, understated, subdued, unobtrusive, inconspicuous 秩序、顺序sequence, order, series, chain, succession, pattern, course, arrangement, train复制replicate, duplicate, copy, reproduce, recreate, clone, make a replica of, repeat, make a copy of民族的ethnic, racial, ethnological, genetic, inherited, national, tribal, ancestral, traditional, folk, native, indigenous, aboriginal隐秘的covert, secret, furtive, clandestine, surreptitious, closet, concealed, hidden, private, sly, sneaky不足的deficient, insufficient, lacking, defective, scant, inadequate, wanting, limited, poor, short of/on代替supersede, replace, supplant, replace, take the place of, substitute for, displace, oust, overthrow, remove, override, succeedwords in sentences1.The miners formulated a plan to keep the mines open. 想出，设计出Draw up, put together, work out, construct, make, develop, contrive, hatch, devise, conceive, create, frame, originate, coin, compose2.There is a problem with the way you have formulated this question. 表达Express, articulate, put into words, utter, state, say, verbalize, render, phrase, word, couch, voice3.He stood on the pier to watch me embark.上船Board ship, go on board, go aboard4.He was about to embark on a career in the family’s department store chain.开始Begin, start, commence, undertake, venture into, engage in, settle down to, institute, initiate,5.Any member is entitled to appoint another person as his proxy to attend andvote instead of him.代理人Deputy, representative, substitute, delegate, agent, surrogate, stand-in, attorney, go-between, envoy6.Trying to find a mean between frankness and rudeness.中间路线Middle course, middle way, mid point, golden mean, compromise, balance, median, norm, average7.the mean temperature平均的average, median, middle, halfway, centre, central, intermediate, medium, normal, standard, middling8.He had an unblemished record as a law-abiding citizen. 无瑕疵的Flawless, faultless, perfect, pure, whiter than white, spotless, unsullied, untarnished, stainless, unimpeachable, ideal , model9.An ugly scar marred his features. 留下瑕疵Spoil, ruin, impair, disfigure, detract from, flaw, blemish, mutilate, deface, deform10.The celebrations were marred by violence.破坏Spoil, ruin, impair, upset, damage, wreck, harm, hurt, blight, taint, tarnish, sully, stain, pollute11.A uniform temperature of between 18 and 21 degrees固定的，恒定的Constant, consistent, steady, invariable, unvarying, stable, static, regular, fixed, even, equal, monotonous, unfluctuating, unwavering12.Cut the vegetables into pieces of uniform size一致的，相同的Identical, matching, similar, same, alike, like, homogeneous, equivalent, consistent, corresponding13.The nation is threatened by famine. 食物短缺Scarcity of food, food shortages, deprivation, want14.the cotton famine of the 1860s 匮乏，不足shortage, scarcity, lack, dearth, want, deficiency, insufficiency, undersupply 15.Nine days of processions and parades culminating in a dramatic fire-walkingceremony达到高潮／定点，结束Come to climax, come to a crescendo, come to an end with, end with, peak, climax, reach a pinnacle, build up to, lead up to, conclude with, close with, terminate with16.the debate continued and articles in the media proliferated. 激增，大幅度增加Increase rapidly, grow rapidly, multiply, become more numerous, mushroom, snowball, burgeon, escalate, rocket, run riot17.a posh Beverly Hills hotel时尚高档的smart, stylish, fancy, high-class, fashionable, chic, luxurious, luxury, exclusive, sumptuous, lavish18.the hills are covered in lush vegetation 繁茂的，旺盛的，多产的luxuriant, rich, abundant, profuse, exuberant, teeming, rampant, verdant, riotous, prolific19.a lush ripe peach鲜嫩多汁的，葱绿的succulent, luscious, juicy, fleshy, soft, fresh,20.a lush apartment in the best residential section奢华的，富裕的，丰富的luxurious, luxury, de luxe, sumptuous, grand, opulent, elaborate21.the dappled purple carpet of flowers斑驳的speckled, blotched, blotchy, spotted, spotty, dotted, mottled22.she was a vibrant and passionate woman.充满活力的Spirited, lively, full of life, energetic, vigorous, vital, animated, vivacious23.the exodus of refugees from Albania 大规模离开mass departure, withdrawal, evacuation, leaving, exit, migration, emigration, diaspora24.a tentative arrangement /this can only be a tentative conclusion暂时的，试探性的，凭推测的provisional, unconfirmed, unsettled, indefinite, preliminary, speculative, conjectural, pilot, experimental，uncertain25.he eventually tried a few tentative steps around his hospital room.犹豫的，Hesitant, uncertain, cautious, timid, faltering, shaky26.the revolutionaries must shed their populist illusions. 抛弃，丢掉discard, get rid of, dispose of, do away with, drop, abandon27.the two firms are each to shed ten workers. 辞退Make redundant, dismiss, let go, discharge, give someone their notice, discard 28.working in pairs appears to facilitate learning.使什么变得顺利，容易，促进Make easy/easier, ease, make possible, make smooth, open the door to, enable, lubricate, accelerate, forward, advance, further29.potato blight马铃薯疫病disease, canker, infestation, fungus, mildew, mould, rot, decay.30.the government are protecting people from the blight of aircraft noise.痛苦，折磨Affliction, scourge, bane, curse, plague, menace, evil, misfortune, woe, calamity, trouble, ordeal, thorn in one’s flesh/side, trial, canker, nuisance. 31.he tried to reach her by telephone, but she continued to be elusive.躲避的，逃避的Difficult to catch/find, difficult to track down, evasive, slippery, shifty,32.the notion of meaning is exceedingly elusive and complex. 难以捉摸／理解／分辨，令人困惑的Subtle, indistinct, indefinite, ambiguous, intangible, impalpable, fugitive, deceptive, baffling33.as usual she gave an elusive answer.模棱两可的，令人困惑的Ambiguous, baffling, puzzling, misleading, evasive, equivocal34.an inviting smell of coffee wafted into the room. 吸引人的，诱惑的Tempting, enticing, alluring, beguiling, winning, attractive, appealing, agreeable, pleasant, delightful, appetizing, mouth-watering, fascinating, engaging, enchanting, entrancing, bewitching, intriguing, irresistible, ravishing, seductive, tantalizing35.around 400 fans braved freezing temperatures to see them play. 勇敢地面对，冒着、、、、、、Endure, put up with, bear, withstand, weather, suffer, sustain, go through, face, confront, stand up to, meet head on, face up to, brazen out, defy.36.he has all the attributes of a top midfield player.特征，特质，属性Quality, feature, characteristic, trait, element, aspect, property, hallmark, mark, distinction, sign, suresign, idiosyncracy, peculiarity37.the hourglass was depicted as the attribute of Father Time. 标志Symbol, indicator, mark, sign, hallmark, trademark, status symbol38.the public has a rather ambivalent attitude toward science.