运动医学相关词汇中英对照

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运动康复英语

运动康复英语
运动康复英语是指运动医学领域中用来描述康复运动和锻炼方
案的专业英语。

它包括多种词汇和术语，例如肌肉力量训练、柔韧性训练、心血管健康、康复护理等。

在康复过程中，医生、物理治疗师、康复治疗师和其他医疗专业人士需要掌握这些专业术语，以便能够与患者和其他医疗团队进行有效的沟通。

在运动康复英语中，一些常见的词汇包括：
1. Strength training：肌肉力量训练
2. Flexibility training：柔韧性训练
3. Cardiovascular health：心血管健康
4. Rehabilitation care：康复护理
5. Physical therapy：物理治疗
6. Range of motion：运动范围
7. Resistance training：抗阻训练
8. Aerobic exercise：有氧运动
9. Anaerobic exercise：无氧运动
10. Muscle endurance：肌肉耐力
以上这些词汇和术语是运动康复英语中最基本和最重要的部分。

在整个康复过程中，运动康复英语的运用是至关重要的，它可以帮助医生和治疗师更好地了解患者的情况，并制定适当的治疗计划，帮助患者尽快康复。

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体育相关词汇英文

1. Exercise -运动2. Fitness -健康3. Aerobic exercise -有氧运动4. Resistance training -抗阻力训练5. Cardiovascular fitness -心肺耐力6. Flexibility -灵活性7. Endurance -耐力8. Strength -力量9. Muscle tone -肌肉张力10. Workouts -训练11. Exercise routine -锻炼计划12. Exercise equipment -运动器材13. Stretching -拉伸14. Yoga -瑜伽15. Pilates -普拉提16. Running -跑步17. Cycling -骑自行车18. Swimming -游泳19. Sports -运动20. Team sports -团队运动21. Individual sports -个人运动22. Sports injuries -运动伤害23. Injury prevention -防伤24. Physical therapy -物理治疗25. Athletic performance -运动表现26. Training regimes -训练计划27. Recovery -恢复28. Nutrition -营养29. Health and wellness -健康与福祉30. Fitness goals -健身目标31. Exercise physiology -运动生理学32. Sports psychology -体育心理学33. Training zones -训练区间34. Heart rate monitoring -心率监测35. Rest intervals -休息间隔36. Interval training -间歇训练37. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) -高强度间歇训练(HIIT)38. Core strength -核心力量39. Agility drills -敏捷训练40. Speed training -速度训练41. Power training -力量训练42. Plyometrics -跳跃训练43. Balance exercises -平衡训练44. Coordination drills -协调性训练46. Sprints -冲刺47. Hill sprints -山地冲刺48. Long-distance running -长跑49. Trail running -林道跑50. Hiking -徒步旅行51. Climbing -攀岩52. Kayaking -划独木舟53. Surfing -冲浪54. Rock climbing -攀岩55. Biking -自行车骑行56. Mountain biking -山地自行车骑行57. Road biking -公路自行车骑行58. Track cycling -圈形赛道自行车骑行59. BMX racing -半山自行车比赛60. Triathlon -三项全能赛61. Duathlon -双项全能赛62. Aquathlon -水陆两项全能赛63. Obstacle course races -障碍赛跑64. CrossFit - CrossFit训练法65. Tabata - Tabata训练法66. Bootcamp -训练营68. Kettlebell workout -杠铃操69. Suspension training -悬挂训练70. Parkour -巴库尔运动71. Calisthenics -弹跳体操72. Yoga for athletes -运动员瑜伽73. Pilates for athletes -运动员普拉提74. Massage therapy -按摩疗法75. Foam rolling -泡沫轴滚动76. Ice baths -冰浴77. Recovery drinks -恢复饮料78. Active recovery -活动恢复79. Cold showers -冷水淋浴80. Sleep -睡眠81. Recovery meals -恢复餐82. Sports nutrition supplements -体育营养补充剂83. Protein shakes -蛋白质奶昔84. Carbohydrate loading -碳水化合物加载85. Electrolyte replacement -电解质替代86. Hydration -补充水分87. Post-workout stretching -训练后拉伸88. Joint mobility exercises -关节活动性锻炼89. Stretch bands -弹力带90. Foam rollers -泡沫滚轮91. Resistance bands -抗阻带92. Cable machines -曲柄机93. Medicine balls -医疗球94. TRX suspension trainer - TRX悬挂训练器95. Battle ropes -战斗绳96. Jump ropes -跳绳97. Kettlebells -杠铃98. Sandbags -沙袋99. Pull-up bars -上拉杆100. Push-up bars -推举杆101. Ab wheel -腹肌轮102. Weightlifting belts -杠铃腰带103. Lifting shoes -提升鞋104. Weight plates -杠铃片105. Dumbbells -杠铃106. Bodyweight exercises -自体重训练107. Squats -深蹲108. Lunges -弓箭步109. Deadlifts -死亡拖曳110. Bench press -柔性压力111. Rows -划船112. Overhead press -超过头顶的压力113. Pull-ups -上拉114. Chin-ups -上提115. Dips -潜水艇116. Tricep dips -三角肌压腹117. Sit-ups -平板支撑118. Russian twists -俄罗斯转体119. Leg press -大腿推挤120. Leg curls -膝关节弯曲121. Leg extensions -膝关节伸展122. Leg press calf raises -膝关节提升小腿123. Calf raises -小腿提起124. Glute bridges -臀桥125. Hip thrusts -臀部推进126. Box jumps -盒子跳跃127. Kettlebell swings -杠铃挥舞128. Burpees -波比跳129. Mountain climbers -登山者130. Plank variations -平板支撑变化。

运动系统英语单词及其翻译

《运动系统》专业单词1、运动系统（解剖学部分）cervical vertebrae 颈椎thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎sacrum 骶骨coccyx 尾骨sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔intervertebral foramen 椎间孔sternum 胸骨sternal angle 胸骨角rib 肋骨clavicle 锁骨scapula 肩胛骨humerus 肱骨radius 桡骨ulna 尺骨hip bone 髋骨ilium 髂骨pubis 耻骨ischium 坐骨femur 股骨patella 髌骨tibia 胫骨fibula 腓骨pterion 翼点optic canal 视神经管paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦superior orbital fissure 眶上裂jugular foramen 颈静脉孔synovial joints 滑膜关节articulation capsule 关节囊shoulder joint 肩关节elbow joint 肘关节wrist joint 腕关节hip joint 髋关节knee joint 膝关节ankle joint 踝关节pelvis 骨盆greater sciatic notch 坐骨大切迹vertebral column 脊柱intervertebral disc 椎间盘pubic symphysis 耻骨联合greater sciatic foramen 坐骨大孔lesser sciatic foramen 坐骨小孔 cruciate ligament 十字韧带fibular collateral ligament 腓侧副韧带 tibial collateral ligament 胫侧副韧带 medial meniscus 内侧半月板 lateral meniscus 外侧半月板 sternocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突肌 scalenus 斜角肌 trapezius 斜方肌 latissimus dorsi 背阔肌 erector spinae 竖脊肌 pectoralis major 胸大肌external intercostal muscle 肋间外侧肌 internal intercostal muscle ，肋间内侧肌 diaphragm 横膈膜vena caval foramen 腔静脉孔 oesophageal hiatus 食管裂孔 aortic hiatus 主动脉裂孔external oblique muscle of abdomen internal oblique muscle of abdomen transverse muscle of abdomen abdominal rectus musclesheath of abdominal rectus 腹直肌鞘 inguinal ligament 腹股沟韧带 superficial inguinal ring 腹股沟浅环 deltoid 三角肌 biceps brachii 肱二头肌 triceps brachii 肱三头肌 brachioradiallis 肱桡肌 pronator teres 旋前圆肌flexor digtorumsuperficialis 指浅屈肌 flexor digtorumprofundus iliopsoas muscle 髂腰肌 gluteus maximus muscle 臀大肌 piriformismuscle 梨状肌 sartorius muscle 缝匠肌quadriceps femorismuscle 股四头肌 biceps femorismuscle 股二头肌 gastrocnemius muscle 腓肠肌 soleus muscle 比目鱼肌腹外斜肌腹内斜肌腹横肌腹直肌2、运动系统（组织学部分）connective tissue proper 固有结缔组织loose connective tissue（LCT）疏松结缔组织collagenous fiber 胶原纤维elastic fiber 弹性纤维reticular fiber 网状纤维fibroblast 成纤维细胞fibrocyte 纤维细胞macrophage 巨噬细胞plasma cell 浆细胞mast cell 肥大细跑fat cell 脂肪细胞dense connective tissue（DCT）致密结缔组织adipose tissue 脂肪组织reticular tissue 网状组织ground substance 基质mesenchyme 间充质tissue fluid 组织液chondrocyte 软骨细胞hyaline cartilage 透明软骨elastic cartilage 弹性软骨fibrocartilage 纤维软骨osseous tissue 骨组织bone matrix 骨基质bone lamella 骨板osteocyte 骨细胞osteon 骨单位osteoblast 成骨细胞osteoclast 破骨细胞compact bone 骨密质spongy bone 骨松质bone collar 骨领ossification 骨化skeletal muscle 骨骼肌cardiac muscle 心肌smooth muscle 平滑肌myofibril 肌原纤维intercalated disk 闰盘sarcomere 肌节thick/thin myofilament 粗/细肌丝3、运动系统（生理学部分）motor unit: a single motor neuron + the set of muscle fibers innervated by it.striated muscle: Both cardiac and skeletal muscle are striated muscle. They are made up of large, rigid arrays of sarcomeres.Excitation-Contraction Coupling: Contractile response in skeletal muscle is triggered by an action potential, theAP is conducted down the T-tubules. They allow action potentials to penetrate deep into skeletal muscle cells. This allows an extracellular event to be signaled simultaneously throughout a large cell.a contraction/ a shortening contraction/a concentric contraction: A muscle is activated and it shortens.运动单位：单个运动神经元+由它支配的一组肌纤维。

运动医学常用英语词汇)

