考博英语改错冲刺讲义

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Ⅰ名词
1．不规则名词复数形式
alumna→alumnae女校友alumnus→alumni校友antenna→antennae天线
axis→axes轴心analysis→analyses分析appendix→appendices附录
basis→bases基础bacterium→bacteria细菌crisis→crises危机
criterion→criteria标准curriculum→curricula课程datum→data数据，资料
diagnosis→diagnoses诊断ellipsis→ellipses日食emphasis→emphases强调
formula→formulae公式hypothesis→hypotheses假说index→indices索引
index→indexes指数medium→media媒介nucleus→nuclei核心，原子核
oasis→oases绿洲parenthesis→parentheses括弧phenomenon→phenomena现象
radius→radii, radiuses半经stimulus→stimuli刺激stratum→strata阶层
syllabus→syllabi提纲symposium→symposia研讨会synopsis→synopses内容提要
thesis→theses理论
2．复合名词的复数形式
man或woman修饰名词构成复合名词变成复数形式，须把把组成该复合词的两个词都变成复数形式。

如：man cook→men cooks，man servant→men servants，woman nurse→women nurses，woman singer→women singers，woman writer→women writers
3．英语中有些名词的复数形式的词义不同于单数形式
advice忠告→advices通知letter信→letters文学，证书
air空气→airs架子look脸色，看→looks面容，美貌
ash灰→ashes骨灰；废墟manner态度，方式→manners礼貌
arm手臂→arms武器
art艺术→arts文科，人文文科attention注意→attentions殷勤minute分钟→minutes会议记录nerve神经，勇气→nerves胆怯pain痛苦→pains辛苦，努力
attainment得到→attainments学识paper纸→papers文件
authority权力→authorities当局pleasure快乐→pleasures乐趣，乐事
brain脑→brains脑力，智能premise前提（逻辑）→premises房屋，院内，前提chance机会，偶然→chances情况，期望profit益处→profits利润，收益
circumstance情况→circumstances环境，处境property财产→properties特性
cloth织物→clothes衣服province省→provinces地方（与首都相对）
compliment称赞→compliments问候，致意condition状况→conditions条件，环境congratulation祝贺→congratulations祝贺词content含量→contents目录convenience方便→conveniences便利设备provision预备→provisions粮食，规定
quarter一刻钟，四分之一→quarters住处，营房rank阶层→ranks兵卒
return回去→returns利润，盈利
ruin毁灭→ruins废墟
cotton棉花→cottons棉制品custom习惯→customs海关；关税royalty王权→royalties王族sand沙→sands沙滩，沙漠
damage损害→damages赔偿金spectacle景象→spectacles眼镜experience经验→experiences经历spirit精神→spirits情绪，酒精
finding发现→findings研究成果force武力→forces军队term期间→terms条件，关系time时间→times时代
fund资金→funds现款transaction交易，处理→transactions学报，会报
fur毛皮→furs皮衣teaching教学→teachings教导，学说
future未来→futures期货water水→waters水域，河道
good利益→goods货物wit机智→wits理智
green绿色→greens青菜wonder惊奇→wonders奇观
ground地面→grounds庭院，理由wood木头→woods树林
humanity人性→humanities人的属性work工作→works工厂，工程，工事
iron铁→irons镣铐writing文件→writings著作
4．单复数同形的名词可以分为以下几类
1．某些动物名词，如：deer, sheep, fish, swine（猪）等。

2．以-ese或-ss结尾的名词，如：Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swiss, Vietnamese等。

3．某些以-s结尾的名词，如：barracks（营房）, corps（部队）, crossroads（十字路口）, gallows（绞刑架）, headquarters（司令部）, kennels（养狗场）, links（高尔夫球场）,
means（手段，方法）, mews（马厩）, series（一系列）, species（种类）, shambles
（废墟）, whereabouts（行踪）, works（工厂）等。

5．只有复数形式的名词可以分为以下几类
1．某些衣着类名词，如：clothes, jeans, pants, pajamas, shorts, slacks（便裤）, tights（裤袜）, trousers 等。