矛盾的Equivocal, uncertain, in two minds, undecided, unresolved, in a dilemma, on the fence, torn, hesitating, conflicting, fluctuating, waving, vacillating, mixed, contradictory, clashing, muddled, vague, hazy37. English cloth manufactures were able to undercut their continental rivals.削价与、、、抢生意，售价低于（竞争价格）Charge less than, charge a lower price than, undersell, underbid39.the company denied that his authority was being undercut. 削弱，暗中破坏Undermine, weaken, impair, damage, sap, threaten, subvert, sabotage, ruin, disrupt, undo, destabilize.40.there is little prospect of success.将要发生地事，期望中的事，预期，展望Likelihood, hope, expectation, anticipation, possibility, likeliness, promise, lookout, dream,41.she would have better job prospects with a postgraduate qualification. 前景，前途，前程，机会，可能性Possibilities, potential, promise, expectations, outlook, future42.finding schools abroad may be a daunting prospect for employees.想法，念头Vision, thought, idea, contemplation, task, undertaking.43.Jimmy, who plays in midfield, is an exciting prospect.有希望的候选人，合适的人选Candidate, possibility,44.guests are greeted with a pleasant prospect from the ground-floor lounge.景色，景象，视野View, vista, outlook, perspective, panorama, aspect, scene, scenery, sweep, landscape.45. Reckless: he was angry with himself and that made him reckless.不顾后果的，鲁莽的，草率的Rash, careless, thoughtless, incautious, heedless, unheeding, inattentive, hasty, overhasty, precipitate, irresponsible, indiscriminate46.his works engendered considerable controversy.使发生／出现，引起Cause, be the cause of, give rise to, bring about, lead to, result in, produce, generate, arouse, provoke, foment, occasion, foster47.a medium-sized breed of cow种，类variety, stock, strain, line, family, type, kind, sort, class48.a new breed of journalist 种类，科目type, kind, sort, variety, class, genre, genus, order, caliber, brand, generation 49.a lethal weapon 致命的fatal, deadly, mortal, murderous, homicidal, killing, terminal, toxic, poisonous, virulent, venomous, pernicious, disastrous50.a built-in cupboard嵌入墙内的，成为整体的fitted, fixed, integral, integrated, incorporated, permanent51.television has built-in advantages for advertisers内在的inherent, intrinsic, incorporated, inseparable, inbuilt, essential, implicit, basic, ingrained, rooted.52.I sat on the bank, basking in the warm sunshine. 晒太阳，享受Laze, lie, lounge, relax, sprawl, loll, sunbathe, sun oneself, warm oneself53.they were still basking in the glory of success沉浸在，享受revel, luxuriate, wallow, delight, take pleasure, rejoice, glory, indulge oneself;enjoy, relish, savior, lap up54.some plants rely on birds to disperse their seeds传播scatter, disseminate, distribute, spread, diffuse, sow, pepper, strew, broadcast.55.the crowd began to disperse 散开，police used tear gas to disperse thedemonstrators. 驱散break up, split up, disband, separate, scatter, dispel, banish56.the blanket of fog finally dispersed.散了dissipate, be dispelled, thin out, dissolve, melt away, fade away, vanish, disappear, clear, lift, rise.57.the toucan eats a very wide range of fruits/a new range of quality foods.种类assortment, variety, diversity, mixture, collection, array, set, selection, choice, pick, kind, sort, type, class, rank, order, genus, species.。
完型第三节
总结：考研常考的13个否定前缀1.Imbalance 失衡、不平衡2.Ineffective 无效的3.Illicit=illegal 非法的4.Irrelevant 无关的、不相关的5.Disintegrate 分开；分裂<---->integrate 统一、合成、合并6.Unsurpassed 无法超越的，不能超越的<---->surpass 超越7.Depopulated 人口减少、人口下降8.Misinterpret 误解<---->interpret 解释9.Ab normal 不正常<---->normal 正常的10.Atypical 非典型的11.Under-nutrition 营养不足over-nutrition 营养过盛12.Mal-function 功能故障，功能缺陷Malign 恶性的malign tumor 恶性肿瘤13.non-smoker 不抽烟的人英语中有些词不能拆，例如：Income 收入Default 默认第三节篇章上下文45题必考技巧：上下文同义词做题，应填careers(职业)的同义词Career 事业Kind of 否一种kinds of 某些specialized 专业的、专门化的Specialist=expert 专家Occupy 占领Occupation 职业Accommodation 提供膳宿；适应Identify 识别---->identification 识别UFO=unidentified flying objectsEntertainment 娱乐Environment 环境Entertain 娱乐；款待Parent 父母亲Patent 专利Fresh 新鲜的Fresh air 新鲜空气Flesh search 人肉搜索Flash marriage 闪婚小鲜肉little fresh flesh 字形干扰解决事业，职业（9个）Career=occupation事业、职业Profession职业professor教授Work=job工作Vocation=job工作Vacation度假----vacant空的Summer vacation暑假5★Cause事业；原因Medical Cause医疗事业Post=position岗位、职位curriculum大纲46题应填focus on（关注）的同义词center on=focus on=concentrate on关注、集中Act on按照......办事/行动Rely on=depend on/upon依赖Comment on有关....的评论；对....的评论47题：考点：形容词+名词+后置定语或定语从句address解决=solve归纳：解决(2007新题型考了其中4个解决）1.Address2.Solve3.Resolve4.cope with5.deal with6.handle7.tackle8.settle解决；定居comprehensive综合性的Comprehensible可以理解的<----comprehend理解complex复杂的complementary补充的compensating补偿的Puts it(正如).....说的作文套话：Just as NiuNiu puts it正如牛牛所说的Package deal一揽子计划Package包裹、包装、打包Coordination协调；统一Control=supervision=manipulation=regulation控制、监控48题：贬义词出题（褒贬词义）competent胜任的；有资格的counselor顾问Counsel=advice建议Psychologist心理学家50题上下文语义一致性Plentiful大量的=much5★Out of4大考点：1.后面接地点，译为：在，从walk out of the room从房子里走出来out of a wildness在/从荒原地带2.后面接数字out of80european networks翻译成：在80个欧洲网络中One out of ten（在10个里有1个）十分之一3.后面接表示心理的名词，翻译成：发自，出于；Out of pity/sympathy出于同情；4.接其他名词，翻译成：没有；Out of work失业Out of practice久不练习tap水龙头tap water自来水Spring water泉水Well water井水rare罕见的（含褒义）Rare person罕见的人A rare birdAn early bird早起的人/早准备的人夜猫子：a night birdRun out of用完=use up51题通过such做题such指代necessities必需品luxuries奢侈品BP机——淘汰品——古董（antique）Decorations装饰品Recreation娱乐；消遣Amusement娱乐Entertainment娱乐52题无技巧考基本功Fetch去取、去拿（有一个来回的动作）bring带走take带来Carry扛Borrow借进来Lend借出去Immigrate移进来Emigrate移出Migrate迁移（无进出方向）。
GRE词汇之类比47大关系
GRE词汇之类比47大关系GRE词汇之类比47大关系GRE词汇之类比47大关系1.个体组成团体的关系一个集合体的名词和一个表示个体的名词放在一起，由多个个体可以组成一个集合体，如choir和singer，cast和actor，orchestra 和instrumentalist，flock和birds，school和fish，herd 和cattle，soldier和army，colony和bacterium，armada和vehicle，fusillade和 projectiles，barrage和explosives，gravel和pebble，nation和citizen。
有时需考虑这个个体在组成团体时的规律性及团体自身的特点，如matrix和number只能对应crystal和atom而不能对应gas和molecule。
再如tile组成mosaic，stitch组成sampler，还有array 和number，formation和 soldier。
2.人和其特点的关系(1)人和其性格特点的正/反面关系正面，如：zealot和 fervor，altruist和self1essness，partisan 和allegiance，diplomat和tact，inventor和ingenuity，coward 和craven，dupe和credulous，acrobat和agility，boor和insensitive， loner和solitary，surgeon和dexterity，blowhard和boastfu1，toady和obsequious，supplicant和humility，adversary和resistance，recluse和withdrawn，bigot和biased，wag和humorous，dolt和stupid。
反面，如：maverick和conformity，stickler和 approximation，purist和adulteration，heretic和orthodoxy，poseur和sincerity，recluse和gregariousness，coward和brave，philanthropist和selfish，neophyte和experience，boor和sensitivity，yokel和sophistication。
团团老师之雅思阅读剑4-8同义词替换汇总
22.mating=courtship交配.
23.follow=track=stalk=stalker跟随，跟踪v.
