The UNIDROIT PICC2004-2010第三版-C-E-P63!!!

The UNIDROIT PICC－Principles 2010/2004 Editions
At its 90th session the Governing Council of UNIDROIT adopted the third edition of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“UNIDROIT Principles 2010”).The UNIDROIT Principles 2010 contain new provisions on restitution in case of failed contracts, illegality, conditions, and plurality of obligors and obligees,while with respect to the text of the 2004 edition the only significant changes made relate to the Comments to Article 1.4.
The new edition of the UNIDROIT Principles consists of 211 Articles(as opposed to the 120 Articles of the 1994 edition and the 185 Articles of the 2004 edition) structured as follows:
Ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ：
Preamble (unchanged);
Chapter 1: General provisions (unchanged);
Chapter 2, Section 1: Formation (unchanged), Section 2: Authority of agents (unchanged);
Chapter 3, Section 1: General provisions (containing former Articles 3.1 (amended), 3.2, 3.3 and 3.19 (amended)), Section 2: Ground for avoidance (containing former Articles 3.4 to 3.16, 3.17 (amended), 3.18 and 3.20, and a new Article 3.2.15), Section 3: Illegality (new);
Chapter 4: Interpretation (unchanged);
Chapter 5, Section 1: Content (unchanged), Section 2: Third Party Rights (unchanged), Section 3: Conditions (new);
Chapter 6, Section 1: Performance in general (unchanged),
Section 2: Hardship (unchanged);
Chapter 7, Section 1: Non-performance in general (unchanged),
Section 2: Right to performance (unchanged),
Section 3: Termination (containing former Articles 7.3.1 to 7.3.5, 7.3.6 (amended) and a new Article 7.3.7),
Section 4: Damages (unchanged);
Chapter 8: Set-off (unchanged);
Chapter 9, Section 1: Assignment of rights (unchanged),
Section 2: Transfer of obligations (unchanged),
Section 3: Assignment of contracts (unchanged);
Chapter 10: Limitation periods (unchanged);
Chapter 11, Section 1: Plurality of obligors (new),
Section 2: Plurality of obligees (new).
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UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INT’L COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS
PICC 2010
At its 90th session the Governing Council of UNIDROIT adopted the third edition of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“UNIDROIT Principles 2010”). The UNIDROIT Principles 2010 contain new provisions on restitution in case of failed contracts, illegality, conditions, and plurality of obligors and obligees, while with respect to the text of the 2004 edition the only significant changes made relate to the Comments to Article 1.4.
The new edition of the UNIDROIT Principles consists of 211 Articles (as opposed to the 120 Articles of the 1994 edition and the 185 Articles of the 2004 edition) structured as follows: Preamble (unchanged); Chapter 1: General provisions (unchanged); Chapter 2, Section 1: Formation (unchanged), Section 2: Authority of agents (unchanged); Chapter 3, Section 1: General provisions (containing former Articles 3.1 (amended), 3.2, 3.3 and 3.19 (amended)), Section 2: Ground for avoidance (containing former Articles 3.4 to 3.16, 3.17 (amended), 3.18 and 3.20, and a new Article 3.2.15), Section 3: Illegality (new); Chapter 4: Interpretation (unchanged); Chapter 5, Section 1: Content (unchanged), Section 2: Third Party Rights (unchanged), Section 3: Conditions (new); Chapter 6, Section 1: Performance in general (unchanged), Section 2: Hardship (unchanged); Chapter 7, Section 1:
Non-performance in general (unchanged), Section 2: Right to performance (unchanged), Section 3: Termination (containing former Articles 7.3.1 to 7.3.5, 7.3.6 (amended) and a new Article 7.3.7), Section 4: Damages (unchanged); Chapter 8: Set-off (unchanged); Chapter 9, Section 1: Assignment of rights (unchanged), Section 2: Transfer of obligations (unchanged), Section 3: Assignment of contracts (unchanged); Chapter 10: Limitation periods (unchanged); Chapter 11, Section 1: Plurality of obligors (new), Section 2: Plurality of obligees (new). Detailed Contents of the UNIDROIT PICC 2010：
