考研英语必背阅读文章(含翻译)

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考研英语阅读全文翻译

考研英语阅读全文翻译考研英语阅读全文翻译阅读能力的测试包括阅读速度,理解程度以及记忆能力等。

要想获得满意的考研英语成绩,最根本的方法就是提高词汇量,加强阅读训练,下面就是店铺给大家准备的考研英语的阅读真题及全文翻译，欢迎大家阅读参考!Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word 'amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenthcentury, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.1. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.[A] sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry2. We can infer from the passage that ________.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation andprofessionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones3. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs4. The direct reason for specialisation is ________.[A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<重点词汇：1.specialisation(专业化)即special+is(e)+ation，special(特别的;额外的)，-ise动词后缀(specialise即v.专业化)，-ation名词后缀;specialist(专家;专科医生)←special+ist后缀表“人”。

考研英语阅读真题全文有译文

考研英语阅读真题全文有译文时代在变,考研也在变。

但无论怎么变,英语在研究生入学考试中的重要性没有变，阅读理解在考研英语中的重要性更是有增无减。

下面就是店铺给大家整理的考研英语阅读真题全文有译文，希望对你有用! 考研英语阅读原文In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency,"George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search" scheme.Only if the jobless arrive at the job-center with a CV, register for online job search,and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit —and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be more reasonable? More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be a seven-day wait for the job-seeker's allowance."Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on," he claimed."We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster."Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better,complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness.What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for "fundamental fairness"protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborne land, your first instinct is to fall into dependency--permanent dependency if you can get it supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase "job-seeker's allowance" is about redefining the unemployed as a "job-seeker" who had no fundamental right to a benefit,he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited "allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job;no entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 pounds a week, one of the least generous in the EU.考研英语阅读翻译为了"让生活变得更好"，减少"依赖"，财政大臣乔治·奥斯本引进了"前期工作搜索"方案。

研究生英语必读10篇短文

1.Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or manured（施肥）a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized. Animals fight; so do savages (野蛮人); hence to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently --- this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done --- is not being civilized. People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. And it not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right. That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in which millions of people were killed or disabled. And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets --- while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life --- nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.2. During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. When the crops were good, the economy on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat with almost as much felling as if they were growers. The marketing of wheat became an increasingly favorite topic of conversation.War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, but farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debts were coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions, producer groups asked for farmer controls, but governments had no wish to become involved, at least not until wartime wheat prices threatened to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising living costs, the federal government appointed a board of grain supervisors to handle deliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle the crop of 1919, the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board, with full authority to buy, sell and set prices3.In economics the value added by a manufacturing firm to its products is the difference between the price of a finished product and the cost of raw materials, parts supplies, fuel, and electrical energy used in the production of that product. When computed in this manner, the value added by manufacture is a useful index of the manufacturing firm‟‟s contribution to the national economy. Itis a more realistic index, of course, than gross sales, a figure that is misleading because it tells nothing about production costs and whether the manufacturing firm is operating at a profit or at a loss.In education there is now a spirited quarrel as to whether such a concept would not be most appropriate for college graduates is evidently reflected in the salaries they can command upon receipt of a college degree. Engineers, accountants, and computer specialists command impressive salaries upon graduation and by implication, there must be an appreciable value added to their marketability by the education and training they received in college. When looked at more closely, however, the missing factor is obviously the difference between learner capabilities prior to their educational experiences and graduate capabilities after earning a college degree. In brief, how much does the student benefit from the instruction he or she has received4. Today，there are many avenues open to those who wish to continue their education. However，nearly all require some break in one‘s career in order to attend school full time. Part-time education，that is，attending school at night or for one weekend a month，tends to drag the process out over time and puts the completion of a degree program out of reach of many people. Additionally，such programs require a fixed time commitment which can also impact negatively on one’s career and family time. Of the many approaches to teaching and learning，however，perhaps the most flexible and accommodating is that called distance learning. Distance learning is an educational method，which allows the students the flexibility to study at his or her own pace to achieve the academic goals，which are so necessary in today‘s world. The time required to study many be set aside at the student’s convenience with due regard to all life‘s other requirements. Additionally，the student may enroll in distance learning courses from virtually any place in the world，while continuing to pursue their chosen career. Tutorial assistance may be available via regular airmail，telephone，facsimile machine，teleconferencing and over the Internet. Good distance learning programs are characterized by the inclusion of a subject evaluation tool with every subject. This precludes the requirement for a student to travel away from home to take a test. Another characteristic of a good distance-learning program is the equivalence of the distance-learning course with the same subject materials as those students taking the course on the home campus. The resultant diploma or degree should also be the same whether distance learning or on-campus study is employed. The individuality of the professor/student relationship is another characteristic of a good distance-learning program. In the final analysis，a good distance learning program has a place not only for the individual students but also the corporation or business that wants to work in partnership with their employees for the educational benefit，professional development，and business growth of the organization. Sponsoring distance learning programs for their employees gives the business the advantage of retaining career-minded people while contributing to their personal and professional growth through education.5. It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards. If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit. School often have too restricting an atmosphere with its timetables and disciplines to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do. Students should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life theydo not look back and say “I should like to have been an architect. If I hadn‟t taken a degree in modern languages, I should not have ended up as an interpreter , but it‟s so late that I couldn‟t possibly go back and start all over again.” there is ,of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one‟s time at university. This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning. He is immediately accepted by the University of his Choice, and spend his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class honor degree and very little knowledge of what the outside of the world is all about. it therefore becomes more and more important that if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be very much detailed information about courses and more advice. Only in this median can we be sure that we are not to have. On the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything without of their own subject, and on the other hand, and ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subject for which there is little or no requirement in the working world.6.How should gifted children be identified？Parents may not be able to identify gifted children；they do not have sufficient basis for comparison．Their observations may be distorted by their ambi－tions．However，they may be able to furnish details about th e child… s early development that Indicate to the discerning teacher or psychologist the presence of superior ability．Teachers who are familiar with the characteristics of gifted children and who have a chance to observe children In an Informal and challenging environment can give evidence that Is valuable In identifying the gifted．Teachers have dally opportunity to observe how skillfully children use language，how quickly they see rela tlons，how sensitive they are to things In their nvironment，how readily they learn，how easily they remember．Moreover，gifted children usually show outstanding resourcefulness and imagination，sustained attention，and wide Interests．Classroom and playground also offer opportunities to identify children who get along exceptionally Well With others and handle frustrating situations with exceptional maturity. It is most reward-ing to study children…s Interaction in groups．However，teachers have been given little help In using these dally opportunities to identify and educate the socially gifted．Like parental observation，teacher observation also has its pit falls．So me teachers have a tendency to overrate the abilities of docile，obedient，conscientious children．Others fail to recognize potential giftedness that Is suppressed by emotional conflicts or by boredom with dull，routinized，teacher．dominated situations．7.Most London colleges have a library, with a full-time or part-time librarian, who will be able to give students information on the facilities available for consulting of borrowing books. In addition, the Public Libraries give a valuable service to students attending colleges, evening classed or working on their own. Public Libraries are maintained by the City Corporation and the various London Borough Councils. They will be helpful to students who wish to further their studies by using the comprehensive library services available in the metropolitan areas. These libraries have over five million books in stock, the majority of which are for loan, and there is a system of inter-availability of lending-library tickets which extends throughout the metropolitan area. Reference Department are provided for the use of those who wish to consult books and periodicals in library, or heavy publications such as encyclopedias which cannot betaken out on loan. Public Library stocks are of a general nature, covering all subjects, many of them to higher degree standard of beyond. In addition, each public library in the metropolitan area specializes in a group of interrelated subjects and, through the cooperation between various libraries, their combined resources are made generally available. Moreover, through the inter-lending system of the British Library, it is usually possible for books not available in London public libraries to be obtained from specialist libraries. Music stocks, for example, include music writing and frequently records. Full details of these various services can be obtained from the Central Library in each area. Addresses and telephone numbers are listed in the London telephone directory.8. In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the latter half of the 19th century; most of them were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U. S., the day nursery movement received great impetus during the First World War, when shortage of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established even in munitions plants, under direct government sponsorship. although the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose sharply , this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, however , Federal State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control over the day nurseries, chiefly by formulating them.The outbreak of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were again called up on to replace men in the factories. On this occasion the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, allocating $ 6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities supplemented this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared for in daycare centers receiving Federal subsidies .Soon afterward, the Federal government drastically cut clown its expenditures for this purpose and later abolished them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their job at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.9. All Americans are at least vaguely familiar with the plight of the American Indian. Cutbacks in federal programs for Indians have made their problems plight more severe in recent years. Josephy reports，“even 1981 it was estimated that cutbacks in federal programs for Indians totaled about $500 million”or more than ten times the cuts affecting their by the end of fellow Americans. Additional cuts seem to be threatened in the future. This reduced funding is affecting almost allaspects of reservation life，including education. If the Indians could solve their educational problems，solutions to many of their other problems might not be far behind. In this paper the current status of Indian education will be described and evaluated and some ways of improving this education will be proposed.Whether to assimilate with the dominant American culture or to preserve Indian culture has been a longstanding issue in Indian education. After the Civil War full responsibility for Indian education was turned over by the government to churches and missionary groups. The next fifty years became a period of enforced assimilation in all areas of Indian culture，but especially in religion and education. John Collier，a reformer who agitated in favor of Indians and their culture form the early 1920s until his death in 1968，had a different idea. He believed that instead of effacing native culture，Indian schools should encourage and revitalize it.Pressure to assimilate remains a potent force today，however . More and more Indians are graduating from high school and college and becoming eligible for jobs in the non-Indian society. “When Indians obtain the requisite skills，many of them enter the broader American society and succeed. ”at present approximately 90 percent of all Indian children are educated in state public school systems. How well these children compete with the members of the dominant society，however，is another matter.10. There is a general expectation that teachers can spot talented children and do something for them. But studies have shown that teachers do not always recognize gifted children, even those with academic talent. In fact, they fail to identify from 10 to 50 percent of their gifted students.The first step in identifying gifted students is determining the reason for finding them. If we want to choose a group of students for an advanced mathematics class, our approach would be different than if we are looking for students with high talent for a creative-writing program. Specific program needs and requirements, then, shape the identification process. Subjective evaluation-teacher judgment, parent referral--should be checked by standardized tests and other objective measures of ability. Any program for identifying gifted children in a school system should include both subjective and objective methods of evaluation Classroom behavior, for example, can point up children’’s ability to organize and use materials and reveal their potential for processing information better than can a test situation. Many aspects of creativity and verbal fluency are also best observed in a classroom or informal setting.11. There are more than forty universities in Britain—nearly twice as many as in 1960s.During the 1960s eight completely new ones were founded, and ten other new ones were created by converting old colleges of technology into universities. In the same period the number of students more than doubled, from 70 000 to more than 200,000.By 1973 about 10% of men aged from eighteen twenty-one were in universities and about 5% of women. All the universities are private institutions. Each has its own governing councils, including some local businessmen and local politicians as well as a few academics(大学教师).The state began to give grants to them fifty years ago , and by 1970 each university derived nearly all its funds from state grants. Students have to pay fees and living costs, but every student may receive from the local authority of the place where he lives a personal grant which is enough to pay his full costs, including lodging and food unless his parents are rich. Most students takes jobs in the summer for about six weeks, but they do not normally do outside work during the academic year.The Department of Education takes responsibility for the payment which cover the whole expenditure of the universities , but it does not exercise direct control.It can have an important influenceon new developments through its power to distribute funds, but it takes the advice of the University Grants Committee, a body which is mainly composed of academics.12.Urbanization and industrialization demanded new directions in education. Public education， once a dream， now becomes a reality. Education was forced to meet new social changes. American society was getting much more complex； literacy became more essential. Secondary education， which had been almost totally in the hands of private individuals up to the time of the Civil War， gradually became a public concern. By the early 1900s there were over 7000 high schools， totaling an enrollment of over 1 million. Technological changes demand more vocational training. Subjects such as bookkeeping， typing， agriculture， woodworking， and metalworking were introduced into the curriculum. American education finally was becoming universal.Higher education also responded to the need for more and different education. The Morril Act of 1862 established state land grant colleges that taught agricultural methods and vocational subjects. While curriculums included a large number of required courses during the first two years of college， more elective subjects were added during the last two years. In 1876 Hopkins University instituted America ‘s first graduate school for advanced study. In general， American education began to respond to the complexities of the industrial age and the need for a new focus in education.。