这类名词在计数时不能直接用数词，而须用a pair of等形式，如：a pair of pants, two suits of clothes。

当他们作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于pair等的数。

2．某些工具类名词，如：binoculars（双筒镜）, compasses（圆规）, glasses (spectacles), pincers（钳子）, pliers（钳子）, scales, scissors, shears（大剪刀）, sunglasses, tongs（钳子）, tweezers（镊子）等。

同衣着类名词一样，这类名词在计数时也不能直接用数词，而须用a pair of, two pairs of等形式。

当他们作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于pair等的数。

3．以-ings结尾的名词，如：belongings, earnings, lodgings（寄宿处）, savings, surroundings, sweepings （被扫到一起的东西）, tidings（消息）, winnings（赢得的钱）等。

7. 容易误用为复数的不可数名词
advice建议，忠告living生活，生计
equipment装备，设备progress前进，发展
furniture家具，设备scenery风景，景色
information通知，信息machinery机器，机械
knowledge知识，学问traffic交通流量
baggage/luggage行李trouble烦恼，麻烦
cash现金thunder雷声，轰隆声
apparatus仪器weather天气，处境
clothing衣服work工作，劳动
paper纸，钞票luck运气，幸运
technology工艺，技术jewelry珠宝
8. 名词在含有基数词的复合词中数的形式
在“基数词+名词”或“基数词+名词+形容词”形式的复合词中，名词一律用单数。

如：a two-week vacation （两周的假期），a ten-year-old boy（10岁的男孩），a two-story house（一栋二层楼的房子）
Ⅱ基数词的单数与复数的区别
ten, hundred, thousand, million, billion等词在表示确切数目时用单数形式，直接位于所修饰的名词之前。

如：three thousand students，ten million dollars；在表示约略数目时用复数形式，在所修饰的名词之前须有介词of。

如：billions of times，tens of thousands of elements，thousands upon thousands of people。

Ⅲ时态
1．一般现在时
2．现在进行时
与always, constantly连用表示赞叹、埋怨、厌烦等情感，可译成“总是，老是”等。

例如：
My daughter is always watching TV after school.
3．一般将来时
1）在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示一般将来时。

例如：
If it rains tomorrow, the match will be canceled.
2）下列动词的进行时表示将来时
go, come, leave, arrive, drive, fly, see (= interview), visit, hear (= receive), feel (= touch), start, meet, stay, land, take等。

例如：
We are leaving for America tomorrow. 我们明天前往美国。

3）一般现在时表示预定的行为，如交通、电影院等时间、节目的安排等。

例如：
The visitors arrive at 8:30 a.m..
4）to be to do
表示计划、安排好的事。

例如：
We are to meet at the gate.
5）to be going to do
6）to be about to do
4．现在完成时
1）表示一个已经发生但对现在的情况有影响的动作，常与already, just, yet等时间状语连用。

例如：We have already reserved a room at Beijing hotel for the 15th of October.
2）表示从过去某时到现在这段时间中发生的事情，常与下列时间状语连用：up till now, so far, recently, this days, these term, in the past … years等。

例如：
We have learned 2, 000 English words this term.
3) 表示一个由过去某时继续到现在的动作或状态，常与表示一段的时间状语连用：for…, since…等。

例如：
I have lived here for ten years.
4) 用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时业已完成的动作。

例如：
W e’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.
5．过去完成时
表示一个动作在过去某一动作之前业已发生，或在过去某时间业已完成。

1) by +过去时间：例如：
By the end of last term, we had learned 2000 English words.
2) 根据上下文判断：往往带有一个表示过去时间的状语从句。

例如：
When we got to the station, the train had already left.
6．将来完成时
表示将来某一时间之前完成的动作。

by +未来时间：例如：
We will have learned 2000 English words by the end of next term.
Ⅳ虚拟语气
1．时态推移
⑴if虚拟条件句
从句主句
与现在事实相反：过去时（be动词用were）would
should
could + 动词原形might
would like to
be to
与过去事实相反：过去完成时(had done) would
should
could + 现在完成时（have done）might
would like to
be to
与将来事实相反：should + 动词原形
或：were to +动词原形would
should
could + 动词原形might
would like to
be to
注意：if可以省略，省略后要用倒装结构。