24.good vision ability=vision is obviously more useful…好的视力
2.increase=go up=rise=grow=climb=gain=escalate=pick up=widen=be on the increase=intensify=expand=build up上升，增加v.
3.teach=educate=train=coach=instruct=bring up教学v.
3.mistaken view=misconception错误的观点n.
4.easy to reach=accessible容易达到的adj.
5.change=modify(modification)改变v.
6.destruction=destroy=loss毁坏n.
7.investigate=make inquiries=enquiries=go into=probe=look into调查v.
25.best=well=greatest=finest=ideal=top=number one =ultimate=optimum=definitive=unsurpassed=record-breaking极好的adj.
26.surprised=amazed=astonished=astounded=be taken aback=startled感到惊讶的adj.
雅思阅读常见同义词替换
雅思阅读常见同义词替换1. rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的，一成不变的2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/substantial 大量的3. approximately 将近-nearly almost4. proportion/ percentage 比例5. be involved (in)/ involve in/ involvement [n.] 涉及，卷入，参与6. given/ considering in regard to / despite/ although 有鉴于，考虑到，尽管7. fortune/ destiny/ chances 命运8. deplete 开采完，耗尽/ exhaust –exhaust emission (尾气)排放/ exploit9. complex 错综复杂的/ complicated/ sophisticated 老奸巨滑的，复杂的10. capacity能力，容量/ competence （竞争）能力/ ability 能力（笼统的）11. 确保，保障：Secure-security/ ensure (insure)/ guarantee 押金12. solely/ merely/ only 仅仅13. a vast array of 系列/ a great variety of 花样，品种/ a great rang of 系列14. pesticide 杀虫/ suicide 自杀/ homicide/ murder杀人15. believe/ assume (responsibility)/ suppose 认为16. 授权，委托：authorize/ commission 佣金/ entitle 头衔 + ment =right （权利）17. purchase/ buy 购买18. ethnic 种族的/ ethic 伦理，道德的 + s =[n ]19. modify/ change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]20. insight/knowledge/ learning/ understanding/ knowing 见识，理解21. constrain拘泥，限制/ restrict 限制/ limit22. circumstance 环境（社会）/ surroundings/ environment 环境（环保）背景 background 后台 / settings后台，布景/ context 上下文（文章中）23. notorious 臭名昭著的/ flagrant臭的>generate 生产，制造/ degrade ->grade 等级/ deteriorate 恶化，每况愈下24.分类：category-categorize/ class-classify25. consequence后果->影响/ subsequence紧跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency频率26. clash 冲突（民族，种族）/crash 飞机坠毁27. substitution=> substitute sth for sb /replace 代替28. alternative=> 选择性，代替性，辅助性29. 孤立：isolate/ alienate/insulate隔绝，排外，孤立->be alien to/insulate (-ior) 绝缘，隔热（体）30. 缺点，不足之处：defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback31. induce [v] 引入，引导，引诱/ inductive [n] 归纳 >< deduce /deductive 推断32. 创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive (-tion)/ innovative (-tion)/creative (-tion)/ ingenious (ity)/novel (-ty) =>[n]/creative/revolutionary易错拼写：environment/ convenient33. neutral 中立的，中性的 /negative 否定，消极，阴性的 /positive 肯定，积极，阳性的34. ambiguous->ambiguity 模棱两可的，暧昧的/obscure35. communicate 沟通，传达，通报36. accommodate 1供...食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4使…停靠37. commitment 1 ~ to sth 奉献 2 责任义务38. contribute to 导致 ~ result in /account for (占据)导致39.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack (of)/ short (of)40. 强调：emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on 明显的：apparently 显而易见的/patently 道貌岸然的/ obviously=>evidently41. 对…怀疑：(be) /skeptical/skeptical /dubious/ suspicious (about/of)42. 缺点，缺陷：drawback/ fault/ defect/ imperfection/ failing/ weakness/ shortcoming/ flaw43. 臭命昭著的：notorious->notoriety/ flagrant/ smelly/ odorous44. 组织：association/ structure /organization45. 超过：exceed/ surpass46. 岩浆：molten rock/ lava/ magma47. 语言：linguist ~学家/ lingual和~有关的/ bilingual/ 双语48. 多种多样的：diversity/ variety/ breed/ species49. breed：[n]品种，[v]繁殖，培养，引起，造成50. dialect 方言 accent 腔调51. 开始的，初步的：begin/ launch/ initial (-ly) [v] 首字母，开始的/ initiate开始，发动->initiative原创性= origin52. 贫穷：poor/ in poverty/ impoverished（被剥夺财产的）53. 杰出：eminence (-t)/ prominence (-t)/unusual54. gene/ genetic defect ~缺陷/ anatomy解剖/ conceive构思，怀孕/ deliver 分娩55. 辅助性：alternative 补充性/ therapist56. 演绎，推理：deduce->deductive / inferential >< induce 引导，引入，归纳-> induction 归纳57. 令人困惑的：bewildering/ puzzling/ perplexing58. apply：紧靠，涂，将…应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于59. subsidize辅助/ subsidy 补助，补贴/ subsidiary60. a factor in sth/ depend on sth 取决于61. be preferred by/ choice 被选62. attitude to/ how 态度......63. the present century/ modern society 现代社会64. broad/ great 大的65. in term of 按照，在…方面，关于/with regard to in spite of 不顾，尽管66. small-scale 小范围/ marginal 边缘处的67. physical/ medical 医疗的68. negotiation/ agreement 谈判，洽谈/ 商定，协议69. evolve/ develop 进化70. apartment/ accommodation 公寓/ 住房71. virtual (love)/ simulate 模拟的（网恋）/ 模拟72. catastrophe/ disaster 大灾难/ 灾难，不幸73. innovate/ invent 革新，创新/ 发明，创造74. sculpture/ craft 雕刻，雕塑/ 工艺75. exorbitant/ expensive 过度的，极高的/ 费用大的，昂贵的76. be participant in/ take part in /participate in 参加77. labour [美，澳]/work78. attend to/ take care of 照顾79. dual employment/ dual-worker 双职工（家庭）80. indicate/ predict 指示，表明，象征/ 预料，预言81. A major contributor to/ be central to 来源，起点/ 是…的主要，中心原因82. expert/ therapist 专家，能手；知识丰富的/ 某个专科的专家83. lead to/ be associated with相联系（带来…的好处）84. balanced/ equitable 平等的85. detrimental : dangerous/harmful 有害的86. creativity: innovation, ingenuity 创新87. positive: advantageous 优点88. domain: field 领域。
Insider Trading and the Bid-Ask Spread_ A Critical Evaluation of Adverse Selection in Market Making
INSIDER TRADING AND THE BID-ASK SPREAD: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ADVERSE SELECTION INMARKET MAKINGS TANISLAV D OLGOPOLOV*In economic, finance, and legal literature, there is a widespread acceptance of the notion that market makers increase the bid-ask spread in response to insider trading, as they consistently lose money by transacting with better-informed insiders. The development of this adverse selection model of market making was treated as proof that insider trading imposes a real cost on securities markets by decreasing liquidity and increasing the corporate cost of capital and was used as a justification for regulation. This Article is a critical review of the adverse selection literature. It discusses the model’s theoretical development, its use in the regulation debates, a summary of the case law on the harm from insider trading to market makers, and empirical research on the link between insider trading and transaction costs. The adverse selection argument is criticized from both theoretical and empirical standpoints: there are limitations to the model due to required assumptions about the role and behavior of market makers’ inventories; different causal links among insider trading, firm size, quality of disclosure, stock price volatility, and the bid-ask spread are possible; the existing empirical studies may confuse various components of the spread; and information asymmetry may actually benefit market makers.I.I NTRODUCTIONA. Insider Trading ControversyThe issue of insider trading1 has never disappeared from academic and public policy debates during the past four decades,2 and this practice has _______________________________________________________ Copyright © 2004, Stanislav Dolgopolov.