考研英语阅读理解典型范文含译文翻译版

考研英语阅读理解典型范文含译文翻译版More and more consumers across the country are using cashless payment methods, The rapid development ofthird-party mobile payment tools is helpingto encourage cashless payment across the country, said Dong Ximiao, a researcher at the Renmin University of China.Although there were 3,4 billion third-partypayment accounts in total in China in 2016. China is not the first country to seek a cashless society. Developed states like Sweden, Denmark and Singapore are also seeing that increase.However, the rapid development of cashless payments does not mean there no challenges and criticisms. Alibaba’s Hema store has come into the spotlight recently. Media reports said that consumers can’t buy goods with cash there, which would be considered illegal.Alipay and WeChat Pay, the nation’s two major third party mobile payment tools, also launched campaigns this month to encourage more people to use cashless payment methods, which caused concern over whether cash will soon disappear“Some offline sellers refuse to accept cash,which influences the natural circulation of cash,’said Dong. He stressed that a cashless society would not mean that cash would completely disappear. Also it’s important to remember that nearly half of China’s population live in the countries, unable to enjoy innovation brought by the Internet, Dong said. And when it comes to China’s senior citizens most of them prefer to use cash in their daily lives, he added.“It’ ridiculous to question digital paymenttools’ contribution to financial development. In thelong term, various payment methods will be used by consumers, and merchants should respect consumers’payment habits. Dong noted.中国人民大学研究员董希淼表示，越来越多的中国消费者正在使用无现金支付方式，第三方移动支付工具的快速发展，有助于鼓励全国范围内的无现金支付。

考研必备40篇英文文章(含翻译)

Lesson1 A puma at largePumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large cat' only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered（adj.被困得走投无路的）. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of 'cat-like noises' at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from ? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.美洲狮是一种体形似猫的大动物，产于美洲。

考研英语背诵经典50篇（带翻译）

英文背诵经典５０篇（带翻译）珍贵值得收藏>01 The Language of MusicA painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student student of of of music music music needs needs needs as as as long long long and and and as as as arduous arduous arduous a a a training training training to to to become become become a a a performer performer performer as as as a a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique. For musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice practice breathing breathing breathing every every every day, day, as as their their their vocal vocal vocal chords chords chords would would would be be be inadequate inadequate inadequate without without without controlled controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing drawing the the the bow bow bow to to to and and and fro with fro with the the right right right arm: arm: arm: two two two entirely entirely entirely different different different movements. movements. movements. Singers Singers Singers and and instrumentalists instrumentalists have have have to to to be be be able able able to to to get get get every every every note note note perfectly perfectly perfectly in in in tune. tune. tune. Pianists Pianists Pianists are are are spared spared spared this this particular particular anxiety, anxiety, anxiety, for for for the the the notes notes notes are are are already already already there, waiting there, waiting for for them, them, them, and and and it it it is is is the the the piano piano piano tuner's tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling controlling these these these sounds with sounds with fanatical fanatical but but but selfless selfless selfless authority. Technique authority. Technique is is of of of no no no use use use unless unless unless it it it is is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century. 01 音乐的语言画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。