运动医学相关词汇比哆醇( 维生素B6 ) == pyroxidine ( vitamin B6 ) α生育酚( 维生素E ) == alpha tocopherol ( vitamin E ) α波( 脑波) == alpha wave ( brainwave ) β波( 脑波) == beta wave ( brainwave )δ波( 脑波) == delta wave ( brainwave ) θ波( 脑波) == theta wave ( brainwave )ABO 系统( 血型) == ABO system ( blood group ) B 细胞== B cellRh 系统== rhesus system Rh 阴性( Rh 系统) == rhesus-negative ( rhesus system ) Rh 阳性( Rh 系统) == rhesus-positive ( rhesus system ) T 细胞== T cellX 光( 放射线摄影术) == X-ray ( radiography ) X 染色体( 性染色体) == X chromosome ( sexchromosome ) Y 染色体( 性染色体) == Y chromosome ( sex chromosome )一划：乙状结肠( 结肠) == sigmoid colon ( colon )二划：二尖瓣( 心瓣膜) == bicuspid valve ( heart valve ) 二尖齿( 前臼齿) == bicuspid ( premolar )二倍体细胞== diploid cell 二氧化碳( 无机化合物) == carbon dioxidel / CO2 ( inorganie compound ) 人口( 死亡率) == population ( mortality rate ) 人工肾脏( 透析) == artificial kidney ( dialysis )人工节律器( 窦房结) == artificial pacemaker ( sinoatrial node )人工瓣膜( 心瓣膜) == artificial valve ( heart valve ) 人工关节== artificial joint人字缝( 骨缝) == lambdoid suture ( suture ) 人乳( 乳汁) == human milk ( milk )人体生物学== human biology ( biology ) 人体系统== body system 十二指肠== duodemun人类免疫不全病毒(人类免疫不全病毒) == Human Immunodeficiency virus ( HIV)人类基因组计画( 基因组) == Human Genome Project ( gemone )三划：三甘油酯( 脂肪) == triglyceride ( fat ) 三尖瓣( 心瓣膜) == tricuspid valve ( heart valve )三角肌== deltoid 三角骨( 腕骨) == triquetrum ( carpal ) 下位的== inferior三胞胎( 多胎妊娠) == triplets ( multiple pregnancy ) 上位的== superior三级支气管( 支气管) == tertiary bronchus ( bronchus )下直肌( 眼直肌) == inferior rectus ( rectus eye muscle ) 下肢== lower extremity下食道括约肌( 幽门括约肌) == lower oesophageal sphincter ( pyloric sphincter )下唇降肌( 口轮匝肌) == depressor labii inferioris ( orbicularis oris )下斜肌( 眼斜肌) == inferior oblique ( oblique eye muscle )下腔静脉( 腔静脉) == inferior vena cava ( vena cava ) 下视丘== hypothalamus下鼻甲( 颜面骨) == inferior nasal coneha ( facial bone ) 下颌( 颌骨) == lower jaw ( jaw )下颌骨( 颜面骨) == mandible ( facial bone ) 下臂( 上肢) == lower arm ( upper extremity )上皮( 上皮组织) == epithelium ( epithelial tissue )上皮组织== epithelial tissue上直肌( 眼直肌) == superior rectus ( rectus eye muscle ) 上肢== upper extremity上唇提肌( 口轮匝肌) == levator labii superioris ( orbicularis oris )上斜肌( 眼斜肌) == superior oblique ( sblique eye muscle )上腔静脉( 腔静脉) == superior vena cave ( vena cave )上颌( 颌骨) == upper jaw ( jaw )上颌骨( 颜面骨) == maxilla / maxillae ( facial bone )上臂( 上肢) == upper arm ( upper extremity)上睑提肌( 眼轮匝肌) == levator palpebrae superioris ( orbicularis oculi )丸，丸剂( 避孕用具) == pill ( contraceptive ) 上颚犬齿( 犬齿) == eye teeth ( canine )千卡( 千焦耳) == kilocalorie / kcal ( kilojoule )千焦耳( kj ) == kilojoule ( kh )口== mouth口角降肌( 笑肌) == depressor anguli oris ( risorius )口角提肌( 笑肌) == levator anguli oris ( risorius )口渴( 营养) == thirst ( nutrition )口腔( 口) == oral cavity ( mouth )口轮匝肌== orbicularis oris大分子( 分子) == macromolecule ( molecule )大阴唇( 阴道) == labia majora ( vagina )大量营养素== macronutrient大肠== large intestine大脑== cerebrum大脑半球( 大脑) == cerebral hemisphere ( cerebrum )大脑疲质( 大脑) == cerebral cortex ( cerebrum ) 大腿( 下肢) == thigh ( lower extremity )大腿( 下肢) == upper leg ( lower cxtremity )大腿骨( 股骨) == thighbone ( femur )大隐静脉( 股静脉) == great saphenous vein ( femoral vein )子宫== uterus / womb子宫内膜( 月经周期) == endometrium ( menstrual cycle )子宫颈( 子宫) == cervix ( uterus )小动脉( 动脉) == arteriole ( artery )小阴唇( 阴道) == labia minora ( vagina )小肠== small intestine小脑== cerebellum小叶( 肝细胞) == lobule ( hepatocyte )小叶( 肝) == lobule ( lung )小腿( 下肢) == lower leg ( lower extremity )小静脉( 静脉) == venule ( vein )干扰素== interferon弓== arch四划不孕== infertility不表现的( 基因型) == unexpressed ( genotype )不相容血液( 血型) == incompatible blood ( blood group )不动关节( 关节) == fixed joint ( joint )不溶性纤维( 膳食纤维质) == insoluble fibre ( dietary fibre )不随意肌( 平滑肌) == involuntary muscle ( smooth muscle )不饱和的( 油) == unsaturated ( oil )中子( 原子) == neutron ( atom )中心粒( 纺锤体) == centriole ( spindle )中央窝( 视网膜) == fovea ( retina )中央管( 脑脊髓液) == central canal ( cerebrospinal fluid )中耳== middle ear中风( 栓塞) == stroke ( thrombosis )中胚层( 分化) == mesoderm ( differentiation )中暑( 温度调节) == heatstroke ( thermoregulation )中轴== axis中轴骨胳== axial skeleton中脑( 脑干) == midbrain ( brain stem )中隔( 心脏) == septum ( heart )中线( 中轴) == midline ( axis )中枢神经系统( 神经系统) == central nervous system / CNS ( nervous system )元素== element内分泌系统== endocrine system内分泌腺( 腺体) == endocrine gland ( gland )内分泌学== endocrinology内出血( 出血) == internal haemorrhage ( haemorrhage )内刺激( 刺激) == internal stimulus ( stimulus )内在环境( 环境) == internal environment ( enviromment )内收== adduction内收肌( 内收) == adductor ( adduction )内收大肌( 内收长肌) == adductor magnus ( adductor longus ) 内收短肌( 内收长肌) == adductor brevis ( adductor longus ) 内耳== inner ear内呼吸( 呼吸) == internal respiration ( reapiration )内直肌( 眼直肌) == medial rectus ( rectus eye muscle )内胚层( 分化) == endoderm ( differentiation )内侧的== medial内斜肌( 外斜肌) == internal oblique ( external oblique )内视镜( 内视镜检查) == endoscope ( endoscopy )内视镜检查== endoscopy内质网== endoplasmic reticulum / ER六零六( 艾希利) == salvarsan ( Paul Ehrlich )分子== molecule分化== differentiation分泌( 腺体) == secretion ( gland )分娩( 生产) == parturition ( birth )分娩第一期( 阵痛) == first stage of labour ( labour )分娩第二期( 分娩) == second stage of labour ( laborur )分娩第三期( 分娩) == third stage of labour ( labour )分裂球( 卵裂) == blastomere ( cleavage )分节== segmentation分叶( 肺) == segment ( lung )分解代谢== catabolism分解代谢反应( 分解代谢) == catabolic reaction ( catabolism ) 分解激素== hormone breaddown化学反应== chemical reaction化学抵抗== chemical resistance化合物== chemical compound化学能( 能量) == chemical energy ( energy )化学受器== chemoreceptor化学键== chemical bond升结肠( 结肠) == ascending colon ( colon )反射== reflelx反射弧== reflex arc反应( 刺激) == response ( stimulus )天花== smallpox尺神经== ulnar nerve尺骨== ulna尺侧屈腕肌( 手部屈肌) == flexor carpi ulnaris ( flexor of the hand )巴托林== Bartholin , Csspar巴甫洛夫== Pavlov , Ivan巴斯德== Pasteur , Louis巴齐尼氏小体( 机械性受器) == Pancinian corpuscle ( mechanoreceptor ) 引起过敏的( 过敏原) == allergenic ( allergen )心力衰竭( 心脏病发作) == heart failure ( heart attack )心包囊( 心脏) == pericardium ( heart )心肌== cardiac muscle心肌梗塞( 心脏病发作) == myocardial infarction ( heart attack )心房== atrium / atria心房收缩( 心抟) == atrial systole ( heartbeat )心室( 心脏) == ventricle ( heart )心室收缩( 心抟) == ventricular systole ( heartbeat )心舒期( 心抟) == diastole ( heartbeat )心抟．心跳== heartbeat心抟周期( 心抟) == heartbeat cycle ( heartbeat )心跳速率== heart rate心电图( 心电图仪) == ECG / electrocardiogram ( electrocardiograph )心电图仪== electrocardiograph心瓣膜== heart valve心脏== heart心脏血管系统( 循环系统) == cardiovascular system ( circulatory system ) 心脏病发作== heart attack心脏病学== cardiology手== hand手指( 指骨) == finger / digit ( phalanx of the hand )手部伸肌== extensor of the hand手部屈肌== flexor of the hand支气管== bronchus / bronchi支气管分支== bronchial tree月状骨( 腕骨) == lunate ( carpal )月经== menstruation月经周期== menstrual cycle止痛剂( 药物) == analgesic ( drug )比目鱼肌( 跟腱) == soleus ( Achilles tendon )比沙== Bichat , Marie Francois毛细胞== hair cell毛发== hair毛囊( 毛发) == hair follicle ( hair )水== water / H2O水痘== chickenpox水溶性纤维生素== water-soluble vitamins水样波( 玻璃液) == aqueous humour ( vitreous humour )牙痛( 龋齿) == toothache ( tooth decay )牙齿== tooth生皮癣== psoriasis犬齿== canine五划丙酮酸( 糖解) == pyruvic acid ( glycolysis )主动免疫( 免疫) == active immunization ( immunization )主动脉== aorta主动脉半月瓣( 心瓣膜) == aortic semilunar valve ( heart valve )主动运动== active transport代谢== metabolism代谢脂肪== fat metabolism代谢蛋白质== protein metabolism代谢率== metabolic rate代谢产物== metabolite代谢障碍== metabolic disorder充氧血( 动脉) == oxygenated blood ( artery )出汗( 排汗) == sweating ( perspiration )出血== haemorrhage出生率( 死亡率) == birth rate ( mortality rate )加瓦尼== Galvani , Luigi加伦== Galen , Claudius ( Galenus )北里柴三郎== Kitasato , Shibasaburo半月板== meniscus / menisci半动关节( 关节) == partially moveable joint ( joint )半球( 小脑) == hemisphere ( cerebellum )半规管== semicircular canal半透膜( 差异性渗透膜) == semi-permeable membrane ( differentially ) 半腱肌( 腿后腱) == semitendinosus ( hamstring )半膜肌( 腿后腱) == semimembranosus ( hamstring )卡路里( 禾焦耳) == calorie ( kilojoule )卡尔梅特== Calmette , Albert去氧核糖核酸== DNA去氧核糖核酸( 去氧核糖核酸) == deoxyribonucleic ( DNA )去胺基作用== deamination可伦坡== Colombo , Matteo可溶性纤维( 膳食纤维质) == soluble fibre ( dietary fibre )右肺动脉( 肺循环) == right pulmonary artery ( pulmonary circulation ) 右肺静脉( 肺循环) == right pulmonary vein ( pulmonary circulation ) 右淋巴导管( 淋巴管) == right lymphatic duct ( lymph vessel )史密斯== Smith , Theobald史塔林( 高峰丈吉) == Starling , Ernest ( Jokichi , Takamine )四分体( 交换) == tetrad ( crossing over )四胞胎( 多胎妊娠) == quadruplets ( multiple pregnancy )外分泌腺( 腺体) == exocrine gland ( gland )外出血( 出血) == external haemorrhage ( haemorrhage )外半规管( 半规管) == lateral semicircular canal ( semicircular canal )外皮( 外皮系统) == integument ( integumentary system )外皮系统== integumentary system外在环境( 环境) == external environment ( environment )外耳== outer ear外耳道( 外耳) == auditory canal ( outer ear )外呼吸( 呼吸) == external respiration ( respiration )外刺激( 刺激) == external stimulus ( stimulus )外直肌( 眼直肌) == lateral rectus ( rectus eye muscle )外胚层( 分化) == ectoderm ( differentiation )外展== abduction外展肌( 外展) == abductor ( abduction )外侧的( 内侧的) == lateral ( medial )外斜肌== external oblique巨人症( 生长激素) == gigantism ( growh hormone )左肺动脉( 肺循环) == left pulmonary artery ( pulmonary circulation )左肺静脉( 肺循环) == left pulmonary vein ( pulmonary circulation )平面关节( 滑动关节) == plane joint ( gliding joint )平滑内质网( 内质网) == smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( endoplasmic reticulum )平滑肌== smooth muscle平衡== balance平衡( 平衡) == equilibrium ( balance )弗拉卡斯托罗== Fuacastoro , Girolamo弗勒明== Flemming , Walther必需胺基酸== essential amino acid本能( 行为) == instinct ( behaviour )本能行为( 行为) == instinctive behaviour ( behaviour )本体感受器( 机械性受器) == proprioceptor ( mechanoreceptor )正子发射断层( 正子发射断层摄影) == PET / positron emission tomograph ( positron emission tomography )正子发射断层摄影== positron emission tomography正中神经( 桡神经) == median nerve ( radial nerve )正回馈( 回馈系统) == positive feedback ( feedback system )甘油( 脂肪) == glycerol ( fat )甘农( 贝尔那) == Cannon , Walter ( Claude Bernard )生化学家( 生物化学) == biochemist ( biochemistry )生育控制== birth control生物化学== biochemistry生物时钟( 昼夜节律) == biological clock ( circadian rhythm )生物素== biotin生物学== biology生长== growth生长激素== growth hormone生理学== physiology生理学家( 生理学) == physiologist ( physiology )生产== birth生殖系统== reproductive system生殖周期== reproductive cycle生殖器( 生殖系统) == genitals ( reproductive system )用手习惯== handedness甲状软骨( 喉) == thyroid cartilage ( larynx )甲状腺== thyroid gland甲状腺素( 甲状腺) == thyroxine ( thyroid gland )甲状腺机能亢进( 代谢障碍) == hyperthyroidism ( metabolic disorder )白子( 黑色素) == albinos ( melanin )白化症== albinism白血病== leukaemia白血球== white blood cell / leucocyte白喉== diphtheria白质== white matter布罗卡== Broca , Paul皮内尔== Pinel , Phillipe皮脂( 皮脂腺) == sebum ( sebaceous gland )皮脂腺== sebaceous gland皮肤== skin皮肤病学== dermatology皮质( 肾上腺) == cortex ( adrenal gland )皮质( 肾) == cortex ( kidney )皮质骨( 致密骨) == cortical bone ( compact bone )皮质类固醇( 肾上腺) == corticosteroid ( sdrenal gland )矢状缝( 骨缝) == sagittal suture ( suture )石绵肺症== asbestosis六划交叉( 交换) == chiasmata / chiasma ( crossing over )交换== crossing over交媾( 性交) == copulation ( sexual intercourse )交感神经系统( 自律神经系统) == sympathetic nervous system ( autonomic nervous system )亥姆霍兹== Helmhltz , Hermann休克== shock光受器== photoreceptor光学显微镜( 显微镜检查) == light microscope ( microscopy )光学显微照片( 显微镜检查) == light micrograph ( microscopy )先天性反射== inborn reflex先天性行为( 行为) == innate behaviour ( behaviour )先天性缺陷== birth defect全身感觉( 感觉) == general sense ( sense )共价键( 化学键) == covalent bond ( chemical bond )再生( 组织) == regeneration ( tissue )列奥米尔== Reaumur , Rene Antoine同化作用== assimilation同卵双胞胎== identical twins同源染色体== homologous chromosome同质结合细胞== homozygous cell合子== zygote合成代谢== anabolism合成代谢反应( 合成代谢) == anabolic reaction ( anabolism )回馈系统== feedback system多不饱和脂肪( 油) == polyunsaturated fat ( oil )多伊西== Doisy , Edward多胎妊脤== multiple pregnancy多发性硬化== multiple sclerosis ( MS )多醣( 碳水化合物) == polysaccharide ( carbohydrate )字根== word root安．