PREAMBLE (Purpose of the Principles)
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1.1 (Freedom of contract)
Article 1.2 (No form required)
Article 1.3 (Binding character of contract)
Article 1.4 (Mandatory rules)
Article 1.5 (Exclusion or modification by the parties)
Article 1.6 (Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles)
Article 1.7 (Good faith and fair dealing)
Article 1.8 (Inconsistent behaviour)
Article 1.9 (Usages and practices)
Article 1.10 (Notice)
Article 1.11 (Definitions)
Article 1.12 (Computation of time set by parties)
CHAPTER 2: FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
Section 1: Formation
Article 2.1.1 (Manner of formation)
Article 2.1.2 (Definition of offer)
Article 2.1.3 (Withdrawal of offer)
Article 2.1.4 (Revocation of offer)
Article 2.1.5 (Rejection of offer)
Article 2.1.6 (Mode of acceptance)
Article 2.1.7 (Time of acceptance)
Article 2.1.8 (Acceptance within a fixed period of time)
Article 2.1.9 (Late acceptance. Delay in transmission)
Article 2.1.10 (Withdrawal of acceptance)
Article 2.1.11 (Modified acceptance)
Article 2.1.12 (Writings in confirmation)
Article 2.1.13 (Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form) Article 2.1.14 (Contract with terms deliberately left open)
Article 2.1.15 (Negotiations in bad faith)
Article 2.1.16 (Duty of confidentiality)
Article 2.1.17 (Merger clauses)
Article 2.1.18 (Modification in a particular form)
Article 2.1.19 (Contracting under standard terms)
Article 2.1.20 (Surprising terms)
Article 2.1.21 (Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms)
Article 2.1.22 (Battle of forms)
Section 2: Authority of agents
Article 2.2.1 (Scope of the Section)
Article 2.2.2 (Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent)
Article 2.2.3 (Agency disclosed)
Article 2.2.4 (Agency undisclosed)
Article 2.2.5 (Agent acting without or exceeding its authority)
Article 2.2.6 (Liability of agent acting without or exceeding its authority)
Article 2.2.7 (Conflict of interests)
Article 2.2.8 (Sub-agency)
Article 2.2.9 (Ratification)
Article 2.2.10 (Termination of authority)
CHAPTER 3: VALIDITY
Section 1: General provisions
Article 3.1.1 (Matters not covered)
Article 3.1.2 (Validity of mere agreement)
Article 3.1.3 (Initial impossibility)
Article 3.1.4 (Mandatory character of the provisions)
Section 2: Grounds for avoidance
Article 3.2.1 (Definition of mistake)
Article 3.2.2 (Relevant mistake)
Article 3.2.3 (Error in expression or transmission)
Article 3.2.4 (Remedies for non-performance)
Article 3.2.5 (Fraud)
Article 3.2.6 (Threat)
Article 3.2.7 (Gross disparity)
Article 3.2.8 (Third persons)
Article 3.2.9 (Confirmation)
Article 3.2.10 (Loss of right to avoid)
Article 3.2.11 (Notice of avoidance)
Article 3.2.12 (Time limits)
Article 3.2.13 (Partial avoidance)
Article 3.2.14 (Retroactive effect of avoidance)
Article 3.2.15 (Restitution)
Article 3.2.16 (Damages)
Article 3.2.17 (Unilateral declarations)
Section 3: Illegality
Article 3.3.1 (Contracts infringing mandatory rules)
Article 3.3.2 (Restitution)
CHAPTER 4: INTERPRETATION
Article 4.1 (Intention of the parties)
Article 4.2 (Interpretation of statements and other conduct)
Article 4.3 (Relevant circumstances)
Article 4.4 (Reference to contract or statement as a whole)
Article 4.5 (All terms to be given effect)
Article 4.6 (Contra proferentem rule)
Article 4.7 (Linguistic discrepancies)
Article 4.8 (Supplying an omitted term)
CHAPTER 5: CONTENT, THIRD PARTY RIGHTS AND CONDITIONS Section 1: Content
Article 5.1.1 (Express and implied obligations)
Article 5.1.2 (Implied obligations)
Article 5.1.3 (Co-operation between the parties)
Article 5.1.4 (Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts)
Article 5.1.5 (Determination of kind of duty involved)
Article 5.1.6 (Determination of quality of performance)
Article 5.1.7 (Price determination)
Article 5.1.8 (Contract for an indefinite period)
Article 5.1.9 (Release by agreement)
Section 2: Third party rights
