it和that和what

“that”在英文中是一个使用频率很高的单词。

它有四种词性，并且句法及语法功能纷繁复杂。

同学们如果不能熟练掌握其用法，很可能会形成英语学习的一种障碍，从而影响其学习兴趣和效率。

现将that的用法总结归纳如下：
第一、that 用作形容词（后接复数名词时用those）。

它用来指已被提到的人或物；也可表对比，指两个中较远的那个。

What about that book you borrowed from me last month？
请注意，that 有时候在句子中具有喜欢或轻蔑等感情色彩。

that little son of his 他那个小宝贝儿子
That George！乔治那家伙！（含有轻蔑语气）
第二、that 用作代词。

1. that 用作指示代词（复数形式是those），其指代意义同形容词用法，同时它还可以用作定语从句中的先行词；还可为了避免重复，代替前述名词。

That is what he told me.
What is that (which) you have got in your hand?
The price of rice is higher than that of flour.
2. that 用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句。

先行词可人可物，用法相当于who或which。

（但是在下列情况下多用that：先行词既有人又有物时；先行词有形容词最高级、序数词、不定代词、very，only等修饰时；先行词是不定代词时）He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
I think it one of the most wonderful films that the film company has ever produced.
She has little information that is useful for our research.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
请注意，that 在定语从句中作宾语时通常可省略。

The books (that) I sent you will help you in your studies.
第三、that 用作连词，引导名词性从句,状语从句和强调句。

1. that名词性从句。

①引导宾语从句。

及物动词后的引导词that可省略。

I didn't expect (that) he could win the championship.
The teacher pointed out that Tom was not working hard enough.
②引导主语从句。

通常采用it作形式主语的句型。

That the earth goes around the sun is known to everyone.
（It is known to everyone that the earth goes around the sun.）
③引导表语从句。

The trouble is that we are short of money.
④引导同位语从句。

引导同位语从句的that和引导定语从句的that是不同的。

前者只起语法作用，在从句中不作任何成分；而后者在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。

举例说明：
The news that he resigned from office surprised us.
The idea that he holds is very common nowadays on campus.
2. that引导状语从句
①引导目的状语从句。

Bring it nearer that I may see it better.
②引导结果状语从句。

What have I done that he should be so angry with me?
③引导原因状语从句。

I am afraid that I will fail in the driving test.
④引导让步状语从句。

意为“虽然、尽管”。

Difficult that/as the task was, they managed to accomplish it on time.
⑤引导条件状语从句。

意为“假使、假设”。

Supposing that you were in my position, what would you do?
On condition that you were lost in the desert, you should ask for help as soon as possible.
3. 引导强调句。

It is Mrs. White that makes the decision in her family, not her meek little husband.
It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.
第四、that用作副词。

1. that用作普通副词。

I was that/so angry I could have hit him.
2. that用作关系副词。

引导定语从句，可以代替when，where，why或in which，常可省略。

I will never forget the evening (that) / when we went to the theatre.
The house (that)/where I used to live has been knocked down.
第五，与that 有关的常见重要短语。

1. in that，意为“既然、因为”。

Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us correct our mistakes.
2. now that，意为“既然、由于”。

Now that they have taken matters into their hands, the pace of events has quickened.
3. see (to it) that，意为“注意、务必做到、保证”。

We will see to it that she gets home early.
See to it that you are not late again.
4. seeing that，意为“鉴于、由于”。

Seeing that it is 8 o'clock, we'll wait no longer.
Seeing that he was busy with his work, I didn't disturb him.
以上是that主要用法的概述，希望能对大家有所帮助。

当然，that还有其他的一些用法，需要我们在学习的过程中不断地积累和总结。

一It作人称代词，可用来代替人、物或事, 东西、动物、婴儿和未确定身份的人。

—Who is knocking at the door?—It's me谁在敲门？是我。

The baby cried because it is hungry. 婴儿哭了, 因为他/她饿了.
The ant is not gathering this food for itself alone. It has two stomachs in its body.蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。

它的身体里有两个胃。

When service is interrupted, as it was by last night's storm, John has to inform the
public what the company is doing about the problem.每当供电中断时，就像昨夜因暴风雨而造成的那样，约翰就必须通知大家，公司为解决这个问题正在做些什么。