混合时间条件句：从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。

⑵I wish (that) S V …
If only S V …
⑶I would rather (that) S V …（与现在和将来事实相反的，从句的谓语动词用过去时；与过去事实相反
的，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。

）
⑷I had hoped that S V …
⑸I t’s (high/about) time t hat S V …
⑹… as if/as though S V …
⑺without, but for, otherwise, or
⑻I f it were not for …
I f it had not been for …
2．当主句中出现下列单词表示要求、建议、命令、愿望、介绍、推荐以及表示重要性的动词、名词、形容词时，其后从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，虚拟的形式为：动词原形或者should+动词原形：v.
ask, advise, beg, command, decide, decree, demand, direct, deserve, desire, insist（坚决要求）, maintain, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, require, request, resolve, stipulate, suggest（建议）, urge, vote等。

注意：当insist作“坚持认为”解、suggest作“表明；暗示”解时，其宾语从句中的谓语动词为陈述语气。

n.
advice, aim, decision, decree, demand, desire, idea, importance, insistence, instruction, motion, necessity, order, plan, preference, proposal, recommendation, regulation, requirement, request, resolution, suggestion, urge, wish等。

adj.
advisable, anxious, appropriate, best, better, compulsory, crucial, demanded, desirable, desired, determined, eager, essential, imperative, important, impossible, necessary, obligatory, only right, ordered, preferable, possible, proper, pity, recommended, requested, required, strange, suggested, urgent, vital等。

3．情态动词+ have done
should have done/ought to have done
shouldn’t have done/ought not to have done
must have done
can’t have done
could have done
couldn’t have done
may/might have done
may/might not have done
would have done
needn’t have done
Ⅴ主谓一致
1．由and连接的两个名词作主语，指同一人或物或通常由连个部件构成的物品时，用单数谓语动词，指不同的人或物或分开的东西用复数谓语动词。

*The lorry and driver were safe in the accident.
The secretary and manager was present at the meeting.
The secretary and the manager were present at the meeting.
The iron and steel industry is of great importance to the national economy.
The food and the textile industry depend mainly on agriculture for raw material.
Health and strength is above all gold.
bread and butter黄油面包（一种食品）
ham and eggs火腿炒蛋（一道菜）
meat and potatoes土豆烧肉（一道菜）
a needle and thread针线（连为一体）
law and order法制（一个概念）
the black and white cow一头花牛
2．由and连接的两个单数名词作主语，名词前若有each, every, many a, no等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。

In our country every boy and (every) girl has the right to receive education. 在我国，男孩和女孩都有受教育的权利。

No sound and (no) voice is heard.
Many a boy and (many a) girl has watched the sunrise here.
3．就近一致：当两个主语由or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not…but…, not only… but also…, whether…or…连接时，谓语动词和临邻近的主语保持一致。

Neither I nor he is to blame.
One or two friends are coming this evening.
4．就远一致：主语为单数，后面跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, as much as, including, in addition to, no less than, like, but, except, accompanied by, rather than, more than等引起的短语，谓语动词用单数。

The father rather than the brothers is responsible.
John, more than anyone else in the class, is eager to attend the speech contest.
5．表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词与数词连用常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。

Fifty years is not a long time.
A happy five days has passed like a dream.
6．分数、百分数+ of …作主语，谓语动词与of后的词的数保持一致。

Only 30 per cent of the students are going to the picnic.
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
7．形容词前加the，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。

The good are happy.
The oppressed are to rise one day.
8．当不定式、动名词短语、从句或其他短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

Early to bed and early to rise is healthful.
Whether she comes or not is of no matter.
9. “a series ( portion , species, piece, collection, list, family, body, quantity, swarm, type, pair)+ of+名词（单数
或复数）”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Stone.
A large portion of her poems was published after her death.
10. 定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。

I, who am wrong, should apologize to him.
Each one of us who are now living is destined to witness remarkable scientific discoveries.
*She is the only one of the students that has been praised by the president.
Ⅵ英语中连系动词的用法
连系动词主要用来连接主语和表语，并有一定的词汇意义。