Article 5.2.1 (Contracts in favour of third parties)
Article 5.2.2 (Third party identifiable)
Article 5.2.3 (Exclusion and limitation clauses)
Article 5.2.4 (Defences)
Article 5.2.5 (Revocation)
Article 5.2.6 (Renunciation)
Section 3: Conditions
Article 5.3.1 (Types of condition)
Article 5.3.2 (Effect of conditions)
Article 5.3.3 (Interference with conditions)
Article 5.3.4 (Duty to preserve rights)
Article 5.3.5 (Restitution in case of fulfilment of a resolutive condition) CHAPTER 6: PERFORMANCE
Section 1: Performance in general
Article 6.1.1 (Time of performance)
Article 6.1.2 (Performance at one time or in instalments)
Article 6.1.3 (Partial performance)
Article 6.1.4 (Order of performance)
Article 6.1.5 (Earlier performance)
Article 6.1.6 (Place of performance)
Article 6.1.7 (Payment by cheque or other instrument)
Article 6.1.8 (Payment by funds transfer)
Article 6.1.9 (Currency of payment)
Article 6.1.10 (Currency not expressed)
Article 6.1.11 (Costs of performance)
Article 6.1.12 (Imputation of payments)
Article 6.1.13 (Imputation of non-monetary obligations)
Article 6.1.14 (Application for public permission)
Article 6.1.15 (Procedure in applying for permission)
Article 6.1.16 (Permission neither granted nor refused)
Article 6.1.17 (Permission refused)
Section 2: Hardship
Article 6.2.1 (Contract to be observed)
Article 6.2.2 (Definition of hardship)
Article 6.2.3 (Effects of hardship)
CHAPTER 7: NON-PERFORMANCE
Section 1: Non-performance in general
Article 7.1.1 (Non-performance defined)
Article 7.1.2 (Interference by the other party)
Article 7.1.3 (Withholding performance)
Article 7.1.4 (Cure by non-performing party)
Article 7.1.5 (Additional period for performance)
Article 7.1.6 (Exemption clauses)
Article 7.1.7 (Force majeure)
Section 2: Right to performance
Article 7.2.1 (Performance of monetary obligation)
Article 7.2.2 (Performance of non-monetary obligation)
Article 7.2.3 (Repair and replacement of defective performance)
Article 7.2.4 (Judicial penalty)
Article 7.2.5 (Change of remedy)
Section 3: Termination
Article 7.3.1 (Right to terminate the contract)
Article 7.3.2 (Notice of termination)
Article 7.3.3 (Anticipatory non-performance)
Article 7.3.4 (Adequate assurance of due performance)
Article 7.3.5 (Effects of termination in general)
Article 7.3.6 (Restitution with respect to contracts to be performed at one time)
Article 7.3.7 (Restitution with respect to contracts to be performed over a period of time) Section 4: Damages
Article 7.4.1 (Right to damages)
Article 7.4.2 (Full compensation)
Article 7.4.3 (Certainty of harm)
Article 7.4.4 (Foreseeability of harm)
Article 7.4.5 (Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction)
Article 7.4.6 (Proof of harm by current price)
Article 7.4.7 (Harm due in part to aggrieved party)
Article 7.4.8 (Mitigation of harm)
Article 7.4.9 (Interest for failure to pay money)
Article 7.4.10 (Interest on damages)
Article 7.4.11 (Manner of monetary redress)
Article 7.4.12 (Currency in which to assess damages)
Article 7.4.13 (Agreed payment for non-performance)
CHAPTER 8: SET-OFF
Article 8.1 (Conditions of set-off)
Article 8.2 (Foreign currency set-off)
Article 8.3 (Set-off by notice)
Article 8.4 (Content of notice)
Article 8.5 (Effect of set-off)
CHAPTER 9: ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS,TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS, ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
Section 1: Assignment of rights
Article 9.1.1 (Definitions)
Article 9.1.2 (Exclusions)
Article 9.1.3 (Assignability of non-monetary rights)
Article 9.1.4 (Partial assignment)
Article 9.1.5 (Future rights)
Article 9.1.6 (Rights assigned without individual specification)
Article 9.1.7 (Agreement between assignor and assignee sufficient)
Article 9.1.8 (Obligor’s additional costs)
Article 9.1.9 (Non-assignment clauses)
Article 9.1.10 (Notice to the obligor)
Article 9.1.11 (Successive assignments)
Article 9.1.12 (Adequate proof of assignment)
Article 9.1.13 (Defences and rights of set-off)
Article 9.1.14 (Rights related to the right assigned)