*Empire Education Corporation (Latham, NY) and the John M. Olin Center for Law and Economics at the University of Michigan Law School (Ann Arbor, MI). The author thanks Henry G. Manne for suggesting the topic and for his guidance and Faith A. Takes for her encouragement. The author also gratefully acknowledges the valuable comments and help of Omri Ben-Shahar, Laura N. Beny, Laurence D. Connor, Vladislav Dolgopolov, Jon Garfinkel, Zohar Goshen, David R. Henderson,David Humphreville, Kjell Henry Knivsflå, Leonard P. Liggio, Edith Livermore, John Moore, John Papadopoulos, Paula Payton, David S. Ruder, Daniel F. Spulber, Michael Trebilcock, and Martin Young, as well as the Atlas Economic Research Foundation, the Earhart Foundation, and the John M. Olin Center for Law and Economics at the University of Michigan Law School.1“Insider trading” refers to transactions in company’s securities by corporate insiders (such as executives, directors, large shareholders, and outside persons with privileged access to corporate affairs) or their associates based on information originating(continued)84 CAPITAL UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [33:83 attracted a great deal of publicity and near-universal condemnation.3 Recently, and in the wake of the stock market decline and numerous corporate scandals, insider trading, treated as one of the chief symptoms of the business world’s corruption, once again captured public attention.4within the firm that would, once publicly disclosed, affect the prices of such securities. The definition of “informed trading” is broader than “insider trading” because the former also includes transactions on the basis of “market” or “outside” information, such as the knowledge of forthcoming market-wide or industry developments, competitors’ strategies and products, or upcoming takeovers by a third party. There are arguments for regulating the use of external information as well: “The traditional fairness and market integrity bases for regulating insider trading are still important to uphold when market information is involved.” Committee on Federal Regulation of Securities, Report of the Task Force on Regulation of Insider Trading, Part I: Regulation Under the Antifraud Provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 41 B US.L AW. 223, 229 (1985). Indeed, the use of such information is, in some instances, covered by federal securities regulations. See John F. Barry III, The Economics of Outside Information and Rule 10b-5, 129 U.P A.L.R EV. 1307, 1308-09 (1981).2See Paula J. Dalley, From Horse Trading to Insider Trading: The Historical Antecedents of the Insider Trading Debate, 39 W M.&M ARY L.R EV. 1289 (1998) (discussing earlier controversies pertaining to the duty to disclose in transactions between asymmetrically informed parties). One of the earliest, and unsuccessful, attempts to regulate insider trading on the federal level occurred after the 1912-13 congressional hearings before the Pujo Committee, which concluded that “[t]he scandalous practices of officers and directors in speculating upon inside and advance information as to the action of their corporations may be curtailed if not stopped.” H.R. R EP.N O.62-1593,at 115 (1913).3Insider trading is quite different from market manipulation, false disclosure, or direct expropriation of the company’s wealth by corporate insiders, and trading on asymmetric information is common in many other markets. Nevertheless, insider trading seems objectionable for many reasons. First, corporate employees as “agents” owe fiduciary duties to shareholders as their “principals.” Second, “unfairness” results from trading on information obtained as a byproduct of employment or privileged access to corporate affairs. Third, insider trading is objectionable because of the extent of managerial control over the production, disclosure, and access to inside information, which may give rise to arbitrary, costless, and non-transparent wealth transfers from outside investors to managers. Fourth, insider trading may lead to possible conflicts between maximizing insiders’ trading profits and maximizing the firm’s value. These concerns are very much unique to securities markets. See generally Victor Brudney, Insiders, Outsiders, and Informational Advantages Under the Federal Securities Laws, 93 H ARV.L.R EV. 322 (1979).4In fact, one empirical study posits that selling by corporate insiders after the expiration of lockup provisions was one of the most important immediate factors that led to the New Economy market burst. Eli Ofek & Matthew Richardson, DotCom Mania: The Rise and Fall of Internet Stock Prices, 58 J. F IN. 1113, 1131 (2003). While this study does(continued)2004] INSIDER TRADING AND THE BID-ASK SPREAD 85 Academic analysis has considered insider trading from the perspectives of such diverse disciplines as economics,5 ethics,6 feminist studies,7 and psychology.8 It has been hailed as a mechanism of enhancing stock price accuracy and an efficient compensation scheme for entrepreneurial services,9 a stimulus of producing information at a low cost,10 compensation for undiversified risk for controlling shareholders,11 a reward to blockholders for their monitoring activities,12 a device mitigating agency costs,13 and a mechanism of credible signaling to the market.14 not suggest that insider selling by itself led to the market crash, the implication is that, in many instances, the outside investors, not the insiders, largely absorbed the loss. See also Mark Gimein, You Bought. They Sold., F ORTUNE, Sept. 2, 2002, at 64 (documenting massive insider selling in such companies as Enron, Global Crossing, Tyco, and others before the sharp drop in their shares’ prices).5See generally H ENRY G.M ANNE,I NSIDER T RADING AND THE S TOCK M ARKET (1966); Javier Estrada, Insider Trading: Regulation, Securities Markets, and Welfare Under Risk Aversion, 35 Q.R EV.E CON.&F IN. 421 (1995); Norman S. Douglas, Insider Trading: The Case Against the “Victimless Crime” Hypothesis, F IN.R EV., May 1988, at 127.6See generally Gary Lawson, The Ethics of Insider Trading, 11H ARV.J.L.&P UB.P OL’Y 727 (1988); Ian B. Lee, Fairness and Insider Trading, 2002 C OLUM.B US.L.R EV. 119; Kim Lane Scheppele, “It’s Just Not Right”: The Ethics of Insider Trading, 56 L AW &C ONTEMP.P ROBS. 123 (1993).7See generally Theresa A. Gabaldon, Assumptions About Relationships Reflected in the Federal Securities Laws, 17 W IS.W OMEN’S L.J. 215 (2002); Judith G. Greenberg, Insider Trading and Family Values, 4 W M.&M ARY J.W OMEN &L. 303 (1998).8See generally John Dunkelberg & Debra Ragin Jessup, So Then Why Did You Do It?, 29 J. B US.E THICS 51 (2001); David E. Terpstra et al., The Influence of Personality and Demographic Variables on Ethical Decisions Related to Insider Trading, 127 J. P SYCHOL. 375 (1993).9See M ANNE, supra note 5, at 81-90, 131-58 (discussing the “smoothing” effect of insider trading on the stock price and arguing that insider trading constitutes efficient compensation for entrepreneurial services rendered to the corporation).10See David D. Haddock & Jonathan R. Macey, Regulation on Demand: A Private Interest Model, with an Application to Insider Trading Regulation, 30 J.L.