【精品报告】埃森哲-网络弹性创新(英文)

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移动互联网发展-英文

DaisyENGLISH ON NETWORKSThe mobile networkingAbstract:Mobile Networks are at the brink of becoming truly All-IP Networks, providing all services through IP technology. This opens the door for new advancements of mobile systems and all parts of them, along with the efforts taken to advance Internet technology. The necessity to advance the IP based mobile network in the upcoming years stems from the rapid growth of IP multimedia application traffic. Such demand for an unprecedented network capacity will not be supported by a same level growth of the revenue. Consequently, to cover future investments a higher network efficiency in CAPEX and OPEX is needed. In addition to an expected increase in efficiency, new, innovative user-centric services are needed to exploit the value of the mobile network: The latter address emerging resources inside the network such as storage and processing power that demand for new mobility management and resource management solutions taking service locality, service roaming, virtualization of resources and user perceived quality into account.Ⅰ）Mobile NetworksThis workshop focuses on the mobile core network. We take a deployment of air interfaces such as LTE-Advanced for well underway and focus in concepts and technologies for the advancement of the core network. Contributions are sought for all network layers ranging from high-speed transport to service delivery platform.With this workshop, we plan to continue the workshop AMN 2011 to be held at ICC 2011 in June also in 2012 to establish a workshop series right in time when industrial and academic research is taking shape and progressing towards commercialization.The emerging variety of multimedia services also pushed by the heterogeneity of end systems ranging from traditional mobile phones to high resolution portable smart screens, demands for new, efficient resource management schemes such as mobile network embedded CDNs or content specific mobility management schemes. With available processing and storage space in the network, services do not any longer have to remain statically at a central server, but may move closer to the consumer. Such migration is not limited to one operator domain, but serviceprograms may roam between operator networks. Diversified resource control also demands for a next generation of quality of service provisioning taking the user perceived quality resp. Quality of Experience into account. In order to flexibly realize such new network and service solutions a level of indirection between the service delivery platform and the transport network is needed. Sophisticated mechanism are sought to allow for network resource isolations, realizing an abstraction layer for flexible control and management of coexisting, specific networks on one infrastructure substrate. It also allows abstracting from transport networks, supporting the flexible introduction of high speed bit transport through advanced (e.g. optical) network technologies.Moreover we see a number of areas, which have to be additional addressed in research for a sound evolution of the All-IP mobile core network. Most prominently a new emerging business environment that includes but is not limited to new business roles that relate to Network Virtualization, Cloud Computing and System Adaptability to the exploding number of 3rd party applications, taking into account the role of new players in an open service market and the economic market pressure that is grounded in fierce competition.Ⅱ）3G and 4GThis sudden 3G boom also gave mobile network operators enough incentive to invest huge sums of money for equipment necessary to get their 3G services functional.However, with the recent advent of 4G wireless networking, it all seems to be changing yet again. Now, those very operators who had readily plunged into 3G have their doubts about its sustenance. Carriers who are just thinking of wireless networking seem to prefer going in for the fourth-generation systems, better known as 4G.Why is this 3G vs. 4G issue even coming up? What is the reason behind this huge generation leap, as they say? Here is why 4G might soon become the preferred wireless network:• Less ExpensiveExperts think that 4G systems, which is still only starting off in many countries of the world, will end up being much cheaper than 3G. They believe that the new system can be built over theexisting system, without the operator having to completely retool and purchase and entirely new spectrum.While 3G requires an entirely new spectrum and standard, 4G makes good use of existing technologies. In fact, 4G is capable of seamless integration with 2G, Bluetooth and even LAN networks, which makes it far more versatile than its predecessor.• Much FasterNeedless to say, 4G also provides far faster data services than its predecessor. This would also make the going much easier for those working with heavy applications, such as advanced VoIP and video streaming.4G networking transmits speeds of greater than 20MB per second, hence, can offer high bandwidth services anywhere it is installed, including homes, offices and public places such as airports, cafes and so on.This gives operators the opportunity to offer user much better services, thereby increasing their own businesses.• High ProfitsSince the entire networking process is much cheaper for providers, they will be easily able to recover their initial financial investment in the project. Not only that, while they can offer much cheaper basic service to their customers, they could also charge well enough for providing advanced data services to business enterprises, which would like to maintain hotspots.Though 3G is not bad either, it becomes more difficult for the provider to recover his initial capital. LAN is already quite popular and offers relatively good speed and hence, any existing LAN user would think twice before going in for the much more expensive 3G.Mobile telcos who have invested heavily in 3G are now beginning to worry that their heavy investment may not yield the expected profits. 3G network providers too are finding it difficult to fund their venture.Of course, mobile 3G is yet strong enough to hold on in most nations of the world, and hence, will not totter too soon. In fact, many companies actually think of both 3G and 4G as complimentary networking systems, which would be able to work side-by-side, since each one has strengths that the other lacks.But for how long can 3G actually survive in the mobile networking race? Will it finally be completely washed over by 4G? Well, we can only wait and watch – time will unfold the answer.。

2017年考研英语一大作文

1社会民风专题（诚信、共赢、勤俭、节约）互信mutual trust诚信credibility品德morality创新innovation共赢all-win欺诈fraud代价cost社会文明social civilization假冒伪劣产品fake commodities社会危害harm to society学术造假academic cheating诚实为上策Honestly is the best policy.减少浪费reduce waste促进改革promote reform减轻负担reduce the burden of……调整产业结构adjust the industrial structure物质文明、精神文明一起抓pay equal attention to the material progress and cultural progress形成文明、健康、崇尚科学的良好社会风尚form civilized, healthy and science-upholding social practice2前沿科技专题（电子书、时尚购物、低俗信息、色情诱惑）网恋cyber romance网购online shopping团购Group shopping秒杀Sec-kill网店online shop/store信誉credit退款refund科学技术science and technology沉迷网络web-addiction电脑犯罪computer crime电子商务e-commerce虚拟生活virtual life信息时代information era网上冲浪surf the Internet电子书electronic book网拍麻豆Net model浏览器购物Monitor shopping橱窗购物Window shopping网上评价internet review网上纠纷online dispute恶性骚扰malicious harassment品质保证quality guarantee3人生哲理专题自立self-dependence勤奋diligence恒心perseverance幸福happiness不断努力make constant efforts缺乏自信lack of confidence保持乐观keep optimistic悲观的pessimistic积极态度positive attitude消极态度negative attitude取得成功succeed, achieve success,害怕失败fear to lose自我实现individual self-realization不遗余力去做某事spare no efforts/pains to do, make great effort, 坚持不懈地做某事be persistent with sth./ do with full persistence 尽一切努力取得成功try every means to stay on top经得住挑战与困难stand up to/ withstand challenges and difficulties4教育专题培养cultivate课余的extracurricular填鸭式duck-stuffing文凭热diploma craze教学改革educational reform学术的academic创新学习innovative learning高等教育higher education假毕业证/文凭fake certificate/diploma考研热the craze for graduate school贫困学生poverty-stricken students全体教员faculty深造further one's study素质教育quality education德才兼备possess political integrity and professional ability提高学生身心素质improve the health and psychological quality 适应社会的改变adjust to the social changes quickly努力获得精神文明make efforts to seek cultural and ideological progress5文化专题碰撞crash多样性diversity原创原始的original少数民族minority有启发的revealing极具魅力的charming壮丽辉煌的splendid谈话节目talk show英语热English fever文化和文明culture and civilization博大精深的great and profound融合交汇integration and interaction中西合璧a combination of Chinese and Western elements6伦理道德专题（尊老、爱幼、爱心）伦理ethics，moral principle道德moral，morality老年人aged father, senior citizens, old and helpless parents, elderly people, the old逃避责任shirk the duty, shun the responsibilities虐待mistreatment, be ill-treated, be neglected, be reduced to utter poverty中国文化传统美德traditional virtue of Chinese culture经济支持financially support,严厉惩罚severely punish培养意识cultivate the awareness,遏制不良现象curb evil phenomenon7环境专题（环保、节能）雾霾haze工业化industrialization空气污染指数air pollution index橙色预警orange alert悬浮颗粒物airborne particulate matter有毒物质toxic substance空气质量检测air quality monitoring有害空气污染物hazardous airborne pollutant污浊的空气foul air防尘口罩anti-dust gauze mask能见度低low visibility机动车尾气尘vehicle exhaust乘客滞留passengers stranded释放、泄漏有害气体和液体discharge/ let out/ leak/ pour out harmful gases and liquids1投诉信第一部分：说明投诉问题I must complain about…I am not satisfied with…I feel something should be done about…I am writing to inform（告知，代替tell）you that I find…unsatisfactory…I am writing to express/ air dissatisfaction/ disappointment/ concern regarding …第二部分：描述具体情况The noise disturbs my sleep so that I can't concentrate during the work time, and as a result, I have made several mistakes these days.For me this environment is very difficult to make studies and I need a quiet room.第三部分：期待解决方案I expect to hear from you soon.Please give this matter your immediate attention.I would be very grateful （感激，代替thanks）if you could look into the matter as soon as possible. And I am looking forward to an early reply.It is high time you took some measures to solve…I hope you will take steps to rectify（纠正、改善，代替improve） this situation soon.I believe you will take my complaints seriously. I would ask you to give back my money, or I would file my complaint（投诉） to the authorities concerned（相关部门）.To solve this problem/ surmount this difficulty/ improve the situation/ crack this hard nut（解决问题）, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned.2申请信第一部分：说明写信目的I would like to apply for （申请）admission to your college.I hope to pursue my Master's degree in your university.I would like to further my studies in… department of your university.第二部分：展开申请原因My major interests are…, and I understand your university has a good program in those fields.I feel the need to study further in order to develop my potential in this field.第三部分：期盼回复，表示感谢Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to your reply.If my application could be taken into favorable consideration, I would be most grateful.I hope you will kindly send me an application（申请单） form.I would greatly appreciate receiving copies of the required application forms（申请表格）and any instructions（说明）you may be so kind to give me regarding my possible admission.Enclosed（附上） are my score reports on all subjects and two recommendations（推荐信）.3建议信第一部分：说明写信目的You have asked me for some advice on how to improve…. I will try to give some useful suggestions.I am writing to you to present what I think on the further improvement of … so as to…I would like to make a recommendation that…I am writing to advise you of…第二部分：提出建议I'd like to suggest that…May I sugges t that…Could you please…Why don't we…In my opinion …I feel that it would be beneficial if…第三部分：期盼回复Thank you for your attention.Please take good consideration of my advice. Thanks.I trust you will take my suggestion into account.I hope that my suggestions are helpful for your decision-making anyway.I hope you will find these suggestions/ proposals/ recommendations（建议） helpful/ practical/ useful（有帮助的，实用的）.4求职信第一部分：说明写信目的I am writing in response to（回应）your advertisement in …I am writing this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in…I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised position for…I would like to apply for the vacancy（职位空缺）of…advertised in…第二部分：展示个人能力、经历及求职动机I am now studying at … and will soon be graduated as a/an … major. Under the influence of the courses I have taken, I have developed a special interest in…Upon graduation, I first worked as… The following job was… and currently I am working for… I feel I have the necessary qualifications a nd experience needed for the position of…Born in… in… I graduated from… University majoring in… I have been working in… since my graduation, and I have therefore attained a fair knowledge and experience in this field. It seems to me that this experience, together with my education, has given me preparation to assume the role of… in a firm such as yours.第三部分：希望面试机会，表示感谢Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to your reply.Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to meeting you in the near future.Your prompt response will be much appreciated（感激）.I should be pleased to attend for an interview at your convenience （方便之时）, when I could give you further details concerning myself.I am available for a personal interview（个人面谈）at yourco nvenience. Please contact me at…5邀请信第一部分：说明邀请目的On behalf of…, I have the honor to invite you to…It is with the great pleasure that I write to cordially invite you to…It gives me the greatest pleasure to invite you to…We should be very grateful if yo u could…第二部分：说明活动安排Will you and Mrs. Smith give the pleasure of dining with us at the Beijing Hotel on Sunday, October 10th, at eight o'clock?There will be a dinner party to be held at the Beijing Hotel on Sunday, October 10th, at eight o'clock. Will you and Mrs. Smith come and join us?I hope that you have no previous engagement and can join us for the English Evening at 7:00 p.m. on February 1st.第三部分：期盼回复We are looking forward to seeing you.I do hope that you will be able to come.We should be very pleased if you could honor us with your company.6祝贺信第一部分：表示祝贺I was very happy to learn that …I was very delighted to hear the news that…It is with great pleasure that I hear of your success. Please accept my warmest/heartiest congratulations（最衷心的祝贺）.Allow me to convey my congratulations on your promotion to …第二部分：表述贺喜内容How time flies! Here you are graduating from high school and planning to attend the university in the fall. Congratulations on a job well done, and good luck to you during the next four years of university.第三部分：表达美好祝愿Wish you good luck!I wish you success and fulfillment in the years ahead.Happy New Year to you and may each succeeding year bring you greater happiness and prosperity.1社科类专题（网络、科技、旅游等）网恋cyber romance网购online shopping团购Group shopping秒杀Sec-kill网店online shop/store信誉credit退款refund科学技术science and technology沉迷网络web-addiction电脑犯罪computer crime电子商务e-commerce虚拟生活virtual life信息时代information era网上冲浪surf the Internet电子书electronic book网拍麻豆Net model浏览器购物Monitor shopping橱窗购物Window shopping网上评价internet review网上纠纷online dispute恶性骚扰malicious harassment品质保证quality guarantee2教育类专题（就业率、毕业生工资、留学人数等）培养cultivate课余的extracurricular填鸭式duck-stuffing文凭热diploma craze教学改革educational reform学术的academic创新学习innovative learning高等教育higher education考研热the craze for graduate school贫困学生poverty-stricken students全体教员faculty深造further one's study素质教育quality education培养能力foster abilities品学兼优be a students of fine qualities and fine scholar适应社会的改变adjust to the social changes quickly满足社会的急需meet the urgent need of the society努力获得精神文明make efforts to seek cultural and ideological progress3经济类专题经济economy繁荣boom零售retail促销promote sales管理management金融finance, commerce/commercial 经济全球化economic globalization可持续发展sustainable development 不正当竞争unfair competition假冒伪劣产品fake and inferior product 打假crack down on fake commodities 购买力purchasing power激烈竞争fierce competition售后服务after-sale service生计问题bread -and -butter issue企业形象enterprise image信用危机credit crisis稳定物价stabilize prices品牌效应brand effect流行的消遣方式popular pastime 4管理类专题资本capital债券bond预算budget没收confiscate拨款appropriate公司corporation贸易顺差active trade balance贸易逆差adverse trade balance审计员、查帐员auditor资产负债表balance sheet便宜货bargain董事会hoard of directors盈亏表bottom line生意兴隆brisk泡沫经济bubble economy商业重组business restructuring货物清单cargo manifest商品展销会commodities fair1推荐信第一部分：指出被推荐人I am writing to you to recommend…for…I take great pleasure in recommending to you … as …I would like to present… for you r consideration in your search for…With reference to your requirements（要求）, I shall,without reservation（毫无保留）, recommend…as an ideal candidate.第二部分:介绍被推荐人的情况He/She is a/an…第三部分：总结说明I expect to hear from you soon.Please give this matter your immediate attention.I am confident/ convinced that… I strongly recommend him to you with no reservation.Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend her as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised.2请求信第一部分：介绍自己、提出请求Could you please…?Could you possibly…?W ould it be possible to…?I would be grateful if you could…?Would you mind doing…?I wonder if you could spare some time to help me…第二部分：说明原因及其它事项这里暂没有内容，直接看第三部分吧第三部分：表达谢意、期盼回复Thank you for your attention to this matter.I look forward to prompt response.3邀请信第一部分：说明邀请目的On behalf of…, I have the honor to invite you to…It is with the great pleasure that I write to cordially invite you to…It gives me the greatest pleasure to invite you to…We should be very grateful if you could…第二部分：说明活动安排Will you and Mrs. Smith give the pleasure of dining with us at the Beijing Hotel on Sunday, October 10th, at eight o'clock?There will be a dinner party to be held at the Beijing Hotel on Sunday, October 10th, at eight o'clock. Will you and Mrs. Smith come and join us?I hope that you have no previous engagement and can join us for the English Evening at 7:00 p.m. on February 1st.第三部分：期盼回复We are looking forward to seeing you.I do hope that you will be able to come.We should be very pleased if you could honor us with your company.4感谢信第一部分：表示感谢Thank you so much for …I warmly appreciate your hospitality（款待.I am writing to express my thanks for …I am writing to extend mysincere/hearty gratitude/appreciation（真诚的感谢）for …I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for …第二部分：说明事由Thank you very much for the gift you sent me. It's one of the most wonderful gifts I got on my birthday.I am writing this letter to thank you for your warm hospitality accorded to me and my delegation during our recent visit to your beautiful country. I would also like to thank you for your interesting discussion with me which I have found very informative and useful.第三部分：再次表示感谢Thanks again.Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to you! Please accept my gratitude.Thanks again and I hope that I will have the opportunity to return/ repay your kindness.I am looking forward to…5咨询信第一部分：自我介绍、说明目的I'm interested in … Could you provide me with more details?I would be very grateful to you if you let me know…I would appreciate very much if you can provide me with more details about…I have learned from…that you will…I just want to know specifically about…I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding/concerning…第二部分:具体询问事宜Could you please tell me something about your …?Would you please send me all the information and the forms as soon as possible? Thank you very much.I would be much obliged（感激）if you let me know the procedures I have to go through.第三部分：表示感谢、期盼回复I am expecting your early reply/ your immediate response.Your prompt attention to this letter would be highly appreciated.I am looking forward to hearing from you.Thank you for your consideration.6慰问信I'm sorry to learn/hear that…It is really a pity tha t you failed in…Please don't feel too much distressed（痛苦，紧张） for this frustration.All of us are waiting for your rapid recovery/return to health（恢复健康）.Please let me know of any assistance I can render you.一、文章结构用词表达1、分点一：分层论证Basic to any understanding of the benefits we can get from_______ is that__________/ First and foremost；On one hand_________, On the other hand_________；Besides/ What’s more/ In addition；First of all/to begin with/above all；In the second place/in the second instance；Last but not least/in summary；这一段主要说理，在分论点里可以加一些小的例子细节，重点是要用一些精华句子！2、分点二：举例论证Further lending credence to my position is that____________ （简单阐述/例子字不够就多讲点废话）/I can think of no better illustration than the example of（典型例子）/ A case in point is that（不是很典型）________,…..some expert pionts out that.../take ... in instance.../according to the investigation conducted this year indicates that.../(推荐，为神马，因为句子长，废话多… …)some statistics expose that...一句话总结例子：As a result,强调句/倒装句/表利弊的句型/反面论证如果没有会怎样。

