Generic reconstruction technology based on RST for multivariate time series of complex process i
温总理剑桥大学演讲英汉对译稿
老师们，同学们：Ladies and Gentlemen,我之所以强调用发展的眼光看中国，就是因为世界在变，中国也在变。
如今的中国，早已不是一百年前封闭落后的旧中国，也不是３０年前贫穷僵化的中国。
经过改革开放，中国的面貌已焕然一新。
北京奥运会向世界展示的，就是这样一个古老、多彩和现代的中国。
我希望朋友们，多到中国走一走、看一看，了解今天的中国人究竟在想什么、做什么、关心什么。
这样，有助于你们认识一个真实的、不断发展变化着的中国，也有助于你们了解中国是如何应对当前这场全球性金融危机的。
I stress the importance of seeing China in the light of her development, because the world is changing and China is changing. China is no longer the closed and backward society it was 100 years ago, or the poor and ossified society 30 years ago. Thanks to reform and opening-up, China has taken on a new look. What the Beijing Olympic Games showcased is a colorful China, both ancient and modern. I therefore encourage you to visit China more often and see more places there. This way, you will better understand what the Chinese people are thinking and doing, and what they are interested in. You will get to know the true China, a country constantly developing and changing. You will also better appreciate how China has been tackling the ongoing global financial crisis.在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国和包括英国在内的欧洲都受到严重冲击。
CAITA基本介绍
CATIA功能简介CATIA是法国达索公司的产品开发旗舰解决方案。
作为PLM协同解决方案的一个重要组成部分，它可以帮助制造厂商设计他们未来的产品，并支持从项目前阶段、具体的设计、分析、模拟、组装到维护在内的全部工业设计流程。
模块化的CATIA系列产品旨在满足客户在产品开发活动中的需要，包括风格和外型设计、机械设计、设备与系统工程、管理数字样机、机械加工、分析和模拟。
CATIA产品基于开放式可扩展的V5架构。
通过使企业能够重用产品设计知识，缩短开发周期，CATIA解决方案加快企业对市场的需求的反应。
自1999年以来，市场上广泛采用它的数字样机流程，从而使之成为世界上最常用的产品开发系统。
CATIA系列产品已经在七大领域里成为首要的3D设计和模拟解决方案：汽车、航空航天、船舶制造、厂房设计、电力与电子、消费品和通用机械制造。
CATIA先进的混合建模技术设计对象的混合建模：在CATIA的设计环境中，无论是实体还是曲面，做到了真正的互操作；变量和参数化混合建模：在设计时，设计者不必考虑如何参数化设计目标，CATIA提供了变量驱动及后参数化能力。
几何和智能工程混合建模：对于一个企业，可以将企业多年的经验积累到CATIA的知识库中，用于指导本企业新手，或指导新车型的开发，加速新型号推向市场的时间。
CATIA具有在整个产品周期内的方便的修改能力，尤其是后期修改性无论是实体建模还是曲面造型，由于CATIA提供了智能化的树结构，用户可方便快捷的对产品进行重复修改，即使是在设计的最后阶段需要做重大的修改，或者是对原有方案的更新换代，对于CATIA来说，都是非常容易的事。
CATIA所有模块具有全相关性CATIA的各个模块基于统一的数据平台，因此CATIA的各个模块存在着真正的全相关性，三维模型的修改，能完全体现在二维，以及有限元分析，模具和数控加工的程序中。
并行工程的设计环境使得设计周期大大缩短CATIA 提供的多模型链接的工作环境及混合建模方式，使得并行工程设计模式已不再是新鲜的概念，总体设计部门只要将基本的结构尺寸发放出去，各分系统的人员便可开始工作，既可协同工作，又不互相牵连；由于模型之间的互相联结性，使得上游设计结果可做为下游的参考，同时，上游对设计的修改能直接影响到下游工作的刷新。
基于专利动态复杂网络的产业共性技术预测
Vol. 26 No. 12Dec. 2 0 2 0第26卷第12期2 0 2 0年12月计算机集成制造系统Computer Integrated Manufacturing SystemsDOI ：10. 13196/j. cims. 2020. 12. 001基于专利动态复杂网络的产业共性技术预测吴颖文，纪杨建+,顾新建(浙江大学机械工程学院浙江省先进制造技术重点研究实验室，浙江杭州310027)摘 要:共性技术选择作为优先组织和实施共性技术研发的基础，对产业战略升级和促进科技资源共享具有重要意义，由此提出产业共性技术预测方法以实现产业共性技术的高效选择。
基于专利动态复杂网络，定义了共 现广度和共现强度作为技术共性度的衡量指标，并根据这两个指标随时间的变化规律，运用多项式回归模型预测出未来的共性技术。
以家电产业为例进行实证研究，验证了该预测方法的可行性。
关键词：共性技术预测；共现广度;共现强度;专利分析;技术共现;动态网络；多项式回归模型中图分类号：F204 文献标识码：AIndustrial generic technology prediction based on dynamic complex network of patentsWU Yingwen , JI Yangjian + ,GU Xinjian(Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)Abstract : As the basis of preferentially organizing and implementing generic technology research and development,the selection of generic technology is of great significance to upgrade industrial strategy and enhance national corecompetitiveness. Therefore, the prediction method of industrial generic technology was proposed to realize the effi cient selection of industrial generic technology. Based on the technology co-occurrence dynamic network of patents >co-occurrence breadth and co-occurrence strength were defined as indicators