纳菲斯== An-Nafis , Ibn安德森== Anderson , Elizabeth Garrett成人== adult成年齿( 恒齿) == adult teeth ( permanent teeth )收缩压( 血压计) == systolic blood pressur ( sphygmomanometer ) 早产== premature birth有性生殖( 生殖系统) == sexual reproduction ( reproductive system ) 有氧呼吸== aerobic respiration有丝分裂== mitosis有意识的( 意识) == conscious ( consciousness )有机化合物== organic compound次级支气管( 支气管) == secondary ( bronchus )次级滤泡( 滤泡) == secondary follicle ( follicle )死亡== death死亡率== mortality rate / death rate汗( 汗线) == sweat ( sweat gland )汗孔( 汗腺) == sweat pore ( sweat gland )汗线== sweat gland汗管( 汗腺) == sweat duct ( sweat gland )灰质== grey matter百日咳== whooping cough / pertussis米勒== Muller , Johannes米德== Mead , Margaret羊水( 羊膜) == amniotic fluid ( amnion )羊膜== amnion羊膜穿刺术( 羊膜) == amniocentesis ( amnion )老化== ageing老花眼( 远视) == presbyopia ( long sight )耳== ear耳石( 球囊) == otolith ( saccule )耳咽管== eustachian tube耳廓( 外耳) == pinna ( outer ear )耳鸣== tinnitus耳蜗== cochlea耳聋== deafness肋骨( 胸廓) == rib ( ribcage )肋软骨( 胸廓) == costal cartilage ( ribcage )肋间肌== intercostal muscle肌小束( 肌肉) == sarcomere ( muscle )肌肉== muscle肌肉收缩== muscle contraction肌肉疲劳== muscle fatigue肌肉组织== muscular tissue肌肉紧张( 肌肉收缩) == muscle tone (muscle contraction )肌原纤维( 肌肉) == myofibril ( muscle )肌动蛋白( 肌肉) == actin ( muscle )肌凝蛋白( 肌肉) == myosin ( muscle )肌肉萎缩症== muscular dystrophy肌纤维( 肌肉) == muscle fibre / myofibre ( muscle )自律神经系统== autonomic nervous system自然免疫( 免疫系统) == natural immunity ( immune system )自溶( 溶梅体) == autolysis ( lysosome )自体免疫== autoimmunity自体免疫疾病( 自体免疫) == autoimmune disease ( autoimmunity ) 臼齿== molar舌== tongue舌下腺( 唾液腺) == sublingual gland ( salivary galnd )舌骨== hyoid bone舟状骨( 腕骨) == scaphoid ( carpal )舟状骨( 跗骨) == navicular ( tarsal )色盲== colour blindness色觉== colour vision艾克曼== Eijkman , Christiaan艾利希== Ehrlich , Paul血小板== platelet血小板栓子( 血小板) == platelet plug ( platelet )血友病( 凝固) == haemophilia ( coagulation )血型== blood group血型系统( 血型) == blood group system ( blood group )血红素== haemoglobin血栓( 栓塞) == thrombus ( thrombosis )血栓细胞( 血小板) == thrombocyte ( platelet )血液== blood血液透析( 透析) == haemodialysis ( dialysis )血液学== haematology血管== blood vessel血管加压素( 抗利尿激素) == vasopressin ( antidiuretic hormone )血管收缩( 血管舒张) == vasoconstriction ( vasodilation )血管造影( 血管造影术) == angiograph (angiography )血管造影片( 血管造影术) == angiogram (angiography )血管造影术== angiography血管舒张== vasodilation血凝块( 凝固) == blood clot ( coagulation )血浆== blood plasma血浆蛋白( 血浆) == plasma protein ( blood plasma )血糖( 葡萄糖) == blood sugar ( glucose )血压== blood pressure血压计== sphygmomanometer行为== behaviour囟门== fontanelle七划亨耳== Henle , Friedrich亨氏环( 肾小管) == loop of Henle ( renal tubule )亨特== Hunter , John佛莱明爵士== Fleming , Sir Alexander佛罗瑞爵士== Florey , Sir Howard伸肌( 伸展) == extensor ( extension )伸肌支带( 手部伸肌) == extensor retinaculum ( extensor of the hand ) 伸肌支带( 足部伸肌) == extensor retinaculum ( extensor of the foot ) 伸展== extension伸展感受器( 机械性受器) == stretch receptor ( mechanoreceptor )低张的( 等张的) == hypotonic ( isotonic )佝偻病== rickets克里克== Crick , Francis克列伯氏循环== Krebs cycle克列伯斯== Krebs , Hans免疫反应== immune response免疫系统== immune system免疫法== immunization免疫( 免疫系统) == immune ( immune system )免疫球蛋白( 抗体) == immunoglobulin ( antibody )免疫学== immunology利斯特== Lister , Joseph利维–蒙塔西尼== Levi-Montalcini , Rita卵子== ovum / ova卵子发生( 卵子) == oogenesis ( ovum )卵母细胞( 卵子) == oocyte ( ovum )卵巢== ovary卵巢周期== ovarian cycle卵细胞( 卵子) == egg cell ( ovum )卵裂== cleavage卵圆窗( 内耳) == oval window ( inner ear )卵磷脂( 磷脂) == lecithin ( phospholipid )吞噬作用== phagocytosis吞噬细胞== phagocyte吞咽== swallowing呃逆== hiccup / hiccough吸入== inhalation吸入( 气体交换) == inhale ( gas exchange )吸收== absorption吸气( 吸入) == inspiration ( inhalation )含氮废物( 排泄) == nitrogenous waste ( excretion )均衡的饮食( 食物) == balanced diet ( diet )坐骨( 骨盆带) == ischium ( pelvic girdle )坐骨神经== sciatic nerve坐骨神经痛== sciatica妊娠== pregnancy尿素( 尿液) == urea ( urine )尿液== urine尿道( 膀胱) == urethra ( bladder )尿嘧啶( 盐基) == uracil ( base )利尿剂( 抗利尿激素) == diuretic ( antidiuretic hormone )尾骨== coccyx尾椎( 尾骨) == coccygeal vertebra ( coccyx )希波克拉底== Hippocrates希斯== His , Wilhelm快速动眼睡眠( 睡眠) == rapid eye movement sleep / REM sleep ( sleep )抗生素( 药物) == antibiotic ( drug )抗利尿激素== antidiuretic hormone / ADH抗原== antigen抗胰岛素== glucagon抗组织胺药物( 枯草热) == antihistamine drug ( hay fever )抗凝血剂== anticoagulant抗坏血酸( 维生素C ) == ascorbic acid ( vitamin C )抗体== antibody抗体间接免疫(体液免液) == antibody-mediated immunity ( humoral immunity ) 扭伤== sprain折射( 调节) == refracted ( accommodation )杜维== Duve , Christian de杓状软骨( 喉) == arytenoid cartilage ( larynx )沙克== Salk , Jonas狂犬病== rabies肝== liver肝炎== hepatitis肝门静脉( 肝动脉) == hepatic portal vein ( hepatic artery ) 肝动脉== hepatic artery肝细胞== hepatocyte肝循环( 肝动脉) == hepatic circulation ( hepatic artery ) 肝糖== glycogen肘( 铰金关节) == elbow ( hinge joint )肛门( 直肠) == anus ( rectum )肛门内括约肌( 直肠) == internal anal sphincter ( rectum ) 肛门外括约肌( 直肠) == external anal sphincter ( rectum ) 肛道( 直肠) == anal canal ( rectum )肚脐( 脐带) == navel ( umbilical cord )角蛋白( 结构蛋白) == keratin ( atructural protein )角膜== cornea角质层( 表皮) == cornified layer ( epidermis )贝尔== Baer , Karl von贝尔那== Benard , Claude贝尔爵士== Bell , Sir Charles足．脚== foot足部伸肌== extensor of the foot足部屈肌== flexor of the foot足趾( 趾骨) == toe / digit ( phalanx of the foot )足跟( 跗骨) == heel ( tarsal )防腐剂== antiseptic八划乳化( 胆汁) == emulsify ( bile )乳汁== milk乳房( 泌乳) == breast ( lactation )乳腺( 泌乳) == mammary gland ( lactation )乳管( 泌乳) == milk duct ( lactation )乳酸( 糖解) == lactic acid ( glycolysis )乳酸酦酵== lactic acid fermentation乳齿== milk teeth乳糖== lactose乳糖梅( 乳糖) == lactase ( lactose )乳头( 味蕾) == papilla ( taste bud)乳头( 泌乳) == nipple ( lactation )乳糜管== lacteal供血者( 输血) == blood donor ( blood transfusion )佩鲁茨== Perutz , Max侏儒症( 生长激素) == dwarfism ( growth hormone )两手同利的== ambidextrous ( handedness )刺激== stimulus受孕== conception受精== fertilization受器( 感觉神经元) == receptor ( sensory neuron )受器位置( 激素) == receptor site ( bormone )味孔( 味蕾) == taste pore ( taste bud )味道( 味觉) == flavour ( taste )味蕾== taste bud味觉== taste呼出== exhalation呼出( 气体交换) == exhale ( gas exchange )呼吸== breathing呼吸== respiration呼吸中枢( 呼吸速率) == respiratory centre ( breathing rate )呼吸系统== respiratory system呼吸控制== respiratory control呼吸速率== breathing rate呼吸道== respiratory tract呼吸膜== respiratory membrane呼气( 呼出) == expiration ( exhalation )周围的，末梢的== peripheral周围神经( 神经系统) == peripheral nerve ( nervous system )周围神经系统( 神经系统) == peripheral nervous system ( nervous system ) 固定巨噬细胞( 单核球) == fixed macrophage ( monocyte )夜盲== night blindness孟德尔== Mendel , Gregor屈曲== flexion屈肌( 屈曲) == flexor ( flexion )屈肌支带( 手部屈肌) == flexor retinaculum ( flexor of the hand )屈趾长肌( 足部屈肌) == flexor digitorum longus ( flexor of the foot )屈拇长肌( 足部屈肌) == flexor hallucis longus ( flexor of the foot )屈拇短肌( 对掌拇肌) == flexor pollicis brevis (opponens pollicis )屈指浅肌( 手部屈肌) == flexor digitorum superficialis ( flexor of the hand ) 屈趾短肌== flexor digitorum brevis帕金森氏症== Parkinson’s disease帕雷== Pare , Ambroise延髓( 脑干) == medulla oblongata ( brain stem )弧影( 指甲) == lunula ( nail )性交== sexual intercourse性染色体== sex chromosome性细胞== sex cell性联对偶基因== sex-linked allele性激素== sex hormone拉瓦钖== Lavoisier , Antoine拉埃内克== Laennec , Rene Theophile拇指( 指骨) == thumb / first digit ( phalanx of the hand )拇趾( 趾骨) == big toe ( phalanx of the foot )拇囊肿== bunion抵抗力== resistance放射线照片( 放射线摄影术) == radiograph ( radiography )放射线摄影术== radiography昏迷( 意识) == coma ( consciousness )枕骨大孔( 颅) == foramen magnum ( cranium )枕骨( 颅) == occipital bone ( cranium )枕骨肌( 额肌) == occipitalis ( frontalis )果糖( 糖) == fructose / fruit sugar ( sugar )林德== Lind , James杵臼关节== ball-and socket joint泌尿系统== urinary system泌乳== lactation柲乳反射( 泌乳) == milk let-down reflex ( lactation )波特== Pott , Percival法布里休斯== Fabricius , Hieronymus法罗皮欧== Fallopio Gabriello油== oil治疗( 诊断) == therapy ( diagnosis )泡( 胞饮作用) == vesicle ( pinocytosis )泛酸== pantothenic acid炎症== inflammation盲肠== caecum盲点== blind spot直肠== rectum空肠== jejunum肺== lung肺半月瓣( 心瓣膜) == pulmonary semilunar valve ( heart valve ) 肺泡== alveolus / alveoli肺泡巨噬细胞( 尘细胞) == alveolar macrophage ( dust cell )肺炎== pneumonia肺活量== vital capacity肺气肿== emphysema肺循环== pulmonary circulation肺叶( 肺) == lobe ( lung )肥胖== obesity肢带== girdle肱二头肌== biceps brachii肱三头肌== triceps brachii肱肌== brachialis肱骨== humerus肱骨内髁( 尺神经) == funny bone ( ulnar nerve )肱动脉== brachial artery肱静脉== brachial vein肱桡肌== brachioradialis股二头肌( 腿后腱) == biceps femoris ( hamstring )股中间肌( 股四头肌) == vastus intermedius ( quadriceps femoris )股内侧肌( 股四头肌) == vastus medialis ( quadriceps femoris )股四头肌== quadriceps femoris股外侧肌( 股四头肌) == vastus lateralis ( quadriceps femoris )股直肌( 股四头肌) == rectus femoris ( quadriceps femoris )股骨== femur股动脉== femoral artery股静脉== femoral vein肩( 杵臼关节) == shoulder ( ball-and-socket joint )肩胛骨( 胸带) == shoulderblade / scapula ( pectoral girdle )肩带( 胸带) == shoulder girdle ( pectoral girdle )虎克== Hooke , Robert初乳== colostrum初级支气管( 支气管) == primary bronchus ( bronhus )初级滤泡( 滤泡) == primary follicle ( follicle )初经，月经初潮== menarche表皮== epidermis表皮山脊== epidermal ridge表皮角层( 指甲) == cuticle ( nail )表面的== superficial表面活性剂== surfactant表面张力( 表面活性剂) == surface tension ( surfactant )表现的( 基因型) == expressed ( genotype )表现型== phenotype近曲小管( 肾小管) == proximal convoluted tubule ( renal tubule )近视== short sight / near sight / myopia近端的== proximal长出( 牙齿) == erupt ( tooth )长拇趾伸肌( 足部伸肌) == extensor hallucis longus (extensor of the foot ) 长趾伸肌( 足部伸肌) == extensor digitorum longus (extensor of the foot ) 长期记忆( 记忆) == long-term memory ( memory )门齿== incisor阿米巴病( 阿米巴痢疾) == amoebiasis ( amoebic dysentery )阿米巴痢疾== amoebic dysentery阿滋海默症== Alzheimer’s disease阿尔克迈翁== Alcmaeon阿维森纳== Avicenna , Idn Sina附肢( 附肢骨骼) == appendage ( appendicular skeleton )附肢骨骼== appendicular skeletom青少年期==adolescence青春期== puberty非快速动眼睡眠( 睡眠) == non-rapid eye movement sleep / NREM sleep ( sleep)非专一性抵抗力( 抵抗力) == non-specific resistance ( resistance )非传染性疾病== non-infectious非传染病( 传染病) == non-communicable disease (communicable disease )九划保温箱( 早产) == incubator ( premature birth )保险箱( 避孕用具) == condom ( contraceptive )促毋状腺激素( 脑下垂体) == thyroid-stimulating hormone ( pituitary gland )促甲状腺激素( 脑下垂体) == thyrotropin ( pituitary gland )促肾上腺皮质激素( 脑下垂体) == ACTH / adrenocorticotrophic hormone ( pituitary gland )促进扩散( 扩散) == facilitated diffusion ( diffusion )促滤泡成熟激素== follicle-stimulating hormone / FSH冠( 法琅质) == crown ( enamel )冠状动脉== coronary artery冠状动脉栓塞( 冠状动脉) == coronary thrombosis ( coronary artery )冠状循环( 冠状动脉) == coronary circulation ( coronary artery )冠状缝( 骨缝) == coronal suture ( suture )冠状窦( 冠状动脉) == coronary sinus ( coronary artery )前半规管( 半规管) == anterior semicircular canal ( semicircular canal )前列腺，摄护腺== prostate gland前臼齿== premolar前囟( 囟门) == anterior fontanelle ( fontanelle )前面的== anterior前庭( 球囊) == vestibule ( saccule )前脑== forebrain前叶( 脑下垂体) == anterior lobe ( pituitary gland )前锯肌== serratus anterior前臂( 上肢) == forearm ( upper extremity )咳嗽== coughing咽== pharynx咽喉( 咽) == throat ( pharynx )哈氏小管( 骨单元) == Haversian canal ( osteon )哈氏系统( 骨单元) == Haversian system ( osteon )哈弗斯== Havers , Clopton哈勒== Haller , Albrecht von哈维== Harvery , William垂体神部( 脑下垂体) == neurohypophysis ( pituitary gland )垂体腺性部( 脑下垂体) == adenohypophysis ( pituitary gland )姿势( 肌肉收缩) == posture ( muscle contraction )威尔柯夫== Virchow , Rudolph封闭式骨折( 骨折) == closed fracture ( fracture )幽门括约肌== pyloric sphincter后天性免疫下全征候群( 爱滋病) == Acquired lmmune Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) 后半规管( 半规管) == posterior semicircular canal ( semicircular canal )后囟( 囟门) == posterior fontanelle ( fontanelle )后面的== posterior后叶( 脑下垂体) == posterior lobe ( pituitary gland )扁平足== flat foot扁桃腺== tonsil拮抗( 对掌拇肌) == oppose ( opponens pollicis )拮抗组( 骨骼肌) == antagonistic pair ( skeletal muscle )指甲== nail指纹( 表皮山脊) == fingerprint ( epidermal ridge )指骨== phalanx / phalanges of the hand指节== knuckle括约肌== sphincter染色分体( 染色体) == chromatid ( chromosome )染色体== chromosome染色体数( 染色体) == chromosome number ( chromosome )柔毛( 毛发) == vellus hair ( hair )枯草热== hay fever柯蒂氏器( 耳蜗) == organ of Corti ( cochlea )柯霍== Doch , Robert毒素( 病原体) == toxin ( pathogen )氟== fluorine流行性感冒== influenza / flu流行性腮腺炎== mumps流行( 接触传染病) == epidemic ( contagious disease )流行病学家( 病理学) == epidemiologist ( pathology )流产== miscarriage活体组织检查== biopsy洛尔== Lower, Richard玻璃液== vitreous humour玻璃软骨== hyaline cartilage玻璃体( 玻璃液) == vitreous body ( vitreous humour )疫苗== vaccine疫苗接种( 疫苗) == vaccination ( vaccine )眉毛( 眼睑) == eyebrow ( eyelid )科罗纳== Khorana , Hai Gobind穿孔( 鼓膜) == perforated ( eardrum )突触== synapse突触小结( 突触) == synaptic knob ( synapse )突变== mutation红血球== red blood cell / erythrocyte红骨髓( 骨髓) == red marrow ( bone marrow )红绿色盲( 色盲) == red-green colour blindness ( colour blindness ) 耶尔森== Yersin , Alexandre胚胎== embryo胚胞== blastocyst胃== stomach胃小凹( 胃液) == gastric pit ( gastric juice )胃液== gastric juice胃蛋白梅( 胃液) == pepsin ( gastric juice )胃肠病学== gastroenterology胃肠道( 消化系统) == gastrointestinal tract ( digestive system )胃腺( 胃液) == gastric gland ( gastric juice )背面的( 后面的) == dorsal ( posterior )背根( 神经根) == dorsal root ( nerve root )背阔肌== latissimus dorsi胎毛( 毛发) == lanugo ( hair)胎儿== fetus胎记( 先天性缺陷) == birthmark ( birth defeet )胎盘== placenta胞饮作用== pinocytosis胞嘧啶( 盐基) == cytosine ( base )胞器== organelle致癌物质( 癌症) == carcinogen ( cancer )苯酮尿症== phenylketonuria / PKU虹膜== iris负回馈( 回馈系统) == negative feedback ( feedback system )迪奥斯科里斯== Dioscorides , Pedanius重组( 交换) == recombination (crossing over )降肌( 降肌) == depressor ( depression )降血钙素( 甲状腺) == calcitonin ( thyroid gland )降低== depression降低毒性的( 疫苗) == attenuated ( vaccine )降结肠( 结肠) == descending colon ( colon )音箱( 喉) == voice box ( larynx )音调( 听觉) == pitch ( hearing )风湿症== rheumatism飞沬传递( 传染性疾病) == droplet transmission ( infectious disease ) 食道== oesophagus食管( 食道) == gullet ( oesophagus )食糜== chyme胜胎( 胺基酸) == peptide ( amino acid )胜胎键( 胺基酸) == peptide linkage / peptide bond ( amino acid )。