埃森哲云计算案例剖析-Testra

概览
• 公司总部位于澳大利亚墨尔本 • 大约46,000名员工 • 2008年总收入：247亿澳元 • 2008年总利润(税后)：37亿澳元 • 主要市场：固网和电子通讯，互联网接入，
相关数据
• 拥有超过11,000部电话交换机 • 每天安装大约12,000项服务
• 2007年本地通话量为57亿次
• 2007年国内长途通话量为69亿分钟 • 2007年手机通话量为34亿分钟 • 2007年短信量为70亿条
云计算介绍（2）-案例介绍
中国移动广东公司-埃森哲，思科云计算培训 2011.01广东
Accenture Copyright © 2010Copyright Accenture 2010. All Rights Reserved.
1
云服务将快速增长并影响 IT 的各个领域
Zopa基于云提供互联网借贷交易电子市场，2009年借贷量超过5500万美元。
4/14/2008
4/15/2008
4/16/2008
4/17/2008
4/18/2008
4/19/2008
4/20/2008
Copyright © 2010 Accenture All Rights Reserved.
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Telstra 概况
Telstra 是一家世界500强的电讯与信息服务公司，总部位于澳大利亚墨尔本。Telstra 拥有亚太地区最先进的全球IP骨干网之一，提供巨大的带宽容量。
亚马逊 Web服务接口
3) 远程访问
可靠区域1
2) 拷贝虚拟机映像，然后启动
虚拟机
Hypervisor
物理机器
S3
可靠区域2
可靠区域3

软联通作文800字

软联通作文800字English Response:---。

Soft Linking in Writing: An 800-Word Essay.Soft linking, in the realm of writing, embodies the art of seamlessly connecting ideas, sentences, and paragraphs within a piece of text. It's like weaving a narrative tapestry where each thread effortlessly intertwines withthe next, creating a cohesive and engaging story.One key aspect of soft linking is the use oftransitional phrases. These phrases act as bridges, guiding the reader from one point to the next without causingabrupt shifts or confusion. For instance, phrases like "In addition," "Furthermore," and "On the other hand" help to smoothly transition between different ideas or perspectives.Another effective soft linking technique is the use of pronouns and demonstratives. By referring back to previously mentioned concepts or introducing upcoming ones, writers can maintain continuity and flow in their writing. For example, instead of repeatedly using the term "the protagonist," a writer might employ pronouns like "he" or "she" to keep the narrative fluid.Moreover, employing parallel structures can enhancesoft linking by creating symmetry and balance in sentences. This technique involves presenting ideas in a similar grammatical form, which aids in establishing coherence and rhythm. For instance, consider the sentence: "She enjoys hiking, swimming, and cycling." Here, the parallelstructure of gerunds reinforces the connection between the activities mentioned.Additionally, employing cohesive devices such as repetition, synonymy, and substitution can reinforce the connections between ideas. Repetition involves reiterating key words or phrases, while synonymy involves using different words with similar meanings. Substitution entailsreplacing specific terms with pronouns or other descriptors to avoid redundancy. These devices help to reinforce the central themes and maintain the reader's focus throughoutthe text.In conclusion, mastering the art of soft linking is essential for creating compelling and coherent written works. By employing techniques such as transitional phrases, pronouns, parallel structures, and cohesive devices,writers can seamlessly connect ideas and maintain thereader's engagement from start to finish.---。

PPT关系层次图

* 조기수용자
이노베이터들이 제품을 사용하고 즐기는 것을 보고 난 후에 구매하는 그룹
* 초기-후기 수용자
위의 두 그룹의 신제품 구매로 인해 제품이 시장에 확산됨에 따라 구매
Strategic Triangle
소비자
누구에게 팔 것인가?
어떤 편익을 제공하는가?
제품
전략
경쟁
차별점은 있는가?
suitability
specialty convenience
practical New Brand Direction
Case 017 Communcation strategy
Message Media
Integration
none
Risk
neutral
* 혁신자
혁신적인 신제품을 구매하는 모험을 할 준비가 되어있는 그룹
基本構圖，為二元素交集彙整後，再進行下階段
以下是利用,上面之基本構圖，我們可以衍生不同方式來表現，讓觀眾眼光為之一亮之效果出來
국가 경쟁력 강화
수요
최적의 기술도입으로 최고의 제품생산 최상의 서비스 제공으로 고객만족 실현 공공 이익 추구
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New Workplace Strategy Flexible Workplace 1995-2002 Strategy (Evolving)
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CHAMELEON a self-evolving, fully-adaptive resource arbitrator for storage systems