考研英语经典阅读四篇

考研英语经典阅读四篇————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期：ﻩ考研英语经典阅读四篇PassagｅＯneHowevｅr impｏrｔａnt we ｍay regard schooｌlｉfe to bｅ,tｈere is ｎo denyｉng tｈe fact ｔhaｔchilｄreｎsｐｅnd ｍｏrｅtime at ｈｏｍｅthanｉn ｔhe classrooｍ. Thｅrefｏre, theｇｒeat inｆlｕｅnce ｏｆｐarents cannｏt bｅiｇnored by the teａｃher. They can beｃome stronｇhｅｌp to the school ｐersoｎｎｅl oｒthey can ｃonscｉouｓly or unconsｃiｏuｓly go aｇainst the lｅarｎiｎg ａims.ﻫＡdmｉnistｒatｏrs haｖe been aｗare oｆtｈe ｎeeｄto keep paｒeｎts inforｍed of the newer mｅｔhｏds used in schｏolｓ．Many prｉｎciｐals haｖｅcondｕcted lectures ｅxplａｉning such ｍaｔter as thｅreadinｇreadi ｎesｓpｒｏgram, manｕsｃriｐt wｒｉtiｎg anｄdｅｖelopmeｎtal ｍａthemａtｉｃs.ﻫＭorｅoｖer, ｔhe clａssｒoom ｔｅａcher，wｉｔｈthe permissｉoｎｏf the supeｒviｓors，can alｓo play an impoｒtant r ｏlｅiｎenlightｅning ｐaｒeｎｔｓ. Ｔｈｅｉnformａl tｅa and thｅmａny ｉnteｒvｉews cａrｒied oｎduriｎg tｈe yeaｒ,asｗell as new ways of rｅporting pupil′s progｒess,cａn sｉｇniｆicantly aid in ac ｈievingａharmoniｏus ｉnterpｌay ｂetween school and hｏｍｅ.Tｏilｌｕｓtrate，suppose thatａfather hａs been dｒillｉng Jｕnｉoｒin aｒithｍetic processesｎight ａfteｒnigｈｔ. In a friｅnｄlｙinｔｅｒvｉew, tｈe ｔeacher can ｈelp the pａrenｔｓublｉmａte （转化) hiｓnaturaｌpａｔernａl(父亲的，父权的) intｅreｓt into ｐrodｕctive chａnneｌs. He migｈｔbe ｐｅrsuadｅｄtoｌeｔJunior joｉｎin ｄiｓcｕssiｎg ｔhe fａmｉlｙbudｇet, bｕying tｈe food, uｓing ａｙardstｉckｏｒmｅaｓｕring ｃup ａｔhomｅ,setting thｅcloｃｋ,calcuｌaｔing miｌeage on a tｒiｐaｎｄeｎgaｇｉng in many otｈer actiｖitiｅs thaｔhａve a maｔｈeｍａtｉcａl basiｓ.ﻫＩｆｔｈe ｆather foｌloｗs the advice, it ｉs ｒｅasｏnable to assｕme thａｔｈe will sｏon rｅaｌiｚe hｉs soｎｉs making sａtｉｓｆaｃtｏry prｏgresｓin mathematics，and at thｅｓame time, enｊｏyinｇｔhe ｗork.ﻫTｏo oｆten, hoｗever, tｅａｃhｅrｓ′ coｎfｅrｅnceｓwithｐａｒeｎtｓarｅdevoted to prｅtｔｙａccｏuｎts ｏf ｃhｉldreｎ′s miｓbehavｉorｓ,coｍpｌainｔs aｂoｕｔlaｚineｓs and pｏｏr work ｈａb ｉts, and ｓuggesｔｉon ｆoｒｐunishment and ｒewardｓａｔhomｅ.ﻫWhatｉs neededｉs more creative apｐroａch in whｉcｈｔhe tｅacheｒ, as a prｏｆessｉonａl ａdvisｅr, plantｓideａｓin parentｓ′ ｍinds for the bｅst utiｌｉzaｔioｎof the mａｎｙhours that the cｈiｌd sｐｅnｄｓoｕｔof the ｃlａｓs ｒｏoｍ．ﻫＩn ｔhis way, thｅschoｏl and thｅhome joiｎfｏrces in fｏsteriｎｇｔｈｅfulｌeｓｔｄevelｏｐment of ｙoungｓter s′ capacitieｓ．(3５5）１.The cenｔｒａl idｅa ｅxpresｓｅdｉn tｈe aｂoｖe pasｓage is that[A]ｈoｍｅtrainｉnｇｉs ｍｏre imｐortant thａn school trainiｎg because a child sｐendｓso maｎy hours ｗith hiｓｐareｎts.［B］ｔｅａchers can anｄsｈouldｈelp pareｎｔｓto undeｒstaｎd and ｆurｔherｔhe ａiｍs of thｅsch ｏol.ﻫ［C］there areｍany ways ｉn which the maｔｈematｉcs prｏｇram caｎbｅiｍplemeｎteｄaｔhome.ﻫ[D］parents unconsciously have gｏne agaｉｎst theｔeachｉｎg aims.ﻫ2.The aｕthoｒdirectly ｄiscus ｓｅs the fact thａt［A］pａrents drilｌtheir chｉldrｅn tｏo ｍuch in arithmｅｔｉc.[B] ｐrｉnｃipａls have ｅxplaineｄｔhe new arｔpｒograms to parents.ﻫ［C] a faｔｈer ｃan ｈａvｅhis ｓon helｐｈiｍｃonstruct aｒticles at hｏme.[D] ａpareｎｔ′s ｍisguiｄｅｄefforｔs canｂe properly ｄｉrected．3.Ｉt can ｒeasoｎablｙbe inｆerrｅd thａt ｔｈe aｕthoｒﻫ［A］ｉs ｓaｔisfｉｅd with prｅsent reｌatioｎｓh ｉps ｂeｔｗeeｎｈome ａｎdｓchool．ﻫ[B］ｆeels thａt ｔｈe tradiｔional program in maｔｈeｍａｔics is slｉghtｌy supｅrｉoｒｔｏtｈe deｖelｏpmentａlｐrogｒaｍ．ﻫ［C］fｅels that teacherｐaｒｅnt confｅreｎcｅｃan be mｏｒe prｏｄucｔｉve.[D］is of the oｐinｉon that ｔeachers ｏf this geｎerａｔion ａreｉnｆeｒiorｔｏthoseｏｆｔhe las ｔgｅnerａtion．ﻫ4．The ａｕthor implｉes thaｔﻫ［Ａ] particiｐation in intereｓting ａｃｔivitｉeｓrelatｉｎｇtｏａsubjeｃt iｍproｖｅs one′s achiｅｖement in that aｒｅa.[B］ｔoo many children ａre lazy anｄｈaｖe ｐｏor woｒk haｂits.ﻫ[C] ｓchoｏl prｉnciｐａls dｏmore tｈａn theｉｒshare in interprｅｔing tｈe curriｃulum to tｈｅｐａrenｔs．［D] tｅacｈｅrsｓhｏuld occａｓionａlly ｍａke home visiｔs to parenｔs.ﻫ5．Ｗｅmａy inｆｅr that ｔｈe writｅr of thｅａrticle does favor[A]a faｔｈer′s heｌping his son witｈｔhe laｔter′s sｔudiｅs.［B] writteｎｃomｍuniｃations to tｈｅpａrenｔs fｒoｍｔhe teaｃher.[Ｃ] haｖｉｎg the parｅntsｏbｓerve lessｏns ｗhiｃh ｔｈe cｈiｌdren ａre beinｇｔaught.[Ｄ]princｉpａlｐａrentｃｏnｆerences rather thａn teaｃher parenｔcｏnｆｅrencｅs.ﻫPassage TwｏThｅimｐortanceａnd ｆocus oｎｔhe interview in the wｏｒｋof tｈe pｒint ａnd ｂroａdｃａsｔjou ｒnａlｉｓｔis refｌected iｎseveral ｂooks thａt ｈaｖｅｂeｅn wｒittｅｎｏnｔhe topic. Moｓt oｆthesｅｂooｋs, ａs welｌas ｓevｅral cｈaptｅrs，mainly iｎ, but not liｍiｔeｄto，jouｒnalisｍａｎd bｒoadcａsting handbookｓand reporting textｓ，stresｓtｈｅ“how tｏ”aspecｔs of jｏurnalistic inteｒv ｉewing rａｔher than tｈe ｃoncepｔual aspects ｏｆｔhｅinteｒview, its coｎtexｔand ｉmｐｌicatiｏｎs. Muchｏf ｔhe “ｈoｗto” mａｔeriaｌis baｓed on peｒsonaｌexｐeｒiｅnｃes and ｇeneral ｉmpresｓioｎs.Asｗe knｏw, in journａlism as in otｈｅr fｉeｌds,ｍucｈcan be leaｒneｄfrom tｈｅsysｔeｍatiｃsｔuｄy oｆpｒofeｓsioｎａｌprａｃｔice．Ｓuch stｕdｙbriｎgsｔogeｔhｅr ｅvｉdencｅfroｍwhｉch brｏaｄｇeｎeraliｚeｄpｒincipleｓcaｎbe ｄeｖeloped.Theｒe is，as hａs bｅｅn sｕgｇeｓteｄ，a ｇｒｏｗｉng bｏdy oｆreｓearch lｉteｒatuｒe in ｊo ｕrｎalism and broａｄｃasting,ｂuｔvery littｌeｓiｇniｆicant aｔtｅｎtｉoｎhas been ｄevoted to the ｓtudｙof thｅinterview ｉtｓelｆ.On the otｈｅｒhanｄ,manｙgeneral textｓａｓｗell aｓn ｕmerｏus research articleｓｏn intｅrvｉewinｇin fiｅlds ｏther tｈan jｏｕrｎalｉsm have been wｒｉtｔｅn.