二、作非人称代词，表示时间、天气、季节、距离、环境等。

It is tea time. Mrs Tuner goes into the kitchen.到了喝茶的时间了，特纳夫人走进了厨房。

It was winter. it was ten degree below zero.现在是冬天，气温是零下10度。

It is only half an hour walk to the tall tower. 只有半小时的路程就可以到达高塔了。

It will be lovely in the park today.今天公园里一定很好玩。

三、作先行词。

1.作形式主语。

英语中不定式、动名词、主语从句在作主语时主语往往显得很长，使整个句子看上去有点头重脚轻，这样就借助“it”来作形式上的主语，而把真正的主语移到句子后边去，使全句看上去平稳一些。

“it”没有实际的意义。

It is fun for her to study, but it is difficult to study and work at the same time.对于她来说学习是有趣的，可是要边工作边学习对她来说是困难的。

It is necessary for them to get an electrician to do the work for them.对他们来说请一位电工来为他们做这项工作是必要的。

It will be no good learning without practice. 学习而不实践是不好的。

It is no use talking to him about it.和他谈这事没用。

It is possible that they're finished the bridge.他们完成这座桥是可能的。

It is important that we should learn from each other and help each other.我们应当互相学习，互相帮助，这是很重要的。

2.作形式宾语。

这种情况通常只用于能带以名词或形容词作宾语补语的动词后面。

In the 1870's, when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the
situation in Russia, so he began to learn Russian.在19世纪70年代，马克思已经五十几岁了，他觉得研究俄国的形势很重要，便开始学习俄语。

This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry to develop very quickly.这就使得工农业必须飞速发展。

四、构成强调句型。

为了强调句子的某一成分，把引导词“it”用在句首，这种强调句的结构是“It is （was ）＋所强调的成分（主语、宾语、状语）＋that…”，表达的意思为“是…，正是…，就是…”。