C HAMELEON:a self-evolving,fully-adaptive resource arbitratorfor storage systemsSandeep Uttamchandani†Li Yin‡Guillermo A.Alvarez†John Palmer†Gul Agha∗†IBM Almaden Research Center‡University of California,Berkeley∗University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign{sandeepu,alvarezg,jdp}@,yinli@,agha@AbstractEnterprise applications typically depend on guar-anteed performance from the storage subsystem, lest they fail.However,unregulated competi-tion is unlikely to result in a fair,predictable ap-portioning of resources.Given that widespread access protocols and scheduling policies are largely best-effort,the problem of providing per-formance guarantees on a shared system is a very difﬁcult one.Clients typically lack accu-rate information on the storage system’s capa-bilities and on the access patterns of the work-loads using it,thereby compounding the problem.C HAMELEON is an adaptive arbitrator for shared storage resources;it relies on a combination of self-reﬁning models and constrained optimiza-tion to provide performance guarantees to clients. This process depends on minimal information from clients,and is fully adaptive;decisions are based on device and workload models automat-ically inferred,and continuously reﬁned,at run-time.Corrective actions taken by C HAMELEON are only as radical as warranted by the current degree of knowledge about the system’s behav-ior.In our experiments on a real storage system C HAMELEON identiﬁed,analyzed,and corrected performance violations in3-14minutes—which compares very favorably with the time a human administrator would have needed.Our learning-based paradigm is a most promising way of de-ploying large-scale storage systems that service variable workloads on an ever-changing mix of device types.1IntroductionA typical consolidated storage system at the multi-petabyte level serves the needs of inde-pendent,paying customers(e.g.,a storage ser-vice provider)or divisions within the same or-ganization(e.g.,a corporate data center).Con-solidation has proven to be an effective remedy for the low utilizations that plague storage sys-tems[10],for the expense of employing scarce system administrators,and for the dispersion of related data into unconnected islands of stor-age.However,the ensuing resource contention makes it more difﬁcult to guarantee a portion of the shared resources to each client,regardless of whether other clients over-or under-utilize their allocations—guarantees required by the prevalent utility model.This paper addresses the problem of allocat-ing resources in a fully automated,cost-efﬁcient way so that most clients experience predictable performance in their accesses to a shared,large-scale storage utility.Hardware costs play a dwin-dling role relative to managing costs in current enterprise systems[10].Static provisioning ap-proaches are far from optimal,given the high burstiness of I/O workloads and the inadequate available knowledge about storage device ca-pabilities.Furthermore,efﬁcient static alloca-tions do not contemplate hardware failures,load surges,and workload variations;system adminis-trators must currently deal with those by hand, as part of a slow and error-prone observe-act-analyze loop.Prevalent access protocols(e.g., SCSI and FibreChannel)and resource scheduling policies are largely best-effort;unregulated com-petition is unlikely to result in a fair,predictable resource allocation.Previous work on this problem includes man-agement policies encoded as sets of rules[13, 27],heuristic-based scheduling of individual I/Os[7,12,15,19],decisions based purely on feedback loops[17,18]and on the predictions of(workload request rate (req size,req rate,rw ratio,cache hit rate)SPC web-search trace[21]accessing a24-driveRAID1LUN on an IBM FAStT900storage con-troller.From the graph,a workload request rateof1500IOPS in SPC translates to2000IOPS atthe controller.In practical systems,reliable workload data can only be gathered from production runs.Wetherefore bootstrap workload models by collect-ing performance observations;C HAMELEON re-sorts to throttling heuristics in the meantime,untilworkload models become accurate enough.3.3Action modelsIn general,action models predict the effect of cor-rective actions on workload requirements.Thethrottling action model computes each work-load’s average request rate as a function ofthe token issue rate,i.e.,a j(token issue rate j). Real workloads exhibit signiﬁcant variations intheir I/O request rates due to burstiness and to ON/OFF behaviors[5].We model a as a lin-ear function:a j(token issue rate j)=θ×token issue rate j whereθ=1initially forbootstrapping.This simple model assumes that the components in the workload’s invocation path are not saturated.Function a j will,in general,also deviate fromour linear model because of performance-aware applications(that modify their access patterns de-pending on the I/O performance they experience) and of higher-level dependencies between appli-cations that magnify the impact of throttling.4Reasoning engineThe reasoning engine computes the rate at which each workload stream should be allowed to is-sue I/Os to the storage system.It is imple-mented as a constraint solver(using piecewise-linear programming[8])that analyzes all possible combinations of workload token rates and selects the one that optimizes an administrator-deﬁned objective function,e.g.,“minimize the number of workloads violating their SLA”,or“ensure that highest priority workloads always meet their guarantees”.Based on the errors associated with the models,the output of the constraint solver is assigned a conﬁdence value.It should be noted that the reasoning engine is not just invoked upon an SLA violation to decide throttle values,but also periodically to unthrot-tle the workloads if the load on the system is re-duced.4.1IntuitionThe reasoning engine relies on the component, workload,and action models as oracles on which to base its decision-making.Figure6illustrates a simpliﬁed version of how the constraint solver builds a candidate solution:1)for each compo-nent used by the underperforming workload(i.e., the one not meeting its SLA),use the compo-nent’s model to determine the change in request rate at the component required to achieve the needed decrease in component latency;2)query the model for each workload using that compo-nents,to determine which change in the work-load’s I/O injection rate is needed to relieve the component’s load;3)using the action model,de-termine the change in the token issue rate needed for the sought change in injection rate;4)record the value of the objective function for the can-didate solution.Then repeat recursively for all combinations of component,victim workload, and token issue rates.The reasoning engine is actually more general:it considers all solutions, including the ones in which the desired effect is achieved by the combined results of throttling more than one workload.4.2Formalization in C HAMELEON We formulate the task of computing throttle val-ues in terms of variables,objective function,and constraints as follows.Variables:One per workload,representing its to-ken issue rate:t1,t2,...Objective function:Workloads are pigeonholed into one of four regions as in Figure7,ac-cording to their current request rate,latency, and SLA goals.Region names are mostly self-explanatory—lucky workloads are getting a higher throughput while meeting the latency goal, and exceeded workloads get higher throughput at the expense of high latency.Many objective functions can be accom-modated by the current C HAMELEON proto-type(e.g.,all linear functions);moreover,it is possible to switch them on theﬂy.For our experiments,we minimizedi∈failedP quad i P W i SLA W i−a i(t i)SLA Wiwhere P W i are the workload priorities,P quadi are the quadrant priorities(i.e.,the probabilitythat workloads in each region will be selected as throttling candidates),and a i(t i)represents theIntuition How it is capturedThe lower a throttled The solver minimizes the iSLA W i−a i(t i)SLA WWorkloadsthrottledThis is ensured by the PWorkloads boundary By deﬁnition of the objective beyond their SLA.total reqtotal reqtotal reqtotal req4.3Workload unthrottlingC HAMELEON invokes the reasoning engine pe-riodically,to re-assess token issue rates;if the load on the system has decreased since the last invocation,some workloads may be unthrottled to re-distribute the unused resources based on workload priorities and average I/O rates.If a workload is consistently wasting tokens issued for it(because it has less signiﬁcant needs),un-used tokens will be considered for re-distribution; on the other hand,if the workload is using all its tokens,they won’t be taken away from it, no matter how low its priority is.C HAMELEON makes unthrottling decisions using the same ob-jective function with additional“lower-bound”constraints such as not allowing any I/O rate to become lower than its current average value. 4.4Conﬁdence on decisionsThere are multiple ways of capturing statistical conﬁdence values[14].C HAMELEON uses the following formula to capture both the errors from regression and from residuals(i.e.,models being used on inputs where they were not trained):S p=S1+1n+(x p−x)2x2−nx2where S is the standard error,n is the num-ber of points used for regression,and x is the mean value of the predictor variables used for re-gression.S p represents the standard deviation of the predicted value y p using input variable x p.In C HAMELEON,we represent the conﬁ-dence value CV of a model as the inverse of its S p,and we deﬁne the overall conﬁdence on the reasoning engine’s decisions as CV component×CV workload×CV action.5Designer-deﬁned policiesThe system designer deﬁnes heuristics for coarse-grained throttling control.Heuristics are used to make decisions whenever the predictions of the models cannot be relied upon—either during bootstrapping or after signiﬁcant system changes such as hardware failures.Sample heuristics in-clude“if system utilization is greater than85%, start throttling workloads in the lucky region”, or“if the workload-priority variance is less than 10%,uniformly throttle all workloads sharing the component”.These heuristics can be expressed in a variety of ways such as Event-Condition-Action(ECA) rules or hard-wired code.In any case,fully speci-fying corrective actions at design time is an error-prone solution to a highly complex problem[25], especially if they are to cover a useful fraction of the solution space and to accommodate pri-orities.It is also very hard to determine ac-curate threshold values to differentiate different scenarios,in the absence of any solid quantita-tive information about the system being built.In C HAMELEON,the designer-deﬁned heuristics are implemented as simple hard-wired code which is a modiﬁed version of the throttling algorithm used in Sleds[7]:1.Determine the compList of components be-ing used by the underperforming workload.2.For each component in the compList,add the non-underperforming workloads using it to the candidateList.3.Sort the candidateListﬁrst by current op-erating quadrant:luckyﬁrst,then exceed, then meet.Within each quadrant,sort by work-load priority.4.Traverse the candidateList and throttle each workload,either uniformly or proportion-ally to its priority(the higher the priority,the less signiﬁcant the throttling).6Informed feedback moduleThe feedback module(Figure8)incrementally throttles workloads based on the decisions of ei-ther the reasoning engine or the system-designer heuristics.If C HAMELEON is following the rea-soning engine,throttling is applied at incremen-tal steps whose size is proportional to the conﬁ-dence value of the constraint solver;otherwise, the throttling step is a small constant value. After every m throttling steps,the feedback module analyzes the state of the system.If any of the following conditions is true,it re-invokes the reasoning engine;otherwise it continues apply-ing the same throttling decisions in incremental steps:•Latency increases for the underperformingworkload(i.e.,it moves away from themeet region).•A non-underperforming workload movesfrom meet or exceed to lucky.•Any workload undergoes a2X or greatervariation in the request rate or any other ac-Workload Request[KB]Rd/wrt Seq/rnd Foot-[GB]W127.60.980.57730 W220.660.0160 W314.80.6410.02150 W4200.6420.02660C HAMELEON decides to throttle the Cello96 workload(using the original workload model). The output of the reasoning engine as a conﬁ-dence value of65%Phase1(t=3min to t=13min):The feedback module continues to throttle for3consecutive in-crements;since the latency of the synthetic work-load does not change,it re-invokes the reason-ing engine.The output of the reasoning engine is similar to the previous invocation(since the mod-els haven‘t changed),but its conﬁdence value is lower(because of the higher differences between predicted and observed model values).This re-peats for consecutive invocations of the reasoning engine after which the feedback module switches to use the designer-deﬁned policies.Phase2(t=13min to t=17min):A simple de-signer policy the C HAMELEON uses is to throttle all the non-violating workloads uniformly(uni-form pruning).Both SPC and Cello96are throt-tled in small steps(5%of their SLA IOPS)till the latency SLA of the synthetic workload is sat-isﬁed.Phase3(beyond t=17min):All workloads are meeting their SLA goals and the system is stabi-lized.8Related workMost storage management frameworks(includ-ing all commercial tools,e.g.,BMC Patrol[4]) encode policies as ECA rules[27,13]thatﬁre when some precondition is satisﬁed—typically, when one or more system metrics cross prede-termined thresholds.Rules are a clumsy,error-prone programming language;they front-load all the complexity into the work of creating them at design time,in exchange for simplicity of exe-cution at run time.Administrators are expected to account for all relevant system states,to know which corrective action to take in each case,to specify useful values for all the thresholds that determine when rules willﬁre,and to make sure that the right rule willﬁre if preconditions over-lap.Moreover,simple policy changes can trans-late into modiﬁcations to a large number of rules. Rule-based systems are only as good as the hu-man who wrote the rules;they can just provide a coarse level of control over the system.Some variations rely on case-based reasoning[28]to iteratively reﬁne rules from a tabula rasa initial knowledge base.This approach does not scale well to real systems,because of the exponential size of the search space that is explored in an un-structured way.In contrast,C HAMELEON relies on constrained optimization to steer the search in the full space of throttle values,and uses its dy-namically reﬁned models in lieu ofﬁxed thresh-olds.Feedback-based approaches use a narrow win-dow of the most recent performance samples to make allocation decisions based on the dif-ference between the current and desired system states.They are not well-suited for decision-making with multiple variables[22],and can os-cillate between local optima.Fac¸ade[19]con-trols the queue length at a single storage device; decreasing the queue length is equivalent to throt-tling the combination of all workloads,instead of(as in C HAMELEON)selectively throttling only the workloads that will minimize the objective function.Triage[17]keeps track of which perfor-mance band the system is operating in;it shares Fac¸ade’s lack of selectivity,as a single QoS vi-olation may bring the whole system down to a lower band(which is equivalent to throttling ev-ery workload).Sleds[7]can selectively throttle just the workloads supposedly responsible for the QoS violations,and has a decentralized architec-ture that scales better than Fac¸ade’s.However, its policies for deciding which workload to throt-tle are hard-wired and will not adapt to changing conditions.Hippodrome[3]iteratively reﬁnes the data placement;each of its data migrations can take hours.It is a solution to longer-term prob-lems than C HAMELEON,that is more appropriate for reacting in minutes to problems requiring im-mediate attention.Hippodrome can take a long time to converge(due to the high cost of migrat-ing data)and can get stuck in local minima,for it relies on a variation of hill-climbing. Scheduling-based approaches establish rela-tive priorities between workloads and individ-ual I/Os.Jin et al.[15]compared different scheduling algorithms for performance isolation and resource-usage efﬁciency;they found that scheduling is effective but cannot ensure tight bounds on the SLA constraints(essential for high-priority workloads).Stonehenge[12]uses a learning-based bandwidth allocation mecha-nism to map SLAs to virtual device shares dy-namically;although it allows more general SLAs than C HAMELEON,it can only arbitrate accesses to the storage device,not to any other bottleneck component in the system.In general,schedul-ing approaches are designed to work well for the common case,not being effective in handling ex-ception scenarios such as hardware failures.Model-based approaches make decisions based on accurate models of the storage system. The main challenge is to build them,far from trivial in practical systems;system administrators very rarely have that level of information about the devices they use.Minerva[1]assumes that such models are given.C HAMELEON and Polus[25](an extension of this vision)build those models on theﬂy,without supervision.9ConclusionsAn ideal solution for resource arbitration in shared storage systems would adapt to changing workloads,client requirements and system con-ditions.It would also relieve system administra-tors from the burden of having to specify when to step in and take corrective action,and what ac-tions to take—thus allowing them to concentrate on specifying the global objectives that maximize the storage utility’s business beneﬁt,and having the system take care of the details.No existing solution satisﬁes these criteria;prior approaches are either inﬂexible,or require administrators to supply up-front knowledge that is not available to them.Our approach to identifying which client work-loads should be throttled is based on constrained optimization.Constraints are derived from the running system,by monitoring its delivered per-formance as a function of the demands placed on it during normal operation.The objective function being optimized can be deﬁned,and changed,by the administrator as a function of organizational goals.Given that the actions pre-scribed by our reasoning engine are only as good as the quality of the models used to compute them,C HAMELEON will switch to a conservative decision-making process if insufﬁcient knowl-edge is available.C HAMELEON’s approach to model building requires no prior knowledge about the quantitative characteristics of work-loads and devices—and makes good decisions in realistic scenarios like those involving workloads with relative priorities.We replayed traces from production environments on a real storage sys-tem,and found that C HAMELEON makes very accurate decisions for the workloads examined.C HAMELEON always made the optimal throttling decisions,given the available knowledge.The times to react to and solve performance problems were in the3-14min.range,which is quite en-couraging.Areas for future work include component and workload models that incorporate additional rel-evant parameters,more general(non-linear)opti-mizers to accommodate the resulting,more accu-rate problem formulations,and even some degree of workload prediction using techniques related to ARIMA[23].Acknowledgments:We wish to thank Randy Katz,Jai Menon,Kaladhar V oruganti and Hon-esty Young for their inputs on the direction of this work and valuable comments on earlier versions of this paper.We also thank Lucy Cherkasova for her excellent shepherding.Finally,we thank the HP Labs Storage Systems Department for mak-ing their traces available to the general public. References[1]Guillermo A.Alvarez,Elizabeth Borowsky,Susie Go,Theodore H.Romer,Ralph Becker-Szendy,Richard Golding,Arif Merchant,Mir-jana Spasojevic,Alistair Veitch,and JohnWilkes.Minerva:An automated resource provi-sioning tool for large-scale storage systems.ACMTransactions on Computer Systems,19(4):483–518,2001.[2] E.Anderson.Simple table-based modeling ofstorage devices.Technical Report HPL-SSP-2001-4,HP Laboratories,July2001.[3]Eric Anderson,Michael Hobbs,Kimberly Kee-ton,Susan Spence,Mustafa Uysal,and AlistairVeitch.Hippodrome:Running circles aroundstorage administration.In Proc.of Symposiumon File and Storage Technologies(FAST),pages175–188,January2002.[4]BMC Software.Patrol for Storage Networking,2004.[5] E.Borowsky,R.Golding,P.Jacobson,A.Mer-chant,L.Schreier,M.Spasojevic,and J.Wilkes.Capacity planning with phased workloads.InProceedings of theﬁrst international workshopon Software and performance,pages199–207.ACM Press,1998.[6]Maria Calzarossa and Giuseppe Serazzi.Work-load characterization:A survey.Proc.IEEE,81(8):1136–1150,1993.[7] D.Chambliss,G.A.Alvarez,P.Pandey,D.Jadav,J.Xu,R.Menon,and T.Lee.Performance virtu-alization for large-scale storage systems.In Pro-ceedings of the22nd Symposium on Reliable Dis-tributed Systems,pages109–118,October2003.[8]Free Software Foundation,Inc.,/software/glpk/glpk.html.GLPK(GNU Linear Programming Kit),2003.[9]J.S.Glider,C.Fuente,and W.J.Scales.The soft-ware architecture of a san storage control system.IBM Systems Journal,42(2):232–249,2003.[10]Gartner Group.Total Cost of StorageOwnership—A User-oriented Approach.Re-search note,2000.[11]Hewlett-Packard Laboratories,http:///public software.Publicly-available software and traces,2004.[12]Lan Huang,Gang Peng,and Tzi-cker Chi-ueh.Multi-dimensional storage virtualization.SIGMETRICS Perform.Eval.Rev.,32(1):14–24,2004.[13]IETF Policy Framework Working Group.IETF Policy Charter./html.charters/policy-charter.html.[14]Raj Jain.The Art of Computer System Perfor-mance Analysis.Wiley,1991.[15]Wei Jin,Jeffrey S.Chase,and Jasleen Kaur.In-terposed proportional sharing for a storage ser-vice utility.SIGMETRICS Perform.Eval.Rev.,32(1):37–48,2004.[16]T.Joachims.Making large-scale SVM learningpractical.MIT Press,Cambridge,USA,1998. [17]M.Karlsson, C.Karamanolis,and X.Zhu.Triage:Performance isolation and differentiationfor storage systems.In Proc.of the12th.Int’lWorkshop on Quality of Service,June2004. [18]Chenyang Lu,Guillermo A.Alvarez,and JohnWilkes.Aqueduct:online data migration withperformance guarantees.In Proceedings of Con-ference on File and Storage Technologies(FAST),pages175–188,January2002.[19] C.Lumb, A.Merchant,and G. A.Alvarez.Fac¸ade:virtual storage devices with performanceguarantees.In Proc.2nd Conf.on File and Stor-age Technologies(FAST),pages131–144,April2003.[20]Storage Networking Industry Association,.SMI Speciﬁcation version1.0,2003.[21]Storage Performance Council,.SPCI/O traces,2003.[22]David ing probabilistic reasoning toautomate software tuning.PhD thesis,HarvardUniversity,September2003.[23]Nancy Tran and Daniel A.Reed.ARIMA timeseries modeling and forecasting for adaptive i/oprefetching.In Proceedings of the15th inter-national conference on Supercomputing,pages473–485.ACM Press,2001.[24]J.Turner.New directions in communications.IEEE Communications,24(10):8–15,October1986.[25]S.Uttamchandani,K.V oruganti,S.Srinivasan,J.Palmer,and D.Pease.Polus:Growing storageQoS management beyond a4-year old kid.InFAST04,March2004.[26]M.Uysal,G.A.Alvarez,and A.Merchant.Amodular,analytical throughput model for mod-ern disk arrays.In Proc.of the9th Intl.Symp.on Modeling,Analysis and Simulation on Com-puter and Telecommunications Systems,pages183–192,August2001.[27] D.Verma.Simplifying network administrationusing policy-based management.IEEE NetworkMagazine,16(2),March2002.[28] D.Verma and S.Calo.Goal Oriented PolicyDetermination.In Proc.1st Workshop on Algo-rithms and Architectures for Self-Managing Sys.,pages1–6.ACM,June2003.[29]Mengzhi Wang,Kinman Au,Anastassia Aila-maki,Anthony Brockwell,Christos Faloutsos,and Gregory R.Ganger.Storage device perfor-mance prediction with CART models.SIGMET-RICS Perform.Eval.Rev.,32(1):412–413,2004.。