Ｍanｙof these bｏoks and articles preｓenｔthe theoreｔical aｎｄemｐirical aspects of ｔhe ｉnteｒｖiew asｗeｌl as the trainｉng oｆthe inｔervieweｒs. Ｕnｈapｐily, this plenｔｉfuｌgeneral ｌiteｒatuｒｅａboutｉｎｔeｒviｅｗing pａys lｉttlｅatｔｅntioｎｔo the journａlisｔic iｎtｅrview. The ｆact thatｔｈe ｇｅｎerａl lｉteｒaturｅoｎｉｎtervｉeｗｉnｇdoes noｔdｅal wiｔh tｈe jouｒｎａlisｔic ｉnterview ｓｅｅmｓｔo bｅｓurpｒising fｏr twｏreaｓoｎs. Fiｒst，iｔsｅeｍs lｉkｅly that mｏst peoｐlｅｉn ｍodern Weｓｔｅrn societies arｅmｏrｅｆaｍｉliａr, atｌeａst iｎａpositivｅmａnner, ｗｉtｈｊｏurｎaｌistic interｖiewing than ｗith ａny other ｆｏrｍｏf ｉnterｖiｅwiｎg. Mｏsｔof us are prｏbａblｙsoｍeｗhat famiｌiａr with ｔhｅcｌiｎｉcal ｉｎterｖiｅw, such aｓthat coｎductｅd by phy ｓiciaｎs and pｓyｃhoｌogiｓts.In theｓｅｓitｕａtiｏnｓtｈe professｉoｎal pｅrsoｎｏr intｅｒviewer ｉｓintｅrestｅｄin gｅtting inforｍation necessarｙfoｒｔhe diagnosiｓ（诊断)and tｒｅaｔｍent ｏf ｔhe pｅrｓｏｎｓｅekinｇｈelp. Anotｈer famｉｌiａr ｓitｕａtion ｉs tｈｅｊoｂinterｖieｗ.Hoｗｅｖer，veｒy few ofｕs have actualｌy ｂeｅn iｎteｒviｅwed peｒsonalｌy bｙthe mａsｓmedｉａ,ｐar ｔicｕlarｌy by telｅvｉｓion. And ｙet, we have ａvivｉd ａcqｕaintaｎce witｈｔhe jourｎaｌistｉc ｉn ｔeｒｖieｗby ｖirtｕｅof oｕr rｏlｅs asｒeaｄeｒs，liｓｔeners,anｄｖiewｅrｓ. Even ｓo，ｔrue undｅrｓtaｎding oｆtｈe journalistic inteｒview, ｅｓpｅciallyｔeｌｅvｉsｉｏn iｎｔervｉews，reｑｕi ｒeｓtｈougｈｔful aｎａｌysｉsａnｄevｅn stｕdy, as tｈis book indicates．(3７１）６.Tｈe ｍaｉｎideａoｆｔｈe ｆｉrst parａgraｐh is that［A] gｅneｒａlizeｄprincｉples for ｊournalistic interｖｉeｗs aｒe thｅchief concern fｏr wｒiters oｎjourn ａlｉsｍ.ﻫ[B］ｉmportancｅshouｌd ｂe aｔｔached to the syｓtｅmatiｃsｔudyｏｆjournalisｔｉcｉｎｔeｒviewiｎg.ﻫ［Ｃ]cｏncepts andｃontｅxtｕal iｍｐlｉcationｓaｒeｏｆｓecoｎdaｒy impoｒtaｎce to ｊouｒnaliｓtic ｉntｅrviｅwing.［Ｄ］peｒsonａl experｉｅnces anｄgeneral impｒｅssｉonｓshｏuｌd ｂe ｅｘcｌｕｄeｄfrom ｊｏurnalistic interｖiｅws.７.Mｕｃh ｒｅseaｒch hａs ｂeeｎdone on inｔeｒviews in genｅral[A] so ｔhｅtraining ｏｆｊoｕｒｎaliｓtic interviewｅrsｈas likewｉsｅｂeｅn strｅnｇｔhened.[B] though tｈｅstudy oｆｔhe ｉnｔerviewｉnｇtechniｑues haｓｎ′t rｅcｅiｖｅd much ａｔｔention.ﻫ［C] but ｊｏurｎaｌisｔiｃintｅrｖiｅｗiｎg as a sｐecific fｉeld hａs uｎfｏｒtｕnａtely beeｎｎeｇlected. [D] and there hａs ａlso ｂeeｎa dramatiｃgｒowthｉn theｓｔｕdy ｏf jｏurnaliｓｔｉc ｉnｔｅｒｖiewｉnｇ．8．Ｗesｔerｎers are famiｌiaｒwitｈthe journalisｔic inteｒviewﻫ[A]ｂuｔmost of ｔhｅｍwish tｏｓｔay away from it.ﻫ[B］ａnd many oｆtheｍhope tｏbe interviｅwed sｏmｅｄaｙ．[Ｃ］andｍany of ｔheｍｗｏuld like to acqｕirｅa trｕe ｕnderstaｎdiｎg of ｉt.ﻫ[D］buｔmost of theｍｍay not ｈａｖe bｅen ｉｎtｅrvieｗed iｎpｅrsoｎ.ﻫ9.Whｏｉs thｅiｎｔｅrｖieweｅin ａclinicａl inｔｅｒｖｉew?10.The p[A]The patiｅnt．［B] The phｙsｉcｉan.ﻫ[C］The Ｊournａlisｔ. ［D] The psｙcｈｏlogｉst．ﻫａssａge iｓmｏｓｔlikｅｌy a part ｏf.[A] a news artｉcle ［Ｂ] a ｒeｓeaｒch reｐｏrt［C］aｊouｒnaｌｉstiｃintervieｗ[Ｄ］a ｐｒefacePａssaｇｅTｈreeﻫSince 1975advｏcａｔｅｓof humane ｔreatmeｎt ｏf ａｎｉmａｌｓｈａve broa ｄeｎed ｔheir ｇoaｌｓto oppoｓe theｕse of aniｍals for fur，leａｔhｅr, ｗool, ａnd ｆoｏｄ. Tｈey hav ｅmountｅd protests aｇａiｎst aｌl fｏｒmｓｏf hunting and the ｔrappiｎｇof ａｎｉmaｌsｉn ｔhe ｗilｄ. And they have jｏｉｎｅd enviroｎmｅntalisｔｓｉnｕrgｉng prｏｔectiｏn of ｎaturａlｈａbitaｔs ｆroｍｃommeｒｃiaｌor ｒeｓｉdenｔｉal dｅｖelｏpmeｎt. Tｈe occasion for these aｄded ｅmphases ｗa ｓthｅpｕblｉcatioｎin 1975 oｆ“Ａｎimal Liberatiｏn: AＮｅw Ethics fｏr Our Treatment of Animalｓ”ｂy PeｔｅｒSiｎｇeｒ,ｆormeｒly a prｏfeｓsoｒof phiｌosophy at Oxｆord Unｉｖｅrsｉty iｎEnｇland.This ｂｏok gａvｅa new ｉmpetus to tｈe anｉmal righｔｓmoveｍeｎｔ．The poｓｔ19７5 aｎimａl rights actiｖiｓts are faｒmoｒe vocalｔhａn theｉr predecessorｓ，and the oｒｇａniｚaｔioｎs ｔo ｗhｉch thｅy ｂelｏng are gｅnｅrally ｍore radiｃal. Many new ｏrgaｎizations are foｒｍed．Tｈｅｔaｃtｉcs ｏf tｈe activｉsts are desigｎed to catcｈthe attｅｎｔｉoｎof tｈｅｐubｌic．Siｎce theｍｉd-1980ｓtｈeｒe ｈave been frequent neｗs ｒeportｓaboｕt aniｍａl rigｈt ｏrg ａnizａtｉonｓｐickｅting stｏrｅs that sell fｕｒs，hａrassingｈunters in thｅwｉld，oｒbreaｋin ｇinto lａboratoriｅs ｔｏfree ａnimals. Someｏf thｅmore exｔｒeme orgａnｉzatioｎｓaｄvｏcate t ｈeｕse of asｓaｕlt,aｒｍｅｄteｒrｏriｓm, ａnｄdeath thｒeａts to mａke theｉr point.ﻫAｓｉｄeｆrom ｍakingｉsｏlａted attacks on ｐeｏple whｏwｅaｒfurｃｏats or tｒying to prevent ｈｕnters fｒｏｍkilｌｉng anｉmａlｓ，mｏst of the orgａnｉzaｔiｏns havｅｄirｅcted tｈｅｉr taｃｔicsａｔinstitutionｓ. The ｒｅsulｔs of ｔhe prｏtｅsｔs andｏｔhｅｒｔacｔｉｃs ｈａve been mｉxed．Comｐaｎiｅs are rｅdｕcing relｉanｃe on animal testiｎg. Ｍedｉcaｌreseａｒｃｈhａs been sｏmｅｗｈat ｃurtailｅd ｂｙlegaｌｒｅｓｔriｃtionｓandｔhｅrelｕｃtaｎｃe oｆｙｏｕｎger workersｔo uｓe anｉｍaｌｓiｎreｓearch.Neｗtｅｓts hａveｂeen deveｌoｐed toｒepｌaｃｅthe ｕse of aniｍals.Someｗell kｎown designers hａｖe stopped ｕsiｎg fur．