Article 9.1.15 (Undertakings of the assignor)
Section 2: Transfer of obligations
Article 9.2.1 (Modes of transfer)
Article 9.2.2 (Exclusion)
Article 9.2.3 (Requirement of obligee’sconsent to transfer)
Article 9.2.4 (Advance consent of obligee)
Article 9.2.5 (Discharge of original obligor)
Article 9.2.6 (Third party performance)
Article 9.2.7 (Defences and rights of set-off)
Article 9.2.8 (Rights related to the obligation transferred)
Section 3: Assignment of contracts
Article 9.3.1 (Definitions)
Article 9.3.2 (Exclusion)
Article 9.3.3 (Requirement of consent of the other party)
Article 9.3.4 (Advance consent of the other party)
Article 9.3.5 (Discharge of the assignor)
Article 9.3.6 (Defences and rights of set-off)
Article 9.3.7 (Rights transferred with the contract)
CHAPTER 10: LIMITATION PERIODS
Article 10.1 (Scope of the Chapter)
Article 10.2 (Limitation periods)
Article 10.3 (Modification of limitation periods by the parties)
Article 10.4 (New limitation period by acknowledgement)
Article 10.5 (Suspension by judicial proceedings)
Article 10.6 (Suspension by arbitral proceedings)
Article 10.7 (Alternative dispute resolution)
Article 10.8 (Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity)
Article 10.9 (The effects of expiration of limitation period)
Article 10.10 (Right of set-off)
Article 10.11 (Restitution)
CHAPTER 11: PLURALITY OF OBLIGORS AND OF OBLIGEES
Section 1: Plurality of obligors
Article 11.1.1 (Definitions)
Article 11.1.2 (Presumption of joint and several obligations)
Article 11.1.3 (Obligee’s rights against joint and several obligors)
Article 11.1.4 (Availability of defences and rights of set-off)
Article 11.1.5 (Effect of performance and set-off)
Article 11.1.6 (Effect of release or settlement)
Article 11.1.7 (Effect of expiration or suspension of limitation period)
Article 11.1.8 (Effect of judgment)
Article 11.1.9 (Apportionment among joint and several obligors)
Article 11.1.10 (Extent of contributory claim)
Article 11.1.11 (Rights of the obligee)
Article 11.1.12 (Defences in contributory claims)
Article 11.1.13 (Inability to recover)
Section 2: Plurality of obligees
Article 11.2.1 (Definitions)
Article 11.2.2 (Effects of joint and several claims )
Article 11.2.3 (Availability of defences against joint and several obligees)
Article 11.2.4 (Allocation between joint and several obligees)
Preamble (Purpose of the Principles)
These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts.
They shall be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by them(*). They may be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by general principles of law, the lex mercatoria or the like.
They may be applied when the parties have not chosen any law to govern their contract.
They may be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments.
They may be used to interpret or supplement domestic law.
They may serve as a model for national and international legislators.
(*)Parties wishing to provide that their agreement be governed by the Principles might use the following words, adding any desired exceptions and modifications:
"This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles (2010) [except as to Articles ...]". Parties wishing to provide in addition for the application of the law of a particular jurisdiction might use the following g words:
"This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles (2010)[except as to Articles ...], supplemented when necessary by the law of [jurisdiction X]".
1.1 (Freedom of contract)
The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.
1.2 (No form required)
Nothing in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be made in or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses. UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INT’L COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 2004 国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则（2004）PREAMBLE 序言
(Purpose of the Principles) （通则的目的）
These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts.
通则旨在为国际商事合同制定一般规则。