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2018考研英语一大作文

1社会民风专题（诚信、共赢、勤俭、节约）互信 mutual trust诚信 credibility品德 morality创新 innovation共赢 all-win欺诈 fraud代价 cost社会文明 social civilization假冒伪劣产品 fake commodities社会危害 harm to society学术造假 academic cheating诚实为上策 Honestly is the best policy.减少浪费 reduce waste促进改革 promote reform减轻负担reduce the burden of……调整产业结构 adjust the industrial structure物质文明、精神文明一起抓pay equal attention to the material progress and cultural progress形成文明、健康、崇尚科学的良好社会风尚 form civilized, healthy and science-upholding social practice2前沿科技专题（电子书、时尚购物、低俗信息、色情诱惑）网恋cyber romance网购online shopping团购Group shopping秒杀Sec-kill网店online shop/store信誉credit退款refund科学技术science and technology沉迷网络web-addiction电脑犯罪computer crime电子商务e-commerce虚拟生活virtual life信息时代information era网上冲浪surf the Internet电子书 electronic book网拍麻豆Net model浏览器购物Monitor shopping橱窗购物Window shopping网上评价internet review网上纠纷online dispute恶性骚扰malicious harassment品质保证quality guarantee3人生哲理专题自立 self-dependence勤奋 diligence恒心 perseverance幸福 happiness不断努力 make constant efforts缺乏自信 lack of confidence保持乐观 keep optimistic悲观的 pessimistic积极态度 positive attitude消极态度 negative attitude取得成功succeed, achieve success,害怕失败fear to lose自我实现individual self-realization不遗余力去做某事spare no efforts/pains to do, make great effort,坚持不懈地做某事be persistent with sth./ do with full persistence尽一切努力取得成功try every means to stay on top经得住挑战与困难stand up to/ withstand challenges and difficulties4教育专题培养cultivate课余的extracurricular填鸭式duck-stuffing文凭热diploma craze教学改革educational reform学术的academic创新学习innovative learning高等教育higher education假毕业证/文凭fake certificate/diploma考研热the craze for graduate school贫困学生poverty-stricken students全体教员faculty深造further one's study素质教育quality education德才兼备 possess political integrity and professional ability提高学生身心素质 improve the health and psychological quality适应社会的改变 adjust to the social changes quickly 努力获得精神文明 make efforts to seek cultural and ideological progress5文化专题碰撞crash多样性diversity原创原始的original少数民族minority有启发的revealing极具魅力的charming壮丽辉煌的splendid谈话节目talk show英语热English fever文化和文明culture and civilization博大精深的great and profound融合交汇integration and interaction中西合璧a combination of Chinese and Western elements6伦理道德专题（尊老、爱幼、爱心）伦理 ethics，moral principle道德 moral，morality老年人 aged father, senior citizens, old and helpless parents, elderly people, the old逃避责任 shirk the duty, shun the responsibilities虐待 mistreatment, be ill-treated, be neglected, be reduced to utter poverty中国文化传统美德 traditional virtue of Chinese culture经济支持financially support,严厉惩罚 severely punish培养意识 cultivate the awareness,遏制不良现象 curb evil phenomenon7环境专题（环保、节能）雾霾haze工业化industrialization空气污染指数air pollution index橙色预警orange alert悬浮颗粒物airborne particulate matter有毒物质toxic substance空气质量检测air quality monitoring有害空气污染物hazardous airborne pollutant污浊的空气foul air防尘口罩anti-dust gauze mask能见度低low visibility机动车尾气尘vehicle exhaust乘客滞留passengers stranded释放、泄漏有害气体和液体 discharge/ let out/ leak/ pour out harmful gases and liquids1投诉信第一部分：说明投诉问题I must complain about…I am not satisfied with…I feel something should be done about…I am writing to inform（告知，代替tell）you that I find…unsatisfactory…I am writing to express/ air dissatisfaction/ disappointment/ concern regarding …第二部分：描述具体情况The noise disturbs my sleep so that I can't concentrate during the work time, and as a result, I have made several mistakes these days.For me this environment is very difficult to make studies and I need a quiet room.第三部分：期待解决方案I expect to hear from you soon.Please give this matter your immediate attention.I would be very grateful （感激，代替thanks）if you could look into the matter as soon as possible. And I am looking forward to an early reply.It is high time you took some measures to solve…I hope you will take steps to rectify（纠正、改善，代替improve）this situation soon.I believe you will take my complaints seriously. I would ask you to give back my money, or I would file my complaint（投诉）to the authorities concerned（相关部门）.To solve this problem/ surmount this difficulty/ improve the situation/ crack this hard nut（解决问题）, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned.2申请信第一部分：说明写信目的I would like to apply for （申请）admission to your college.I hope to pursue my Master's degree in your university.I would like to further my studies in… department of your university.第二部分：展开申请原因My major interests are…, and I understand your university has a good program in those fields.I feel the need to study further in order to develop my potential in this field.第三部分：期盼回复，表示感谢Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to your reply.If my application could be taken into favorable consideration, I would be most grateful.I hope you will kindly send me an application（申请单）form.I would greatly appreciate receiving copies of the required application forms（申请表格） and any instructions（说明） you may be so kind to give me regarding my possible admission.Enclosed（附上）are my score reports on all subjects and two recommendations（推荐信）.3建议信第一部分：说明写信目的You have asked me for some advice on how to improve…. I will try to give some useful suggestions.I am writing to you to present what I think on the further improvement of … so as to…I would like to make a recommendation that…I am writing to advise you of…第二部分：提出建议I'd like to suggest that…May I sugges t that…Could you please…Why don't we…In my opinion …I feel that it would be beneficial if…第三部分：期盼回复Thank you for your attention.Please take good consideration of my advice. Thanks.I trust you will take my suggestion into account.I hope that my suggestions are helpful for yourdecision-making anyway.I hope you will find these suggestions/ proposals/ recommendations（建议）helpful/ practical/ useful（有帮助的，实用的）.4求职信第一部分：说明写信目的I am writing in response to（回应）your advertisement in …I am writing this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in…I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised position for…I would like to apply for the vacancy（职位空缺）of…advertised in…第二部分：展示个人能力、经历及求职动机I am now studying at … and will soon be graduated as a/an … major. Under the influence of the courses I have taken, I have developed a special interest in…Upon graduation, I first worked as… The following job was… and currently I am working for… I feel I have the necessary qualifications a nd experience needed for the position of…Born in… in… I graduated from… University majoring in…I have been working in… since my graduation, and I have therefore attained a fair knowledge and experience in this field. It seems to me that this experience, together with my education, has given me preparation to assume the role of… in a firm such as yours.第三部分：希望面试机会，表示感谢Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to your reply.Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to meeting you in the near future.Your prompt response will be much appreciated（感激）.I should be pleased to attend for an interview at your convenience（方便之时）, when I could give you further details concerning myself.I am available for a personal interview（个人面谈） at your co nvenience. Please contact me at…5邀请信第一部分：说明邀请目的On behalf of…, I have the honor to invite you to…It is with the great pleasure that I write to cordially invite you to…It gives me the greatest pleasure to invite you to…We should be very grateful if yo u could…第二部分：说明活动安排Will you and Mrs. Smith give the pleasure of dining with us at the Beijing Hotel on Sunday, October 10th, at eight o'clock?There will be a dinner party to be held at the Beijing Hotel on Sunday, October 10th, at eight o'clock. Will you and Mrs. Smith come and join us?I hope that you have no previous engagement and can join us for the English Evening at 7:00 p.m. on February 1st.第三部分：期盼回复We are looking forward to seeing you.I do hope that you will be able to come.We should be very pleased if you could honor us with your company.6祝贺信第一部分：表示祝贺I was very happy to learn that …I was very delighted to hear the news that…It is with great pleasure that I hear of your success. Please accept my warmest/heartiest congratulations（最衷心的祝贺）.Allow me to convey my congratulations on your promotion to …第二部分：表述贺喜内容How time flies! Here you are graduating from high school and planning to attend the university in the fall. Congratulations on a job well done, and good luck to you during the next four years of university.第三部分：表达美好祝愿Wish you good luck!I wish you success and fulfillment in the years ahead.Happy New Year to you and may each succeeding year bring you greater happiness and prosperity.1社科类专题（网络、科技、旅游等）网恋cyber romance网购online shopping团购Group shopping秒杀Sec-kill网店online shop/store信誉credit退款refund科学技术science and technology沉迷网络web-addiction电脑犯罪computer crime电子商务e-commerce虚拟生活virtual life信息时代information era网上冲浪surf the Internet电子书 electronic book网拍麻豆Net model浏览器购物Monitor shopping橱窗购物Window shopping网上评价internet review网上纠纷online dispute恶性骚扰malicious harassment品质保证quality guarantee2教育类专题（就业率、毕业生工资、留学人数等）培养cultivate课余的extracurricular填鸭式duck-stuffing文凭热diploma craze教学改革educational reform学术的academic创新学习innovative learning高等教育higher education考研热the craze for graduate school贫困学生poverty-stricken students全体教员faculty深造further one's study素质教育quality education培养能力foster abilities品学兼优 be a students of fine qualities and fine scholar 适应社会的改变 adjust to the social changes quickly满足社会的急需 meet the urgent need of the society努力获得精神文明 make efforts to seek cultural and ideological progress3经济类专题经济 economy繁荣boom零售 retail促销promote sales管理management金融 finance, commerce/commercial经济全球化economic globalization可持续发展sustainable development不正当竞争unfair competition假冒伪劣产品fake and inferior product打假crack down on fake commodities 购买力purchasing power激烈竞争fierce competition售后服务 after-sale service生计问题 bread -and -butter issue企业形象 enterprise image信用危机 credit crisis稳定物价 stabilize prices品牌效应 brand effect流行的消遣方式 popular pastime4管理类专题资本capital债券bond预算budget没收confiscate拨款appropriate公司 corporation贸易顺差active trade balance贸易逆差adverse trade balance审计员、查帐员auditor资产负债表balance sheet便宜货bargain董事会hoard of directors盈亏表bottom line生意兴隆brisk泡沫经济bubble economy商业重组business restructuring货物清单cargo manifest商品展销会commodities fair1推荐信第一部分：指出被推荐人I am writing to you to recommend…for…I take great pleasure in recommending to you … as …I would like to present… for you r consideration in your search for…With reference to your requirements（要求）, I shall,without reservation（毫无保留）, recommend…as an ideal candidate.第二部分:介绍被推荐人的情况He/She is a/an…第三部分：总结说明I expect to hear from you soon.Please give this matter your immediate attention.I am confident/ convinced that… I strongly recommend him to you with no reservation.Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend her as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised.2请求信第一部分：介绍自己、提出请求Could you please…?Could you possibly…?W ould it be possible to…?I would be grateful if you could…?Would you mind doing…?I wonder if you could spare some time to help me…第二部分：说明原因及其它事项这里暂没有内容，直接看第三部分吧第三部分：表达谢意、期盼回复Thank you for your attention to this matter.I look forward to prompt response.3邀请信第一部分：说明邀请目的On behalf of…, I have the honor to invite you to…It is with the great pleasure that I write to cordially invite you to…It gives me the greatest pleasure to invite you to…We should be very grateful if you could…第二部分：说明活动安排Will you and Mrs. Smith give the pleasure of dining with us at the Beijing Hotel on Sunday, October 10th, at eight o'clock?There will be a dinner party to be held at the Beijing Hotel on Sunday, October 10th, at eight o'clock. Will you and Mrs. Smith come and join us?I hope that you have no previous engagement and can join us for the English Evening at 7:00 p.m. on February 1st.第三部分：期盼回复We are looking forward to seeing you.I do hope that you will be able to come.We should be very pleased if you could honor us with your company.4感谢信第一部分：表示感谢Thank you so much for …I warmly appreciate your hospitality（款待.I am writing to express my thanks for …I am writing to extend mysincere/heartygratitude/appreciation（真诚的感谢）for …I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for …第二部分：说明事由Thank you very much for the gift you sent me. It's one of the most wonderful gifts I got on my birthday.I am writing this letter to thank you for your warm hospitality accorded to me and my delegation during our recent visit to your beautiful country. I would also like to thank you for your interesting discussion with me which I have found very informative and useful.第三部分：再次表示感谢Thanks again.Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to you! Please accept my gratitude.Thanks again and I hope that I will have the opportunity to return/ repay your kindness.I am looking forward to…5咨询信第一部分：自我介绍、说明目的I'm interested in … Could you provide me with more details?I would be very grateful to you if you let me know…I would appreciate very much if you can provide me with more details about…I have learned from…that you will…I just want to know specifically about…I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding/concerning…第二部分:具体询问事宜Could you please tell me something about your …?Would you please send me all the information and the forms as soon as possible? Thank you very much.I would be much obliged（感激）if you let me know the procedures I have to go through.第三部分：表示感谢、期盼回复I am expecting your early reply/ your immediate response.Your prompt attention to this letter would be highly appreciated.I am looking forward to hearing from you.Thank you for your consideration.6慰问信I'm sorry to learn/hear that…It is really a pity tha t you failed in…Please don't feel too much distressed（痛苦，紧张）for this frustration.All of us are waiting for your rapid recovery/return to health（恢复健康）.Please let me know of any assistance I can render you.一、文章结构用词表达1、分点一：分层论证Basic to any understanding of the benefits we can get from_______ is that__________/ First and foremost；On one hand_________, On the other hand_________；Besides/ What’s more/ In addition；First of all/to begin with/above all；In the second place/in the second instance；Last but not least/in summary；这一段主要说理，在分论点里可以加一些小的例子细节，重点是要用一些精华句子！2、分点二：举例论证Further lending credence to my position is that____________ （简单阐述/例子字不够就多讲点废话）/I can think of no better illustration than the example of（典型例子）/ A case in point is that（不是很典型）________,…..some expert pionts out that... /take ... in instance.../according to the investigation conducted this year indicates that.../(推荐，为神马，因为句子长，废话多… …)some statistics expose that...一句话总结例子：As a result,强调句/倒装句/表利弊的句型/反面论证如果没有会怎样。