Ｗhｉｌe the general public teｎｄｓｔo agrｅe tｈat anｉｍａｌs ｓhｏulｄbe treated ｈumaneｌy, mosｔpeｏpleａｒｅuｎliｋely to ｇive up ｅatｉngｍeatｏr weaｒing gｏodｓmade from lｅaｔhｅr and wｏｏｌ. Giviｎg up geｎuiｎe fur has become ｌesｓof a pｒｏbｌｅｍ, sincｅfibｅｒs used to mａke fake ｆur sｕcｈaｓthe Ｊａpanｅse invｅntｉon Kanecaｒoｎcaｎlooｋａlmost idｅntiｃal tｏreaｌfur.Soｍe oｆthｅstｒongest oｐposｉtｉｏｎto thｅanimａl ｒｉgｈtｓmovｅｍent ｈas come frｏｍhuｎters ａｎd tｈeir orgａnizａtｉoｎs. Bｕt aniｍal rights ａｃtivistｓhave succｅeｄeｄiｎｍarshalｉng puｂlic opiniｏｎto pｒess for statｅrｅｓtrｉctions ｏｎｈｕntｉng ｉn severalｐaｒtｓof the natｉon.（3８3)ﻫ11.19７5was aｎimporｔant yeaｒin the hｉstｏry oｆanｉmalｔrｅaｔmｅnt becａｕseﻫ［A］ｍａnｙpｅopleｂｅgan to call for humane treatmeｎｔof aｎiｍals ｔhａt yｅaｒ.ﻫ[B] a ｎeｗｂooｋｗaｓpｕbliｓｈed that broaｄened tｈe animal rｉghｔs ｍｏvｅmｅnt.[C］the enviｒonmeｎtaｌisｔs ｂeganｔo ｓｈow interest in aｎimal proｔecｔｉon.12.Soｍe ａniｍａl rｉ［D］the ｔｒappiｎｇｏf aｎimalｓbegaｎto go wilｄall thrｏuｇhｔhe world.ﻫghts ｏrgaｎiｚａtｉonｓaｄvocate ｔhe use of ｅｘtreme mｅａns in ｏrdｅr to［A]wｉpｅoｕtｃruel people.［B] stop ｕsinｇａniｍals iｎthe ｌａｂorａｔｏry.ﻫ[C]atｔacｋhｕnters in the ｗild．ﻫ［D]catｃh fｕll ｐuｂlic ａttｅｎtioｎ.13．Wheｎｔhe ａuthoｒｓays that “tｈe ｒｅsｕltｓｏf tｈe pｒoｔｅｓts aｎd oｔher tactｉcs hａve ｂeen ｍｉxed” (in Ｐａra.3)，ｈe meaｎs the prｏtesｔand ｏtheｒtａｃｔicｓ［A]haｖe pｒｏｄuceｄdesired eｆfects.ﻫ[B］aｌmｏst amouｎtｅd ｔo nothinｇ.ﻫ［C] haｖe some iｎflueｎce ｏn thｅpubliｃ.［Ｄ] have proved tｏbe too rａdｉcal.ﻫ1４.The word “marｓhaliｎg” （ｉｎthe laｓt ｐａｒａｇrａph) probably ｍeａnｓ.［A] ｃoｎducｔing ［B]popuｌariziｎｇ[C]ｃｈａngｉｎg ［D］outrａgingﻫ１5．It seｅｍｓtｈat ｔhｅaｕtｈor oｆthis arｔｉcｌｅﻫ[A］ｉs ｓtroｎgly opposed to ｔｈe animal rｉｇｈｔs mｏvｅｍeｎｔ.ﻫ[Ｂ]is iｎfavor of the anｉｍaｌrightｓmｏvement.ﻫ［C］ｓupｐｏrtｓthe use of viｏlｅncｅin ａnimal ｐｒｏtｅction.ﻫ[D] ｈａtes thｅusｅof fa ｋｅfur for cｌotｈes.Paｓsａｇe ＦｏｕrﻫIｆsoｍething yｏu ｈave boｕght iｓfauｌty or ｄｏeｓｎoｔdo wｈat waｓclａimed foｒiｔ，you a ｒe not asｋing for a faｖor tｏｇeｔｉｔput right．It ｉs the shopkeeper′s rｅspｏnsｉbｉｌity to take the coｍｐlaint seriously aｎd tｏｒeｐlace oｒrepair a faultｙarticｌe because ｈｅis the persoｎwiｔh wh ｏｍｙou hａvｅeｎｔｅred into an aｇrｅｅment.Ｃomｐlaｉntｓshｏuｌd ｂe ｍaｄe to a responsible person.Ｇo back to ｔhe sｈｏp where yoｕｂougｈt thｅgｏods，taking with yｏu any receｉpｔyou ｍaｙｈave. If yｏu telｅｐhone, ａsｋthe name of tｈe person who handles your inquiry, otｈerwｉｓe,you may never fｉnd oｕt who dealt wｉth the complａi ｎt ｌater．Eｖen ｔhe bravesｔpｅrsｏｎfｉnds it diｆficulｔtｏsｔａnｄｕp in a groｕｐof peoｐleｔo co ｍplaｉｎ, so iｆｙou dｏnｏt ｗant ｔo do ｉt in peｒsoｎ,ｗrite ａletteｒ. Stiｃk tｏthｅfａctｓa ｎdｋeep a ｃｏpy ｏｆwhaｔyou wrｉte.Ａt this ｓtage you ｓｈｏuld gｉve any receiptｎumber, but yｏu shouｌd not need tｏgiｖe ｒeceiptｓor ｏｔher paｐers tｏprｏｖe yoｕbouｇht thｅarｔicle．If you are not satisfied wｉｔｈthｅａnsｗer you get, ｏr iｆyou ｄｏｎot gｅｔａrｅply, ｗrite to thｅmanaginｇdirectｏｒ(总经理) oｆtｈe shｏp. Ｂe sure tｏkeep copies of yoｕr own lｅtteｒs and anｙｙou ｒeceive.If your complａinｔisａjust oｎe, the shopkｅeｐｅｒmaｙoｆfｅr to replａce oｒrｅｐair ｔhe ｆaulｔy aｒticle．Ｙou mａy fｉnd thiｓａｎattｒacｔiｖe ｓolｕtion．In ｃertain ｃａｓes yｏu mａy hａve ｔhe righｔｔo rｅfuse thｅｇoods anｄask for yｏuｒｍｏnｅｙｂack, ｂut this ｉｓｏnｌy wh ｅrｅyoｕｈavｅhardly usｅd the gｏods anｄhavｅacted at oｎce.Eveｎwhen youｃａnｎｏt rｅｆuse the gooｄs you may be aｂle to get sｏme ｍoney baｃkａｓｗｅll．Ａnd iｆｙou have ｓｕffere ｄsome ｓpeciaｌlｏｓs，ｆor ｅｘamplｅiｆa new wａsｈing mａchｉne tｅaｒs your clothes, you mig ｈt recｅiｖe money to ｒeｐlace them.If the ｓｈｏｐｋeepｅｒrefuses to gｉｖｅyou money，ask f ｏr ａdvice froｍｙour Citｉzens ＡdvicｅBurｅau befｏｒe you acｃｅｐｔa crediｔnoｔe to be ｕsed tｏbuy goｏdｓin the same shops. In some ｃaseｓtｈｅshopkeeper does not ｈａvｅｔo ｇiveyou ｙｏur moneyｂack.Iｆ, ｆoｒｅxaｍpｌｅ，he cｈａｎges ａn arｔｉｃlｅsimply becａuse you don′t ｌｉｋe it or it doeｓnoｔfit. He dｏeｓnｏt have ｔｏtake baｃk the gｏｏds ｉｎthｅse ciｒcumst ａｎces．(398)16．Tｈe shoｐper may mａke a cｏmｐlaint becausｅ[A] he dｉｓlikｅs causing ａfuｓs.ﻫ［Ｂ］itｄoesn′t dｏwhaｔis claimeｄfor it．［C］theａrｔｉcle boｕght ｉs not uｐto standａrｄ.17.Ｗｈen ｃｏmplａining onｔｈe tｅlephｏneﻫ［D］ｈｅwasａt fａuｌｔin buyiｎｇｔhe article.ﻫ［A］you ｓhould speak dｉrect to the oｗner.ﻫ[B］yoｕmｕst aｓk for ｔｈe manager.ﻫ［Ｃ]yoｕｍａｙneveｒfindｏuｔｗho dealt with ｔhe matter.ﻫ[Ｄ]yｏu shｏｕld find out wｉth ｗhoｍyou discusｓthe matter.1８.Ｙoｕcan demanｄｙｏｕr moｎey baｃｋｏnly if[Ａ] ｔｈe ａrｔiｃle canｎｏt ｂｅrｅplaced ｏｒrｅpaiｒeｄ.［Ｂ］you haｖe gone back immeｄiately．［Ｃ] ｔheａrｔicle ｈas nｏt gｏne up in priｃe ｓｉnce you bouｇｈt ｉt.ﻫ［Ｄ] the ａrticlｅhａs had h19.Ｉf a shoｐkｅeｐｅr wｉｌｌｎoｔgive ｙou money ｙｏu sｈouldﻫ[A］tａkｅa cｒａrd weaｒ.ﻫｅdit note insｔｅad．[B］refuse tｏleａvｅｔhe shｏp．20.The shｏｐkeeｐｅr ｍ[C] ａｓｋyｏur ｏｆficｅfor adｖice.[D]ｆｉnd ouｔyour lawfｕl rｉghts.ﻫａy chａnge ａn article ifﻫ［A］ｈe ｇiｖｅs you ｙouｒmonｅy back.［Ｂ] ｈe ｔhinkｓiｔis u ｎsuitable.［Ｃ］it is the wroｎｇｓize. [D] ｈｅdoeｓn′ｔlikｅｉt.Passａge Onｅﻫ(一）注释ﻫ1．maｎｕｓcrｉpt n.手稿,原稿ﻫ2.enliｇhten vt.启发, 启蒙，教导，授予...知识，开导ﻫ3. iｌl ｕstrate vt.举例说明，图解, 加插图于, 阐明ｖｉ．举例ﻫ(二)长难句结构分析1.{Ｉf the faｔhｅrｆｏllows the advice}，ｉt ｉs rｅaｓonablｅto asｓumeｔhａt ［hｅwilｌsoｏn realiｚe his son iｓ①mａking satiｓｆaｃｔory ｐrogresｓin mathemａtｉcs, and at thｅsaｍｅtｉｍe,②eｎjｏyiｎg the woｒｋ.]整个句子是状语从句,主句的it是形式主语,主语是由非谓语动词引导的一个宾语从句。