运动医学(英文)

Anatomic Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Corner of the Knee:A Case Series With Isolated Reconstructions in27PatientsBent Wulff Jakobsen,M.D.,Bent Lund,M.D.,Svend Erik Christiansen,M.D.and Martin C.Lind,M.D.,Ph.D.Purpose:This study presents clinical results of a case series of isolated reconstruction of theposterolateral corner(PLC)with a new technique that aims to reconstruct the lateral collateralligament(LCL),popliteus tendon,and popliteoﬁbular ligament.Methods:From1997to2005,27patients available for follow-up with isolated posterolateral instability were treated with primaryreconstruction of the LCL and PLC.The median age was28years,and there were16male patients.Of the patients,26%had remaining instability after anterior or posterior cruciate ligament recon-struction.All underwent reconstruction with a novel technique addressing both the LCL and the PLCby use of hamstring autografts.Follow-up was more than24months,and patients were examined byan independent observer using the International Knee Documentation Committee objective measuresand subjective Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores.Results:In our series95%of patientswith isolated lateral rotatory instability had rotatory stability after PLC reconstruction.On the basisof International Knee Documentation Committee scoring,71%were normal or nearly normal.Subjective Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores were comparable to scores in patientsafter meniscectomy.One patient had a deep infection,but none had any peroneal nerve injury.Conclusions:This case series presents a new method for combined reconstruction of the LCL andthe PLC.Despite the extensiveness of procedure,complications were low.The technique restoreslateral stability clinically at2years’follow-up.Level of Evidence:Level IV,therapeutic case series.I njury to the posterolateral ligament structures of theknee is uncommon and frequently related to high-energy trauma and knee dislocations.Isolated injuries are rare and seen in only2%of all knee ligament injuries.1Among combined knee ligament injuries, posterolateral injuries are more common and are seen in60%of cases with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)injury.2Overlooked injuries to the posterolateral complex in patients with multiligament injuries have been seen to lead to failure of reconstructed anterior cruciate liga-ments(ACLs)and PCLs.3,4Conservative treatment of posterolateral injuries has been shown to lead to re-sidual posterolateral laxity clinically.5The lateral and posterolateral complex(lateral col-lateral ligament[LCL]/posterolateral corner[PLC]) consists of numerous structures and has been divided into the iliotibial tract,long and short heads of the biceps femoris muscle,ﬁbular collateral ligament (LCL),midthird lateral capsular ligament,fabelloﬁbu-lar ligament,posterior arcuate ligament,popliteus muscle complex,lateral coronary ligament,and pos-terior capsule.6Knee instability due to lesions of the lateral and posterolateral structures causes increasedFrom the EIRA Private Hospital,Science Center Skejby(B.W.J.),and the Division of Sports Trauma,University Hospital ofAarhus(B.L.,S.E.C.,M.C.L.),Aarhus,Denmark.The authors report no conﬂict of interest.Received May3,2009;accepted November23,2009.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Bent WulffJakobsen,M.D.,EIRA Private Hospital,Science Center Skejby,Brendstrupgaardsvej21,8200Aarhus N,Denmark.E-mail:bwj@eiradanmark.dk©2010by the Arthroscopy Association of North America0749-8063/9265/$36.00doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2009.11.019918Arthroscopy:The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery,Vol26,No7(July),2010:pp918-925load on the ACL during varus loading and internal rotation and increased load on the PCL during varus loading and external rotation.4,7Tibial internal rota-tion is restrained by the medial and posteromedial structures,whereas tibial external rotation is re-strained by the lateral and posterolateral structures.8,9 Early anatomic repair has been advocated for acute injuries with signiﬁcant clinical instability.The repair needs to be performed within2weeks of injury to be able to identify anatomic structures.Repair of the LCL-PLC structures has been reported to fail in37% of cases and with a higher failure rate than with PLC reconstructions performed nonacutely.10In addition, there is a risk of treating lesions that could have healed with conservative treatment.Several reconstructive procedures have been de-scribed.These techniques typically aim to reconstruct the LCL without addressing posterolateral structures or use combined techniques that address both the LCL and PLC.Biceps tenodesis with release of part of the biceps tendon andﬁxation of the free end to the LCL attachment at the femoral condyle is an isolated LCL reconstruction.11,12Similarly,several loop procedures using a tendon graft through theﬁbular head and ﬁxation to the LCL attachment at the femoral condyle have been described.13-16Finally,combined LCL-PLC reconstruction has been described by LaPrade et al17 and other authors.18,19Studies presenting clinical re-sults with the different techniques are very limited.In a case series with22patients,15with multiligament injuries and8with isolated PLC injuries,83%of patients with multiligament injuries and88%of those with isolated PLC injuries obtained normal or nearly normal results according to International Knee Docu-mentation Committee(IKDC)scoring after recon-struction with a modiﬁed sling technique.10A recent study compared PLC reconstructions usingﬁbular and tibial canals and found better rotational stability with theﬁbular technique in47patients with multiligament injuries.20No clinical studies have presented clinical results after isolated PLC injuries treated with com-bined LCL-PLC reconstructions.The aim of this study is to present clinical results of a retrospective case series after isolated PLC recon-struction using a novel PLC reconstruction technique that addresses both LCL and popliteal tendon ligaments.METHODSPatientsFrom October1997to April2005,a total of40 patients with isolated lateral and posterolateral insta-bility had combined LCL and PLC reconstruction. Inclusion criteria were isolated LCL/PLC reconstruc-tion for isolated LCL/PLC instability or isolated LCL/ PLC reconstruction for remaining lateral instability after ACL or PCL reconstruction.Exclusion criteria were combined knee ligament reconstructions.Of the 40patients,7had previous knee ligament surgery and thus had isolated posterolateral instability after cruci-ate ligament reconstruction.In the same time period a total of2,293patients had a knee ligament reconstruc-tion performed at our clinic.Of the total number who underwent surgery,27responded to a follow-up visit in2007,and all patients had more than2years’follow-up. All patients complained of subjective knee instabil-ity and were diagnosed with isolated objective varus and external rotation instability.The varus instability was conﬁrmed intraoperatively by an excessive open-ing of the lateral tibiofemoral joint of more than6 mm.The rotatory instability was measured with the dial test with patients in the prone position and the kneeﬂexed90°and30°(Fig1).19A greater than10°side-to-side difference in external rotation was con-sidered clinically signiﬁcant.The indication for sur-gery was clinically established rotatory and varus lax-ity.Therefore magnetic resonance imaging–described PLC soft-tissue injury without laxity would not indi-cate surgery.That is why magnetic resonance imaging was not systematically used for diagnosis of PLC injury.For similar reasons,plain radiographs were not obtained in all patients to assess osteoarthritisbecauseF IGURE1.Dial test performed in a patient with excessive external rotation ability.The test is performed with the patient in the prone position and the knee in90°and30°ofﬂexion.919RECONSTRUCTION OF POSTEROLATERAL CORNERthey were relatively young,with a mean age around 28years.DemographicsTwenty-seven patients underwent follow-up for more than24months postoperatively.The median follow-up was46months(range,24to86months). There were11female patients and16male patients. The median age was28years,with a range from13to 57years.Causes of initial injury were trafﬁc accidents in25%of cases and sports in53%.Seven patients had remaining varus and rotatory instability after ACL or PCL reconstruction.One patient had a PCL recon-struction,and the remainder(6patients)had ACL reconstruction.There was no signiﬁcant difference in gender,age,body mass index,time from injury to surgery,and frequency of other previous surgeries between all operated patients and the patients avail-able for follow-up(Table1).Only3patients had a body mass index between30and35,so obesity was not frequent in this patient material.EvaluationAll patients with a minimum of2years’follow-up were seen for follow-up in2007.Objective examina-tion was performed by an independent observer who was an experienced physiotherapist.Patients were evaluated by preoperative and follow-up IKDC objective scores.21At follow-up,a subjec-tive Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)proﬁle was obtained.22The follow-up KOOS proﬁles were compared with published proﬁles from normal subjects,ACL-reconstructed subjects,and subjects who had undergone meniscectomy.Anterior-posterior instability was objectively assessed by KT-1000testing(MEDmetric,San Diego,CA)because it has been recognized that the PLC also plays a role in anterior-posterior stability.Any complications and reoperations were regis-tered.Range-of-motion evaluation was based on ob-jective IKDC scores.Patients were asked to describe any problems with pain.Surgical TechniqueThe semitendinosus and gracilis tendons are har-vested at the pes anserinus.Tendons are prepared with No.2FiberWire baseball suture(Arthrex,Naples,FL) teral structures are exposed through a hockey-stick incision.The peroneal nerve is exposed distal to theﬁbular head for visual nerve protection during drilling.An incision above the biceps tendon insertion enables palpation of the posterolateral aspect of the tibial condyle.A tibial tunnel is then drilled from the anterior aspect of the lateral tibial condyle at the level of theﬁbula head to the posterior corner of the lateral tibial condyle.The drill hole should exit10 mm below the tibial plateau posteriorly at the center of the popliteus muscle.The tunnel diameter is the size of the semitendinosus graft,which typically will be6 mm.An oblique tunnel is drilled through the proximal ﬁbula at the insertion site of the LCL,heading toward the posterior tip of theﬁbula.The iliotibial tract is split over the lateral femoral condyle to expose the insertion sites of the LCL and popliteus tendon.Two femoral tunnels are then drilled at the LCL and pop-liteus tendon femoral insertion sites sized according to the measured diameter of the double looped tendon grafts.The semitendinosus tendon is passed from pos-terior through the tibial condyle hole.Then,it is passed from anterior through theﬁbular hole and subsequently under the fascia to the femoral insertion site of the popliteus tendon,creating a double loopedT ABLE1.Epidemiologic Data in All Patients Operated on With Isolated Lateral Reconstruction,Patients With More Than24Months’Follow-Up,and Patients With Previous Cruciate Ligament ReconstructionAll Patients Patients WithϾ24mo Follow-UpPatients With Previous CruciateLigament ReconstructionNumber40277Gender(F/M)18/2211/161/6Median age(range)(yr)29(13-57)28(13-57)36(23-46)Chronic cases42.5%29.6%100%*Time from injury to surgery(mo)363250Previous surgery32.5%25.9%100%*Body mass index25.125.626.8NOTE.A chronic case is deﬁned as more than12months from injury to surgery.*Data are presented as mean.920 B.W.JAKOBSEN ET AL.PLC reconstruction with tendon strand coming from the posterior tibial condyle and posterior ﬁbular head.The gracilis graft is passed through the ﬁbular tunnel and passed under the fascia as a sling to the femoral LCL insertion (Fig 2).The other end of the grafts are measured and cut according to femoral drill holes,with 15to 20mm over length,and the free end is sutured with a No.2FiberWire.The graft ends are then passed into the femoral tunnels with a Bio-Tenodesis screwdriver (Arthrex)and ﬁxed with Bio-Tenodesis screws with adiameter equal to the diameter of graft and bone tunnel with the knee in 60°of ﬂexion,neutral rotation,and valgus stress.LCL sling graft is ﬁxed in the same manner with the knee in near extension,neutral rota-tion,and valgus stress.The LaPrade technique entails a single-strand LCL and popliteal tendon reconstruction.In addition,the popliteoﬁbular ligament is reconstructed from the pos-terolateral aspect of the tibia to the posterior aspect of the ﬁbula.Our technique entails double-stranded LCL reconstruction with a sling technique and a single-stranded popliteal tendon reconstruction.In addition,a popliteoﬁbular ligament is reconstructed but in a more anatomic manner,going from the posterior aspect of the ﬁbula to the popliteal tendon insertion on the femur.For an experienced surgeon,the procedure is esti-mated to take approximately 60minutes.RehabilitationWe used a hinged brace with 0°to 90°of motion for the ﬁrst 2weeks and partial weight bearing.Starting in week 2,continued brace use is recommended,with unlimited degrees of range of motion and weight bearing during standing and walking.After 6weeks,unrestricted activity was allowed.Controlled sports activities after 3months and contact sports after 6months were allowed.StatisticsDemographic data were compared between re-sponders and nonresponders with the Student t test and ␹2test.Preoperative and postoperative IKDC values were compared with the ␹2test.KOOS data were compared between isolated LCL-PLC–operated patients and those with previous cruciate ligament reconstructions with the Student t test.RESULTSObjective IKDC ScoreRotatory instability evaluated by the dial test was abnormal in 60%of patients preoperatively and in only 5%of patients at follow-up (P Ͻ.05).A similar outcome was found for varus stability.The overall ob-jective IKDC score improved,with an abnormal score of C or D in 60%of patients preoperatively and in 28.6%of patients at follow-up (P Ͻ.05)(Table 2).On the basis of KT-1000measurements,there wasnoF IGURE 2.The posterolateral reconstruction is shown at the lat-eral aspect of the knee.The reconstruction consist of 2parts.First,a gracilis autograft sling is placed through the proximal ﬁbula to the LCL insertion point at the lateral femoral condyle to reconstruct the LCL.Second,a semitendinosus autograft is used to reconstruct both the popliteus tendon and popliteoﬁbular ligament.The pop-liteus tendon is reconstructed by a graft strand going from the drill hole opening at the posterolateral tibial condyle to the popliteus tendon insertion point at the femoral condyle.The popliteoﬁbular ligament is reconstructed by a graft strand starting from the pos-terior aspect of the proximal ﬁbula to the popliteus tendon insertion point at the femoral condyle.Resorbable interference screws are used for ﬁxation of the graft in the femoral drill holes.921RECONSTRUCTION OF POSTEROLATERAL CORNERsigniﬁcant change in anterior-posterior stability,with normal scores in88%of patients preoperatively and 94%of patients at follow-up.Of the27patients,4had ﬂexion deﬁcits.Two patients had a10°deﬁcit,and two had a5°deﬁcit.When we compared the patients who had previous cruciate ligament reconstruction with the patients with true isolated LCL-PLC injury, objective rotational and varus instability was not sig-niﬁcantly different between groups.Both groups had only1patient with IKDC grade B varus and external rotational instability;the remainder were grade A. KOOS ProﬁleThe KOOS proﬁle showed that the ability to per-form sports/recreational activities and quality of life were the subscores that were most affected after PLC reconstruction(Table3).When we compared the KOOS proﬁle with published results after other pro-cedures,PLC-reconstructed patients were similar to patients after meniscectomy and had a moderately poorer outcome compared with patients who had un-dergone ACL reconstruction.23,24When we compared the patients who had previous cruciate ligament re-construction with the patients with true isolated LCL-PLC injury,the KOOS was signiﬁcantly worse for patients with previous cruciate ligament reconstruc-tion,with subscores for activities of daily living, sports and recreation,and quality of life that were17, 26,and30points lower,respectively.Return to SportsTegner score at follow-up was4.6(2,2).Of27 patients,3had Tegner scores of1and2,indicating poor function level.Seven patients returned to a high level of sports participation,and the remainder re-turned to recreational sports.Of the27patients,13 had a higher level of sports function after reconstruc-tion than preoperatively.ComplicationsThere was1major complication,which was a deep infection along the tibial drill tunnel.The infection was treated successfully with intravenous antibiotics, and the reconstruction was preserved.One patient had deep knee pain that was treated with arthroscopic partial synovectomy without success.Two patients complained of moderate function related knee pain, and one patient had rotatory pain during examination.T ABLE2.Patients Divided Into Groups Preoperatively and at Follow-up Based on IKDC Rotational Instabilityand Overall ScoreIKDC LevelRotational Stability Varus Stability Anterior-Posterior Stability Overall Preoperatively Follow-up Preoperatively Follow-up Preoperatively Follow-up Preoperatively Follow-upA(%)—76—895262—14 B(%)401915736334057 C(%)4856741254829 D(%)12—13———12—T ABLE3.KOOS at Follow-up in Present Study Compared With ACL-Reconstructed Patients After1Year and PartialMeniscectomy After15Years*KOOS Subscale Isolated LCL-PLC Patients with PreviousACL/PCLReconstructionACL Reconstruction inDanish ACL RegistryLong-Term Resultsof PartialMeniscectomyPain75(39-100)60(39-86)6184 Symptoms77(42-100)62(42-75)8486 Activities of daily living83(38-100)66(38-87)**8988 Sports/recreation55(0-100)29(0-55)**6364 Quality of life59(15-100)29(13-56)**6071 NOTE.Data are presented as median(range).*Based on data from references23and24.**Signiﬁcantly different from isolated LCL-PLC group.922 B.W.JAKOBSEN ET AL.DISCUSSIONThough a rare condition,isolated symptomatic LCL-PLC insufﬁciency exists and may require surgi-cal treatment.Our series of40isolated PLC recon-structions was part of a total of2,293ligament recon-structions performed in the inclusion period,resulting in isolated LCL-PLC reconstructions being performed in only1.7%of all ligament reconstructions at our university clinic.This correlated well with previous ﬁndings of DeLee et al.1The rareness of the condition can lead to injuries being overlooked because of the lack of a routine clinical instability examination that addresses the posterolateral structures.In addition,the rare need for surgical treatment may cause surgeons to be reluctant to perform a posterolateral reconstruction procedure because of the relatively advanced tech-nique necessary and the extra time that the LCL-PLC procedure adds to other ligament reconstruction pro-cedures.In this study we present a new technique for com-bined LCL-PLC reconstruction.We found a good ability of the procedure to restore rotational stability and therefore considered the clinical outcome of the procedure acceptable.In addition,the complications were acceptable,with1deep infection and a few patients with postoperative knee pain,which in1 patient was related to lateral structures.Our case series included patients with isolated PLC instability after either ACL or PCL reconstruction. The injuries in these patients did not represent true isolated injuries but are surgical cases in which iso-lated PLC reconstruction is performed.The patients with previous surgery were older and had a longer period from injury to surgery than patients with iso-lated injuries.The clinical outcome based on the KOOS was poorer when previous surgery had been performed despite the fact that objective instability did not differ between the groups.The knee stability obtained by the PLC reconstruc-tion is relatively good,with more than90%of the patients having good and excellent IKDC results.For the subjective KOOS proﬁles,the outcome of PLC reconstruction in patients without previous surgery was comparable to that in patients with primary ACL reconstruction.In contrast,the KOOS was signiﬁ-cantly lower for patients who had had a previous cruciate ligament reconstruction.Several reconstructive procedures for reconstruc-tion of the lateral knee ligament structure have been described.Biceps tenodesis as shown by Bousquet et al.11did not restore lateral stability because of femoral ﬁxation performed too proximally.12Biceps tenodesis alone with aﬁxation point located1cm anterior to the LCL insertion on the femur was effective at restoring external rotation and varus laxity in a cadaveric study,12but biceps tenodesis is not an anatomic re-construction,and the technique has no widespread clinical usage.Similarly,several loop procedures re-store varus stability biomechanically and clinically, but they do not reconstruct the popliteal tendon and the poplitealﬁbular complex.13-16A recent study showed that a single-loop allograft reconstruction passed through a drilled tunnel in the head of the ﬁbula at a45°angle andﬁxed in the femoral tunnel at the lateral epicondyle with a Bio-Tenodesis screw seems to restore LCL and popliteal ligament function, but similar to the sling techniques,this method does not address the popliteus tendon component.25A cadaveric study found that the posterolateral structures play an important role at full extension in intact knees and at all angles ofﬂexion in PCL-deﬁcient knees,and the popliteus muscle appears to be a major stabilizer under this loading condition.26In addition,Suda et al.27found that combined recon-struction of the PCL,LCL,and popliteus tendon is essential and adequate for treating severe chronic pos-terolateral rotatory instability.Although surgical re-construction of the popliteal tendon will not be able to provide the dynamic stabilization of the popliteus muscle,28,29the importance of an anatomic reconstruc-tion including the popliteal tendon in an attempt to address the complete posterolateral complex seems evident.17The clinical signiﬁcance of reconstructing both structures has been shown in a study by Yoon et al.30In their study comparing2case series using the sling technique and an anatomic reconstruction of both the LCL and the popliteus tendon with an Achil-les tendon allograft,the anatomic reconstruction showed superior rotational and varus stability and a higher Lysholm score.The best documented tech-nique biomechanically is that described by LaPrade et al.17This technique combines LCL and PLC recon-struction using split Achilles tendon allograft. Through bone canals in theﬁbular head and lateral tibial condyle,the LCL and PLC are reconstructed to normal femoral attachments.This reconstruction has been shown to restore both varus and external rota-tional instability biomechanically.17A recent report has described a posterolateral reconstruction tech-nique that attempts the same combined LCL and pop-liteoﬁbular ligament reconstruction by use of Achilles tendon allograft.17923RECONSTRUCTION OF POSTEROLATERAL CORNERThe technique presented in this study uses a sling technique for the LCL reconstruction and a second tendon graft from the posterolateral tibial condyles to the popliteal insertion on the femur for popliteal re-construction.In addition,aﬁbular popliteal ligament reconstruction is included,with a tendon graft going from the posterior part of theﬁbular head to the popliteal insertion on the femur.Despite the extensive exposure and the complex tendon reconstruction in multiple drill holes in both the lateral femoral and tibial condyles,we observed very limited postoperative morbidity that could be related to the procedure.Peroneal nerve injury is an important complication that needs to be avoided when one is performing lateral knee procedures.31In our technique we ex-posed the peroneal nerve early in the procedure where the nerve passes theﬁbular neck.This enables visual conﬁrmation of nerve protection during the drilling procedures that most likely could cause nerve injury. In our series no nerve injuries were observed.How-ever,in combined reconstructions for multiligament injuries,especially when the trauma is a knee dislo-cation,very careful nerve exposure must be performed because the nerve can be dislocated from its anatomic position,due to severe soft-tissue injury during the dislocation.Only a few clinical studies have presented outcomes after PLC reconstruction.These studies are typically small case series with the majority of patients having multiligament injuries.Zhao et al.32reported good objective stability in95%of28PLC reconstructed patients.Noyes and Barber-Westin33reported excel-lent objective knee stability in13patients,12of whom had multiligament injuries.Stannard et al.34 found no failures in7isolated PLC reconstructions, with generally good objective stability in a total of22 patients who underwent reconstruction.A recent study by Schechinger et al.35showed a follow-up subjective IKDC score of80in16patients with PLC reconstruc-tion.Our data are difﬁcult to compare with these studies because a majority of patients in our material had isolated PLC injuries compared with the previ-ously mentioned studies.However,overall,the results are similar to PLC reconstruction,showing good ob-jective stability for all patient types and a good clinical outcome overall for patients with isolated PLC inju-ries.This study is limited by the fact that it is a retro-spective case series.However,the rareness of postero-lateral injuries has thus far resulted in no published randomized studies that address lateral and postero-lateral ligament reconstructions.Another study weakness is the suboptimal follow-up completeness of27patients compared with the40patients who underwent the procedure.The main reason for this poor follow-up is that our clinic is a national refer-ral center for advanced knee ligament reconstruc-tion and,therefore,many patients live far from the clinic and did not want to travel for a study follow-up.This study is,to our knowledge,the largest case series published thus far and the only study to present clinical results after isolated LCL-PLC re-constructions.In the study we present a new tech-nique for combined LCL-PLC reconstruction,but we lack in vitro biomechanical documentation to describe the degree to which the reconstruction restores normal knee biomechanics.Such a study is currently being performed and will enable compar-ison to other in vitro documented techniques such as the LaPrade technique.17When one is performing posterolateral reconstruction,a popliteal tendon re-construction is necessary.However,the normal muscle and tendon complex is a dynamic entity that is activated during rotation,and this dynamic func-tion can never be restored with a static tendon reconstruction as presented.CONCLUSIONSThis case series presents a new method for com-bined reconstruction of the LCL and the PLC.Despite the extensiveness of procedure,complications were low.The technique restores lateral stability clinically at2years’follow-up.REFERENCES1.DeLee JC,Riley MB,Rockwood CA Jr.Acute posterolateralrotatory instability of the knee.Am J Sports Med1983;11:199-207.2.Fanelli GC,Edson CJ.Posterior cruciate ligament injuries intrauma patients:Part II.Arthroscopy1995;11:526-529.3.Wentorf FA,LaPrade RF,Lewis JL,Resig S.The inﬂuence ofthe integrity of posterolateral structures on tibiofemoral orien-tation when an anterior cruciate ligament graft is tensioned.Am J Sports Med2002;30:796-799.Prade RF,Resig S,Wentorf F,Lewis JL.The effects ofgrade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on anterior cru-ciate ligament graft force.A biomechanical analysis.Am J Sports Med1999;27:469-475.5.Kannus P.Nonoperative treatment of grade II and III sprainsof the lateral ligament compartment of the knee.Am J Sports Med1989;17:83-88.6.Terry GC,LaPrade RF.The posterolateral aspect of the knee.Anatomy and surgical approach.Am J Sports Med1996;24: 732-739.Prade RF,Muench C,Wentorf F,Lewis JL.The effect of924 B.W.JAKOBSEN ET AL.。