Ultra-wideband radio technology overview and future research

Ultra-wideband radio technology:overview and future researchWalter Hirt *IBM Research,Zurich Research Laboratory,CH-8803Ru¨schlikon,Switzerland Received 26February 2002;accepted 26February 2002AbstractThe emergence of commercial wireless devices based on ultra-wideband radio technology (UWB-RT)is widely awaited and anticipated.UWB-RT is not only applicable to communications,imaging and ranging,it also promises to alleviate the problem of increasingly scarce spectrum resources while enabling new wireless applications and business opportunities.These prospects have caught the early attention of the technology-providing wireless industry and,more recently,that of the radio regulatory authorities.Moreover,the technical challenges and problems to be solved when conceiving and deploying UWB radio systems have spurred a growing interest within the wireless research community.This paper discusses the key characteristics and capabilities of UWB-RT and indicates where one expects to exploit them in applications.A brief overview of the current status of UWB-RT is provided and directions for future research are discussed.It is proposed to explore and develop this new technology in the context of ‘wireless systems beyond 3G’and within a forum of sufﬁcient international breadth to facilitate regulatory and standardization frameworks with global support.q 2002Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords:Ultra-wideband radio technology;Wireless systems;Data communication;UWB;UWB-RT1.IntroductionThe emerging modern version of ultra-wideband radio technology (UWB-RT)is built on a long history of technological advancements based on the underlying principles and characteristics of wideband radio signals;a comprehensive account of the historical developments and principles of UWB-RT can be found in references [1,2].1Given the potential of UWB-RT for covert communication and ranging systems as well as the lack of appropriate regulatory guidelines regarding spectrum usage,the development and use of systems based on UWB-RT have thus far been mainly the privilege of US military and government agencies.However,the recent initiative taken by the Federal Communications Com-mission (FCC)in the US to regulate the legal use of UWB radio devices have not only induced growing commercialization activities but also similar regulatory and research efforts in other geographies,notably inEurope [3–5].2For example,CEPT study groups are currently investigating how to regulate the commercial use of UWB radio devices within the spectrum range 1–40GHz such that they can coexist with other radio services.However,neither the FCC nor the CEPT will ultimately provide the functional standards for UWB radio systems.This important task can only be tackled by the pertinent industry and appropriate standard bodies after the necessary regulatory framework has been laid and based on—preferably broadly supported—market needs and technical requirements.The recent regulatory efforts and the signiﬁcant techno-logical advances made by several US-based pioneering developers of UWB-RT have spurred a growing interest within the wireless industry as well as within academicand*Tel.:þ41-1-724-8477;fax:þ41-1-724-8955.E-mail address:hir@ (W.Hirt).1Lists of patents,papers and books related to UWB-RT at /CDROM/Welcome.html .2FCC/Part 15permits operation of certain radio frequency devices without a license or need for frequency coordination;it also seeks to ensure a low probability that unlicensed devices will cause harmful interference to other spectrum users.Part 15.109rules subject unintentional radiators (devices not intentionally transmitting a telecommunication signal)to a set of limits.For example,for frequencies .960MHz the electrical ﬁeld strength at 3m distance from the source is not to exceed 500m V/m (rms)when measured in a 1MHz bandwidth.Speciﬁc limits for UWB devices are currently being prepared and on February 14,2002,the FCC announced a First Report and Order to permit operation of certain types of UWB devices (/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/News_Releases/2002/nret0203.html).other research institutions.The mainly classiﬁed nature of the early development efforts and the lack of legal spectrum regulations and limits explain the fact that widespread commercial interest in UWB-RT emerges only now.In this respect,the deployment of UWB-RT appears to follow a process similar to that observed during the commercializa-tion of classical spread-spectrum communication systems [6].3Thus,given the present status of UWB-RT it appears appropriate to call for the inclusion of UWB-RT on the agenda of any forum contemplating the future of wireless systems,particularly those considering‘wireless systems beyond3G’.We consider the latter notion to include (infrastructure-based)wide area cellular systems as well as local(ad hoc)networks for speciﬁc environments,e.g.self-organized network topologies and supporting systems capable of accessing cellular networks.A suitable podium for a comprehensive treatment of the technical issues associated with designing these next-generation systems is provided by the recently established Wireless World Research Forum(WWRF).4The WWRF aims to identify and promote research areas as well as technical and societal trends for mobile and wireless systems for the‘wireless world’that could become operational within a decade’s time.The WWRF’s list of proposed research tasks covers the multiple technical and operational aspects of future wireless systems,including the exploration of systems based on UWB-RT[7].Although the technological basis of UWB-RT is apparently well understood and developed today,it is generally recognized that efﬁcient realization and widespread commercial deployment and application of this new technology still hinges on several signiﬁcant regulatory and technical challenges.These problems must be resolved before the very promising beneﬁts of UWB-RT can possibly be consumed in practice.Thus,it appears both timely and sensible to attempt this by dealing with the corresponding regulatory and technical issues as well as standardization questions on a global scale.Proponents of UWB-RT promise a broad array of new or improved(short-range)wireless devices and radio services that could provide enormous progress in the areas of public safety as well as for home and business applications.5It has been proposed that the FCC’s Part15rules be amended such that the imposed power limits(maximal electricalﬁeld strength at a deﬁned distance)are also applicable to intentional emissions from an UWB radio device[3].2It is claimed that,ideally,UWB devices could operate over the entire spectrum,including the bands reserved for other radio services without degrading their quality of operation. Although this assertion has been maintained by only certain proponents,the very question concerning the degree to which UWB devices can potentially cause harmful inter-ference in the receivers of other radio services—notably the Global Positioning System(GPS)—has become the primary focus of regulatory procedures[8].The resolution of these and other interference issues(e.g.cumulative impact of many UWB radio sources)require complex technical investigations and assessments;in addition,it is equally challenging to reconcile the various competing business interests with legitimate security concerns.For the purpose of this paper,we shall assume that the regulatory issues will eventually be resolved—preferably on a global scale.The FCC has proposed a deﬁnition of UWB radio signals similar to that of the OSD/DARPA UWB radar review panel [3],i.e.that the fractional bandwidth—the ratio between the signal’s bandwidth and center frequency—be greater than 0.25(25%)or the signal occupy at least1.5GHz of the spectrum.The bandwidth is measured at the upper and lower cutoff points(210dB),f H and f L,respectively,and the center frequency,f C,is deﬁned as the average of these cutoff points,i.e.f C¼ðf Hþf LÞ=2:It is an open issue whether this deﬁnition should be applied only to UWB devices emitting pulsed signals of low duty cycle,where the bandwidth is inversely related to the width of the pulses. Clearly,other technical approaches can be employed to produce UWB radio signals,and it will be important to include these alternative methods in any future investi-gations of UWB-RT[9,10].However,for the sake of brevity and objectivity,this paper focuses on UWB signals as characterized earlier and in Section2,where potential applications are discussed.Section3gives a brief overview of the status of UWB-RT and indicates directions of possible future research,emphasizing the desirability of a regulatory and standardization framework with global support;conclusions are drawn in Section4.2.Key characteristics and applications of UWB-RTThis paper deals with UWB devices that transmit sequences of information carrying pulses of very short duration(e.g.0.1–2ns).These pulses are widely spaced such that the waveform’s duty cycle is up to several orders less than unity(e.g.1/10–1/1000).There are two principal methods to generate pulsed UWB signals.With theﬁrst method,the pulses are emitted as so-called baseband pulses, which in their purest form require spectra starting at very3Further notice of inquiry and notice of proposed rulemaking(in theMatter of Authorization of Spread Spectrum and Other WidebandEmissions not presently provided for in the FCC Rules and Regulations),Docket No.81-413,Federal Communications Commission,Release-Number:FCC84-169,May21,1984;Adopted April26,1984.4Wireless World Research Forum(WWRF)at http://www..5Partial list of companies and organizations actively developing orpromoting UWB-RT(alphabetical order).(a)Aetherwire and Location,Inc.():localizers;(b)Lawrence Livermore NationalLaboratory():micro-power radar;(c)MultispectralSolutions,Inc.():communication,radar,location;(d)Pulse,LINK,Inc.():wirelesshome networking;(e)Time Domain,Corp.(http://www.time-domain.com):communication,radar,location;(f)UWB Working Group(UWBWG;):industry consortium;(g)XtremeSpectrum,Inc.():communication.W.Hirt/Computer Communications26(2003)46–5247low frequency(nearly DC;e.g.(e)in footnote5).The second method emits envelope-shaped‘pulses’in the form of several sinusoidal cycles(e.g.(c)in footnote5).In systems that use theﬁrst approach,control of the signal’s center frequency,f C,and large emission bandwidth,f H2f L, is intimately coupled to the actual shape of the single pulse emitted from the antenna.The second approach offers a more independent adjustment of the signal’s center frequency and—typically somewhat smaller—bandwidth. Furthermore,whereas the antenna is generally a more important spectral-shaping element in a system based on the ﬁrst approach,the higher frequencies used by the second method tend to reduce the signal’s ability to penetrate materials.In any case,independent of the method of signal generation,the following are some of the beneﬁts and characteristics claimed for practical systems based on UWB-RT[3]:5†Extremely low power spectral density(PSD).Average power levels in the order of millionths of a Watt(m W) and excessive signal bandwidth yield power spectral densities in the order of several tens of nW/MHz.†Spectrum reuse.Potential reuse of scarce spectrum resources by overlaying UWB emissions of extremely low power spectral densities on already assigned spectral bands.†Robust performance under multipath conditions.The short pulses potentially allow differentially delayed multipath components to be distinguished at the receiver with the beneﬁt that a reduced fading margin may be applied in a system’s link budget analysis.†Multiuser communication.The application of sequence-coded access methods to pulsed and inherently low-duty-cycle UWB signals could enable very densely populated multiuser systems with high immunity to interference.†High-resolution position location and tracking or radar sensing.The large signal bandwidth yields a distance resolution between communicating devices or a radar-sensing accuracy within a few centimeters.The inherently good receiver robustness in environments subject to multipath propagation and the fact that pulsed wideband signals are ideal for ranging applications enable one to conceive mobile short-range radio devices for the indoor environment that support(high-performance)digital data transmission as well as precise location determination and tracking.Therefore,it appears realistic to envisage certain future short-range wireless devices featuring scal-able data communication combined with precise location tracking of mobile terminals.Achieving location awareness in ad hoc networks as required in Ref.