They shall be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by them.
在当事人约定其合同受通则管辖时，应适用通则。

They may be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by general principles of law, the lex mercatoria or the like.
在当事人约定其合同受法律的一般原则、商人习惯法或类似措辞管辖时，可适用通则。

They may be applied when the parties have not chosen any law to govern their contract. 在当事人未选择任何法律管辖其合同时，可适用通则。

They may be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments.
通则可用于解释或补充国际统一法文件。

They may be used to interpret or supplement domestic law.
通则可用于解释或补充国内法。

They may serve as a model for national and international legislators.
通则也可作为国内和国际立法的范本。

CHAPTER 1 —GENERAL PROVISIONS 第一章总则
ARTICLE 1.1(Freedom of contract)
The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.
第1.1条（缔约自由）
当事人可自由订立合同并确定合同的内容。

ARTICLE 1.2(No form required)
Nothing in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be made in or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses. 第1.2条（无形式要求）
通则不要求合同、声明或其他任何行为必须以特定形式或以特定形式证明。

合同可通过包括证人在内的任何形式证明。

ARTICLE 1.3(Binding character of contract)
A contract validly entered into is binding upon the parties. It can only be modified or terminated in accordance with its terms or by agreement or as otherwise provided in these Principles.
第1.3条（合同的约束性）
有效订立的合同对当事人均具有约束力。

当事人仅能根据合同的条款，或通过协议，或根据通则的规定修改或终止合同。

ARTICLE 1.4(Mandatory rules)
第1.4条（强制性规则）
Nothing in these Principles shall restrict the application of mandatory rules, whether of national, international or supranational origin, which are applicable in accordance with the relevant rules of private international law.
通则的任何规定都不应限制根据国际私法有关规则导致的强制性规则的适用，且不论这些强制性规则是源于国内的、国际的还是超国家的。

ARTICLE 1.5(Exclusion or modification by the parties)
第1.5条（当事人的排除或修改）
The parties may exclude the application of these Principles or derogate from or vary the effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles.
除通则另有规定外，当事人可以排队通则的适用，或者减损或改变通则任何条款的效力。

ARTICLE 1.6(Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles)
第1.6条（通则的解释的补充）
(1) In the interpretation of these Principles, regard is to be had to their international character and to their purposes including the need to promote uniformity in their application.
（1）在解释通则时，应考虑通则的国际性及其目的，包括促进其统一适用的需要。

(2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in accordance with their underlying general principles.
（2）凡属于本通则范围内但又未被通则明确规定的问题，应尽可能地根据通则确定的一般基本原则来处理。

ARTICLE 1.7(Good faith and fair dealing)
第1.7条（诚实信用和公平交易）
(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade.
(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.
（1）在国际贸易中，每一方当事人应依据诚实信用和公平交易原则行事。