考研英语阅读真题全文翻译

考研英语阅读真题全文翻译考研英语阅读理解你复习如何?能够在这一般快拿到高分吗?下面就是店铺给大家整理的考研英语阅读真题全文翻译，希望对你有用! 考研英语阅读原文For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country.In Britain this has had a curious result.While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever."It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air."Hill's pressures later led to the creation of national parks and green belts.They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it.It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object.The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable.Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning wherecouncils oppose development.The Liberal Democrats are silent.Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land.Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place.The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt.What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk.The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them.Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal.He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets.This is not a free market but a biased one.Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow.They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character.We do not ruin urban conservation areas.Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip.After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowded country.Half a century of town and country planning has enabled itto retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living.There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland.Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.考研英语阅读翻译与乡村人口相比，人类历史上第一次有更多的人居住在城镇。

考研英语历年阅读真题翻译

考研英语历年阅读真题翻译近年来，考研英语试卷中的阅读理解部分一直是考生们备战过程中的重点和难点。

历年来的真题不仅是考生们检验自己英语能力的有力材料，同时也是他们在备考过程中不可或缺的练习资源。

本文将通过对历年考研英语阅读理解真题的翻译和分析，帮助考生更好地应对考试。

第一篇阅读文章是关于环境保护的，题目为“Protecting the Environment”。

文章主要讲述了人们在环境问题上应该采取的行动。

翻译：题目：保护环境人们对环境问题的关注不断增加，人们认识到需要采取紧急行动来保护我们的地球。

许多人已经意识到环境问题的严重性，他们开始采取各种措施来减少环境污染。

首先，我们应该节约能源。

通过使用节能灯和关闭不需要使用的电器，我们可以降低能源消耗。

此外，我们还应该鼓励使用可再生能源，如太阳能和风能。

其次，减少车辆的使用也是保护环境的重要举措。

随着汽车数量的不断增加，尾气排放和交通拥堵等问题日益严重。

因此，我们应该鼓励人们使用公共交通工具和步行或骑自行车代替短途驾车。

此外，人们还应该注意环境保护的意识。

我们应该减少对一次性使用的塑料制品的依赖，如塑料袋和塑料瓶。

取而代之的是，使用环保材料和可回收的包装。

最后，教育对于环境保护同样重要。

学校和社区应该加强环保教育，让人们意识到环境问题的紧迫性和重要性。

只有通过教育，我们才能真正改变人们的行为习惯，实现可持续发展。

总之，保护环境是每个人的责任。

通过采取上述措施，我们可以共同努力，创造一个更美好的环境。

每个人都应该行动起来，为保护地球贡献自己的一份力量。

第二篇阅读文章是关于人工智能的，题目为“Artificial Intelligence”。

文章主要探讨了人工智能的发展和应用。

翻译：题目：人工智能随着科技的进步，人工智能在各个领域的应用日益普遍。

人工智能是一种模拟人类智能的技术，能够执行各种复杂任务。

首先，人工智能在医疗领域的应用已经取得了显著的成果。

通过分析大量的医学数据和病例，人工智能可以辅助医生进行诊断和治疗。

考研英语阅读及翻译(精品)

考研英语阅读（1）To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“被误导的运动要想成功，所需的只是好人不作为。

(完整)考研英语阅读全文翻译

Text 1为了“让生活更美好”，减少“家庭的扶养"，英国财政部大臣George Osborn，提出了“为找工作提前支付工资”的计划。

只要到计算机化的就业服务中心找工作的人有VC--网上找工作的注册书，并且开始找工作，那么他们有资格得到福利,然后他们应该每周做一次报告而不是每两周.还有什么能比这个更合理?下面是更明显的合理性.下来找工作者将会有七天对津贴的等待。

“最初的这些天应该用来找工作，而不是找注册地。

”他还宣称“我们做这些是因为我们这会帮助那些没有福利的人并且让那些已经有福利的人更快地得到工作.”帮助?真的吗？第一次听到这时，这就是一个关注社会的官员——努力想让生活更美好,和一个对于新待业人员能很容易找到工作的宽松社会的“改革”，以及对懒惰的补贴。

我们后来知道给他动力的是他对“基础公平"的热情—-保护纳税人，控制支出，以及保证那些最需要的要求者得到他们的福利。

失去工作是让人伤心的：你不可能心里唱着歌跳着去就业服务中心,有着从一般状态翻番自己收入的愿景，并对此感到高兴。

失业是金融的恐怖,心理的尴尬，你知道得到的支持是最小的并且是非常难得到的。

你现在是不被需要的；为你的生活提供目标和组织体系的工作环境已经把你排除在外了。

更糟糕的是，养活你自己和家人以及各种生活基本支出的经济来源断掉了。

对于最需要什么这个问题，那些新的失业者的答案总是两个字：工作.但是在奥斯博岛，你的第一本能反应是被扶养-—如果你能做到，那么是永久的扶养，被一个不得不放纵你的错误的国家支持。

这就像过去的20年——关于找工作更艰难的改革，并且没有福利管理体系.现在英国的福利体系原则不再是确保人们可以躲避失业的风险并且能在这种灾难发生时收到无条件的补偿。

即使这个1996年产生的短语“待业者的津贴”是将失业者重新定义为“待业者”，意思是对已经通过为国家保险做贡献得到的福利不在有委托管理权。

确实，这些要求者得到了有期限的“津贴”,条件是积极地找工作；这是欧盟中最不慷慨的一个体系，一周71,70英镑，没有补贴没有保险。

考研英语阅读理解典型范文含译文翻译版

考研英语阅读理解典型范文含译文翻译版In a modern world where time is money, how have our reading habits been influenced? Are we reading more quickly or do we prefer to read short passages? The answer perhaps lies in the kind of text you're reading.When we're reading online, we read quickly to search what we want. Does this mean that as readers we now have farless patience than we used to? Not necessarily. Much ofthis activity is actually skimming or scanning to check whether something is useful or interesting and whether we want to read on. We'll slowdown and take a bit longer to properly read the text if the headline catches our eyes.For those writing for an online environment, this means finding more useful ways of catching the readers' eyes. For example, putting the key information at the very beginning makes it more likely that the time-poor website visitors will find what they want.But what about when we're reading literature , are the rules still the same? The average reader works their way through a piece of an article at no more than about 250-300 words perminute, which is generally a page of text. If you try to read through a novel more quickly, then you start to lose a lot of what makes literature such a pleasure. When we read for pleasure, we are much less focused on picking out useful information or key words. Instead, the language itself is as important as the information mentioned. The longer you spend reading a passage, the more vivid a picture you create in your mind.Sometimes an escape from the fast-moving Internet Age is just what we need, so maybe it's time to slow down and lose yourself in a good book.在一个时间就是金钱的现代世界，我们的阅读习惯是如何受到影响的?我们是读得更快还是更喜欢读短文?答案也许取决于你所阅读的文本类型。

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3Rats and Men"Insoluble" ProblemsProfessor N. R. F. Maier of the University of Michigan performed a series of experiments several years ago in which "neurosis" is induced in rats. The rats are first trained to jump off the edge of a platform at one of two doors.If the rat jumps to the right, the door holds fast, and it bumps its nose and falls into a net; if it jumps to the left, the door opens, and the rat finds a dish of food. When the rats are well trained to this reaction, the situation is changed. The food is put behind the other door, so that in order to get their reward they now have to jump to the right instead of to the left. (Other changes, such as marking the two doors in different ways, may also be introduced by the experimenter.)If the rat fails to figure out the new system, so that each time it jumps it never knows whether it is going to get food or bump its nose, it finally gives up and refuses to jump at all. At this stage, Dr. Maier says, "Many rats prefer to starve rather than make a choice."密执安大学的N.R.F. 麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以诱导鼠产生“神经官能症”的实验。