&E CON. 311, 318 (1987) (arguing that “insiders are the low-cost suppliers of most of the [firm-specific] information that is useful to securities markets”).11See Harold Demsetz, Corporate Control, Insider Trading, and Rates of Return, 76 A M.E CON.R EV. (P APERS &P ROC.)313, 315 (1986).12See Stephen Thurber, The Insider Trading Compensation Contract as an Inducement to Monitoring by the Institutional Investor, 1 G EO.M ASON L.R EV. (n.s.) 119, 119 (1994).13See Dennis W. Carlton & Daniel R. Fischel, The Regulation of Insider Trading, 35 S TAN.L.R EV.857,870-71(1983)(discussing how insider trading may align the interests of shareholders and managers).86 CAPITAL UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [33:83 Insider trading has also been condemned on the grounds that it may reduce investor confidence in securities markets,15 create perverse incentives for management,16 constitute a misappropriation of information and wealth,17 interfere with timely disclosure and the flow of information inside firms,18 adversely affect the process of gathering and disseminating information by14See id. at 868 (discussing how insider trading “gives the firm an additional method of communicating and controlling information”).15See Lawrence M. Ausubel, Insider Trading in a Rational Expectations Economy, 80 A M.E CON.R EV. 1022, 1022-23 (1990) (asserting that insider trading deters potential investors from securities markets, as outsiders want to avoid dilution of their investment returns); Louis Loss, The Fiduciary Concept as Applied to Trading by Corporate “Insiders” in the United States, 33 M OD.L.R EV. 34, 36 (1970) (arguing that insider trading constitutes a “grievous insult to the market in the sense that the very preservation of any capital market depends on liquidity, which rests in turn on the investor’s confidence that current quotations accurately reflect the objective value of his investment”).16See Frank H. Easterbrook, Insider Trading, Secret Agents, Evidentiary Privileges, and the Production of Information, 1981 S UP.C T.R EV. 309, 332-33; David Ferber, The Case Against Insider Trading: A Response to Professor Manne, 23 V AND.L.R EV. 621, 623 (1970).17See A DOLF A.B ERLE J R.&G ARDINER C.M EANS,T HE M ODERN C ORPORATION AND P RIVATE P ROPERTY 326 (1932) (arguing that inside information “accordingly belongs in equity to the body of shareholders as a whole”); R OBERT C HARLES C LARK,C ORPORATE L AW 273-74 (1986) (arguing that “the amount of the value of new developments unilaterally appropriated by the insiders from the outsiders could be an enormous portion of the total”); James D. Cox, Insider Trading and Contracting: A Critical Response to the “Chicago School,” 1986 D UKE L.J. 628, 651 (pointing out that “a firm wishing to consider alternative dispositions of inside information [for profit] could rightly see that such uses must foreclose trading by its managers”).18See O LIVER E.W ILLIAMSON,C ORPORATE C ONTROL AND B USINESS B EHAVIOR:A N I NQUIRY INTO THE E FFECTS OF O RGANIZATION F ORM ON E NTERPRISE B EHAVIOR 95 (1970) (arguing that insider trading may lead to “information hoarding”); Robert J. Haft, The Effect of Insider Trading Rules on the Internal Efficiency of the Large Corporation, 80 M ICH.L. R EV. 1051, 1052 (1982).2004] INSIDER TRADING AND THE BID-ASK SPREAD 87 outsiders,19 provoke conflicts among groups of shareholders,20 and increase the corporate cost of capital.21B. New Argument for Regulating Insider TradingThe proponents of deregulating insider trading succeeded in attracting the attention of academia and government agencies to their economics-based methodology. As a result, the emphasis of the pro-regulators has shifted from the issue of fairness to the search for economic costs of insider trading.22_______________________________________________________ 19See Michael J. Fishman & Kathleen M. Hagerty, Insider Trading and the Efficiency of Stock Prices, 23 R AND J.E CON. 106, 107 (1992); Naveen Khanna, Why Both Insider Trading and Non-Mandatory Disclosures Should Be Prohibited, 18 M ANAGERIAL & D ECISION E CON. 667, 668 (1997).20See Oliver Kim, Disagreements Among Shareholders over a Firm’s Disclosure Policy, 48 J. F IN. 747, 748 (1993); Ernst Maug, Insider Trading Legislation and Corporate Governance, 46 E UR.E CON.R EV. 1569, 1570 (2002).21See David Easley et al., Is Information Risk a Determinant of Asset Returns?, 57 J. F IN. 2185, 2219 (2002); Morris Mendelson, The Economics of Insider Trading Reconsidered, 117 U. P A.L.R EV. 470, 477-78 (1969) (reviewing M ANNE,supra note 5).22Many works concentrate on managerial incentives and consider whether insider trading, on one extreme, constitutes non-transparent rents detrimental to the corporation or, on the other hand, an efficient form of compensation taken into account in determining the total reward package. See Carlton & Fischel, supra note 13,at 870-71; Ronald A. Dye, Inside Trading and Incentives, 57 J. B US. 295 (1984); Neelam Jain & Leonard J. Mirman, Real and Financial Effects of Insider Trading with Correlated Signals, 16 E CON.T HEORY 333, 340 (2000); Ranga Narayanan, Information Production, Insider Trading, and the Role of Managerial Compensation, F IN.R EV., Nov. 1999, at 119. The “pro-insider trading” literature posits that allowing managers to trade on inside information is likely to create beneficial incentives for them. See, e.g., M ANNE, supra note 5, at 138-39, 150 (inducing managers to pursue innovation and repeatedly generate “good news”); Carlton & Fischel, supra note 13, at 870-72 (encouraging managers to discover and develop valuable information, economize on compensation renegotiation costs, and signal their willingness to pursue risky projects favorable to diversified shareholders); Guochang Zhang, Regulated Managerial Insider Trading as a Mechanism to Facilitate Shareholder Control, 28 J. B US.F IN.&A CCT. 35, 36 (2001) (inducing managers to provide shareholders with accurate information). Their opponents contend that insider trading may create perverse incentives for managers. See, e.g., S TEPHEN M.B AINBRIDGE,C ORPORATION L AW AND E CONOMICS 593 (2002) (encouraging managers to publicize information prematurely); C LARK, supra note 17, at 273-74 (unilaterally altering managers’ compensation package agreements); Cox, supra note 17, at 651-52 (increasing managers’ tolerance of bad performance); Boyd Kimball Dyer, Economic Analysis, Insider Trading, and Game Markets, 1992 U TAH L.R EV. 1, 21-22 (encouraging managers to spread rumors and devote too much effort to gaining access to information for trading purposes); Easterbrook, supra note 16, at 332(continued)88 CAPITAL UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [33:83One such cost was pointed out by economists—and utilized by legal academics and regulatory agencies to justify the existence of regulation—when some works in market microstructure23 proposed that insider trading harms market liquidity due to its adverse effect on market makers—specialists or dealers that provide liquidity on an organized exchange or an over-the-counter (OTC) market.24 This was an attempt to satisfy the criterion advanced by Henry G. Manne: “Ultimately the complaint must be that some individuals are being harmed by allowing insider trading. It is not enough simply to say that insider trading is unfair. If it is unfair, it must be unfair to somebody.”25The argument is that insider trading increases the bid-ask spread—the difference between the market maker’s “sell” and “buy” prices26—thereby (encouraging managers to engage in excessively risky projects and increase stock price volatility); Haft, supra note 18, at 1054-55 (discouraging internal information-sharing); Roy A. Schotland, Unsafe at Any Price: A Reply to Manne, Insider Trading and the Stock Market, 53 V A.L.R EV. 1425, 1448-50 (1967) (encouraging managers to delay disclosure and engage in market manipulation). See also Darren T. Roulstone, The Relation Between Insider-Trading Restrictions and Executive Compensation, 41 J. A CCT.R ES. 525, 548-49 (2001) (offering empirical evidence suggesting that higher potential profits from legal insider trading are associated with lower explicit executive compensation).23Market microstructure, as a field of financial economics, studies trading