（2）当事人不能排除或限制此项义务。

ARTICLE 1.8(Inconsistent Behavior)
第1.8条（不一致行为）
A party cannot act inconsistently with an understanding it has caused the other party to have and upon which that other party reasonably has acted in reliance to its detriment. 如果一方当事人使得另一方当事人产生某种理解，且该应一方当事人信赖该理解合理行事，并对自己造成不利后果，则该方当事人不得以与该另一方当事人理解不一致的方式行事。

ARTICLE 1.9(Usages and practices)
第1.9条（惯例和习惯做法）
(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.
（1）当事人各方受其业已约定的任何惯例和其相互之间业已建立的任何习惯做法的约定。

(2) The parties are bound by a usage that is widely known to and regularly observed in international trade by parties in the particular trade concerned except where the application of such a usage would be unreasonable.
（2）在特定的有关贸易中的合同当事人，应受国际贸易中广泛知悉并惯常遵守的惯例的约束，除非该惯例的适用为不合理。

ARTICLE 1.10(Notice)
第1.10条（通知）
(1) Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the circumstances.
（1）在需要发出通知时，通知可以适合于具体情况的任何方式发出。

(2) A notice is effective when it reaches the person to whom it is given.
（2）通知于送达被通知人时生效。

(3) For the purpose of paragraph (2) a notice “reaches”a person when given to that person orally or delivered at that person’s place of business or mailing address.
（3）就第（2）款而言，通知于口头传达被通知人或递送到被通知人的营业地或通讯地址时，为通知“送达”被通知人。

(4) For the purpose of this article “notice”includes a declaration, demand, request or any other communication of intention.
（4）就本条而言，通知包括声明、要求、请求或任何其他意思的表述。

ARTICLE 1.11(Definitions)
第1.11条（定义）
In these Principles：“court”includes an arbitral tribunal;
通则中：“法院”，包括仲裁庭。

–where a party has more than one place of business the relevant “place of business”is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract;
–“营业地”，在当事人有一个以上的营业地时，考虑到在合同订立之前任何时候或订立合同之时当事人所知晓或考虑到的情况，相关的“营业地”是指与合同和其履行具有最密切联系的营业地。

–“obligor”refers to the party who is to perform an obligation and “obligee”refers to the party who is entitled to performance of that obligation.
–“writing”means any mode of communication that preserves a record of the information contained therein and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form.
–“书面”是指能保存所含信息的记录，并能以有形方式复制的任何通讯方式。

ARTICLE 1.12(Computation of time set by parties)
第1.12条（当事人规定的时间的计算）
(1) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during a period set by parties for an act to be performed are included in calculating the period.
（1）发生在由当事人规定的履行某一行为的期间内的法定假日或非工作日应包括在期间的计算之内。

(2) However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the party to perform the act, the period is extended until the first business day which follows, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
（2）然而，如果期间的最后一天在履行该行为之当事人的营业地是法定假日或非工作日，该期间可顺延到随后的第一个式作日，除非情况有相反的表示。

(3) The relevant time zone is that of the place of business of the party setting the time, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
（3）相关的时区是设定时间的当事人营业地的时区，除非情况有相反的表示。

CHAPTER 2 ——FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第二章——合同的订立和代理人的权限
SECTION 1: FORMATION 第一节合同的订立
ARTICLE 2.1.1(Manner of formation)
第2.1.1条（订立的形式）
A contract may be concluded either by the acceptance of an offer or by conducts of the parties that are sufficient to show agreement.
合同可通过对根绝的承诺或通过能充分表明当事人各方合意的行为而成立。

ARTICLE 2.1.2(Definition of offer)
第2.1.2条（要约的定义）
A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.
一项订立合同的建议，如果十分确定，并表明要约人在得到承诺时受其约束的意旨，即构成一项要约。

ARTICLE 2.1.3(Withdrawal of offer)
第2.1.3（要约的撤回）
(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.
（1）要约于送达受要约人时生效。