[11]could be greatly facilitated by the availability of wireless devices offering precise location-tracking functions that support efﬁcient multihop routing mechanisms.The ultimate beneﬁts that UWB-RT could bring to ad hoc networking stem from the ability to couple location tracking with(high-performance)data transmission.As pulse-based UWB devices typically operate with a single transmitted pulse waveform in all modes,they offer a high degree ofﬂexibility in terms of data rate selection and transmission range.The physical(PHY) and medium access control(MAC)layers of UWB radio devices are thus particularly suited for implementations based on software-deﬁned radio principles.Changes in data rate and/or transmission range can be made,for example,by simply changing the transmitter’s(average)pulse repetition frequency(PRF),possibly in combination with adjusting the number of information bits carried by a single pulse.This inherentﬂexibility of UWB radio devices is illustrated in Fig.1,which shows results computed for an ideal free-space channel and a receiver that is subject only to additive white Gaussian noise.Theﬁgure compares UWB systems using antipodal signaling(APS)combined with pulse position modulation(PPM)with direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS)systems using binary phase shift keying(BPSK). Clearly,to achieve the same data rate,BPSK-DSSS tends to require chip rates that are signiﬁcantly higher than the PRF of a corresponding APS/PPM UWB system.6UWB-RT potentially enables implementation of wireless platforms that support a variety of operating modes including data transmission,precision positioning and tracking,radar sensing or even a combination thereof. Thus,a wide range of novel wireless applications become possible,such as:†Wireless personal area networks(WPANs)and wireless local area networks(WLANs)with integrated position location and tracking capabilities,†multiuser ad hoc(self-organized)networking with location-aware routing support,†high-rate wireless home networking(multimedia access and distribution;wireless connection of displays),†alternate high-rate access into cellular network infra-structure(‘hot spot’scenario),†personnel and asset tracking(RF tagging),particularly in indoor environments,†public safety applications,including motion detection in disaster situations,†collision avoidance and proximity sensors for motor vehicles.Expected key applications for UWB radio devices are data communication and position location and tracking, particularly in the areas of short-range systems(WPAN, WLAN)and ad hoc networking.The home and single-ofﬁce/small business(SOHO)environments will presumably become primary target markets for systems that support link 6Details on the system model are given in Fig.1,where the average power limit of0.3mW is the result of the assumed4GHz bandwidth and the FCC/Part15.109limit on the emissions of unintentional radiators.For frequencies.960MHz this limit is500m V/m at3m distance,measured in a1MHz bandwidth(PSD at the source:241.3dBm/MHz;see Ref.[3]and footnote2).W.Hirt/Computer Communications26(2003)46–52 48distances of between 10and 100m.UWB systems covering much larger distances will mainly be reserved for exempt systems operated by military and government entities.For example,ﬁeld tests of long-range UWB surface wave transceivers designed for the US Navy for non-line-of-sight video transmission over up to 60nautical miles have been reported ((c)in footnote 5).3.Current state of UWB-RT and future research directionsThe US-based developers of UWB-RT have already achieved a rather advanced level in the design of PHY functions and,to a somewhat lesser degree,the MAC and higher-layer functions required to support the application scenarios described earlier.5In fact,it must be acknowl-edged that a few pioneering individuals and companies have collectively generated an impressive amount of intellectual property and complete concept or prototype systems that have proved to a reasonable degree the practical feasibility and beneﬁts of UWB-RT [1,2].1,5However,a large gapexists between the current level of the base technology and the ultimately desirable state of widely available and highly integrated,cost/power efﬁcient,standardized systems and applications,e.g.for integration into cell phones,personal digital assistants,laptops,and other mobile devices.A major task will be to achieve user-friendly coexistence and cooperation (e.g.handover)between existing and new systems alike,the WWRF is striving to provide an appropriate podium particularly in this area.43.1.System level issuesShort-range wireless systems based on narrow-band carrier modulation are often inadequate or incapable of providing sufﬁciently accurate information about a mobile terminal’s location to support location-aware applications or routing;on the other hand,there is a growing need for these capabilities [11–14].Fig.2is a rather speculative view of how devices based on UWB-RT can potentially outperform conventional radio devices both in achievable spatial capacity—measured in terms of aggregate data rate per unit area or (Kb/s)/m 2[15]—and locationprecision.parison of UWB and DSSS radio systems in terms of required average power vs.chip (pulse)rate to maintain a bit error rate (BER)of P b <1025over the free-space channel (range r ¼250m)in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise.With M -ary modulation,M ¼2m ;m ¼1;2;3;…;a pulse represents m bits,where the ﬁrst bit encodes the polarity of the pulse.When m $2,the remaining m 21bits deﬁne one of L ¼M =2¼2m 21possible pulse positions within a chip interval (T C ).For M ¼2ðL ¼1Þthis hybrid modulation reduces to simple antipodal signaling (APS),whereas M $4(L $2)results in a combination of APS and L -ary PPM (APS/PPM).The transmitter may repeat each pulse chip N times to achieve an (ideal)signal processing gain G P ¼N at the receiver.The bit rate over the channel is thus R b ¼m =T S ¼ðm =N ÞR C ;N $1;where R C is the chip (pulse)rate,also called the PRF.There is a choice of the parameters m ,N ,and R C to achieve some given data rate,R b .For example,the four systems with parameters N l m ¼1l 6;1l 1;10l 6;and 10l 1achieve R b ¼10MB =s with R C ¼10=6;10,100/6,and 100MC/s,respectively.Also shown are the results for binary phase-shift keyed (BPSK),direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)systems with processing gains G P ¼N ¼100ð20dB Þand 1000(30dB),respectively.BPSK-DSSS systems are modeled by letting the pulse width be equal to the chip duration ðt P ¼T C Þ;setting the carrier frequency f carrier ðDSSS Þ¼f peak ðUWB Þ;and assuming a spreading sequence of length N .Note that the BPSK-DSSS system with 20dB processing gain ðN ¼100Þrequires a chip rate of 1GC/s (!)to achieve a data rate of 10MB/s.W.Hirt /Computer Communications 26(2003)46–5249Whereas ‘spatial capacity’can be a sensible metric to compare different systems,it should be noted that this measure is relatively sensitive to changes in the assumed coverage area,e.g.the spatial capacity quadruples when the coverage radius is halved.Thus,it remains an objective of ongoing as well as future research to determine the practical limits of achievable spatial capacity.Many open questions exist in the areas of system scalability (large number of UWB devices operating in a given area),mutual interference between similar and dissimilar devices,required and achievable level of quality of service (QoS),to name a few.Concerning localization,it will be necessary to determine the actually required level of accuracy for any given application and whether this level of quality can be maintained under varying channel and network load conditions.Direction estimation methods may be worth developing to enhance the basic distance measurement methods;ultimately,effective methods for two-and three-dimensional location tracking capabilities need to be developed.In ad hoc networking,the role and efﬁciency of the MAC function in a highly loaded network has to be assessed.Even if UWB-RT promises to deal well with the basic requirements of data communication and location tracking,practical and workable solutions that combine the beneﬁts of both modes of operation have to be deﬁned and evaluated.For example,aiming at high-rate data in combination with precision location capabilities may not always be the most sensible approach to pursue.Instead,it may be more practical to trade range for performance and thus support location-aware applications over much greater distances at a reduced location precision and in combination with low-rate data transmission.3.2.Deployment and user scenariosThe choices for possible deployment and user scenarios when considering UWB systems for the enterprise and the consumer markets are abundant.It is thus imperative to consider carefully the all-important scenarios from which the key system requirements should be derived.In particular,the requirements relevant to the PHY and MAC layer functions must be clearly identiﬁed,e.g.link range,data rate,location precision,battery burden,level of adaptability to channel conditions,multiuser scalability,to name a few.Following this path,relevant research topics appear to be (i)deﬁnition of typical deployment environ-ments (may be limited by regulatory restrictions),(ii)identiﬁcation of realistic user and application scenarios where the use of UWB-RT appears to be a deﬁnite asset compared to conventional solutions (e.g.data mode combined with position location and tracking)and (iii)deduction of the technical PHY and MAC requirements that can enable the selected scenarios.3.3.UWB radio channel and physical layerA variety of modulation and sequence coding techniques as well as corresponding methods for signal detection and processing have been proposed or used in experimental versions of UWB radio devices.5Naturally,not all of these techniques are equally applicable under different practical operating conditions.It is necessary to assess the merits and drawbacks of the various known as well as new approaches by subjecting them to different usage scenarios and propagation environments.For example,it is not clear whether methods that average a large number of pulsestoFig.2.A speculative comparison of UWB radio devices and conventional short-range wireless systems in terms of achievable spatial capacity,measured as the maximal aggregate data rate of N active devices per unit area (Kb/s)/m 2,maximal transmission range and average location error [12–14].The notation ‘IEEE802.11b (3£11Mb/s)’means that three ðN ¼3ÞIEEE802.11b devices communicate simultaneously with three different access points,each at a data rate of 11Mb/s over a distance of 100m.Although rarely possible in practice,it is assumed that the speciﬁed maximal ranges and data rates are achieved simultaneously by all devices.Each of the various options for UWB-RT assumes that N active devices transmit at the indicated data rate by using some multiple access scheme (e.g.N ¼6;data rate:50Mb/s,range:10m,[15]).W.Hirt /Computer Communications 26(2003)46–5250recover a bit of information will demonstrate sufﬁciently robust performance in situations of high relative velocity between transmitter and receiver platforms.In addition, although UWB systems feature a certain inherent robustness to multipath effects,they are not entirely immune to them. For example,in situations where there is an excessive ratio of link distance(d)to antenna height,the time difference between the line-of-sight and the reﬂected signal com-ponents can be substantially shorter than the duration of a pulse.This may result in signal losses according to the familiar(d/d0)n attenuation model with n<4;where d0is the reference distance.Extreme signal propagation situ-ations can also be observed in indoor environments where the numerous multipath components associated with each transmitted pulse result in propagation delay proﬁles that last tens and even hundreds of nanoseconds[16].The potential intersymbol interference caused by these not uncommon situations will severely limit the maximally achievable data rate of a system(small PRF)unless an effective method can be found that mitigates these effects.A further aspect not entirely understood today relates to the deteriorating effects of in-band interference in UWB receivers that originate from other radio signals, be they in near-or far-ﬁeld proximity.The problem of nearby interference is not only one of academic interest, considering that UWB devices might be integrated into mobile platforms that make simultaneous use of a variety of other radios.Thus,the very advantage that UWB devices emit an extremely low PSD—as a result of the excessive signal bandwidth—potentially yields increased susceptibility to noise and interference in the UWB receiver.Similar effects may occur in areas with a large concentration of active UWB devices;this raises questions concerning harmful compound effects of multipath propagation and cross-device interference phenomena.Further topics related to UWB channel and PHY issues offering research potential are:†issues related to implementing the PHY of UWB radio devices,e.g.—signal propagation,channel modeling and esti-mation,—adaptive modulation methods and receiver archi-tectures,—dynamic rate adaptation in response to channel quality variations,—achievable single-user data rate and aggregate data rate per unit area(spatial capacity),—channel coding and error correction strategies,†characteristics of UWB antennas(e.g.in proximity of objects and the human body),†coexistence and integration of UWB radio devices with existing(short-range)wireless systems.3.4.Packet routing in ad hoc networks and medium access controlA key application for UWB devices is expected to be in the area of ad hoc and self-organized wireless networks based on multiuser communication and multihop routing capabilities[11].In this area,subjects that offer signiﬁcant research potential are(i)deﬁnition of MAC functions to support ad hoc network architectures(e.g.location-based routing),(ii)inﬂuence of cooperative routing and associated protocols on the network load,(iii)investigation of multiple access schemes for UWB radio devices such as code division multiple access(CDMA)and(iv)methods to determine location information(e.g.MAC frame that supports applications using data communication and ran-ging).3.5.Regulation and standardization of UWB-RTLike any other wireless technology with a potential for widespread deployment,the eventual success of UWB-RT will depend greatly on the availability of suitable and timely PHY and MAC standards—in compliance with the rules imposed by regulatory authorities and backed by a represen-tative part of the industry.Thus,broadly supported PHY and MAC standards will be a prerequisite for successful deployment.Fig.3illustrates that the regulatory framework and standardized PHY and MAC functions are also key building blocks for systems based on UWB-RT.Although one can argue over the degree to which the need for standardization depends on the intended application,the currently observed emergence of UWB-RT should be considered a unique opportunity to develop and standardize PHY and MAC functions suitable for short-range wireless systems that combine data communication and positioning capabilities.In fact, these combined capabilities are poorly supported by conventional narrow-band systems,which certain standardization efforts are already trying to improve[14, 17].For example,the IEEE P802.15ALT PHYStudy Fig.3.The regulatory framework and(broadly supported)standardized PHY and MAC functions will also be the key building blocks of a system based on UWB-RT.W.Hirt/Computer Communications26(2003)46–5251。