运动医学相关词汇中英对照

运动医学相关词汇中英对照运动医学是医学与体育运动相结合的综合性应用科学。

接下来小编为大家整理运动医学相关词汇中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦!比哆醇 ( 维生素B6 ) == pyroxidine ( vitamin B6 )α生育酚 ( 维生素E ) == alpha tocopherol ( vitamin E )α波 ( 脑波 ) == alpha wave ( brainwave )β波 ( 脑波 ) == beta wave ( brainwave )δ波 ( 脑波 ) == delta wave ( brainwave )θ波 ( 脑波 ) == theta wave ( brainwave )ABO 系统 ( 血型 ) == ABO system ( blood group )B 细胞 == B cellRh 系统 == rhesus systemRh 阴性 ( Rh 系统 ) == rhesus-negative ( rhesus system )Rh 阳性 ( Rh 系统 ) == rhesus-positive ( rhesus system )T 细胞 == T cellX 光 ( 放射线摄影术 ) == X-ray ( radiography )X 染色体 ( 性染色体 ) == X chromosome ( sex chromosome ) Y 染色体 ( 性染色体 ) == Y chromosome ( sex chromosome ) 一划乙状结肠( 结肠 ) == sigmoid colon ( colon )二划二尖瓣( 心瓣膜 ) == bicuspid valve ( heart valve )二尖齿( 前臼齿 ) == bicuspid ( premolar )二倍体细胞 == diploid cell二氧化碳( 无机化合物 ) == carbon dioxidel / CO2 ( inorganie compound )人口( 死亡率 ) == population ( mortality rate )人工肾脏( 透析 ) == artificial kidney ( dialysis )人工节律器( 窦房结 ) == artificial pacemaker ( sinoatrial node )人工瓣膜( 心瓣膜 ) == artificial valve ( heart valve )人工关节 == artificial joint人字缝( 骨缝 ) == lambdoid suture ( suture )人乳( 乳汁 ) == human milk ( milk )人体生物学 == human biology ( biology )人类免疫不全病毒(人类免疫不全病毒) == Human Immunodeficiency virus ( HIV)人类基因组计画( 基因组) == Human Genome Project ( gemone )人体系统 == body system十二指肠 == duodemun三划三甘油酯( 脂肪 ) == triglyceride ( fat )三尖瓣( 心瓣膜 ) == tricuspid valve ( heart valve )三角肌 == deltoid三角骨( 腕骨 ) == triquetrum ( carpal )三胞胎( 多胎妊娠 ) == triplets ( multiple pregnancy )三级支气管( 支气管 ) == tertiary bronchus ( bronchus )下位的 == inferior下直肌( 眼直肌 ) == inferior rectus ( rectus eye muscle )下肢 == lower extremity下食道括约肌( 幽门括约肌 ) == lower oesophageal sphincter ( pyloric sphincter )下唇降肌( 口轮匝肌 ) == depressor labii inferioris ( orbicularis oris )下斜肌( 眼斜肌 ) == inferior oblique ( oblique eye muscle )下腔静脉( 腔静脉 ) == inferior vena cava ( vena cava )下视丘 == hypothalamus下鼻甲( 颜面骨 ) == inferior nasal coneha ( facial bone )下颌( 颌骨 ) == lower jaw ( jaw )下颌骨( 颜面骨 ) == mandible ( facial bone )下臂( 上肢 ) == lower arm ( upper extremity )上皮( 上皮组织 ) == epithelium ( epithelial tissue )上皮组织 == epithelial tissue上位的 == superior上直肌( 眼直肌 ) == superior rectus ( rectus eye muscle )上肢 == upper extremity上唇提肌( 口轮匝肌 ) == levator labii superioris ( orbicularis oris )上斜肌( 眼斜肌 ) == superior oblique ( sblique eye muscle ) 上腔静脉( 腔静脉 ) == superior vena cave ( vena cave )上颌( 颌骨 ) == upper jaw ( jaw )上颌骨( 颜面骨 ) == maxilla / maxillae ( facial bone )上臂( 上肢 ) == upper arm ( upper extremity)上颚犬齿( 犬齿 ) == eye teeth ( canine )上睑提肌( 眼轮匝肌) == levator palpebrae superioris ( orbicularis oculi )丸，丸剂( 避孕用具 ) == pill ( contraceptive )千卡( 千焦耳 ) == kilocalorie / kcal ( kilojoule )千焦耳( kj ) == kilojoule ( kh )口 == mouth口角降肌( 笑肌 ) == depressor anguli oris ( risorius )口角提肌( 笑肌) == levator anguli oris ( risorius )口渴( 营养 ) == thirst ( nutrition )口腔( 口 ) == oral cavity ( mouth )口轮匝肌 == orbicularis oris大分子( 分子 ) == macromolecule ( molecule )大阴唇( 阴道 ) == labia majora ( vagina )大量营养素 == macronutrient大肠 == large intestine大脑 == cerebrum大脑半球( 大脑 ) == cerebral hemisphere ( cerebrum ) 大脑疲质( 大脑 ) == cerebral cortex ( cerebrum )大腿( 下肢 ) == thigh ( lower extremity )大腿( 下肢 ) == upper leg ( lower cxtremity )大腿骨( 股骨 ) == thighbone ( femur )小肠 == small intestine小脑 == cerebellum小叶( 肝细胞 ) == lobule ( hepatocyte )小叶( 肝 ) == lobule ( lung )小腿( 下肢 ) == lower leg ( lower extremity )小静脉( 静脉 ) == venule ( vein )干扰素 == interferon弓 == arch内呼吸( 呼吸 ) == internal respiration ( reapiration )内直肌( 眼直肌 ) == medial rectus ( rectus eye muscle ) 内胚层( 分化 ) == endoderm ( differentiation )内侧的 == medial内斜肌( 外斜肌 ) == internal oblique ( external oblique ) 内视镜( 内视镜检查 ) == endoscope ( endoscopy )内视镜检查 == endoscopy内质网 == endoplasmic reticulum / ER六零六( 艾希利 ) == salvarsan ( Paul Ehrlich )分子 == molecule分化 == differentiation分泌( 腺体 ) == secretion ( gland )分娩( 生产 ) == parturition ( birth )分娩第一期( 阵痛 ) == first stage of labour ( labour )分娩第二期( 分娩 ) == second stage of labour ( laborur ) 分娩第三期( 分娩 ) == third stage of labour ( labour )分裂球( 卵裂 ) == blastomere ( cleavage )分节 == segmentation分叶( 肺 ) == segment ( lung )分解代谢 == catabolism分解代谢反应( 分解代谢 ) == catabolic reaction ( catabolism ) 分解激素 == hormone breaddown化学反应 == chemical reaction化学抵抗 == chemical resistance化合物 == chemical compound化学能( 能量 ) == chemical energy ( energy )化学受器 == chemoreceptor化学键 == chemical bond升结肠( 结肠 ) == ascending colon ( colon )反射 == reflelx反射弧 == reflex arc反应( 刺激 ) == response ( stimulus )天花 == smallpox尺神经 == ulnar nerve。

健身行业术语英文缩写

健身行业术语英文缩写1. BMI - Body Mass Index: 身体质量指数2. HR - Heart Rate: 心率3. HIIT - High-Intensity Interval Training: 高强度间歇训练4. PT - Personal Trainer: 个人教练5. REP - Repetition: 重复次数6. WOD - Workout of the Day: 当日锻炼计划7. DOMS - Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: 延迟性肌肉酸痛8. BCAA - Branched-Chain Amino Acids: 支链氨基酸9. PR - Personal Record: 个人最佳记录10. RM - Repetition Maximum: 重复次数的最大值11. CNS - Central Nervous System: 中枢神经系统12. LBM - Lean Body Mass: 瘦体重13. AMRAP - As Many Reps As Possible: 在规定时间内完成尽可能多的重复次数14. EMOM - Every Minute on the Minute: 每分钟内完成15. RPE - Rate of Perceived Exertion: 感知努力度评分16. DB - Dumbbell: 哑铃17. PB - Personal Best: 个人最佳18. GPP - General Physical Preparedness: 普通体能准备19. OTF - Orange Theory Fitness: 一种健身课程体系20. VO2max - Maximum Oxygen Uptake: 最大摄氧量。

康复术语中英对照

康复术语中英对照为大家整理了有关康复术语中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦! 康复术语中英对照：1.最大心率AAMHR2.腹式呼吸运动abdominal breathing exercises3.擦浴ablution4.可进入;可使用accessibility5.适应比值accommodation ratio6.主动助力运动active assistant exercises7.主动运动active exercises8.日常生活活动activities of daily living，ADL9.日常生活活动Activities of Daily Living，ADL10.适应性活动adaptive activity11.有氧训练aerobic training，aerobic exercise12.空气离子化疗法aeroionotherapy13.空气疗法aerotherapy14.冲浴afusion15.步行训练ambulation training16.减痛步态antalgic gait17.失语症aphasia18.失用症apraxia19.水疗，水中运动治疗aqua-therapy20.氯离子激光疗法argon ion laser therapy21.假肢artificial limb22.工艺疗法arts and crafts therapy23.助力运动assistant exercises24.辅助器具Assistive Devices25.联合运动associated movement26.共济失调ataxia27.手足徐动athetoid28.自我训练autotraining29.轴索断裂axonotmesis30.八段锦Baduanjin31.平衡运动balance exercises32.无障碍通行barrier free accessibility，barrier free passage33. Barthel指数Bartbel index34.巴氏指数评分Barthel Index，BI35.狭义ADL，基本ADLBasic ADL，BADL36.床上运动bed exercises37.行为疗法behavior therapy38.行为模式behavioral model39.行为理论behavioral theory40.阅读治疗bibliotherapy41.生物反馈疗法biofeedback therapy，BFT42.眨眼反射blink reflex43.蓝紫光疗法blue and violet light therapy44.支架brace45.脑可塑性Brain Plasticity46.脑干听觉诱发电位brainstem auditory evoked potential，BAEP47.屏气试验breath holding test48.呼吸运动breathing exercises49.盐水浴brine bath50.气泡浴bubble bath。