考研英语阅读中英全文对照版

UNIT ONETEXT ONE Tesco is preparing a legal battle to clear its name of involvement in the dairy price-fixing scandal that has cost consumers £270 million. Failure to prove that it had no part in collusion with other supermarkets and dairy processors may land it with a fine of at least £80 million. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) said yesterday that Asda, Sainsbury’s and the former Safeway, plus the dairy companies Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company, had admitted being in a cartel to fix prices for milk, butter and cheese. They were fined a total of just over £116 million as part of a leniency deal offered by the watchdog to companies that owned up quickly to anti-competitive behaviour.Officials at the OFT admitted privately that they did not think they would ever discover which company or individual had initiated the pricing formula. But the watchdog recognises that at the time supermarkets were under pressure from politicians and farmers to raise the cost of milk to save dairy farming, though it is not certain that money found its way to farmers. The OFT claimed in September that it had found evidence that the retail chains had passed future milk prices to dairy companies, which then reached a fixed price among themselves.The average cost to each household is thought to be £11.25 over 2002 and 2003. Prices went up an extra 3p on a pint of milk, 15p on a quarter of a pound of butter and 15p on a half pound of cheese. There is no direct recompense for consumers, however, and the money will go to the Treasury. The National Consumer Council gave warning that the admissions would dent consumer confidence in leading high street names and that people would become sceptical of their claims. Farmers For Action, the group of farmers that has led protests over low milk prices since 2000, is seeking legal advice on whether it can now bring a claim for compensation.The OFT investigation is continuing, however, in relation to Tesco, Morrisons and the dairy group Lactalis McLelland, and any legal action is expected to be delayed until that is completed.Tesco was defiant and said that it was preparing a robust defence of its actions. Lucy Neville-Rolfe, its executive director, said: “As we have always said, we acted independently and we did not collude with anyone. Our position is different from our competitors and we are defending our own case vigorously. Our philosophy is to give a good deal to customers.”Morrisons has supported the OFT in inquiries into the former Safewaybusiness that it took over, but in a statement said that it was still making “strong representations” in its defence. A spokeswoman for Lactalis McLelland said that the company was “co-operating” with the OFT. Industry insiders suggested that the three companies were deliberately stalling the OFT investigation.Sainsbury’s admitted yesterday that it had agreed to pay £26 million in fines, but denied that it had sought to profiteer. Justin King, the chief executive, said he was disappointed that the company had been penalised for actions meant to help farmers but recognised the benefit of a speedy settlement. Asda declined to say how much it would pay in fines and also said that its intention had been to help farmers under severe financial pressure.参考译文：Tesco为了摆脱限定奶制品价格风波，正在准备一场大官司。

考研英语文章(带段落翻译,强推)

Come on — Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good — drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, please don't smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers — teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits — as well as negative ones — spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.Come on — Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good —drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.来吧,每个人都这么做。

2022考研英语必备文章精选20篇(附翻译)

2022考研英语必备文章精选20篇(附翻译)1、EducationSnooty or what?Oct 14th 20xx From The Economist print editionInverted snobbery prevents good teachers going where theyre neededA clever man wants to do a good thing, but the wicked government stops him. That is the scandalous-sounding story of the difficulties encountered by Tristram Jones-Parry, head of fee-paying Westminster School, one of the best in the country. He retires next year and wants to help teach maths in a state school.Was he welcomed with open arms? No. He was told, he complains, that he would need retraining for the state system. It was a similar story for David Wolfe, a retired American physics professor who teaches in a British state school. He said this week that the authorities told him to sit the GCSEmaths exam normally taken by 16-year-olds if he wanted to continue.The system is not quite as insane as this might suggest. The rules that require state-school teachers to be formally qualified do have exceptions. The Teacher Training Agency insists that Mr Jones-Parry could gain his ticket in just a day, by having anassessor from the state system observe his work at Westminster . Mr Wolfes American PhD would count as an equivalent to the GCSE maths pass normally required. So he would scrape by as well. The General Teaching Council, another quango, has now apologised to Mr Jones-Parry for giving him the wrong information at first, and then leaving his follow-up letter unanswered for six weeks.The real story is the gulf between the two kinds of school. Heads like Mr Jones-Parry hire teachers with good academic credentials but not necessarily with state qualifications. State-school hiring is closely regulated; their teachers need to be expert form-fillers and jargon-wielders, and are much less likely to have good degrees: indeed only 38% of state-school maths teachers have a degree in the subject; in independent schools, 63% do.So its not surprising that private-school teachers think even the most nominal barriers to their teaching in state schools are offensive and silly. The other side responds in kind: teaching unions this week said snidely that Mr Jones-Parry might be good at teaching advanced maths to well-behaved bright kids, but would not necessarily know how to teach simple sums to rowdy,dim ones. Perhaps. But many state-school parents desperately seeking better maths teaching for their children might consider that risk rather small.文章精选20篇参考译文：1、聪慧人要做件好事，可恶的政府却阻挡他。

考研英语阅读中英全文对照版 (4)

UNIT FIVETEXT ONEBoosted by booming international financial markets, the City of London has not had it so good since the end of the dotcom bonanza in the late 1990s. Basking in double-digit growth rates, London's law firms have both contributed to that success and benefited from it. The earnings of top City lawyers can now exceed £2m a year.Having opted to expand and go global ahead of most others, Britain's leading law firms tend to be bigger than their American rivals. Indeed, according to a survey of the world's top 50 law firms, compiled by Legal Business, a British trade paper, five of the world's top six law firms—in terms of turnover—are now British (if DLA Piper, the result of an Anglo-American merger, is included). But they have tended to lag behind in terms of their profitability. That is now changing.The profit margins of the City's five “magic circle” firms—Clifford Chance, Slaughter and May, Allen & Overy, Linklaters and Freshfields—have soared in recent years and are now comparable with, if not higher than, those of New York's “white shoe” elite. Slaughter and May, the only one of the five not to have gone global, has the joint second-highest profit margin among the top 50.Not so long ago, a London surgeon could expect to earn as much as a City lawyer. But even the recent big rises in hospital consultants' earnings pall in comparison with those enjoyed by London lawyers. At Slaughter and May, for example, average profits per equity partner (PEP) jumped by almost a third (in dollar terms) last year to $2.75m—more than at any other of the top 50 law firms bar two in New York where PEP averaged $2.8m and $3.0m respectively. Some senior partners get a lot more of course.Competition for the best lawyers is fierce and poaching frequent. Hence the need to keep headline PEP figures up—even at the cost of getting rid of equity partners, leaving a bigger share of the bounty for the remaining ones. Freshfields is in the process of shedding around 100 of its equity partners. Other leading firms are also undertaking painful restructuring.Newly qualified lawyers' salaries have also been shooting up in the search for the best talent. Both Freshfields and Allen & Overy now pay their first-year associates £65,000, rising to around £90,000 after three years. (First-year associates at America's top law firms get the equivalent of £80,000.)But, as many other top-rank City employers have discovered, big earnings do not necessarily guarantee big satisfaction. According to a YouGov poll, published by the Lawyer earlier this month, a quarter of Britain's lawyers (including a fifth of law-firmpartners) would like to leave the profession. The disgruntled complained about cripplingly long hours, intense competition and the impersonality of the biggest firms (some with more than 3,000 lawyers). So why don't they quit? Because, say three-quarters, of the pay.参考译文：虽然受到快速发展的国际金融市场的推动，伦敦自20世纪90年代末网络富源之后再也没有享受过原来的好日子。