（2）一项要约即使是不可撤销的，也可经撤回，如果撤回通知在要约送达要约人之前或与要约同时送达要约人。

ARTICLE 2.1.4(Revocation of offer)
第2.1.4条（要约的撤销）
(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an acceptance.
（1）在合同订立之前，要约得予撤销，如果撤销通知在受要约人发出承诺之前送达受要约人。

(2) However, an offer cannot be revoked
(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or
(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
（2）但是，在下列情况下，要约不得撤销：
（a）要约写明承诺的期限，或以其他方式表明要约是不可撤销的；或
（b）受要约人有理由信赖该项要约是不可撤销的，且受要约人已依赖该要约行事。

ARTICLE 2.1.5(Rejection of offer)
第2.1.5条（要约的拒绝）
An offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.
要约于拒绝通知送达要约人时终止。

ARTICLE 2.1.6(Mode of acceptance)
第2.1.6条（承诺的方式）
(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.
（1）受要约人做出的声明或表示同意一项要约的其他行为构成承诺。

缄默或不行为本身不构成承诺。

(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent reaches the offeror.
（2）对一项要约的承诺于同意的表示送达要约人时生效。

(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective when the act is performed.
（3）但是，如果根据要约本身，或依照当事人之间建立的习惯做法或依照惯例，受要约人可以通过做出某行为来表示同意，而无须向要约人发出通知，则承诺于做出该行为时生效。

ARTICLE 2.1.7(Time of acceptance)
第2.1.7条（承诺的时间）
An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time having regard to the circumstances, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
要约必须在要约人规定的时间内承诺；或者如果未规定时间，应在考虑了交易的具体情况，包括要约人所使用的通讯方法的快捷程度的一段合理的时间内做出承诺。

对口头要约必须立即做出承诺，除非情况有相反的表示。

ARTICLE 2.1.8(Acceptance within a fixed period of time)
第2.1.8条（规定期限内的承诺）
A period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
要约人规定的承诺期限自要约发出时起算。

要约中表示的日期应被视为是要约发出的时间，除非情况有相反的表示。

ARTICLE 2.1.9(Late acceptance. Delay in transmission)
第2.1.9条（逾期承诺与传递迟延）
(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without undue delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives notice to that effect.
（1）逾期承诺仍应具有承诺的效力，但要经人应毫不迟延地告知受要约人该承诺具有效力或
就此向受要约人发出通知。

(2) If a communication containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if it is transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without undue delay, the offeror informs the offeree that it considers the offer as having lapsed.
（2）如果载有逾期承诺的信息表明它是在如果传递正常即能及时被送达要约人的情况下发出的，则该逾期的承诺仍具有承诺的效力，除非要约人毫不迟延地通知受要约人此要约已失效。

ARTICLE 2.1.10(Withdrawal of acceptance)
第2.1.10条（承诺的撤回）
An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawn reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.
承诺可以撤回，只要撤回通知在承诺本应生效之前或同时送达要约人。

ARTICLE 2.1.11(Modified acceptance)
第2.1.11条（变更的承诺）
(1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer. （1）对要约意在表示承诺但载有添加、限制或其它变更的答复，即为对要约的拒绝，并构成反要约。

(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. If the offeror does not object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.
（2）但是，对要约意在表示承诺但载有添加，或不同条件的答复，如果所载的添加或不同条件没有实质性地改变要约的条件，那么，除非要约人毫不迟延地表示拒绝这些不符，则此答复仍构成承诺。

如果要约人不做出拒绝，则合同的条款应以该项要约的条款以及承诺通知中所载有的变更为准。

ARTICLE 2.1.12(Writing in confirmation)
第2.1.12条（书面确认）
If a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy.
在合同订立后一段合理时间内发出的意在确认合同的书面文件，如果载有添加或不同的条款，除非这些添加或不同条款实质性地变更了合同，或者接收方毫不迟延地换约了这些不符，则这些条款应构成合同的一个组成部分。

ARTICLE 2.1.13(Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form)
第2.1.13条（合同的订立基于对特定事项或特定形式的协议）。