rules and mechanisms, price discovery, and transaction costs. See generally M AUREEN O’H ARA, M ARKET M ICROSTRUCTURE T HEORY (1995);L ARRY H ARRIS,T RADING AND E XCHANGES: M ARKET M ICROSTRUCTURE FOR P RACTITIONERS (2003); D ANIEL F.S PULBER,M ARKET M ICROSTRUCTURE:I NTERMEDIARIES AND THE T HEORY OF THE F IRM (1999); Ananth Madhavan, Market Microstructure: A Survey, 3 J. F IN.M ARKETS 205 (2000); Hans R. Stoll, Market Microstructure, in 1A H ANDBOOK OF THE E CONOMICS OF F INANCE 553 (George Constantinides et al. eds., 2003).24See H ARRIS,supra note 23, at 286-91.25M ANNE, supra note 5, at 93.26The bid-ask spread as such does not constitute a “regrettable” friction for securities markets. Rather, it is a compensation for a very important economic service. One of the earliest works on market making noted that “the jobber’s turn [the spread] represents the price paid by the community for the invaluable privilege of close prices and a continuously free market for securities.” F.E. Steele, The ‘Middleman’ in Finance, 5 E CON. J. 424, 431 (1895). There are three basic measures of the bid-ask spread. See Roger D. Huang & Hans R. Stoll, Dealer Versus Auction Markets: A Paired Comparison of Execution Costs on NASDAQ and the NYSE, 41 J. F IN.E CON. 313, 322-28 (1996). See also Mitchell A. Peterson & David Fialkowski, Posted Versus Effective Spreads: Good Prices or Bad Quotes?, 35 J. F IN.E CON. 269 (1994) (discussing the magnitude of the difference between various spread measures). First, the quoted spread is the difference between the bid and ask prices quoted simultaneously. See Huang & Stoll, supra, at 322. Second, the effective spread is the difference between the actual bid and ask prices executed at the same(continued)2004] INSIDER TRADING AND THE BID-ASK SPREAD 89 increasing the costs of transacting. The importance of the spread is that it represents the “price for immediacy”27 and the “cost of trading and the illiquidity of a market.”28The adverse selection model analyzes interaction of a market maker with informed and uninformed traders.29 Because providers of liquidity, unable to distinguish among types of traders, are always “losing” on trades with better-informed counterparties,30 they must charge everyone a higher bid-ask spread to compensate for their losses31 and still enter into time, as many transactions occur inside the quoted spread. See id. at 324. Finally, the realized spread is the difference between the actual bid and ask prices for trades separated by a specified period of time, which represents a profit or loss of a liquidity provider in the course of transacting at the initial and subsequent prices. See id. at 326-27. In the presence of multiple market makers, the “best” bid-ask spread and quotes are also known as “inside” or “market.”27 HaroldThe Cost of Transacting, 82 Q.J.E CON.33,35-36. “Predictable Demsetz,immediacy . . . requires that costs be borne by persons who specialize in standing ready and waiting to trade with the incoming orders of those who demand immediate servicing of their orders. The bid-ask spread is the markup that is paid for [that] predictable immediacy.” Id. The role of market makers as providers of immediacy was recognized much earlier because without such intermediaries, “buyers desirous of buying at once, and sellers anxious for immediate realization, would have to make considerable sacrifices in the matter of price [and f]luctuations in prices would thus occur with greater frequency and greater violence, and the element of pure speculation and uncertainty . . . would be still further increased.” Steele, supra note 26, at 431. See also George J. Stigler, Public Regulation of the Securities Markets, 37 J. B US. 117, 129 n.16 (1964) (finding that the bid-ask spread represents the price paid for “(1) immediate availability of a buyer or seller; (2) the elimination of short run fluctuations in price”). The London “stock jobbers” in the late 18th – early 19th centuries were one of the first historical examples of specialized intermediaries continuously buying and selling securities to profit from the price differential. See S.R. Cope, The Stock Exchange Revisited: A New Look at the Market in Securities in London in the Eighteenth Century, 45 E CONOMICA 1, 5-8 (1978).28 Stoll,supra note 23, at 562.29Informed traders possess material nonpublic “inside” or “outside” information or enjoy superior abilities in data gathering and processing. In contrast, uninformed traders transact to consume or save, to readjust their portfolios, to act on “noise” and diverging expectations, and to make speculative bets. See M ANNE, supra note 5, at 84-86; Fischer Black, Noise, 41 J. F IN. 529 (1986).30See O’H ARA,supra note 23, at 54.31See id. A variant of the adverse selection model states that market makers also reduce market liquidity by decreasing the market depth—the amounts of shares offered by a market maker at his bid and ask prices—in order to limit their exposure to the risk of incurring losses while trading with better-informed persons. See infra notes 474-79 and accompanying text.90 CAPITAL UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [33:83 some “adverse” transactions.32 Furthermore, insider trading is said to impose a social loss: securities prices are discounted due to higher transaction costs,33 and some potential investors refrain from participating in such markets.34Thus, the case for regulating insider trading was alleged: “[Informed] trades can damage the dealer, perhaps fatally. That’s a valid reason for discouraging trading on so-called ‘inside’ information, quite apart from whether such trading entails misappropriation of corporate property or wire fraud.”35 Similarly, a leading legal academic has remarked that “the more that the law successfully prohibits the use of non-public information, the more that the market maker can (and will be forced by competitive pressure to) narrow the bid-ask spread.”36The adverse selection argument is not concerned with the “unfairness” of trading on inside information or with wealth transfers from uninformed to informed traders.37 Rather, it points out an economic cost of insider _______________________________________________________ (continued )32 See O’H ARA , supra note 23, at 54. In the context of market microstructure, an alternative meaning of “adverse selection” refers to the notion that limit orders tend to be executed at times when the market moves against them, leading to transactions that are unfavorable in light of the new market conditions. See David K. Whitcomb, Applied Market Microstructure , J. A PPLIED F IN ., Fall–Winter 2003, at 77, 78.33 See infra note 99 and accompanying text.34 See infra note 91 and accompanying text.35 Jack L. Treynor, Securities Law and Public Policy , F IN . A NALYSTS J., May–June 1994, at 10, 10.36 John C. Coffee, Jr., Is Selective Disclosure Now Lawful?, N.Y. L.J., July 31, 1997, at 5.37 The wealth redistribution argument states that trading on asymmetric information is a zero-sum game. But the fact of insider trading does not induce most individual transactions of outsiders with insiders. See Henry G. Manne, Insider Trading and the Law Professors , 23 V AND . L. R EV . 547, 551-53 (1970); Jack M. Whitney II, Section 10b-5: From Cady, Roberts to Texas Gulf: Matters of Disclosure , 21 B US . L AW . 