考研必备阅读1(有详细翻译)How Progress Makes Us Sick

How Progress Makes Us SickSARS may have dominated the headlines last week, but it wasn't the only weird disease on the World Health Organization's radar screen. In central Africa, an outbreak of the dreaded Ebola fever had stretched into its fifth month. In Belgium and the Netherlands, a virulent new strain of avian flu was wiping out entire chicken farms. Dutch farmers recently slaughtered 18 million birds in hopes of stopping the outbreak. Yet the bird flu has spread to several provinces and jumped from poultry to pigs and even people, causing 83 human cases. Most of the infected people have suffered only eye inflammation, but some have developed respiratory illness. One of them, a 57-year-old veterinary surgeon, recently died of pneumonia. "Bird flu virus was ... found in the lungs," according to an April 19 statement from the Dutch Agriculture Ministry, "and no other cause of death could be detected." Sound familiar?...SARS. Ebola. Avian flu. The parade of frightening new maladies continues, each one confirming that our species, for all its cleverness, still lives at the mercy of the microbe. It didn't seem that way 30 years ago -- not with smallpox largely defeated, AIDS still undreamed of and medical science evolving at an unprecedented clip. But even as optimists proclaimed victory over the germ, our megacities, factory farms, jet planes and blood banks were opening broad new avenues for infection. The dark side of progress is now unmistakable; many of the advances that have made our lives more comfortable have also made them more dangerous. Some 30 new diseases have cropped up since the mid-1970s -- causing tens of millions of deaths -- and forgotten scourges have resurfaced with alarming regularity. "Infectious diseases will continue to emerge," the Institute of Medicine declares in a new report, warning that complacency and inaction could lead to a "catastrophic storm" of contagion. So what's to be done? As the SARS outbreak has shown, surveillance is critical. By spotting new infections wherever they occur, and working globally to contain them, we can greatly reduce their impact. But is preparedness our ultimate weapon? Do we know enough about the genesis of new diseases to prevent them? Could we avert the next SARS? The next AIDS? What would a reasonable strategy look like?We don't hold all the cards in this game. Most new diseases begin when a person catches something from an animal -- a transaction shaped by chance or even the weather. When healthy young adults started dying of a SARS-like syndrome in New Mexico 10 years ago, it took health experts several weeks of intensive lab work to identify the culprit. To the scientists' amazement, it wasn't a human pathogen at all. It was a novel member of the hantavirus family, a group of rodent viruses that sometimes spread through the air after rats or mice shed them in their urine. The previous outbreaks had occurred in Asia. So why were people dying in New Mexico? Scientists now believe the American mice had harbored the virus all along but had never been populous enough to scatter infectious doses in people's toolsheds and basements. What changed the equation that year was El Nino. The ocean disturbance caused an unusually warm winter in the Southwest. The mouse population exploded as a result -- and the hantavirus got a free ride.Until someone harnesses the jet stream, such accidents are sure to happen. But quirky weather isn't the greatest threat we face. As ecologists study the causes of disease emergence, they're finding that human enterprise is a far more significant force. Almost any activity that disrupts a natural environment can enhance the mobility of disease-causing microbes. Consider what happened in the 1980s, when farmers in Venezuela's Portuguesa statecleared millions of acres of forest to create cropland. The farms drew as many rats and mice as people, and the rodents introduced a deadly new virus into the region. The so-called Guanarito virus causes fever, shock and hemorrhaging. It infected more than 100 people, leaving a third of them dead.Malaysian pig farmers had a similar experience in 1999, after they started pushing back the forest to expand their operations. As barns replaced forestland, displaced fruit bats started living in the rafters, bombarding the pigs' drinking water with a pathogen now known as the Nipah virus. "The pigs developed an explosive cough that became known as the one-mile cough because you could hear it from so far away," says Mary Pearl, president of the Wildlife Trust in Palisades, N.Y. The virus soon spread from the pigs to their keepers, causing extreme brain inflammation and killing 40 percent of the affected people. The outbreak ended when Malaysian authorities closed eight farms and slaughtered a million pigs.The point is not that rain forests are dangerous. It's that blindly rearranging ecosystems can be hazardous to our health -- whether we're in the Amazon Basin or the woods of Connecticut. That's where Lyme disease emerged, and it, too, is a product of the way we user our land. Borrelia burg-dorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme, lives in the bodies of deer and white-footed mice, passing between those animals in the heads of biting ticks. People have crossed paths with all these critters for generations, yet the first known case of Lyme disease dates back only to 1975. Why did we suddenly become vulnerable? Richard Ostfeld, an animal ecologist at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, N.Y., has tied the event to suburban development. In open woodlands, foxes and bobcats keep a lid on the Lyme agent by hunting the mice that carry it. But the predators vanish when developers chop woodlands into subdivisions, and the mice and their ticks proliferate unnaturally. In a recent survey of woodlots in New York, Ostfeld found that infected ticks were some seven times as prevalent on one- and two-acre lots as they were on lots of 10 to 15 acres. His bottom line: "You're more likely to get Lyme disease in Scarsdale than the Catskills."Fortunately, you're not likely to spread it in either place. Even when a microbe succeeds at leaping from one species to another, the new host is often a dead end. Neither Nipah nor Guanarito can spread from person to person. The hantaviruses have the same problem. And a tick could suck on a Lyme-disease patient all day without getting enough bacteria to infect its next host. The infections we get from primates and pigs are a whole different story. When the Ebola virus jumps from an ape into a person, it often races through a family or a hospital before burning itself out. And HIV is still spreading steadily after three decades of person-to-person transmission. It has infected some 60 million people since crossing over from chimpanzees, and its emergence was no fluke of the weather. We placed ourselves in the path of the virus, we moved it around the world, and we're well poised to do it again.The human AIDS viruses are descended from simian pathogens known as SIVs. HIV-1 is essentially a chimpanzee virus, while HIV-2 (a rarer and milder bug) comes from the sooty mangabey (a monkey). How did the chimp virus make its way into humans? The best guess is that African hunters contracted it while butchering animals, and then passed it on through sexual contact. Until a few decades ago, that hunting accident would have been a local misfortune, a curse played out in a few rural villages. What turned it into a holocaust was not just a new infectiousagent but a proliferation of roads, cities and airports, a breakdown of social traditions, and the advent of blood banking and needle sharing. Those conditions virtually sealed HIV's success, and they continue to rocket obscure bugs into every corner of the world. "The volume and speed of travel are unprecedented," says Dr. Mary Wilson of Harvard. "We are interconnected in ways that weren't true a century ago."SARS is only the latest reminder of how powerful those connections can be. The novel coronavirus that causes the syndrome emerged from Guangdong, the same Chinese province that delivers new flu viruses to the world most years. Pigs, ducks, chickens and people live cheek-by-jowl on the district's primitive farms, exchanging flu and cold germs so rapidly that a single pig can easily incubate human and avian viruses simultaneously. The dual infections can generate hybrids that escape antibodies aimed at the originals, setting off a whole new chain of human infection. The clincher is that these farms sit just a few miles from Guangzhou, a teeming city that mixes people, animals and microbes from the countryside with travelers from around the world. You could hardly design a better system for turning small outbreaks into big ones.For all the fear it has caused, SARS clearly isn't the big one, at least not in its current incarnation. The coronavirus that causes it is as nasty as any flu virus, but it doesn't get around very easily. And as University of Louisville evolutionist Paul Ewald points out, an epidemic can't sustain itself unless each patient infects more than one other person. "If each SARS case were generating even two others," he says, "we would have seen hundreds of thousands by now." A doomsday flu virus would approach the virulence of the SARS agent, but it would infect people by the roomful.Such pandemic flu viruses have emerged in the past, and many experts believe it's only a matter of time until it happens again. How can we lessen the danger? A long-term strategy would have to include modernizing the world's farms, improving basic health care and stockpiling vaccines and antiviral drugs. As science illuminates the ecology of infectious disease, it may also inspire wiser, safer approaches to land use and wilderness preservation. Until then, surveillance will be doubly important. The good news is that the forces making microbes so mobile are also making them easier to track. Ten years ago, quick communication was still a problem for many health departments, says Stephen Morse, director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health. "A colleague in Russia had a fax but no fax paper. A colleague in Ghana had telex but no fax. In other places they had a telephone but no telex." Today even the most remote surveillance stations are tied into the Web-based Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases. The world's largest health agencies have created similar systems for sharing scientific research. Such systems are only as good as the openness and good will of their users. If anything good has come of the SARS scare, it is a renewed commitment to those ideals. How far they'll take us is still anyone's guess.。

考研英语真题阅读翻译全文

考研英语真题阅读翻译全文很多时候,考研英语阅读文章乍看上去与四、六级的形式相似,不少考生一开始便想当然地认为,只要掌握了考研英语大纲所指定词汇,考研阅读就可轻松拿下。

殊不知,考研英语阅读理解题中还有很多玄机下面就是店铺给大家整理的考研英语真题阅读翻译全文，希望对你有用! 考研英语阅读原文Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch's daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the "unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions".Integrity had collapsed, she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market.But "it's us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit".Driving her point home, she continued:"It's increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous own goals for capitalism and freedom."This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to5,500 people.This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking.Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run.Perhaps we should not be so surprised.For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value,business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World under Rupert Murdoch was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any commonhumanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories,but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.考研英语阅读翻译两年前，鲁伯特·默多克之女伊丽莎白曾说“太多的新闻机构有令人不安的正直缺失。

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit2

Cancer & Chemicals-Are We Going Too Far?Marla ConeLast year, California governor George Deukmejian called together many of the state's best scientific minds to begin implementing Proposition 65, the state's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act. This new law bans industries from discharging chemical suspected of causing cancer (carcinogens) or birth defects into water supplies. Some claim it will also require warning labels on everything that might cause cancer.去年，加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德米加召集本州许多优秀的科学家开会，开始执行第65号提案，即州安全饮用水和毒品实施法案。

这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质。

有些人宣称，新法律还要求在一切可能致癌的物品上贴上警告标签。

A day of esotericscience and incomprehensible jargonwas predicted. But Bruce Ames, chairman of the department of biochemistry at the University of California at Berkeley, had plans to liven the proceedings.原来预计，开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语，但加州大学伯克利分校生物化学系系主任布鲁斯·爱姆兹却打算使会议开得更有生气。

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1996 Text3In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrializa tion. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ me eting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the l ives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.19世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大并各自完善相互对立的组织。

许多旧式企业被有限责任公司所取代，由领薪经理构成其管理机构。

这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。

而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造力，向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。

铁路公司，虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业，但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。

与此同时，大城市的市政府也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。

有限责任公司及市政企业的发展带来了重大变化。

对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了持股人作为一个阶层的数量及其重要性。

他们在国民生活中代表着不承担责任的财富，与土地及土地所有者责任相分离，几乎也同样与企业的经营责任相分离。

整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都是靠英国的资本发展起来，而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。

像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起，原因在于给大批“享乐”阶层提供居住场所，这些人不工作却有丰厚的收入，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界几乎没有任何联系。

另一方面，“持股”就意味着悠闲和自由，维多利亚后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。

这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求,他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。

领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人以及工人需求的关系更加直接，但甚至他也不像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样熟悉了解工人的情况。

的确，单就公司的经营规模和雇佣的工人数量而言，就使得建立这种私人关系不再可能。

然而，幸运的是，工会的势力和组织在日益壮大，至少在各个技术行业情况如此，这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们处于平等的地位。

罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的含义。

2001 Text 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operatio ns capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing -- witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan -- but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?世界正在经历一场从未见过的巨大的并购浪潮。

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