运动医学词汇（4）

运动医学词汇(4)梅 enzyme厌食症 anorexia呕吐( 吞咽 ) vomiting ( swallowing )尘细胞 dust cell寿命( 预期寿命 ) lifespan ( life expectancy )梦游 sleepwalking对偶基因 allele对偶基因( 对偶基因 ) allelomorphic gene ( allele )对掌拇肌 opponens pollicis惯用右手( 用手习惯 ) right-handed ( handedness )惯用左手( 用手习惯 ) left-handed ( handedness )槌骨( 中耳 ) malleus / hammer ( middle ear )渗透 osmosis渗透膜(差异性渗透膜) permeable membrane( differentially permeable membrane )渗透调节 osmoregulation渗透压 osmotic pressure疟疾 malaria睡眠 sleep碳 carbon碳水化合物，醣类 carbohydrate碳水化合物的消化 carbohydrate digestion种( 生物学 ) species ( biology )种子骨 sesamoid bone管腔( 吸收 ) lumen ( absorption )精子 sperm精子( 精子 ) spermatozoon / spermartozoa ( sperm )精子发生( 精子 ) spermatogenesis ( sperm )精小管( 睪丸 ) seminiferous tubule ( testis )精神分裂症 schizophrenia精液( 前列腺 ) semen ( prostate glalnd )精液( 前列腺 ) seminal fluid ( prostate gland )精囊( 前列腺 ) seminal vesicle ( prostate gland )维生素 vitamin维生素a vitamin a维生素b12 vitamin b12维生素b1 vitamin b1维生素b2 vitamin b2维生素b6 vitamin b6维生素c vitamin c维生素d vitamin d维生素e vitamin e维生素k vitamin k维萨里 vesalius , andreas腐败( 防腐剂 ) septic ( antiseptic )雌性激素 female sex hormone膀胱 bladder腿后腱 hamstring蒙塔古 montagu , lady mary蜘蛛膜下腔( 脑脊髓液 ) subarachnoid space ( cerebrospinal fluid )蜘蛛膜( 脑脊髓膜 ) arachnoid layer ( meninx )辅助t细胞( t细胞 ) helper t cell ( t cell )远曲小管( 肾小管 ) distal convoluted tubule( renal tubule ) 远视 long sight / far sight远视( 远视 ) hypermetropia / hyperopia ( long sight )远端的( 近端的 ) distal ( proximal )铜 copper骰骨( 跗骨 ) cuboid ( tarsal )鼻 nose鼻中隔( 鼻 ) nasal septum ( nose )鼻孔( 鼻 ) nostril ( nose )鼻骨( 颜面骨 ) nasal bone ( facial gone )鼻腔 nasal cavity鼻窦炎( 窦 ) sinusitis ( sinus )适应性免疫( 免疫系统 ) adaptive immunity ( immune system ) 剑突( 胸骨 ) xiphoid process ( sternum )喷嚏( 咳嗽 ) sneeze ( coughing )弹力蛋白( 结构蛋白 ) elastin ( structural protein )弹力软骨 elastic cartilage影像( 视觉 ) image ( vision )德国麻疹 german measles德国麻疹( 德国痲疹 ) rubella ( german measles )摩根 morgan , thomas摩纳德 monod , jacques暂齿( 乳齿 ) deciduous teeth ( milk teeth )枢钮关节 hinge joint欧斯塔基奥 eustachio , bartolommeo浆液( 浆膜 ) serous fluid ( serous membrane )浆细胞( b细胞 ) plasma cell ( b cell )浆膜 serous membrane潜伏期 incubation period潜意识的( 意识 ) subconscious ( consciousness )潮气量( 总肺活量 ) tidal volume ( total lung capacity )热原( 发烧 ) pyrogen ( fever )热能( 能 ) heat energy ( energy )热摄影术 thermography热摄影照片( 热摄影术 ) thermograph ( thermography )瘢痕组织( 组织 ) sear tissue ( tissue )皱眉肌 corrugator supercilii皱缩( 渗透 ) crenation ( osmosis )致密骨 compact bone膜( 质膜 ) membrane ( plasma membrane )膝( 枢钮关节 ) knee ( hinge joint )膝置换( 人工关节 ) knee replacement ( artificial joint )膝盖反射( 牵胀反射 ) knee-jerk reflex / patellar reflex ( stretch reflex )膝盖骨( 髌骨 ) kneecap ( patella )胶原( 结构蛋白 ) collagen ( structural protein )蔗糖( 糖 ) cane sugar / sucrose ( sugar )蔗糖梅( 小肠 ) sucrase ( small intestine )蝶骨( 颅 ) sphenoid bone ( cranium )复合式骨折( 骨折 ) compound fracture ( fracture )复制 replication调节血糖 blood sugar regulation调节 accommodation豌豆骨( 腕骨 ) pisiform ( carpal )竖毛肌( 鸡皮疙瘩 ) arrector pili ( goose pimple )质子 ( 原子 ) proton ( atom )质膜 plasma membrane踝( 枢钮关节 ) ankle ( hinge joint )轮廓乳头( 味雷 ) circumvallate papilla ( taste bud )锌 zinc钡餐 barium meal鞍状关节 saddle joint巩膜( 眼睛 ) sclera ( eye )颌骨 jaw颌下腺( 唾液腺 ) submandibular gland ( salivary gland )鲁克斯 roux , pierre齿列( 牙齿 ) dentition ( tooth )齿式( 牙齿 ) dental formula ( tooth )齿周韧带( 垩质 ) peridontal ligament ( cement )齿阜( 前臼齿 ) cusp ( premolar )齿槽( 垩质 ) tooth socket ( cement )齿质 dentine齿龈( 牙齿 ) gum ( tooth )凝血因子( 凝固 ) clotting factor ( coagulation )凝乳梅 rennin凝固 coagulation凝集 agglutination器官 organ噬骨细胞( 骨 ) osteoclast ( bone )学习( 行为 ) learning ( behaviour )导钙素( 维生素d ) calciferol (vitamin d )横纹( 心肌 ) striated ( cardiac muscle )横结肠( 结肠 ) transverse colon ( colon )横膈 diaphragm桥脑( 脑干 ) pons ( brain stem )树突( 神经元 ) dendrite ( neuron)椭球关节 ellipsoidal joint椭圆囊( 球囊 ) utricle ( saccule )机械性受器 mechanoreceptor机械抵抗 mechanical resistance桡神经 radial nerve桡骨 radius桡侧屈腕肌( 手部屈肌) flexor carpi radialis ( flexor of the hand )桡动脉( 动脉 ) radial artery ( brachial artery )淀粉 starch浓度 concentration浓缩( 染色体 ) condense ( chromosome )浓缩的( 浓度 ) concentrated ( concentration )激素，荷尔蒙 hormone激素避孕药( 避孕用具) hormonal contraceptive ( contraceptive )筛骨( 颅 ) ethmoid bone ( cranium )糖 sugar糖尿病 diabetes糖解 glycolysis膳食纤维质 dietary fibre蕈状乳头( 味蕾 ) fungiform papilla ( taste bud )亲水的( 磷脂 ) hydrophilic ( phospholipid )输血 blood trans-fusion输卵管 fallopian tube输尿管 ureter输精管( 睪丸 ) vas deferens ( testis )遗传 heredity遗传工程 genetic engineering遗传特征( 遗传 ) inherited characteristic ( heredity )遗传病 genetic disorder遗传密码 genetic code遗传学( 遗传 ) genetic ( heredity )锰 manganese锥细胞( 光受器 ) cone ( photoreceptor )随意肌( 骨骼肌 ) voluntary muscle ( skeletal muscle )随机分配 random assortment阈值( 刺激 ) threshold level ( stimulus )霍奇金 hodgkin , dorothy霍普金斯 hopkins , frederick gowland霍乱 cholera静水压 water potential静脉 vein静脉曲张 varicose vein静脉瓣( 静脉 ) vein valves ( vein )颊肌 buccinator颊腔( 口 ) buccal cavity ( mouth )颈( 头 ) neck ( head )颈夹肌( 头最长肌 ) splenius cervicis ( longissimus capitis ) 颈神经( 脊神经 ) cervical nerve ( spinal nerve )颈神经丛( 脊神经 ) cervical plexus ( spinal nerve )颈动脉 carotid artery颈椎 cervical vertebra颈静脉 jugular vein颈阔肌 platysma频率( 听觉 ) frequence ( hearing )头 head头夹肌( 头最长肌 ) splenius capitis ( longissimus capitis ) 头状骨( 腕骨 ) capitate ( carpal )头骨 skull头最长肌 longissimus capitis鲍氏囊bowman’s capsule鲍林 pauling , linus鲍曼爵士 bowman , sir william褶皱( 胃 ) ruga / rugae ( stomach )婴儿 infant婴儿期( 婴儿 ) infancy ( infant )湿疹 eczema营养 nutrition营养不良 malnutrition营养素 nutrient营养缺乏病 deficiency disease环状肌( 蠕动 ) circular muscle ( peristalsis )环状软骨( 喉 ) cricoid cartilage ( larynx )环椎( 颈椎 ) atlas ( cervical vertebra )环轴关节 pivot joint环境 environment癌症 cancer瞳孔( 虹膜 ) pupil ( iris )磷 phosphorus磷脂 phospholipid磷脂胆佥( 磷脂 ) phosphatidyl choline ( phospholipid ) 粪便( 结肠 ) faeces ( colon )糙皮症 pellagra缝匠肌 sartorius总肺活量 total lung capacity纵走肌( 蠕动 ) longitudinal muscle ( peristalsis )翼肌( 嚼肌 ) pterygoid ( masseter )声带 vocal cord联合神经元 association neuron联络区 association area臂神经丛( 脊神经 ) brachial plexus ( spinal nerve )臀大肌 gluteus maximus臀位生产 breech birth臀部( 臀大肌 ) buttocks ( gluteus maxinus )脓( 吞噬细胞 ) pus ( phagocyte )胆汁 bile胆汁的产生 bile production胆固醇 cholesterol胆红素( 胆汁 ) bilirubin ( bile )胆管( 胆囊 ) bile duct ( gall bladder )胆管系统( 胆囊 ) biliary system (gall bladder )胆囊 gall bladder胆盐( 胆汁 ) bile salts ( bile )避孕用具 contraceptive迈尔霍夫 meyerhof , otto镁 magnesium阑尾( 盲肠 ) appendix ( caecum )隐性基因( 隐性对偶基因 ) recessive gene ( recessive allele ) 隐性对偶基因 recessive allele颗粒性白血球 granulocyte颗粒层( 表皮 ) granular layer ( epidermis )黏液( 黏膜 ) mucus ( mucous membrane )黏膜 mucous membrane储存维生素 vitamin storage储存矿物质 mineral storage丛( 脊神经 ) plexus ( spinal nerve )扩散 diffusion柠檬酸循环( 克列伯氏循环 ) citric acid cycle ( krebs cycle ) 滤泡 follicle脐( 脐带 ) umbilicus ( umbilical cord )脐带 umbilical cord荐神经( 脊神经 ) sacral nerve ( spinal nerve )荐神经丛( 脊神经 ) sacral plexus ( spinal nerve )荐骨 sacurm荐椎( 荐骨 ) sacral vertebra ( sacrum )躯干 trunk躯体神经系统 somatic nervous system转送核糖核酸 transfer rna转送核糖核酸( 核糖核酸 ) t rna ( rna )转移( 癌症 ) metastasize ( cancer )转运蛋白 transport protein转录( 蛋白质合成 ) transcription ( protein synthesis )转译( 蛋白质合成 ) translation ( protein synthesis )锁骨( 胸带 ) clavicle / collarbone ( pectoral girdle )锁骨下动脉( 肱动脉 ) subclavian artery ( brachial artery )锁骨下静脉( 肱静脉 ) subclavian vein ( brachial vein )离子( 离子化合物 ) ion ( ionic compound )离子化合物 ionic compound离子键( 化学键 ) ionic bond ( chemical bond )杂食者 omnivore双合子双胞胎( 异卵只胞胎 ) dizygotic twins ( fraternal twins ) 双胞胎( 多胎妊娠 ) twins ( multiple pregnancy )双重循环( 循环系统 ) double circulation ( circulatory system ) 双眼视觉 binocular vision双焦镜( 远视 ) bifocal glasses ( long sight )只螺旋( 去氧核糖核酸 ) double helix ( dna )双醣( 碳水化合物 ) disaccharide ( carbohydrate )双关节( 关节 ) double-jointed ( joint )鸡皮疙瘩 goose pimple / goose bump鞭毛 flagellum / flagella额肌 frontalis额骨( 颅 ) frontal bone ( cranium )颜色缺陷( 色盲 ) colour deficient ( colour blindness )颜面( 头 ) face ( head )颜面神经 facial nerve颜面骨 facial bone颚 palate髁状关节( 椭球关节 ) condyloid joint ( ellipsoidal joint )松质骨( 海绵骨 ) cancellous bone ( spongy bone )伞( 输卵管 ) fimbria / fimbriae ( fallopian tube )跖肌( 跟腱 ) plantaris ( achilles tendon )跖骨 metatarsal咽钡( 钡餐 ) barium swallow ( barium meal )坏血病 scurvy罗斯 ross , ronald药物 drug边缘系统( 情绪 ) limbic system ( emotion )关节 joint / articulation关节炎 arthritis关节镜检查( 内视镜检查 ) arthroscopy ( endoscopy )类固醇 steroid类风湿性关节炎( 关节炎 ) rheumatoid arthritis ( rathritis )髂骨( 骨盆带 ) ilium ( pelvic girdle )髂动脉( 股动脉 ) iliac artery ( femoral artery )髂静脉( 股静脉 ) iliac vein ( femoral vein )嚼肌 masseter悬雍垂( 颚 ) uvula ( palate )矿物质 mineral窦 sinus窦房结 sinoatrial nlde窦状隙( 肝细胞 ) sinusoid ( hepatocyle )继发性反应( 免疫反应) secondary response ( immune response )蠕动 peristalsis触觉 touch谵妄( 发烧 ) delirium ( fever )镫骨( 中耳 ) stapes / stirrup ( middle ear )响度( 听觉 ) loudness ( hearing )摄食 ingestion兰德施泰纳 landsteiner , karl镰刀状细胞性贫血 sickle-cell铁 iron囊( 滑液关节 ) capsule ( synovial joint )囊胚腔( 胚胞 ) blastocoele ( blastocyst )听神经( 毛细胞 ) auditory nerve / cochlear nerve ( hair cell) 听骨( 中耳 ) ear ossicle ( middle ear )听诊器 stethoscope听觉 hearing颤抖 shivering纤毛 cilium / cilia纤维性颤动( 心脏病发作 ) fibrillation ( heart attack )纤维素 cellulose纤维蛋白( 凝固 ) fibrin ( coagulation )纤维蛋白原( 血浆 ) fibrinogen ( blood plasma )纤维软骨 fibrous cartilage显性基因( 显性对偶基因 ) dominant gene ( dominant allele ) 显性对偶基因 dominant allele显微照片( 显微镜检查 ) micrograph ( microscopy )显微镜( 显微镜检查 ) microscopy ( microscopy )显微镜检查 microscopy髓 pulp髓腔( 髓 ) pulp cavity ( pulp )髓质( 肾上腺 ) medulla ( adrenal gland )髓质( 肾 ) medulla ( kidney )髓质( 脑干 ) medulla ( brain stem )髓磷脂( 轴突 ) myelin ( axon )体液免疫 humoral immunity体细胞 somatic cell体循环 systemic circulation体温( 温度调节 ) body temperature ( thermoregulation ) 体温过低( 温度调节 ) hypothermia ( thermoregulation )鳞状缝( 骨缝 ) squamous suture ( suture )验血 blood test癫痫 epilepsy盐基对 base pair盐基 base盐酸( 胃液 ) hydrochloric acid ( gastric juice )盐类( 化学键 ) salts ( chemical bond )龋齿 tooth decay龋齿( 龋齿 ) dental caries ( tooth decay )腭骨( 颜面骨 ) palatine bone ( facial bone )髌骨 patella颅 cranium颅骨( 颅 ) cranial bone ( cranium )颅腔( 腔 ) cranial cavity ( cavity )髋( 杵臼关节 ) hip ( ball-and-docket joint )髋骨( 骨盆带 ) coxal bone / hip bone ( pelvic girdle )髋带( 骨盆带 ) hip girdle ( pelvic girdle )髋置换( 人工关节 ) hip replacement ( artificial joint )颞下颌关节( 颌骨 ) temporomandibular ( jaw )颞肌( 嚼肌 ) temporalis ( masseter )颞骨( 颅 ) temporal bone ( cranium )颧骨( 颜面骨 ) cheedbone / zygomatic bone ( facial bone )。