按照它们的词汇意义，可以分为以下几类。

1. 表示主语特征、性质、身份、状态的连系动词：be, appear, seem, look, sound, smell, taste等。

The woman was looking pale and worried.
2.表示发生、变化，由一种状态改变为另一种状态的动词：become, come, drop, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn,
wear, work等。

He has run short of money.
3.表示继续、保持某种状态或性质的连系动词：continue, hold, keep, lie, prove, remain, rest, stand, stay, turn
out等。

Recitations generally prove very dull and unrewarding.
Ⅶ非谓语动词
1．一类动词：v + to do 这类动词有：
afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, apply, beg, begin, care, choose, claim, continue, consent, contrive, dare, decide, decline, determine, demand, desire, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, guarantee, help, happen, hope, intend, learn, like, long（渴望）, love, manage, need, offer, petition, plan, pledge, pray, promise, prepare, pretend, refuse, remember, require, resolve, seek, strive（努力）, start, swear, tend, think（想起）, threaten, venture, undertake（开始）, volunteer, try, neglect, hesitate等。

2．二类动词：v + doing这类动词有：
acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, discontinue, dislike, enjoy, envy, escape, excuse, face, fancy, favor, finish, forbid, forgive, can’t help, imagine, involve, loathe, mind, miss, pardon, permit, ponder, postpone, practice, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, recommend, repent, report, resent, resist, resume, risk, suggest, tolerate, understand等。

注意：当以上黑体字后接宾语补足语时，要接to do。

例如：advise sb. to do sth.
3．三类动词
stop doing/to do
remember doing/ to do
forget doing/to do
mean doing/to do
regret doing/to do
try doing/to do
go on doing/to do
4．四类动词：当下列单词表示“需要”时need
want doing/to be done
require
5．句型
only + to do: 表示未曾预料的结果
too … + to do: 太……而不能……
…enough + to do: 可以做某事
the first/second/third
+ to do
the next/last/only
疑问词+ to do
it is + n. + doing
there is no + doing
there is no/little point in doing
be busy + doing
keep (on) + doing
spend time/money + doing
worth + doing
go + doing
feel like + doing
can’t help + doing
difficulty
trouble
struggle
have (no) fun + (in) doing
a good time
a hard time
have nothing to do but do
cannot but do
cannot help but do
cannot choose but do
have no choice but to do
do nothing but do
there is nothing to do but do
prefer doing to doing
prefer to do rather than do
6．动词不定式、动名词和分词的逻辑主语
7．非谓语动词的各种形式
不定式动名词/分词
to do doing
to be done being done
to be doing having done
to have done having been done
to have been done
to have been doing
Ⅷ复合句
一、定语从句
1．定语从句的概念
2．定语从句的引导词
⑴关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but
⑵关系副词：where, when, why
3．介词+ which/whom
4．关系代词的省略
5．非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句差异的比较
名称意义结构要求功能引导词译法
限制性定语从句起限定作用，
指特定的人或
物，不可省略，
否则原句句意
不完整
紧跟先行词，
同先行词之
间一般不加
逗号
修饰先行词关系代词、关
系副词
一般译为定
语从句
非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说
明，若省略掉，
原句句意也是
完整的
用逗号与主
句隔开
修饰先行词
或整个主句
只用关系代
词或关系副
词，一般不用
that
可译为并列
分句
He has two sisters who are working in the city. 他有两个妹妹在这个城市里工作。

（限制性，言外之意是：他可能还有别的妹妹不在这个城市里工作）
He has two sisters, who are working in the city. 他有两个妹妹，都在这个城市里工作。

（非限制性，补充说明）
There were very few passengers that escaped without serious injury. 没受重伤而逃出来的旅客很少。

（逃出来的旅客大都受了重伤）
There were very few passengers, who escaped without serious injury. 旅客很少，都逃出来了，没受
重伤。

（旅客很少，没有受到什么重伤）
6．as的用法：the same…as和the same…that
This is the same book as I read last week. 这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。