埃森哲业务流程再造BPR方法论ppt课件

*
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现有的流程活动是如何应用于其他组织的？活动如何才能被外包？( 要么创一流，要么找能干的他人) 客户是如何完成工作的? 供货商/合作伙伴是如何完成工作的？
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合理授权，提高管理跨度
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关注高价值流程（续）
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流程结果创造价值Process outcomes create value
关注高价值流程 Target High Value Processes
PROCESS A group of interrelated activities that together create value for the customer.
*
明确的目标有逻辑顺序的行为影响行为的决策点明确的输入和输出对结果的责任落实系统和工具的使用
业务流程至少包括以下要素
*

流程管理-优化流程原则PEPp105埃森哲精品

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个人计算机由 Phelps 技术公司制造. 经销商订货后，从 Phelps 提货并
什么是流程的价时/耗时比？分析流程是增加价值的，不增加价值的还是耗费性的。
所致力的流程是如何影响其他流程的？保持整体的眼光。
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我们需要你 ...
思考积极参与辨明这些原则是如何应用
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优秀流程需要
优秀拥有者
考量什么就得到什么
35
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使价值最大化而使浪费最小化有记录下来的设计简单且灵活注重压缩时间同其他流程有清晰的链接提供实时反馈注重客户并对用户友好

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Accenture 数字化网络设计

Accenture数字化网络设计在这个“数字化”概念被热炒的时代，每一种传统行业都在经受着数字化的洗礼，供应链管理也并不例外。

然而，什么才是真正数字化的供应链呢？埃森哲埃森哲（AccentureStrategy）最新研究表明，真正数字化的供应链，是由数字化DNA构建起来的“新生儿”。

将数字化功能“焊接”到传统供应链中这种“旧瓶装新酒”的模式是玩不转的，必将被时代所淘汰。

那么，真正数字化的供应链具有怎样的特征？企业应当如何构建自己的数字化供应链？埃森哲在最新研究中指出“联通化、智能化、可扩展、快速化”是数字化供应网络最大的优势，并指明了企业构建数字化王国的必经之路。

数字化供应网络：联通化，智能化，可扩展，快速化数字技术拥有驱动供应链各元素聚合的能力。

通过培育网络化进程，将设计者、供应商、制造商、分销商、物流服务供应商、零售商乃至于消费者联合起来，用推动可视化、合作和革新来激发全新的思考和工作方式，这样可以帮助企业获得巨大的节约和竞争优势。