193, 201-04 (1965). The U.S. Supreme Court reached a similar situation in Dirks v. SEC , 463 U.S. 646 (1983), which held that “in many cases there may be no clear causal connection between inside trading and outsiders’ losses. In one sense, as market values fluctuate and investors act on inevitably incomplete or incorrect information, there always are winners and losers.” Id . at 667 n.27. Even the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) officials admitted that “[w]ith respect to equities trading, it may well be true that public shareholders’ transactions would have taken place whether or not an insider was unlawfully in the market.” Thomas C. Newkirk & Melissa A. Robertson, Remarks at the Sixteenth International Symposium on Economic Crime (Sept. 19, 1998), available at /news/speech/speecharchive/1998/spch221.htm (last visited Jan. 11, 2005). However, even though an uninformed trader transacting directly with an insider in an impersonal market is unlikely to suffer a loss, compared to a hypothetical with no insider2004] INSIDER TRADING AND THE BID-ASK SPREAD 91 trading: a higher bid-ask spread and a corresponding decrease in market liquidity. A wealth of empirical evidence is cited in support of this theory. Yet the model does not attempt to describe a general equilibrium in securities markets. Indeed, the argument is quite elegant and simplified, as one would justly expect from an economic model.C. Article’s Scope of AnalysisThis Article reviews the adverse selection literature, discussing the development of the model and its utilization by the legal academics and the regulators; the analysis of assumptions concerning market makers’ inventories; comparative analysis of the specialist and dealer systems; detection of informed trading by market makers; the correlation and possible theoretical links among the spread, quality of disclosure, insider trading, rate of return, stock price volatility, trading volume, and firm size; the overall effect of information asymmetry on providers of liquidity; informed trading and market making in derivatives; the relevance of the adverse selection argument to the practices of “cream-skimming” and trading in otherwise identical circumstances, the fact of insider trading induces or preempts some other marginal transaction and thus causes a loss or deprives of a potential gain. See W ILLIAM K.S.W ANG &M ARK S TEINBERG,I NSIDER T RADING 62-105 (1996) (discussing the “Law of Conservation of Securities”); Henry G. Manne, In Defense of Insider Trading, H ARV.B US.R EV., Nov.–Dec. 1966, at 113, 114-15 (arguing that insider trading induces unfavorable transactions of short-term traders—not necessarily those who trade directly with insiders). It should be noted that long-term shareholders are rarely adversely affected by insider trading, as there is a lower chance that trading on private information would affect their trading pattern. See M ANNE, supra note 5, at 102, 107. But the same argument is still revived, maintaining that uninformed traders are always disadvantaged: “In bad times, this disadvantage can result in the uninformed trader’s portfolio holding too much of the stock; in good times, the trader’s portfolio has too little . . . . Holding many stocks cannot remove this effect because the uninformed do not know the proper weights of each asset to hold.” Easley et al., supra note 21, at 2218-19. However, the described harm comes not from insider trading, but from the lack of instantaneous disclosure of all material information, which is likely to be harmful to corporate operations. Insider trading is also likely to redistribute wealth among outsiders, benefiting some of them due to its effect on the market price and trading patterns. See M ANNE, supra note 5, at 93-110; W ANG & S TEINBERG, supra, at 64. Some argue that even abstaining from trading on inside information would yield abnormal profits. See Jesse M. Fried, Insider Abstention,113 Y ALE L.J.455, 463 n.29, 465 & nn.35-37 (2003) (citing various scholars supporting this point of view). However, others question the validity of this proposition and the magnitude of such profits. See id. at 466-67 (arguing that “the insider’s ability to abstain on nonpublic information indicating that a planned trade would be unfavorable merely compensates the insider for her inability to proceed with a trade after learning nonpublic information indicating that the planned trade would be favorable”).。
趋同认知的同义词语
趋同认知的同义词语Conformity bias is a cognitive bias where individuals tend to align their beliefs and behaviors with those of a group. This bias can be seen in social situations where people are influenced by the majority opinion, even if it goes against their own beliefs. 趋同认知是一种认知偏见，个体倾向于将其信念和行为与群体的一致。
这种偏见在社会情况下很常见，人们会受到大多数人的意见的影响，即使这些意见与自己的信念相悖。
One of the reasons behind conformity bias is the desire for social acceptance and approval. People often fear being rejected or ostracized by a group, so they conform to the group's beliefs and behaviors to fit in. 参与者追求社会认可和赞同是趋同认知的原因之一。
人们时常害怕被团体拒绝或排斥，因此他们会迎合团体的信念和行为，以融入其中。
Another factor that contributes to conformity bias is the fear of standing out or being different. The need to belong and be part of a group can lead individuals to suppress their own opinions and conform to the group mentality. 另一个导致趋同认知的因素是害怕脱颖而出或与众不同。
雅思阅读之常见抽象名词解释
雅思阅读之常见抽象名词解释
1.Concept：概念，指一个抽象的概念或想法。
2.phenomenon：现象，指某种可以观察到的事实或事件。
3.theory：理论，指一种解释或说明某种现象或事件的假设或体系。
4.paradigm：范式，指一种普遍的观念、方法或理解方式。
5.society：社会，指人类群体之间的相互作用和联系。
6.culture：文化，指一个社会或一个民族所具有的信仰、习惯、传统、艺术、价值观和物质成果的总和。
nguage：语言，指人类交流和表达思想的工具。
8.literature：文学，指用文字表达的虚构或非虚构作品，包括诗歌、小说、戏剧、散文等。
9.psychology：心理学，指研究人类心理活动和行为的科学。
10.biology：生物学，指研究生物体及其生命过程的科学。
11.chemistry：化学，指研究物质的组成、结构、性质和变化的科学。
12.physics：物理，指研究物质、能量、空间和时间等物理现象的科学。
13.math：数学，指研究数量、结构、空间和变化等抽象概念的科学。
这些抽象名词在雅思阅读中可能会出现，需要考生有一定的了解和掌握，以便更好地理解文章内容。
易被误解的商务英语词汇
易被误解的商务英语词汇导语：在准备商务英语口试中，很多词汇的意思常常被误解，下面就了四大最经常被误解的词汇，希望可以帮助到大家。
It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system. Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.世界各国又恢复浮动汇率就缺乏为奇了。
各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。
Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an overseas importer under an exclusive sales agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary panies abroad.统保单对出口贸易至关重要。
它实际上是货物保险中的一种便利的方法，特别适合于分不同的时间出口的一批类似货物，如，当被保险方根据独家代理协议书向国外的进口方供货，或在国外委任了销售代表，设立分支机构时。
注解：floating在上述两个句中的意思完全不一样。
floating exchange rate 意为“浮动汇率”，即可自由浮动，完全受市场力量决定的汇率制度。
而 floating policy 那么指用以承保多批次货运的一种持续性长期保险凭证，常译为“统保单”。
【最新2019】雅思阅读精选：超越货物与人的通货膨胀-优秀word范文 (1页)
【最新2019】雅思阅读精选：超越货物与人的通货膨胀-优秀word范文本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==雅思阅读精选：超越货物与人的通货膨胀雅思全新推出每日雅思阅读精选栏目，我们将为大家精心挑选国外网站上的优秀文章供考生们进行阅读练习，帮助大家提高雅思阅读水平，每天读几篇文章，每天有一点提高，相信不久之后，雅思阅读考试将不再是困扰考生们的难题。
推荐阅读方法：首先快速阅读全文，掌握文章大意，提高阅读速度;再进行精读训练，学习其中的词汇和语言的用法。
201X年6月6日雅思阅读精选：From ： TheEconomics , Jun 5 th 201XInflationBeyond goods and peopleTHE datasphere is bursting with inflation indexes . The Bureau of Labour Statistics provides consumer and producer prices while the Bureau of Economic Analysis gives us all manner of deflators . There are headline and core series . One can look at price indexes for personal consumption expenditures , core PCE , market - based PCE , and core market - based PCE . There are chained indexes . The Cleveland Fed computes up median and 16% trimmed - mean CPI .These different indexes provide a check on each other , and are often good at highlighting particular sorts of trends in the data . And new research by economists at the New York Fed suggests another way of chopping up inflation figures that looks especially informative . As it turns out , goods prices and services prices tend to behave very differently , with important implications for macroeconomic policy .。