This is the same book that I read last week. 这就是我上周读的那本书。

The newly developed science of artificial intelligence aims at programming the computer to think, reason and react people do. (2009社科院)
A. by the same way as
B. as much as the same way that
C. with the same way as
D. in much the same way that
以下是常见的as引导的结构，一般位于句首，有时也位于句中或句尾：
As is well known众所周知As is hoped正如所希望的
As is often the case情况常常如此As is usual with sb.（某人）经常如此
As may be imagined可以想象得出As is natural很自然
As often happens这种情况常常发生As is supposed如所料想的
As has been said before如前所述As is anticipated如所预料的
As has been pointed out正如已经指出的As is the custom with习惯如此
A s will be shown in…将在…中指出
二、名词性从句
1．名词性从句的概念
2．名词性从句的引导词
⑴从属连接词：that, whether, if
⑵连接代词：what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose
⑶连接副词：where, wherever, when, whenever, how, however, why,
3．同位语从句
三、状语从句
1．时间状语从句
when, while, as, after, before, (not) until, till, (ever) since, once, as soon as, no sooner…than, hardly…when, scarcely…when, directly, immedia tely, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, each time, everytime
2．地点状语从句
where, wherever
3．原因状语从句
because, since, as, for, now (that), in that, for the reason that, seeing (that), considering (that) 4．条件状语从句
if, unless, as long as, provided that…, providing that…, suppose that…, supposing that…, assume that…, granted that…, given that…
5．让步状语从句
though, although, as, even if, even though, much as, for all (that), while, whereas, whether…or (not), whatever, whichever, whoever, whenever, wherever, however
6．比较状语从句
than, as, not as/so…as, the same…as, such…as
7．方式状语从句
as, just as, as if/though, the way that, the way in which
8．目的状语从句
so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case
9．结果状语从句
so…that, so that, such…that
四、强调句型
It is/was + 被强调部分+ that…
In truth, it is just the human capacity for sensing, imagining, having an intuition about all we have not seen or directly experienced that makes it possible for us to reform human societies which can exist together.
五、倒装结构
1．全部倒装
2．部分倒装
Ⅸ平衡对称结构
平衡对称结构是英语中常用的语言现象，它可以使句子更清晰、更易读、易懂、更通顺，平衡对称也是写作的基本功之一。

1.并列连词的平衡对称
常见的并列连词：and, but, or
对应并列连词：not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, both…and, whether…or, not…but
准并列连词：as well as
Sitting up last night, Tom not only read the assignment, but also many poems by one of his favorite poets. 昨天晚上，汤姆熬到很晚，不仅完成阅读作业，而且还读了许多他最喜欢的一位诗人的诗。

（read not only）2.介词的平衡对称
At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than the writing of features and editorials. 有时候，撰写报纸和杂志上的广告比写专题文章和社论还要小心。

（than into the writing）
3.代词的平衡对称
A.前后指代要一致
If marriage exists only as an intimate relationship that can be terminated at will, and family exists only by virtue of bonds of affection, both marriage and family are relegated to the market place of trading places, with individuals maximizing his psychological capital by moving through a series of more or less satisfying intimate relationships.（his→their）
B.上下文指代要一致
When we sit at the table, we must wait for everyone before starting eating. Sometimes you have to wait until the head of the family begins eating.（you→we）
4.时态的平衡对称（并列谓语的平衡对称）
How I wish John knew how to apply grammatical rules properly and recognize the fact that he is nearly
always in the wrong. 我多么希望约翰懂得怎样正确使用语法规则，并能认识到他几乎总是出错的事实。