“it ”在这种句型中本身没什么实际意义。

My temperature! It's my back that hurts.我的体温！是我的背痛。

It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes. 决不只有盲人才犯这样愚蠢的错误。

这里需要说明的是：如被强调的是人，则后面用who或that，如被强调的是物或其他情况，则用that。

It was yesterday that I met Bob in your room. 我就是昨天在你的房间遇见鲍勃的。

It was in your room that I met Bob yesterday. 我就是在你的房间昨天遇见鲍勃的。

It was Bob that I met in your room yesterday. 昨天我在你房间遇见的就是鲍勃。

It was because of bad weather ________ the football match had to be put off.
A. so
B. so that
C. why
D. that (Key: D)
I like __it______ in the autumn when the water is clear and bright.
A. this
B. that
C. it
D. one
1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?
A.that
B.while
C.in which
D.then (88)
2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day?
A.this
B.that
C.it
D.he (89)
3.I don’t think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.
A.this
B.that
C.its
D.it (91)
4.Does ______ matter if he can’t finish the job on time?
A.this
B.that
C.he
D.it (91)
5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.
A.when , that
B.until , that
C.until , that
D.when , then (92)
6.I was disappointed with the film . I had expected ______ to be much better.
A.that
B.this
C.one
D.it (93)
7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.
A.while
B.which
C.that
D.since (94)
8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A.There
B.This
C.That
D.It (95)
9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.
A.until
B.that
C.then
D.so (97)
10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.
A.it
B.that
C.these
D.them
(98)
11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A.one
B.that
C.what
D.it (2000) KEYS: 1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA 11 B
It 和There be 的用法
It was nearly midnight when she came back.
It was already 8 o’clock when he came back.
It was noise when he got to the classroom.
It was another year before he come here.
It is long (not long)before he comes back.
It is a long time since I met you last.
It has been a long time since I met you last.
It was a long time since I had met you last.
It is the first time(that) I have been here.
It was the first time(that) I had visited the place.
It is (high)time (that) he went to school
It is the town where I was born.
It was in the town that I was born.
It is important that we (should) learn it well.
(necessary, impossible, ….)
It is clear that he won’t come today.
It is a pity that you can’t go with us.
It is a wonder that he refused such a good offer.
It was 3 years ago that he joined the army.
It is Li Ping who is in the classroom now.
It was yesterday that I saw him in the street.
It was in the street that I saw him yesterday.
It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.
It is said that he will come tomorrow.
It seems that he knew all about it.
It seemed that he had known all about it.
It looks as if he had known all about it already.
It is warmer today than the day before yesterday.
It is no use (good)arguing with you about it.
It is a waste of time talking to you.
It is very unwise quarreling with him
It is not settle whether I am going to American.
It makes no difference whether I will go there.
It doesn’t matter whether he will come or not.
It doesn’t matter if ( that) he will come with you
It is important (for sb) to do sth(ne cessary…)
It is time (for sb) to do sth.
It is easy (for sb) to do sth ( difficult, hard….)
It took my three hours to do this.
It’s better to finish it on time.
It would be better to do sth.
It was very kind of her to help me with my English.
It is wise of you to take his advice.
(selfish, unfair, silly, stupid, polite,careless,,,)
It is a long way……
(there is a long way to go…)
It‘s about a night’s journey to the place by train.
He found it important to study well
We thought it impossible to finish it in one day..
There is something wrong with…..
There is no doubt that ( of )…….
There is no need to do (for)……
There is no hurry about……
There is no(some) difficult(trouble)in…..
There is no help for…….
There is no difference between…
There is no lack of……
Ther e is no possibility that (of)….
There is no room for………
There is no sense in…..
There is no sign of……
There is no probability that(of)….
There is no saying that……
There is no reason why….
There is nothing better than to do
There is a chance that (of)….
The re is a possibility that(of)….
There is a hope of……
There seems to be
There used to
There was a time when….
(1)...check the prices before you decide whether to buy one.在你决定是否买一个(漂亮的)容器之前,要去了解一下价格.
(2)It's easier to catch a sleeping lion than one that's awake.抓住一只在睡觉的狮子比抓住一只不在睡觉的狮子更容易.
这两句中的one在句中作代词,都表示泛指中的强调.第一句中的one替代a tank.第二句中的one替代a lion.再请看2002年高考英语试题第35题:
Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,_______I will always treasure.
A.that
B.one
C.it
D.what
析:本题主要测试了替代词one在句中的用法.本句意为"这么多年以后,再次见到我的叔叔是一个令人难忘的时刻,一个我将永远铭记在心的时刻."由此可知,选择部分替代的是前面的一个名词moment(时刻).分析句子结构,如将本句视为非限制性定语从句,必须选用关系代词which,不可用that;如视为并列分句,句中必须有并列连词and连接.故首先排除选项A、C.而选项D意义不成立.故答案应选B.
在英语句式中,为了避免重复,使得语言简练,我们常常使用一些代词,如one, it, that等来替代前面所提到的人或事物.它是近几年高考的测试重点之一.下面将这些代词的用法分析如下:
一、one作代词的用法
1.one替代由可数名词所表示的一类人或事物中的任何一个,即泛指中的强调.这时,替代词one前面不可加任何限定词.例如:
1)I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one.(NMET'95)
2)A color TV set made in Japan costs more than one made in China.
3)-Who can lend me a Chinese-English dictionary?
-I have one.
2.one用来替代特指的同一类人或事物的可数名词时,其前面必须加上限定词(如a,the, this, that等)、物主代词或形容词加以修饰.例如:
1)If you don't like this blue coat, you can buy a black one.
2)I don't want the book on the shelf, I want this one on the desk.
3)Your old bike is white, while my old one is black.
3.one在定语从句中作先行词替代特指的同一类人或事物时,其前面必须用定冠词the限定,但不可用that替换.如果先行词为"one of...",其关系代词在定语从句中作主语,从句中的谓语动词常用复数形式.例如:
1)This farm is the one that we visited last summer.(句中the one代替this farm,作先行词,不可用that替代)
2)This is one of the highest buildings that have been built in our city recently.
3)Zhang Lei is the very one of the students who has been praised at the meeting.
4.one的复数形式为ones,作替代词时,只可替代同一类人或事物的复数名词,其前面必须有限定词,如the, some, all 等修饰.但不能用数词或many修饰.例如:
1)Mr. Zhang gave the textbooks to the pupils except the ones who had already taken them.(句中the ones可用those替代)(MET92)
2)I don't want to buy these small pears; I want some large ones.
3)She wants to buy some new clothes and throw away all her old ones.
5.one在句中不可替代不可数名词.在句中如果出现了同一个不可数名词时,则需要重复前一个名词,或者省略那个名词.例如:
1)I prefer black coffee to white (coffee) .(white coffee中的coffee可省略也可不省,但不可用one替代coffee)
2)Folk music is the music that I like most.(不可用the one替代the music)
二、it作替代词的用法
1.it用来替代前面提到的同一事物时,被替代的名词可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词.例如:
1)We are studying in a school with trees all around it.(it替代可数名词school)
2)-Have you still kept your old furniture?
-No,I have sold it.(it替代不可数名词furniture)
2.it可以替代英语句式中的不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句,在句中作形式主语或形式宾语.例如:
1)It is a great surprise to meet you here.(It替代不定式短语to meet you here)
2)I think it is no good parents doing anything for their children.(it替代动名词的复合结构parents doing anything for短语)
3)We found it impossible that they could complete the task in two hours.(it替代that they could...从句)
3.it可以替代前面的某一名词或整个句子的内容.这时,可用that替换,也可以改为非限制性定语从句.有时it可以前置替代,用以代替后面整个句子的内容.这时,不可用that替换.例如:
1)He said he had never met her,and it is not true.(it替代前面整个句子He said...)
2)I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.(it代替后面整个句子when people talk with...)(NMET'98)
三、that作替代词的用法
1.that用来替代前面提到的特指的事物,所代替的名词可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词.代替可数名词可以用the one替换.但其前面不可用任何限定词修饰.例如:
1)The population of China is larger than that of Japan.(that代替不可数名词population,不可用the one替换)
2)The headteacher in your class is younger and more active than that in theirs.(that代替可数名词headteacher,可用the one替换)
2.that在并列分句中,可以替代前面某一个名词或整个句子内容,这时,可用it替换,也可改为非限制性定语从句.例如:
1)She heard a terrible noise,and that brought her heart into her mouth.(that替代前面的名词noise)
2)They said they had discussed the problem,and that (=it) was impossible.(that替代前面整个并列分句They said...)
3.that在定语从句中,可作关系代词,代替某个先行词(人或物).例如:
1)The lady that came to our class is from Australia.(that指代先行词lady)
2)A clock is a machine that tells people the time.(that指代先行词machine)
4.that的复数形式为those,只可替代可数名词复数,在句中相当于the ones.例如:
1)The nights there in summer are shorter than those in winter.(those替代nights,可用the ones替换)
2)The students who do best in the exam are not always those with the best brains.(those替代students,可用the ones替换)
一、what用作关系代词，引导名词性从句，表示“the thing that...”
1．引导主语从句
What surprised me most was his way of speaking. （what 作从句的主语）
最让我吃惊的是他的说话方式。

