英语法案Brown V. Broad of Education of Topeka Kansa

Brown V. Broad of Education of Topeka Kansas(1954)Plessy V. Ferguson (1896) became the judicial cornerstone of racial discrimination throughout the United States. The case established the separate-but-equal doctrine. This doctrine was used to Justify segregation in many areas of American life for the next fifty years. A little more than a decade later, in 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was found to take up the battle against the racial segregation and discriminations In the 1930s, its legal arm developed a careful, long-term strategy to demolish the separate-but-equal doctrine. Rather than a head-on assault of Jim Crow(黑人）, which the Court was likely to rebuff, NAACB lawyers would chip away at segregation in the area of education! showing in case after case that separate facilities could not possibly bl equal. A successful attack on the separate-but-equal doctrine begat! with a series of lawsuits in the 1930s to admit African Americans to! state professional schools. Beginning in the late 1930s, the Supreme Court began to move away from the separate-but-equal doctrine. B 1950, the Supreme Court had ruled that African Americans who were admitted to a state university could not be assigned to separate sections of classrooms, libraries, and cafeterias. The Court was taking the position that segregated facilities for black students at universities violate the equal protection clause. The major breakthrough, however did not come until 1 95 1. The case involved an African American who lived in Topeka, Kansas.In 1951' Oliver Brown decided that his eight-year-old daughter,it»da Carol Brown, should not have to go to an all-nonwhite elementary-school twenty-one blocks away from her home, when there was a whiteschool only seven blocks away. So Linda Brown's parents had sued the school hoard of Topeka, Kansas, for not allowing their daughter to at lend an all-white school, miles closer to their home than the separated elementary school she was assigned to attend. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). formed in 1909, decided to help Oliver Brown. Thurgood Marshall, the NAACP's leading lawyer, wanted the Court to strike down state laws that required racial segregation in public schools. He argued that African American children were not getting the same quality of education as white children. In his argument, Marshall appealed to meet the Plessy doctrine head on and declare that it is erroneous. "It stands mirrored today as a legal aberration, the faulty conception of an era dominated by provincialism, by intense emotionalism in race relations... and by the preaching of a doctrine of racial superiority that contradicted the basic concept upon which our society was founded. Twentieth century American, fighting racism at home and abroad, had rejected the race views of Plessy V. Ferguson because we have come to the realization that such views obviously tend to preserve not the strength but the weakness of our heritage. " By the time Marshall made this argument, black intellectuals, scholars, and activists and their progressive white allies had closed ranks in support of integration. To suggest alternatives as the goal for African Americans was to find oneself swimming against the current. However, the NAACP campaign finally made great achievements in Brown V Broad of Education of Topeka, probably the most significant Supreme Court decision of the twentieth century. The results were monumental in their impact on American society.During late 1953 and early 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren brought the court in support ofMarshall's opinion. On May 17 1954, the court ruled unanimously in favor of the NAACP lawyer and their clients that a classification based solely on race violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. Supreme Court ruled in Brown V. Broad of Education of Topeka, Kansas that it wad unconstitutional to separate schoolchildren by race. The Supreme Court reversed Plessy V. Ferguson. The Court unanimously held that segregation by race in public education was unconstitutional.The case established that public school segregation of races violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.In support of its opinion the Court cited current sociological and psychologic findings—demonstrating that even if separate facilities were equal in quality, the mere fact of separating people by race engendered feelings of inferiority. Concluding that separate schools are inherently unequal, Chief Justice Warren stated that "(Segregation generates in children) a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.. . We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. "A year after Brown decision, the Supreme Court ruled that schools should desegregate " with all deliberate speed. " It was a vague, cautious, legally meaningless phrase. Perhaps it was the price Warren had to pay for the previous year's unanimous verdict. Supreme Court ruling did not go unchallenged. In the South "with all deliberate speed" turned out to be a snail's speed. Massive resistance to segregation broke out in many states. Bureaucratic loopholes were used to delay desegregation.Another reaction was "white flight". As white parents sent their children to newly established private schools, some former white-only public schools became 100 percent black. The Supreme Court ruling in Brown V. Broad of Education of Topeka called for major changes in many states, especially those in the south . Some border states integrated their schools, but the South remained segregated. The governor of Virginia threatened to close the state's public schools and send white children to private schools. In 1956, a group of 101 southern members of Congress signed a "Southern Manifesto," which called the Court's ruling "a clear abuse of judicial power" and pledged use of "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision. "In the late 1950s and early 1960s the National Guard and regular army paratroopers were used to escort black students into formerly all-white schools and universities, such as the Little Rock crisis. It was not until the 1970s that resistance collapsed and most southern schools were integrated. By 1970, school systems no longer practiced de jure segregation---- segregation that is legally permitted. That is not to say that segregation had been eliminated. The process of achieving Complete segregation is still underway. It will continue wherever de facto segregation exists that is, wherever circumstances produce segregation even though no law requires it.The Chicago Defender labeled the Brown decision "a second emancipation proclamation," and Washington Post called it "a new birth of freedom". But such Court decisions have been enforced. Brown V. Broad of Education of Topeka was only the beginning of a string of Supreme Court decisions holding various forms of discrimination unconstitutional. Brown and these other cases gave the civilrights movement momentum that was to grow in the years followed. And the coming civil rights movement would pave the way a more varied, vibrant, and successful challenge to racism.。