运动人体科学中常用的英语缩略词解释

运动人体科学中常用的英语缩略词解释英文缩写英文名称中文名称2hPG 2-hour post-challenge glucose糖负荷后2 小时血糖AGE advanced glycation endproducts晚期糖基化终末产物ALT alanine amiotransferase谷丙转氨酶ALB albumin血清白蛋白AS atherosclerosis动脉粥样硬化AST aspartate aminotransferase谷草转氨酶ASVD atherosclerotic vascular disease动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病BGP bone gla-protein骨钙素，骨谷氨酸蛋白BMI body mass index体重指数BMP bone morphogenetic protein骨形态发生蛋白BUA blood uric acid血尿酸CAD coronary artery disease冠状动脉病变CAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate环磷酸腺苷CAS carotid atherosclerotic颈动脉粥样硬化CHOL cholesterol胆固醇CI confidence interval置信区间CIMT carotid intima media thickness颈动脉内中膜厚度cOC carboxylated osteocalcin羧化骨钙素CREB camp response element binding protein CAMP 反应元件结合蛋白4CRP C reactive protein C 反应蛋白CVD cerebrovascular disease脑血管疾病DBP diastolic blood pressure舒张压DM diabetes mellitus糖尿病EDR endothelium dependent relaxation内皮依赖性舒张ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay酶联免疫吸附测定ER endoplasmic reticulum内质网ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase胞外信号调节激酶ESP embryonic stem cell phosphatase胚胎干细胞磷酸酶FAS fatty acid synthase脂肪酸合成酶FBG fasting blood glucose空腹血糖FCP fasting c-peptide空腹C 肽FFA free fatty acids游离脂肪酸FINS fasting insulin空腹胰岛素FPG fasting plasma glucose空腹血糖GGTγ-glutamyl transpeptadase谷氨酰转移酶GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽GLP1 glucagon-like peptide 1胰高血糖素样肽-1GLUT glucose transporter葡萄糖转运蛋白GPRC6A G protein-coupled receptor family C group6 member AG 蛋白偶联受体C 族6AOC osteocalcin骨钙素OR odds ratio机会比，比值比5HbA1c glycosylated haemoglobin alc糖化血红蛋白HCY homocysteine同型半胱氨酸HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HOMA homeostasis model assessment稳态模型评估法HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index胰岛素抵抗指数HOMA-β homeostasis model assessment of β cell 胰岛素分泌指数胰岛β细胞功能指数IL interleukin白细胞介素IMT intima media thickness内中膜厚度INSR insulin receptor胰岛素受体IR insulin resistance胰岛素抵抗IRS insulin receptor substrate胰岛素受体底物JNK c-Jun N-terminal ki-nase c-Jun 氨基末端激酶LCN lipocalin脂钙蛋白脂质运载蛋白LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LPL lipoprotein lipase脂蛋白酯酶LSD least significant difference最小显著性差异法MS metabolic syndrome代谢综合征NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease非酒精性脂肪性肝病NAFLDFS NAFLD fibrosis score非酒精性脂肪性肝病肝纤维化评分NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis非酒精性脂肪性肝炎6PKA protein kinase蛋白激酶APLT platelet血小板PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor 过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体RAGE receptor for advanced glycation endproducts晚期糖基化终末产物受体SBP systolic blood pressure收缩压SPSS statistical package for the social sciences 社会科学统计软件包T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus 2 型糖尿病TC total cholesterol总胆固醇TG triglyeride甘油三酯TGL triglyceride lipase甘油三酯脂肪酶TNF tumor necrosis factor肿瘤坏死因子UA uric acid尿酸ucOC under-carboxylated osteocalcin羧化不全骨钙素VSMC vascular smooth muscle cell血管平滑肌细胞WAT white adipose tissue白色脂肪组织WC waist circumference腰围WHR waist to hip ratio腰臀比。

运动生理学常用词汇英汉对照

Dark adaptation Scotopic vision
Passive transport Leukocyte dorsal respiratory group Stroke work Inotropic action Chronotropic action Dromtropic action Specific compliance Inspiratoryreserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Incomplete tetanus Insensible perpiration Encoding Babinski’s sign Limbic system α -boock
Local neuronal circuit Local circuit neuron Myofibril Sarcomere Myosin Actin Tropnin Muscle tonus Muscle spindle Colonystimulating factor,CSF Plasma cell Megakaryocytes Cross-match test Exchange vessel Reciprocal synapse Resting cardiac index Resting tension Venous return Stereocilia Kallikrein-kinin system Hormone Anatomical dead space Basic electrical rhythm Basal metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate Sham-feeding Sham rage Direct calorimetry Inulin Reduced eye Convergence principle Spinal shock Thyroxin,3,5,3’,5’-tetraiodlthyronine,T4 Thyroglobulin,TG

运动医学词汇（3）

运动医学词汇(3)伪足( 吞噬作用) pseudopodium / pseudopodia ( phagocytosis )假肋 false rib ( ribcage )假声带( 声带 ) false vocal cord ( vocal cord )做梦 dreaming偏头痛 migraine副甲状腺 parathyroid gland副甲状腺素( 副甲状腺) parathyroid hormone / pth ( parathyroid gland )副交感神经系统( 自律神经系统) parasympathetic nervous system ( autonomic nervous system )副睪( 睪丸 ) epididymis ( testis )动作电位( 神经冲动 ) action potential ( nerve impulse )动物淀粉( 肝糖 ) animal starch ( glycogen )动脉 artery动脉粥状硬化 atherosclerosis动能( 能量 ) kinetic energy ( energy )动情激素( 雌性激素 ) oestrogen ( female sex formone )动晕病( 半规管 ) motion sickness ( semicircular canal )动器( 运动神经元 ) effector ( motor neuron )动关节( 关节 ) movable joint ( joint )垩质 cement基因 gene基因型 genotype基因座( 对偶基因 ) locus ( allele )基因组 genome基底神经节( 大脑 ) basal ganglia ( cerebrum )基层( 表皮 ) basal layer ( epidermis )基础代谢率 basal metabolic rate / bmr妇科学 gynaecology密码子( 遗传密码 ) codon ( genetic code )带状包疹 herpes zoster ( shingles )带状包疹 shingles张力( 肌肉收缩 ) tension ( muscle contraction )情绪 emotion接受者( 排斥反应 ) recipient ( rejection )接种( 疫苗 ) inoculation ( vaccine )接触传染病 contagious disease排斥反应 rejection排汗 perspiration排卵 ovulation排尿( 膀胱 ) urination ( bladder )排泄 excretion排泄器官( 排泄 ) excretory organ ( excretion )排便( 直肠 ) defecation ( rectum )斜方肌 trapezius斜方骨( 腕骨 ) trapexium ( carpal )斜视( 双眼视觉 ) squint / strabismus ( binocular vision )旋前方肌( 旋前肌 ) pronator puadratus ( pronator )旋前肌 pronator旋前圆肌( 旋前肌 ) pronator ters ( pronator )旋后肌 supinator昼夜节律 circadian rhythm梅奇尼柯夫 mechnikov , llya梅斯纳氏小体( 机械性受器) meissner’s corpuscle ( mechanoreceptor )梅毒 syphilis梅塞尔森 meselson , matthew梅达沃 medawar , peter杆细胞( 光受器 ) rod ( photoreceptor )条件反射( 先天性反射 ) conditioned reflex ( inborn reflex ) 梨形虫病 giardiasis杀手t细胞( t细胞 ) killer t cell ( t cell )氢( 元气 ) hydrogen ( element )液体平衡( 渗透调节 ) fluid balance ( osmoregulation )浅睡( 睡眠 ) light sleep ( sleep )淋巴 lymph淋巴因子( t细胞 ) lymphokine ( t cell )淋巴系统 lymphatic system淋巴细胞 lymphocyte淋巴结 lymph node淋巴干( 淋巴管 ) lymph trunk ( lymph vessel )淋巴管 lymph vessel淋巴器官 lymphatic organ淋巴导管( 淋巴管 ) lymph duct ( lymph vessel )淋病 gonorrhea泪骨( 颜面骨 ) lacrimal bone ( facial bone )泪腺( 角膜 ) lacrimal gland ( cornea )泪囊( 角膜 ) lacrimal sac ( cornea )深的( 表面的 ) deep ( superficial )深睡( 睡眠 ) deep sleep ( sleep )牵张反射 stretch reflex犁骨( 颜面骨 ) vomer ( facial bone )球囊 saccule毕希纳 buchner , eduard异位妊娠 ectopic pregnancy异卵双胞胎 fraternal twins异质结合细胞 heterozygous cell疏水的( 磷脂 ) hydrophobic ( phospholipid )眼底镜 opthalmoscope眼直肌 rectus eye muscle眼科学 ophthalmology眼科肌 oblique eye muscle眼泪( 角膜 ) tears ( cornea )眼球( 眼睛 ) eyeball ( eye )眼眶 orbit眼窝( 眼眶 ) eye socket ( orbit )眼睛 eye眼轮匝肌 orbicularis oculi眼睑 eyelid硫 sulphur硫胺素( 维生素b1 ) thiamine ( vitamin b1 )移植手术( 排斥反应 ) transplant operation ( rejection )窒息 choking第一臼齿( 臼齿 ) first molar ( molar )第一楔骨( 跗骨 ) first cuneiform ( tarsal )第一跖骨( 跖骨 ) first metatarsal ( metatarsal )第二臼齿( 臼齿 ) second molar ( molar )第二性征( 性激素) secondary sexual characteristic ( sex hormone )第二楔骨( 跗骨 ) second cuneiform ( tarsal )第三臼齿( 智齿 ) third molar ( wisdom tooth )第三腓骨肌( 足部伸肌) peroneus tertius ( extensor of the foot )第三楔骨( 跗骨 ) third cuneiform ( tarsal )粒线体 mitochondrion / mitochondria粗内质网( 内质纲) rough endoplasmic reticulum ( endoplasmic reticulum )粗糙食物( 膳食纤维质 ) roughage ( dietary fibre )细支气管 bronchiole细胞 cell细胞内液( 细胞外液 ) intracellular fluid ( extracellular fluid ) 细胞分裂 cell division细胞外物质 extracellular material细胞外液 extracellular fluid细胞免疫 cellular immunity细胞呼吸( 呼吸 ) cellular respiration ( respiration )细胞骨架 cytosdeleton细胞周期 cell cycle细胞间接免疫( 细胞免疫) cell-mediated immunity ( cellular immunity )细胞间液( 组织液 ) intercellular fluid ( tissue fluid )细胞核 nucleus / nuclei细胞膜( 质膜 ) cell membrane ( plasma membrane )细胞质 cytoplasm细胞学( 组织学 ) cytology ( histology )细胞体( 神经元 ) cell body ( neuron )细菌 bacterium / bacteria组织 tissue组织修复( 组织 ) tissue repair ( tissue )组织胺( 炎症 ) histamine ( inflammation )组织液 tissue fluid组织间隙( 组织液 ) interstice ( tissue fluid )组织学 histology组织学家( 组织学 ) histologist ( histology )终毛( 毛发 ) terminal hair ( hair )脱出( 椎间盘突出 ) prolapse ( slipped disc )脱位 dislocation莫尔加尼 morgagni , giovanni荷勒斯 hales , stephen蛋白素( 血浆 ) albumin ( blood plasma )蛋白质 protein蛋白质合成 protein synthesis蛋白质的消化 protein digestion被动免疫( 免疫法 ) passive immunization ( immunization ) 许旺 schwann , theodor许旺细胞( 绅经胶细胞 ) schwann cell ( glial cell )贫血 anaemia软骨 cartilage软骨细胞( 软骨 ) chondrocyte ( cartilage )软膜( 脑脊髓膜 ) pia mater ( meninx )软颚( 颚 ) soft palate ( patlate)透明带( 卵子 ) zona pellucida ( ovum )透明软骨( 玻璃软骨 ) gristle ( hyaline cartilage )透析 dialysis透析器( 透析 ) dialyser ( dialysis )陈诠 chen chuan阴茎 penis阴蒂( 阴道 ) clitoris ( vagina )阴道 ( vagina )阴囊( 睪丸 ) scrotum ( testis )雀斑( 黑色素 ) freckles ( melanin )顶骨( 颅 ) parietal bone ( cranium )鸟粪嘌呤( 盐基 ) guanine ( base )麦克尤恩爵士 macewen , sir willeam麦芽糖( 淀粉 ) maltose ( starch )麦芽糖梅( 小肠 ) maltase ( small intestine )麻醉剂( 药物 ) narcotie ( drug )胫( 胫骨 ) shin ( tibia )胫神经( 坐骨神经 ) tibial nerve ( sciatic nerve )胫骨 tibia / shinbone胫骨前肌 tibialis anterior专一性抵抗力( 抵抗力 ) specific resistance ( resistance )专门学科 specialized study趾骨 phalanx / phalanges of the foot饮食 diet博蒙特 beaumont , william喘息 panting ( exhalation )单甘油酯( 脂肪 ) monoglyceride ( fat )单合子双胞胎( 同卵双胞胎) monozygotic twins ( identical twins )单倍体细胞 haploid cell单核球 monocyte单纯骨折( 骨析 ) simple fracture ( fracture )单醣( 碳水化合物 ) monosaccharide ( carbohydrate )唾液( 唾液腺 ) saliva ( salivary gland )唾液腺 salivary gland唾液淀粉梅( 唾液腺 ) salivary amylase ( salivary gland )喉 larynx喉结( 喉 ) adam’s apple ( larynx )壸腹( 半规管 ) ampulla ( semicircular canal )壸腹脊顶( 半规管 ) cupula ( semicircular canal )富兰克林 franklin , rosalind嵌塞的( 智齿 ) impacted ( wisdom tooth )复苏( 死亡 ) resuscitation ( death )循环系统 circulatory system掌长肌( 手部屈肌 ) palmaris longus ( flexor of the hand )掌骨 metacarpal掌短肌 palmaris brevis提肌( 提高 ) levator ( elevation )提高 elevation提高( 提高 ) elevate ( elevation )换气( 呼吸 ) ventilation ( breathing )散光 astigmatism斑( 动脉粥状硬化 ) plaque ( atherosclersis )斑( 龋齿 ) plaque ( tooth decay )斑疹伤寒 typhus斯瓦姆默丹 swammerdam , jan斯坦利 stanley , wendell斯特蒂文特 sturtevant , alfred斯诺 snow , john普通染色体( 性染色体 ) autosome ( sex chromosome )普尔金耶 purkinje , johannes品状体 lens智力 intelligence智齿 wisdom tooth棘突( 脊椎骨 ) spinous process ( vertebra )棘细胞层( 表皮 ) prickly layer / stratum spinosum ( epidermis ) 森特–哲尔吉 szent – gyorgi , albert von着床 implantation椎弓( 脊椎骨 ) vertebral arch ( vertebra )椎间盘 intervertebral disc椎间盘突出 slipped disc椎体( 脊椎骨 ) centrum ( vertebra )椎体( 脊椎骨 ) vertebual body ( vertebra )氮( 元素 ) nitrogen ( element )氯 chlorine渥勒 wohler , friedrich滋养层( 胚胞 ) trophoblast ( blastocyst )无氧呼吸 anaerobic respiration无意识( 意识 ) unconsciousness ( conscioushess )无横纹( 平滑肌 ) unstriated ( smooth muscle )无机化合物 inorganic compound珐琅质 enamel痢疾，见阿米巴痢疾 dysentery see amoebic dysentery痉挛 cramp发育 development发烧 fever短趾伸肌( 脚部伸肌 ) extensor digitorum brevis ( extensor of the foot )短期记忆( 记忆 ) short-term memory ( memory )硬骨( 致密骨 ) hard bone ( compact hone )硬膜( 脑脊髓膜 ) dura mater ( meninx )硬颚( 颚 ) hard palate ( palate )稀释的( 浓度 ) dilute ( concentration )等长收缩( 肌肉收缩) isometric contraction ( muscle contraction )等张收缩( 肌肉收缩) isotonic contraction ( muscle contraction )等张的 isotonic等显性对偶基因 co-dominant allele结核病 tuberculosis结肠 colon结构蛋白 structural protein结缔组织 connective tissue结膜( 角膜 ) conjunctiva ( cornea )绒毛 villus / villi绒毛膜 chorion绒毛膜绒毛( 绒毛膜 ) chorionic villus ( chorion )绒毛膜绒毛取样( 绒毛膜 ) chorionic villus sampling ( chorion ) 绝经 menopause丝状乳头( 味蕾 ) filiform papilla ( taste bud )腕( 椭球关节 ) wrist ( ellipsoidal joint )腕骨 carpal腔 cavity腔静脉 vena cava腋( 上肢 ) axilla ( upper extremity )腋动脉( 肱动脉 ) axillary artery ( brachial artery )腋静脉( 肱静脉 ) axillary vein ( brachial vein )肾 kidney肾上腺 adrenal bland / suprarenal gland肾上腺素 adrenaline肾小球 glomerulus肾小球囊( 鲍氏囊 ) glomerular capsule ( bowman’s capsule )肾小管 renal tubule肾元 nephron肾衰竭( 透析 ) renal failure ( dialysis )脾 spleen腓神经( 坐骨神经 ) peroneal nerve( sciatic nerve )腓骨 fibula腓骨肌 gastrocnemius / calf muscle残余气量 residual volume舒张压( 血压计) diastolic blood pressure ( sphygmomanometer )烟碱酸 niacin华森 watson , james菌落 bacterial flora裂( 大脑 ) fissure ( cerebrum )视力( 视觉 ) sight ( vision )视丘 thalamus视皮质( 感觉区 ) visual cortex ( sensory area )视色素( 光受器 ) visual pigment ( photoreceptor )视径交叉，视神经交叉 optic chiasma视神经 optic nerve视神经盘，视乳头( 盲点 ) optic disc ( blind spot )视紫质( 光受器 ) rhodopsin ( photoreceptor )视黄醇( 维生素a ) retinol ( vitamin a )视叶( 感觉区 ) optic lobe ( sensory area )视网膜 retina视觉 vision诊断 diagnosis费克 fick , adolf超音波扫描 ultrasound scanning超音波扫描仪( 超音波扫描 ) ultrasound scanner ( ultrasound scanning )距骨( 跗骨 ) talus ( tarsal )轴椎( 颈椎 ) axis ( cervical vertebra )轴突 axon钙 calcium钠 sodium钠钾泵( 神经冲动 ) sodium-potassium pump ( nerve impulse ) 开放性骨折( 骨折 ) open fracture ( fracture )间期( 细胞周期 ) interphase ( cell cycle )间质液( 组织液 ) interstitial fluid ( tissue fluid )集尿管( 输尿管 ) collecting duct ( ureter )韧带 ligament黄骨髓( 骨髓 ) yellow marrow ( bone marrow )黄热病 yellow fever黄体 corpus luteum黄体成长激素 luteinizing hormone / lh黄体激素( 雌性激素 ) progesterone ( female sex hormone ) 黑色素 melanin氰钴胺素( 维生素b12 ) cyanocobalamin ( vitamin b12 )跗骨 tarsal雄性激素 male sex hormone传入神经元( 感觉神经元 ) afferent neuron ( sensory neuron ) 传出神经元( 运动神经元 ) efferent neuron ( motor neuron ) 传染性疾病 infectious disease传染性单核细胞增多症( 腺热) mononucleosis , infectious ( glandular fever )传染病 communicable disease传讯核糖核酸( 核糖核酸 ) messenger rna ( rna )传讯核糖核酸( 核糖核酸 ) m rna ( rna )催化剂( 梅 ) catalyst ( enzyme )催乳激素 prolactin催产素 oxytocin伤寒 typhoid fever嗅神经 olfactory nerve嗅球( 嗅膜 ) olfactory bulb ( olfactory membrane )嗅细胞( 嗅膜 ) olfactory cell ( olfactory membrane )嗅膜 olfactory membrane嗅觉 smell塞麦尔维斯 semmelweiss , ignaz微生物( 病原体 ) microorganism ( pathogen )微血管 capillary微淋巴管( 淋巴管 ) lymph capillary ( lymph vessel )微绒毛( 绒毛 ) microvilli ( villus )微量营养素 micronutrient微量矿物质( 矿物质 ) trace mineral ( mineral )微胶粒( 脂肪的消化 ) micelle ( fat digestion )感冒 common cold感染 infection感觉 sense感觉根( 神经根 ) sensory root ( nerve root )感觉神经元 sensory neuron感觉区 sensory area感觉器官( 感觉 ) sense organ ( sense )爱迪生 addison , thomas爱滋病 aids暗光适应 dark adaptation会厌 epiglottis杨 young , thomas溶梅体 lysosome溶液 solution溶菌梅( 化学抵抗 ) lysozyme ( chemical resistance )溶质( 溶液 ) solute ( solution )溶剂( 溶液 ) solvent ( solution )沟( 大脑 ) sulcus / sulci ( cereburm )减数分裂 meiosis温血的，吸热的( 温度调节 ) endothermic ( thermoregulation ) 温度调节 thermoregulation滑车( 眼斜肌 ) trochlea ( oblique eye muscle )滑动关节 gliding joint滑液( 滑液关节 ) synovial fluid ( synovial joint )滑液关节 synovial joint滑丝学说 sliding filament theory滑膜( 滑液关节 ) synovial membrane ( synovial joint )滑膜鞘( 腱 ) synovial sheath ( tendon )意识 consciousness痲疹 measles痲疯 leprosy睫毛( 眼睑 ) eyelash ( eyelid )睫状肌( 晶状体 ) ciliary muscle ( lens )睪丸 testis / testes睪固酮( 雄性激素 ) testosterone ( male sex hormone )矮人( 雷文霍克 ) homunculi ( leeuwenhoek , anthony van ) 碘 iodine棱形骨( 腕骨 ) trapezoid ( carpal )节律器( 窦房结 ) pacemaker ( sinoatrial node )经期( 月经 ) period ( menstruation )圣托里奥 santorio , santorio腱 tendon腰背部( 腰椎 ) small of the back ( lumbar vertebra )腰神经( 脊神经 ) lumbar nerve ( spinal nerve )腰神经丛( 脊神经 ) lumbar plexus ( spinal nerve )腰椎 lumbar vertebra肠 intestine肠液 intestinal juice肠系膜( 腹膜 ) mesentery ( peritoneum )腮腺( 唾液膜 ) parotid gland ( salivary gland )脚气病 beriberi肿瘤( 癌症 ) tumour ( cancer )腄瘤学家( 病理学 ) oncologist ( pathology )腹直肌 rectus abdominis腹面的( 前面的 ) ventral ( anterior )腹根( 神经根 ) ventral root ( nerve root )腹腔( 腔 ) abdominal cavity ( cavity )腹( 躯干 ) abdomen ( trunk )腹腔疾病 coeliac disease腹膜 peritoneum膜泡( 胰脏 ) acinus / acini ( pancreas )腺嘌呤( 盐基 ) adenine ( base )腺嘌呤核甘二磷酸( 腺嘌呤核甘三磷酸) adp / adenosine diphosphate ( atp )腺嘌呤核甘三磷酸 adp / adenosine triphosphate腺样增殖体 adenoid腺热 glandular fever腺体 gland脑 brain脑波 brainwave脑下垂体，脑垂腺 pituitary gland脑室( 脑 ) ventricle ( brain )脑神经 cranial nerve脑脊髓液 csf / cerebrospinal fluid脑脊髓膜 meninges / meninx脑回( 大脑 ) gyrus / gyri ( cetrebrum )脑干 brain stem脑电图( 脑波 ) electroencephalogram ( brainwave )脑电图仪( 脑波 ) eeg / electroencephalograph ( brainwave ) 脑膜炎 meningitis叶( 泌乳 ) lobe ( lactation )叶酸 folic acid叶酸盐( 叶酸 ) folate( folic acid )葡萄糖 glucose补体系统 complement system解毒作用 detoxification解剖( 解剖学 ) dissection ( anatomy )解剖学 anatomy解剖学家( 解剖学 ) anatomist ( anatomy )詹纳 jenner , edward试管内受精( 不孕 ) in vitro fertilization ( infertility )跟骨( 跗骨 ) calcaneus ( tarsal )跟腱 achilles tendon路德威希 ludwig , karl运动根( 神经根 ) motor root ( nerve root )运动神经元 motor neuron运动神经疾病 motor neuron disease运动区 motor area游走巨噬细胞( 单核球 ) wandering macrophage ( monocyte ) 过敏 allergy过敏反应( 过敏 ) allergic reaction ( allergy )过敏性休克 anaphylactic shock过敏性鼻炎( 枯草热 ) allergic rhinitis ( hay fever )过敏原 allergen钾 potassium钩骨( 腕骨 ) hamate ( carpal )隔膜避孕用具( 避孕用具) barrier contraceptive ( contraceptive )雷文霍克 leeuwenhoek , anthony van雷扎斯 rhazes雷蒙.凯尔 ramony cajal , santiago电子( 原子 ) electron ( atom )电子显微照片( 显微镜 ) electron micrograph ( microscopy ) 电子显微镜( 显微镜 ) electron microscope ( microscopy)电场( 脑波 ) electrical field ( brainwave )电极( 心电图仪 ) electrode ( electrocardiograph )电脑断层摄影 computed tomography电脑断层摄影机(电脑断层摄影) omputed tomograph( computed tomography )电图( 心电图仪 ) ecg ( electrocardiograph ) 靶子细胞( 激素 ) target cell ( hormone )靶子组织( 激素 ) target tissue ( hormone )预后( 诊断 ) prognosis ( diagnosis )预期寿命 life expectancy饱和脂肪( 脂肪 ) saturated fat ( fat )鼓膜 eardrum / tympanic membrane。