Gre填空词汇：相同对差异
相同类词汇 common 共同的 resemblance 类同 similarity 类似 agree 同意 similar 类似的 routine 常规 counterpart 对等的 parallel 类似的 coherent 连贯的 mediocre 普通的 proportion 均衡 equilibrium 平衡 homogeneity 同种 indistinguishable 不能区别的 consensus ⼀致同意 commonplace 平凡的 agreement ⼀致的 assimilate 吸收同化 analogous 类似的 comparable 类似的 unify 统⼀的 same 相同的 traditional 传统的 conventional 习俗惯例的 simultaneously 同时的 integration 整合 uniform 统⼀的 差异类词汇 diverse 多样的，不同的，多变的 contrast 对⽐ variation 变化 difference 不同 inconsistent 不相⼀致的 anomalous 不规则的 alternate 替换的 unique 独⼀⽆⼆的 individual 单独的 various 多样的 anomaly 异常的 absurd 荒谬的 various 不同的 divergent 分歧的 disagreement 不同意的 original 独创性 discernible 可辨别的，差异的 specialization 专业化 revolutionary *性的 variety 多样性 practice 惯例 irrelevant 不相关的 dissimilar 不同的 disagree 不同意 controversial 可争论的 thoughtful 有思想的。
英语替换词
分享∙刘格尔∙∙刘格尔的分享∙∙当前分享返回分享首页»分享英文写作第一反应词替换表来源：刘晓燕的日志作文要想得高分，用词多变是关键。
以下是一些作文中的常用替换词，仅供大家参考：through－>in term of/viaoperate－>manipulateoffspring－>descendantinevitable－indispensabledetail－>specificexplain－>interpretobvious－>conspicuoushurt－>vulnerableuse－>employ/utilizevalue－>meritprovide－>lend－>offertrue－>accurateleading to－>contribute to/ conduce to/result in more and more－>increasing/growinghardly－>merely－>barelywell-known－>outstandinglarge－>miraculous/marvelousalthough－>albeit/notwithstandingin fact－>actually/virtuallywant－>intend to/tend to/be inclined to because－>in thatmay be－>probablyto sum－>to summarize/in conclusionexplain－>interpret/illustratechange－>alterchance－>alternativecustom－>convention/traditionthink－>contemplate/muse/meditate/retrospect arouse－>ignite/stimulate/spur/motivatelimit－>stress/hinder/hamperkey－>crucial/vital/consequentialold－>ancientemphasis－>accentuatedevote to－>dedicate tocharacter－>trait/individuality/idiosyncrasy/personality expect－>anticipatejoin－>participatedelegate－>representativebias－>prejudice/discriminate/tendencythrive－>palmy/flourishing/prosperityclash－>conflict/collision/rencounterpublicize－>propagandizeagree partly－>agree with reserveproper－>appositewant to－>desirebig city－>metropolislawmaking－>legislationfirst－>primarilybut－>nonetheless/neverthelesschild－>juvenileabsorb－>assimilatehand in－>renderundermine－>sap/enervate/debilitateget into chaos－>with chaos ensuingkey－>pivot/cruxsway－>vacillatefanatic patriotism－>jingoism/chauvinism persusive－>thorough/sound/specific/convincing consider－>take into accountvague－>gratuitous/unwarranted/oversimplified。
剑桥雅思14同义替换整理
剑桥雅思14同义替换整理《剑桥雅思14》同义替换整理《剑桥雅思14》是雅思考试备考的权威参考资料之一，其中包含了丰富的同义替换词汇。
了解和掌握同义替换词汇对于雅思考试中的阅读、写作和听力部分都非常重要。
下面是一些《剑桥雅思14》中常见的同义替换整理，希望对备考的同学们有所帮助:1. People & Individuals例: populace, masses, citizens, the public, society2. Problems & Issues例: predicament, dilemma, quandary, obstacle, challenge3. Advantages & Benefits例: perks, merits, boons, gains, assets4. Disadvantages & Drawbacks例: pitfalls, shortcomings, downsides, setbacks, flaws5. Causes & Reasons例: origins, factors, catalysts, motives, triggers6. Solutions & Remedies例: resolutions, fixes, alleviations, treatments, antidotes7. Important & Significant例: pivotal, vital, crucial, critical, paramount以上是一些常见的同义替换词汇，考生在备考时应该不断地积累和运用，加强词汇的应用能力。
通过理解和掌握这些同义替换词汇，考生可以更全面地理解阅读材料，提高写作和听力的表达能力。
希望考生们都能在备考中取得优异的成绩。
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Homography:
Estimation of the parameters of the homography • Montecarlo approach to initialize using a robust cost function. • Contours overlapping. • Levenberg-Marquardt to optimize using a robust cost function
Low Texture Density Cost
Layout
Layout + DTAM Superpixels Superpixels + DTAM Varsha Hedau, Derek Hoiem, and David Forsyth. Recovering the spatial layout of cluttered rooms. ICCV 2009
Superpixels in low-textured areas
SUPERPIXELS SOLUTION
Homography:
Estimation of the parameters of the homography • Montecarlo approach to initialize using a robust cost function. • Contours overlapping. • Levenberg-Marquardt to optimize using a robust cost function
Superpixels in low-textured areas
PMVS SOLUTION High Texture Accuracy Density Cost Accuracy Low Texture Density Cost
PMVS
PMVS: Yasutaka Furukawa and Jean Ponce. Accurate, dense, and robust multiview stereopsis. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 32(8):13621376, 2010.
Superpixels in low-textured areas
SUPERPIXELS stimation of the parameters of the homography • Montecarlo approach to initialize using a robust cost function. • Contours overlapping. • Levenberg-Marquardt to optimize using a robust cost function
PTAM: Parallel Tracking and Mapping
High Texture Low Texture
Accuracy
PTAM
Density
Cost
Accuracy
Density
Cost
Keypoints: • Repetitive. • Accurate. • High color gradients.
DTAM: Dense Tracking and Mapping
High Texture Accuracy Density Cost Accuracy Low Texture Density Cost
DTAM
DTAM: Richard A Newcombe, Steven J Lovegrove, and Andrew J Davison. Dtam: Dense tracking and mapping in real-time. In Computer Vision (ICCV), 2011 IEEE International Conference on, pages 23202327. IEEE, 2011.
Klein, G., Murray, D., Parallel tracking and mapping for small ar workspaces. In Proc. of ISMAR 2007, pp. 225–234, 2007
PMVS: Patch-based Multi-View Stereo
Low Texture
Density Cost
DTAM: Richard A Newcombe, Steven J Lovegrove, and Andrew J Davison. Dtam: Dense tracking and mapping in real-time. In Computer Vision (ICCV), 2011 IEEE International Conference on, pages 23202327. IEEE, 2011.
Superpixels
High Texture Accuracy PTAM PMVS DTAM Density Cost Accuracy
Low Texture Density Cost
SLAM++
Layout Layout + DTAM Superpixels Superpixels + DTAM
High Texture Accuracy PMVS Density Cost Accuracy Low Texture Density Cost
PMVS: Yasutaka Furukawa and Jean Ponce. Accurate, dense, and robust multiview stereopsis. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 32(8):13621376, 2010.
SLAM++: SLAM at the level of objects
High Texture Low Texture
Accuracy
SLAM ++
Density
Cost
Accuracy
Density
Cost
SLAM++ : Renato F Salas-Moreno, Richard A Newcombe, Hauke Strasdat, Paul HJ Kelly, and Andrew J Davison. Slam++: Simultaneous localisation and mapping at the level of objects. In CVPR, 2013.
Incorporating Manhattan and Piecewise Planar Priors in RGB Monocular SLAM
Javier Civera Work done jointly with Alejo Concha, Wajahat Hussain and Luis Montano
Superpixels in low-textured areas
SUPERPIXELS SOLUTION
Homography:
Estimation of the parameters of the homography • Montecarlo approach to initialize using a robust cost function. • Contours overlapping. • Levenberg-Marquardt to optimize using a robust cost function
Superpixels in low-textured areas
SUPERPIXELS SOLUTION High Texture Accuracy Superpixels Density Cost Accuracy Low Texture Density Cost
Alejo Concha and Javier Civera. Using Superpixels in Monocular SLAM. ICRA 2014
Layout understanding
High Texture Low Texture
Accuracy
Layout
Density
Cost
Accuracy
Density
Cost
High Texture Accuracy PTAM PMVS DTAM SLAM++ Density Cost Accuracy
Superpixels/Layout in low-textured areas
• State-of-the-art methods are limited in large untextured areas. • We propose to use mid-level features (superpixels) and high-level features (layout) to overcome such limitations. • The only assumption is a priori over some areas to be planar. • Our results show that the median error is reduced in a factor 5x.
Video (input)
PMVS
DTAM
Superpixels
PMVS + Superpixels
DTAM + Superpixels
Superpixels in low-textured areas