What I’m afraid of is that they’ll take him to Boston. （what 作从句的宾语）
让我害怕的是他们要带他去波士顿。

『典型考例』
______ makes the shop different is that it offers more personal services. (2006 辽宁)
A. What
B. Who
C. Whatever
D. Whoever
[解析]答案A。

此题考查what 引导的主语从句，且what 作从句的主语。

句意：使该商店与众不同的是它提供私人服务。

2．引导宾语从句
I can’t do what you ask me to do. （what 作从句中动词的宾语）
我不能做你要我做的事。

Our hometown is much different from what it was ten years ago. (what作句中介词的宾语)
我的家乡与十年前的大不一样了。

『典型考例』
—What did your parents think about your decision?
—They always let me do ______ I think I should.
(2006全国卷II)
A. when
B. that
C. how
D. what
[解析]答案D。

此题考查what引导的宾语从句，作动词的宾语，且what在宾语从句中作宾语。

3．引导表语从句
She is no longer what she used to be. （what作从句的表语）
她不再是以前的她了。

『典型考例』
See the flags on top of the building? That was ______ we did this morning. （2006全国卷I）
A. when
B. which
C. where
D. what
[解析]答案D。

此题考查what引导的表语从句，what在从句中作宾语。

Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, ______ it was so poorly equipped. （2005安徽）
A. what; when
B. that; which
C. what; which
D. which; that
[解析]答案A。

第一个空考查what引导的表语从句，且what在从句中作表语，第二个空考查when引导的非限定性定语从句，when在从句中作时间状语。

4．引导同位语从句
He has no idea what remarkable woman Maggie is. 他不知道玛吉是个多么出色的女人。

『典型考例』
Do you have any idea ______ is actually going on in the classroom? (2005辽宁)
A. that
B. what
C. as
D. which
[解析]答案B。

此题考查what引导的同位语从句，且what 在从句中作主语。

二、 what用作关系形容词，意为：“所……的全部，任何的”，与little, few连用时，其含义多为“虽然少，但把所有的都……”。

Don’t worry. I’ll give you what help (any help that / as much help as) I can. 不要担忧，我一定尽我所能帮你。

I gave him what books (any books that) I had.我把我所有的书全给他了.
What little he said on the subject was full of wisdom. 他对这个问题的寥寥数语充满了智慧。

What few friends I have here have been very kind to me. 这里我仅有的几个朋友都对我很好。

三、 what用作疑问形容词，引导感叹句，此时注意和how 引导的感叹句的区别，其固定句式为：what + adj. + n. + 主语＋谓语 / how + adj. / adv. + 主语＋谓语。