常用健身术语中英文对照

常用健身术语中英文对照interval training 间隔锻炼。

back sliding 身体体积力量及锻炼热情的减退。

lats 背阔肌的简称lock outs 锁住次数。

barriers 锻炼的障碍。

muscle balance 肌肉平衡。

blasting 大强度锻炼。

negtives 退让动作。

bodybuilders 健美运动员。

peak contraction 顶峰收缩。

bodybuilding community 健美运动界。

（包括所有支持此运动的人。

）pecs 胸大肌的简称posiing 做造型。

activity time 活动时间。

interval training 间隔锻炼。

back sliding 身体体积力量与及锻炼热情的减退。

lats 背阔肌的简称lock outs 锁住次数。

barriers 锻炼的障碍。

muscle balance 肌肉平衡。

blasting 大强度锻炼。

negtives 退让动作。

bodybuilders 健美运动员。

peak contraction 顶峰收缩。

bodybuilding community 健美运动界。

（包括所有支持此运动的人。

）pecs 胸大肌的简称posiing 做造型。

bodyweight exercises 以自身的体重为阻力的锻炼动作。

pre--stretching 先期伸展。

pump-room 健身房。

buffed 引人注目的肌肉尺度和线条。

quads 股四头肌简称bulk 泛指大块肌肉。

relative body fat 体脂比例。

burn up 练到精疲力竭。

RM 一定次数的最高重量。

burns 燃烧（练到最大承受限度）carbing 大量摄食碳水合物。

ripped 肌肉线条明显carbs 碳水合物的总称。

spotter 辅助员，帮手circuit training 巡回训练。

stagnated 停顿点。

conditioning period 一次训练课中的主要段落。

运动医学名词

运动医学名词
5. 运动营养学（Sports Nutrition）：研究运动对营养需求的影响，包括饮食计划、补充剂和液体摄入等方面。
6. 运动心理学（Sports Psychology）：研究运动对心理状态和行为的影响，包括运动动机、焦虑、自信和专注力等方面。
7. 运动训练（Sports Training）：通过系统的训练计划和方法，提高运动员的身体素质、技术和竞技能力。
8. 运动性能评估（Sports Performance Assessment）：通过测量和评估运动员的身体功能和运动能力，了解其表现水平和潜力。
运动医学名词
9. 运动医学科学（Sports Medicine）：综合运动科学、医学和康复学等知识，研究和应用于运动和运动受伤的预防、治疗和康复。
以上是一些常见的运动医学名词，涵盖了运动对身体的生理和心理影响、运动损伤和康复、运动营养等方面。这些名词在运动医学领域中被广泛使用，有助于理解和研究运动与健康的关系。
运动医学名词
以下是一些常见的运动医学名词： 1. 肌肉骨骼系统（Musculoskeletal System）：包括肌肉、骨骼、关节和相关的结构，与运动和运动能力密切相关。 2. 运动生理学（Exercise Physiology）：研究运动对身体系统的影响，包括心血管、呼吸、代谢和肌肉等系统的变化。 3. 运动损伤（Sports Injury）：由于运动活动引起的身体损伤，包括肌肉拉伤、扭伤、韧带撕裂等。 4. 运动康复（Sports Rehabilitation）：通过物理疗法、运动训练和康复措施帮助运动受伤者恢复

健身运动的专业词汇及注解

Abduction 外展：远离身体中线的动作。

• Acute 剧痛：突然发生的，有着刺痛、剧烈和短时间持续的特性。

• Adduction 内收：接近身体中线的动作。

• Aerobic 有氧的：如字面一般，有氧气的，或有氧气存在的地方。

• Aerobic capacity 有氧能量：人体从空气中吸取氧气再经由肺部和血管来转换成活动肌肉的能力；与心肺耐力有关。

• Aerobic exercise 有氧运动：在长时间下经由利用多种不同活动而引起增加氧气需求量的一种训练心肺系统的方法。

• Agonist 收缩肌：关节运动中主要负责的肌肉。

又称为主要动作肌。

• Amenorrhea 无月经：月经失调的症状。

• Anaerobic 无氧的：不需要氧气的：通常是瞬间冲刺、高能量的活动。

• Anaerobic threshold 无氧作业阈值：当身体无法继续达到它对氧气的需求时而促使无氧代谢加速的状况。

• Anorexia nervosa 神经性厌食症－是一种精神方面的厌食症，因情绪失调导致丧失食欲；通常发生在12 岁至21 岁故意让自己饿肚子的女性身上，会造成严重的体重下降甚至死亡。

• Antagonist 拮抗肌－与原动肌作用相反的肌群称为拮抗肌( 从位于关节运动轴的位置来讲，对抗肌位于原动肌的对侧) 。

譬如说在弯举的动作中，肱三头肌是肱肌和肱二头肌的拮抗肌。

• Anterior 前面的－指身体部位或人体器官的正面。

• Arteriosclerosis 闭塞性动脉硬化症－泛称多种中型动脉的病理改变。

最重要的一型是动脉粥样化，因胆固醇及其它物质沉积在血管内层所致。

• Assistor 辅助肌－能够辅助肌肉的移动，但并不是主要原动力的来源。

通称为次要动作肌。

• Atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化( 症) －在动脉和小动脉内壁上不规则脂类沉积( 主要是胆固醇和甘油三脂) 的情况。

产生的原因包括了高动物脂肪饮食、高血压、肥胖和缺乏运动。

康复常见词汇中英对照

康复常见词汇中英对照为大家整理了有关康复常见词汇中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦! 康复常见词汇中英对照：1.膈式呼吸运动diaphragmatic breathing exercises2.透热疗法diathermy3.残疾是病损、失能、残障三者之总称。

disability4.失能个体水平的障碍disability5.残疾预防Disability Prevention6.障碍disturbance，disorder7.醉汉步态drunkard gait8.动力性运动dynamic exercises9.动态干扰电疗法dynamic interferential therapy10.动磁场疗法dynamic magnetic field therapy11.动功dynamic qigong12.发音困难dysarthria13.功能障碍dysfunction14.运动障褥dyskinesia15.咽下困难dysphagia16.发音困难dysphonia17.二氧化碳浴earbondioxide bath18.离心收缩eccentric contraction19.作业宣教和咨询Education of Occupation Therapy20.教育评定educational evaluation21.教育康复educational rehabilitation22.气水浴effervescent bath23.肘拐elbow crutch24.电静息electrical silence25.电诊断法electrodiagnosis26.电诊断医学electrodiagnostc medicine，electrodiagnostics27.电兴奋疗法electroexcitation therapy28.电体操疗法electrogymanastic therapy29.电磁疗法electromagnetotherapy30.肌电生物反馈疗法electromyographic biofeedback therapy，EMGBFT31.肌电图，肌电图检查electromyography32.神经电图，神经传导检查，electroneurography33.电泳疗法electrophoresis34.电睡眠疗法electrosleep therapy35.静电疗法electrostatic field therapy，Franklinization36.电疗法electrotherapy37.终板电位end-plate potential38.耐力运动endurance exercises39.广义日常生活活动评定Enhance ADL，EADL40.环境控制装置environment control unit，ECU41.环境干预Environment Intervention42.急跳运动erky exercises43.直喷浴et douche44.日常生活能力评定evaluation of activities of daily living，evaluation of ADLs45.事件相关电位event-related potential，ERP46.诱发电位evoked potentials，EP47.运动强度exercise intensity48.运动处方exercise prescription49.运动负荷试验exercise stress test50.运动试验exercise test51.运动疗法exercise therapy，movement therapy，kinesiotherapy52.易化技术facilitation technique53.易化技术Facilitation Techniques54.感应电疗法faradization55.远红外线疗法far-infrared therapy56.束颤电位fasciculation potential57.纤颤电位fibrillation potential58.体能测定fitness test59.健身训练fitness training，conditioning60. Fugl-Meyer肢体运动功能评价法FMA61.泡沫浴foam bath62.足角foot angle63.垂足步态footdrop gait64.徒手体操free-hand exercises65. F反应，F-波F-response，F-wave66.摩擦法friction，rubbing67.作业疗法功能活动治疗Functional Activities of OT68.功能性电刺激functional electric stimulation，FES69.功能独立性评测functional independence measures，FIM70.功能位functional position71.功能训练functional training72.步态分析gait analysis73.步态周期gait cycle，GC74.步态训练gait training75.直流感应电检查galvanic-faradic current examination76.直流电疗法galvanism，galvanization77.健康问卷调查GHQ78.臀大肌步态gluteus maximums gait79.臀中肌步态gluteus mediums gait，Trendelenburg gait80.分级运动试验graded exercise test81.群放电位grouped potential82.致能habilitation83.浴疗法halneotherapy84.残障社会水平的障碍handicap85.促进健康Health Promotion86.疗养地health resort87.日光空气疗法helioaerotherapy88.日光疗法heliotherapy，solar therapy89.氦镉激光疗法helium-eadium laser therapy，He-Cd laser therapy90.氦氖激光疗法helium-neon laser therapy，He-Ne laser therapy91.偏瘫步态hemiplegic gait92.高频电疗法high frequency electrotherapy93. H反射Hoffman reflex，HR94.园艺疗法horticultural therapy95.热敷hot compress96.温泉hot spring97.痉挛肌电刺激疗法Hufschmidt therapy98.电水浴疗法hydroelectric bath therapy99.硫化氢浴hydrogen sulfur bath，hydrothion bath 100.水疗法hydrotherapy。