（recognize→recognized）
5.doing的平衡对称
Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decrease it.（decrease→decreasing）
6.主动被动的平衡对称
The single life offers more freedom of choice; more security is offered by marriage.
The single life offers more freedom of choice; marriage offers more security.
第一课
Section ⅢError Correction
一、类型分析
1. 词法
1.1 词性的混用
1) High unemployment rates, especial among young workers, have led to protests in countries as varied as
Latvia, Chile, Greece, Bulgaria, and Iceland and contributed to strikes in Britain and France.
2) Just last week, the new United States director of national intelligence, Dennis C. Blair, told Congress
that instability caused by the global economy crisis had become the biggest security threat facing the United States, outpacing terrorism.
1.2 名词的误用
1) I think there’s something wrong with my machinery. Would you take a look at it?
2) His coat was dusted with ashes from his cigarette.
3)The governor said he would not ask for a resignation because Mr. Judd had made a “misjudgment” and
had written a letter of apologizing.
第二课
1.3 代词的误用
1）Between you and I, he got a lot of money from somewhere.
2) Ms. Amelia Earhart, like many of the world’s greatest heroes, sacrificed their life for the sake of
adventure, glory and country.
3) Numerous efforts have been made to improve the laws governing air pollution, but none have been as
successful as them devised by the state of Oregon.
4) Evidently we didn’t understand the direction, for we made a wrong turn and found us lost, confused as
to which way we should go.
5) It was she that I lent the book to.
6) He held a pen in one hand and a book in the another.
7) We’d like to see some models if such is available.
8) If there are any noble men, I have met ones.
9) Lily had some knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine, but I had nothing.
10)Tom isn’t the tallest boy in the class, but he is taller than any of the students.
第三课
1.4 形容词或副词的比较级、最高级的误用
1）Here seemed to me a perfect beauty than had ever come to me in my loveliest dreams of beauty.
2）The less timid you are, the more boldly you are.
3) Of all economic problems, inflation continues to be a most significant in its daily impact on people and
business.
4) Common porpoises are usually not considered migratory, although some do move to more warmer
waters in winter.
5) Alumni donations account for 30 percent of giving to higher education. Giving from other groups, such
as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts.
6) The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public
assistance and health than the United States does.
7) This watch is as good, if not better than, the watch I lost.
8) Of all colors, I like green better.
9) We are inferior than others in many respects.
10) Despite this similarity with other creatures, the evolution of humankind differs from other species in
one important and unique way.
第四课
1.5 动词的误用
1）Fear suddenly gripped on me when it was my turn to speak.
2) We established a policy and communicated with it to everyone involved.
1.6 介词的误用
1) Arrange the matter for your own convenience.
2) They are required to do everything in accordance to the regulations.
3) On hearing the bad news, she was on her wit’s end and didn’t know what to do.
4) For reference to compiling the dictionary, Professor Smith has given us some advice.
5) With light of this tragic event, we have cancelled the 4th of July celebrations.
6) He talked in length about his work and his family.
1. 7 冠词的误用
1）Is the society responsible for crime?
2) If the nature does not provide a thing we want, let us make one ourselves.
3) A number of books stolen from the library is large.
1.8 固定搭配的误用
1) The curtain’s color is the same like the wall.
2) Mary really takes for her mother.
3) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education.
2. 句法
2.1 时态、语态、虚拟语气错误
1）I intend to move that we’ll have a general cleaning after class this afternoon.
2) I regret having left the work unfinished; I should plan everything ahead carefully.
3) It is now universally accepted that children should encourage to do as much as they can for themselves
in order to develop their brains and muscles.
4) I’d rather you would go by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad
weather.
5) He clunged to the hope that he was still alive.
6）It is essential that the program is loaded into computer.
7) The examination instructions ask that the students will not use a red pen.
8) We will issue the regulation that the library is open even on Sunday.
9) He kept quiet lest he disturbs her.
10) I felt as if we knew each other for years.
第五课
2. 句法
2.1 时态、语态、虚拟语气错误
1）I intend to move that we’ll have a general cleaning after class this afternoon.
2) I regret having left the work unfinished; I should plan everything ahead carefully.
3) It is now universally accepted that children should encourage to do as much as they can for themselves
in order to develop their brains and muscles.
4) I’d rather you would go by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad
weather.
5) He clunged to the hope that he was still alive.
6）It is essential that the program is loaded into computer.
7) The examination instructions ask that the students will not use a red pen.
8) We will issue the regulation that the library is open even on Sunday.
9) He kept quiet lest he disturbs her.
10) I felt as if we knew each other for years.
2.2 非谓语动词错误
1）The boy is constantly being told not to scratch the paint off the wall, but he goes on to do it all the same.
2）One of the most important social graces is punctuality, which means arriving on time. For most social engagements, it often causes inconvenience for a guest coming either earlier or later than the suggested hour.