What fine weather we are having today! 今天天气多好啊！
What a pity you can’t go! 真遗憾你不能去！
You can’t imagine how surprised I was! 你想象不出来我当时有多吃惊！
『典型考例』
I was surprised by her words, which made me recog?鄄nize ______ silly mistakes I had made. (2005湖南) A. what B. that
C. how
D. which
[解析]答案A。

此题考查what 引导的感叹句，符合感叹句的构成句式，what 引导的感叹句在句中作recognize的宾语。

______ role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar. (2002上海春招)
A. How interesting
B. How an interesting
C. What interesting
D. What an interesting
[解析]答案D。

因为play a role in...为一固定搭配，故选D。

四、 what用于表示比喻的一个特殊结构：A is to B what C is to D 意为“A对于B犹如C对于D一样”，A 和B是主体， C和D是喻体。

Parks are to the city what lungs are to the body. 公园对于都市犹如肺对于人体。

Virtue is to the soul what health is to the body. 美德对于心灵犹如健康对于身体。

五、 what 构成惯用插入语，其句型是：what is /was + adj. 的比较级，此结构中的what 泛指下文所讲的话，意为“而且，更……，尤为甚者”。

He is handsome, and what is more, very rich. 他人长的美，而且很富有。

Tom said nothing, and what is worse, laughed at us. 汤姆啥也没说，尤为甚者他还嘲笑我们。

由what构成的用作固定形式的惯用插入语常用的有：
What is better, what is more (important / interest?鄄ing...), what is news to sb., what is best of all, what we call, what is called.
六、 what 的强调形式为whatever, 相当于any?鄄thing that，意为“什么都，任何……的事或物”。

Take whatever magazine you want to read. 你可以取阅任何你想读的杂志。

Whatever reasons you may have, you should carry out a promise.无论你有什么理由，你都应当遵守诺言。

『典型考例』
The poor young man is ready to accept ______ help he can get. (2005全国卷II)
A. whichever
B. however
C. whatever
D. whenever
[解析]答案C。

此题考查whatever引导的从句作ac?鄄cept 的宾语。

The old tower must be saved, ______ the cost.
(2005浙江)
A. however
B. whatever
C. whichever
D. wherever
[解析]答案B。

此题考查whatever引导的让步状语从句，此处为省略句，whatever the cost is。

七、 what构成的固定搭配。

1. What for? 为何？为什么？
—I’ll go to Brazil next month.
—我下个月去巴西。

—What for?
—为什么？
2. So what? 那又怎样？
—Maybe he got angry.
—也许他生气了。

—So what? I don’t like him at all.
—那又怎样？我一点儿也不喜欢他。

3. What about...? 干……如何？怎么样？
What about going out for a drink? 出去喝点东西如何？
4. What if / though? 如果……怎么办？即使……又有什么关系？
What if aliens should invade the earth? 如果外星人侵略地球该怎么办？
What if he gets angry? 即使他生气了又有什么关系？
5. What do you think of ...?
一、only if
1. 在only if 这个短语中，副词only是中心词,而从属连接词if则只是用来连接从句的，因此，它表示“只有……(才)；
只有在……的时候，唯一的条件是……”的意思。

例如：
I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard. 我告诉他，只有努力才能成功。

2. only if 有时也写成only...if，表示唯一的条件，但是意思不变。

例如：
I will only come home if you come with me. （= I will come home only if you come with me.）只有你跟我一起走，我才
回家。

因此，根据上面的分析，课文中的句子我们也可以把它改成Yet they could get the blood only if one of the frightened children would agree to give it. 这样，句子就比较容易理解，意思也就十分清楚了：但是，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。

二、if only
1. 在if only这个短语中，中心词是从属连接词if, 而副词only只是加强if的语气的，因此，if only仅仅是if的一种
强化形式，不仅能表达说话人的愿望，而且能表达条件。

因此，它同if一样，也能引出条件状语从句。

If only they were here now, we would be able to celebrate their wedding anniversary.如果他们现在在这里，我们就能庆祝他们的结婚纪念日了。

2. if only常常用来表达强烈的愿望或遗憾，因此，主要用在虚拟语气中，用以表达强烈的愿望或非真实条件。

常被译
为“但愿”、“要是……该多好啊”等。

例如：
If only she could have lived a little longer. 要是她能活得再长一些，那该多好啊！
3. if only从句在大多数情况下用作虚拟条件句，但是偶尔也有用在真实条件句的情况。

例如：
He will succeed if only he does his best. 只要他竭尽全力，他就会成功。

4. if only有时也可以写成if... only。

例如：
If she would only come! 但愿他能来。