当然，并不是每一种数字能力都与每一个企业有关，因此也并没有一种万能适配的数字化供应网络。

不过，几乎每一个数字化供应网络都应该拥有四种明显的优势：联通化、智能化、可扩展、快速化（图3）。

越多的优势被实现，那么企业的市场和财务状况就可能越好。

下面将详细地就数字化与其四大优势相关的内涵、角色和回报进行探究。

数字化技术可以使企业的批量生产能力和批量定制化生产或服务一样高效。

联通性联通性是基础。

借力于各种数字化能力，高度联通的企业可以享受到广阔的可视性、巨大的影响力和高度的控制力，这些企业与整个行业的生态圈具有更彻底的交互。

他们可以更充分地与客户实时反馈、联系和交流，判断客户需求并将其囊括在产品开发和设计项目中。

如图3所示，联通性的优势包括：实时可视化：供应链变得更为动态、稳妥和交互灵活。

无缝协作：各种能力的总和运用突破甚至无视物理界限。

高度进化的运营模式：产品/服务功能可以灵活地根据客户需求进行转变。

冰果英语智能作文高分

冰果英语智能作文高分Introduction:The art of crafting a high-scoring essay in English can be challenging, especially when it comes to adhering to strict academic standards and impressing examiners with a unique voice. "Ice Fruit English Smart Essay High Score" is a concept that encapsulates the strategy of using intelligent and innovative approaches to elevate one's writing skills and achieve top marks.Understanding the Criteria:Before diving into the writing process, it's crucial to understand the grading criteria. High-scoring essaystypically exhibit a clear structure, coherent arguments, a rich vocabulary, and correct grammar and punctuation.1. Structure:- Outline: Begin with a detailed outline that includes an introduction, body paragraphs with clear topic sentences, and a conclusion.- Flow: Ensure a logical flow of ideas by linking paragraphs and ideas with smooth transitions.2. Coherence:- Unity: Each paragraph should be unified around a single idea that supports the thesis statement.- Cohesion: Use linking words and phrases to create a cohesive narrative throughout the essay.3. Argumentation:- Evidence: Support claims with strong evidence from credible sources.- Counterarguments: Address potential counterarguments to strengthen your position.4. Vocabulary:- Diction: Use a sophisticated and varied vocabulary appropriate for the academic context.- Word Choice: Avoid repetition and ensure that word choice accurately reflects the intended meaning.5. Grammar and Punctuation:- Accuracy: Ensure grammatical accuracy and proper use of punctuation to maintain clarity.- Sentence Structure: Vary sentence structures to create a more engaging and dynamic essay.The Role of Technology:In the digital age, tools like AI-powered essay checkers and writing assistants can provide valuable feedback on grammar, style, and even the originality of content. Utilizing such technology can be a game-changer in achieving a high score.Strategies for High-Scoring Essays:- Thesaurus: Use a thesaurus to find more precise and less common synonyms.- Peer Review: Exchange essays with peers for constructive criticism.- Practice: Write regularly to refine your skills andexperiment with different styles.Conclusion:Achieving a high score in English essays is about more than just following a formula. It requires a deep understanding of the language, a clear and compelling voice, and the ability to engage with the reader. By embracing intelligent writing strategies and leveraging available technology, students can elevate their essays to the top tier.Final Thoughts:The "Ice Fruit English Smart Essay High Score" approach is about innovation and excellence in writing. It encourages students to think critically, write creatively, and utilize all available resources to craft essays that not only meet but exceed academic expectations.。

未来已来_我们全力以待!——全方位解读IEC白皮书

BETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUEIEC’s outlookinto the futureBased on an overview of the IEC white papers 未来已来我们全力以待！——全方位解读IEC白皮书By Vincent Sun 孙加顺IEC is known as the home for industry and the “united nations of technologies” as the organization has been committed to the development of international standards for electric and electronic products, systems and services, collectively known as electrotechnology. Products and systems become increasingly sophisticated when technologies develop faster and faster, for which standards are playing a more vital role and embracing unprecedented challenges.Therefore, it is reasonable for this consensus body not only to solve existing problems in traditional arenas but also to look at the issues of emerging industries and future societies. Gathering leading minds of the industry, IEC has been closely focusing on the development trends of science and technology in a bid to update or develop standards for application of technological results, and the typical observations and prospects are published as white papers.As a form that differs from international standards, white papers together with technology reports at IEC are drafted and developed by the Market Strategy Board (MSB), which as one of the three pillar organs (Standardization Management Board, Market Strategy Board, Conformity Assessment Board) of the organization reports to the Council Board (CB) and identifies the principal technological trends and market needs in the IEC’s fields of activity.Portfolio of the IEC white papersAccording to the IEC, MSB is designated to set strategies to maximize input from primary markets and establish priorities for the technical and conformity assessment work of the IEC, improving its response to the needs of innovative and fast-moving markets. It may establish Special Working Groups (SWGs) under the leadership of a MSB member to investigate certain subjects in depth or to develop a specialized document. So far, the IEC/MSB has officially published 11 white papers and 2 technology reports.Grid integration of large-capacity Renewable Energy sources and use of large-capacity Electrical Energy Storage The Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI) at the University of Colorado at Boulder (CU-Boulder),the National Renewable EnergyLaboratory (NREL),State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC)Coping with the Energy Challenge The MSB Special WorkingGroup on electrical energyefficiency,the leadership of ClaudeBreining from SchneiderElectricEdge intelligence2017the MSB edge intelligenceproject team,Huawei,the Fraunhofer Institute for OpenCommunications Systems FOKUS2017LVDC: electricityfor the 21stcentury2013Nanotechnologyin the sectors ofsolar energy andenergy storage2014Orchestrating infrastructurefor sustainable Smart CitiesThe MSB project team on smartcities,Centre for European PolicyStudies (CEPS)Global energy interconnection2017The MSB global energyinterconnection projest team,the International EnergyAgency (IEA),State Grid Corporation ofChina (SGCC)2014Internet of Things: WirelessSensor NetworksThe MSB wireless sensornetworks project team,the US National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST),CTOs of leading internationalorganizationsMicrogrids for disasterpreparedness and recovery2014The MSB project team on microgriddisaster preparedness and recovery,the Commonwealth Scientific andIndustrial Research Organization ofAustralia (CSIRO),the Japanese National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science andTechnology (AIST)BETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUEFrom the above table, we can see that the white papers of the IEC focus around the key working areas of the organization, i.e. electrical energy, power storage and grid technology, future manufacturing and Internet of Things.The first white paper Coping with the Energy Challenge published in 2010 is believed to lay the foundation for the electrical energy efficiency discussion, with a model projecting to address the next 20 years based on the wide array of energy efficiency opportunities and technologies available. It summarizes situations for a roadmap for the international standardization to “enable highest short- and long-term energy efficiency outcomes, today and tomorrow”.This is followed by a series of white papers further road-mapping the technological and standards prospects on the storage, grid and interconnection of electricity. For example, Electrical Energy Storage summarizes “present and future market needs, reviews their technological features, and finally presents recommendations for all EES stakeholders” while the document also provides market guidance for the work of the IEC in support of this industry. Grid integration of large-capacity Renewable Energy sources and use of large-capacity Electrical Energy Storage specifically addresses the increasing presence and influence of renewable energies by looking at the grid integration technologies and difficulties at a global view.Microgrids for disaster preparedness and recovery is actually based on the risk-based mind by “encouraging the operation of microgrids and the implementation of standards to assist disaster relief planning”, to contribute to disaster preparedness and recovery in case of major electricity outage. Strategic asset management of power networks considers the necessity of international standards for power networks since this sector faces a period of profound change for such assets at different levels, ultimately relating to the secure supply of electrical energy. Global energy interconnection discusses the potential of global coordination and balance of electrical energy which can be highly complex and difficult, but fit for the needs of societal development.Other than electricity, the white papers show a natural inclination toward the prospects about the future of industry and infrastructure, which has also been the logical focus of the IEC to keep the system running with technological efficiency. Internet of Things, the future of the physical world, is obviously a priority for the technology circle. IEC publishes two white papers, Internet of Things: Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT 2020: Smart and secure IoT platform, addressing the application of WSNs and next generation platform-level technologies, both involving the discussion of standardization needs and plans. Smartness will be the core of both manufacturing and social operation. That’s why it is so important to employ standards to ensure efficiency and benefits for future cities and factories as highlighted in Orchestrating infrastructure for sustainable Smart Cities and Factory of the future.Contribution of the industryThe IEC family was joined by more than 20,000 experts from leading companies, institutes and organizations from around the globe. The experts not only share the cutting edge technological results and best practices, but also cooperate closely in a systematic and coordinated manner. What they do are also reflected in the development of white papers.Normally, there are projects or special working groups set up in the IEC/MSB for tracking and watching over specific areas of technological development. The white papers are prepared by such technical bodies, yet with enormous support from the industry, institutes and organizations.Those participating minds are ostensibly world-leading in those areas. For example, the Fraunhofer Institute standing for the cutting-edge technologies contributes to the development of Electrical Energy Storage, Factory of the future and Edge intelligence. State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) standing for the national grid maintainer has provided support in the documentation of Grid integration of large-capacity Renewable Energy sources and use of large-capacity Electrical Energy Storage and Global energy interconnection.Other industry giants like Schneider Electric and Huawei also contribute to the white papers based on their advantages. Experts from national or international organizations have played a vital role in addressing issues concerned in their respective areas. The participation into such cooperation somehow reflects the technological strengths and global influence of different countries or organizations.IEC’s outlook into the futureThe above analysis may shed a light on the prospects of this international organization that the future of industry and society will still have to do with two major pillars, energy and communication, both posing challenges for the infrastructure preparedness.For the future, according to the white papers, the increasing population and expanding urban population will mean more pressure on energy and related infrastructure. Resilience and sustainability will be considered the core principles for the environment of human development. Technology will provide potential paths for addressing existing or emerging issues.Standards are considered the fundamental layer basis for systems. In the system of a factory or even a city, standards play a central role in ensuring the coordination and interoperability. With technology progressing faster, international standards become even more important for the emerging global interconnection. IEC as an international organization possesses the capability and bears the responsibility to contribute to making the world a better place to live.From the white papers, we can see the future through the intelligent prospects of the IEC.Reference:1. https://www.iec.ch/whitepaper2. IEC white papers & technology reports。

线上报告英语怎么说呢

线上报告英语怎么说呢Online report can be translated as "线上报告" or "网络报告" in Chinese. It refers to a report that is created or presented through an online platform or using the internet. Here is a 700-word example of an online report:Title: Impact of E-commerce on Traditional RetailersIntroduction:The rapid development of e-commerce has revolutionized the way people shop. With the convenience of online shopping, traditional retailers are facing significant challenges. This report aims to analyze the impact of e-commerce on traditional retailers and provide recommendations for their survival in this digital age. Body:1. The rise of e-commerce:E-commerce has gained popularity due to its convenience, competitive pricing, and wider product selection. Online platforms such as Amazon, Alibaba, and eBay have become dominant players, attracting a large number of shoppers. As a result, traditional retailers are experiencing a decline in foot traffic and sales.2. Challenges faced by traditional retailers:Traditional retailers, especially small businesses, face several challenges in competing with e-commerce platforms. Firstly, high operating costs, including rent, utilities, and employee salaries, make it difficult for them to offer competitive prices. Secondly,limited shelf space restricts the variety of products they can offer compared to e-commerce platforms with vast virtual inventories. Lastly, the lack of a seamless online presence and delivery services puts traditional retailers at a disadvantage.3. Strategies adopted by traditional retailers:Recognizing the need to adapt, many traditional retailers have started integrating e-commerce into their business models. They are creating their own online stores or partnering with established e-commerce platforms to reach a wider customer base. By combining the advantages of both physical and online retail, they can provide customers with more options and convenience.4. Enhancing customer experience:To differentiate themselves from online competitors, traditional retailers should focus on providing a superior customer experience. This can be achieved through personalized service, knowledgeable staff, interactive displays, and in-store events. By offering unique and engaging experiences, traditional retailers can attract and retain customers who value the physical shopping experience.5. Creating an omnichannel presence:An omnichannel approach involves integrating the online and offline channels seamlessly. Traditional retailers can leverage their physical stores as showrooms, where customers can examine products before making online purchases. They should also provide options for in-store pick-ups or returns for online orders. This strategy enhances convenience and encourages customers to make repeat purchases.6. Leveraging data analytics:Data analytics can provide valuable insights into customer behavior and preferences. Traditional retailers can collect data through loyalty programs, customer surveys, or online interactions. By analyzing this data, retailers can tailor their product offerings, marketing campaigns, and pricing strategies to better meet customer demands and stay competitive.Conclusion:The impact of e-commerce on traditional retailers cannot be ignored. However, with strategic adaptations, traditional retailers can coexist and even thrive alongside e-commerce platforms. By focusing on enhancing the customer experience, creating an omnichannel presence, and leveraging data analytics, traditional retailers can regain their competitive edge in the digital age.。

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