3) During the Second World War many of Poland’s greatest cities, including Warsaw and Danzig, were all
but destroyed, their museums looted and their historic buildings had been burned.
4) The president devoted his energies to update the curricular, making the education offered at Washington
College as meaningful and usual as possible.
5) Not too many years ago my mother jogged in the alley behind our house because she was embarrassed
to see jogging in public.
6) Many young consumers do not have steady incomes, so they might have difficulty to borrow money
from an agency in business to make loans.
7) If you read Canadian English Dictionaries, you’ll certainly find both American and British spellings
listing, and the first word is the spelling preferred by the educated Canadian majority.
8) The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each makes one major point in
contrast with the other.
9) Yesterday afternoon, walking along the road, a small flower pot fell from the balcony of a house, and
knocked him unconscious.
10) As Christmas approached, with people crowded department stores, restaurants, theaters and movie
houses, the downtown area was, as always, the busiest.
11) In many states, the law forbids citizens from carrying pistols or rifles without first having obtained a
special permit.
12) Mr. Jankin regretted to blame his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.
13) When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believing that the public will
appreciate his gift.
14) People cannot but feel puzzling, for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a
stupid mistake.
15) Dialing his number for an hour only to hear a busy signal, she became impatient and called the operator
for assistance.
2.3 引导词错误
1) Vincent Van Gogh killed himself when he was only 37, but he left behind him more than 2, 000
paintings and drawings, that established his reputation in a way he would never have considered possible.
2) This is the building which windows were all painted green.
3) There are thirty students in the class, the majority of them are from the city.
4) One sign by which you are making progress in an art such as painting or photography is that you begin
to realize how much there is to learn.
5) It was at an evening party where I first saw her.
6) Much although I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.
7) The police finally caught up with the man whom they thought was the escaped prisoner.
8) Supposed I don’t have a day off, what shall we do?
9) They told me the news the moment when they got the message.
10) He is going to be an actor no matter whatever difficulties he meets.
2.4 一致性错误
1) Mumps are a very common disease which usually affects children.
2) The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in
which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.
3) There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which does not bring a
return in money to the community.
4) The rich is not likely to be happier than the middle income group or those with very low incomes.
5) Twenty years in prison are a ridiculously harsh penalty for an action that was, after all, agreed upon by
both people involved.
6) The replacement of shops such as the grocer’s and chemist’s by cafes have left the housewives with
insufficient facilities for shopping.
7) Ensuring an adequate water supply have been a concern ever since people began to live in towns and
cities.
8) Anthropologists investigate the customs of different groups of people, particularly that in isolated areas.
9) The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one’s life is
nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as us.
10) Most newspapers, while devoting the major part of its space to recent events, usually manage to find
room on the inside pages for articles on some interesting topics.
2.5 平行结构错误
1）The telegraph opened up the possibility of almost instantaneous communication and thereby offering many practical advantages to people in all walks of life.
2）At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than the writing of features and editorials.
3) A visit to the chateau included sampling the wine, discussing its merits, and then, if you are fortunate, to
have a chat with the marquis.
4) There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linked research projects will account for
an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much to protect our diminishing resources.
5）This new model not only saves time but also energy by operating on two batteries instead of four.
二、练习
Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2)
Passage 1
(1) Application files are piled highly this month in colleges across the country. (2) Admissions officers are poring essays and recommendation letters, scouring transcripts and standardized test scores.
(3) But anything is missing from many applications: a class ranking, once a major component in admissions decisions.
In the cat-and-mouse maneuvering over admission to prestigious colleges and universities, (4) thousands of high schools have simply stopped providing that information, concluding it could harm the chances of their very better, but not best, students.
(5) Canny college officials, in turn, have found a tactical way to response. (6) Using broad data that high schools often provide, like a distribution of grade averages for entire senior class, they essentially recreate an applicant’s class rank.
(7) The process has left them exasperating.
(8) “If we’re looking at your son or daughter and you want us to know that they are among the best in their school, with a rank we don’t necessarily know that,”said Jim Bock, dean of admissions and financial aid at Swarthmore College.。