of the degree of technology commonali- ty. According to the change rule of these two indicators over time , the polynomial regression model was used to pre dict the future industrial generic technology. The household appliance industry was chosen as the case, and the em pirical study verifies the feasibility of the proposed method.Keywords :generic technology prediction ； co-occurrence breadth ； co-occurrence strength ； patent analysis ； technologyco-occurrence ； dynamic network ； polynomial regression model0引言根据我国科学技术部在国家科技支撑计划中对 共性技术的定义，共性技术是指在不同领域、不同行 业或不同区域能够广泛共享应用，对经济和社会发展产生普遍推动作用的技术当前产业与科技的 竞争日趋激烈，产业竞争已经从市场化阶段的技术竞争走向竞争前技术的竞争。
德尔·艾美 S5148F-ON 25GbE 顶层架（ToR）开放网络交换机说明书
The Dell EMC S5148 switch is an innovative, future-ready T op-of-Rack (T oR) open networking switch providing excellent capabilities and cost-effectiveness for the enterprise, mid-market, Tier2 cloud and NFV service providers with demanding compute and storage traffic environments.The S5148F-ON 25GbE switch is Dell EMC’s latest disaggregated hardware and software data center networking solution that provides state-of-the-art data plane programmability, backward compatible 25GbE server port connections, 100GbE uplinks, storage optimized architecture, and a broad range of functionality to meet the growing demands of today’s data center environment now and in the future.The compact S5148F-ON model design provides industry-leading density with up to 72 ports of 25GbE or up to 48 ports of 25GbE and 6 ports of 100GbE in a 1RU form factor.Using industry-leading hardware and a choice of Dell EMC’s OS10 or select 3rd party network operating systems and tools, the S5148F-ON Series offers flexibility by provision of configuration profiles and delivers non-blocking performance for workloads sensitive to packet loss. The compact S5148F-ON model provides multi rate speedenabling denser footprints and simplifying migration to 25GbE server connections and 100GbE fabrics.Data plane programmability allows the S5148F-ON to meet thedemands of the converged software defined data center by offering support for any future or emerging protocols, including hardware-based VXLAN (Layer 2 and Layer 3 gateway) support. Priority-based flow control (PFC), data center bridge exchange (DCBX) and enhanced transmission selection (ETS) make the S5148F-ON an excellent choice for DCB environments.The Dell EMC S5148F-ON model supports the open source Open Network Install Environment (ONIE) for zero touch installation of alternate network operating systems.Maximum performance and functionalityThe Dell EMC Networking S-Series S5148F-ON is a high-performance, multi-function, 10/25/40/50/100 GbE T oR switch purpose-built for applications in high-performance data center, cloud and computing environments.In addition, the S5148F-ON incorporates multiple architectural features that optimize data center network flexibility, efficiency, and availability, including IO panel to PSU airflow or PSU to IO panel airflow for hot/Key applications •Organizations looking to enter the software-defined data center era with a choice of networking technologies designed to deliver the flexibility they need• Use cases that require customization to any packet processing steps or supporting new protocols• Native high-density 25 GbE T oR server access in high- performance data center environments• 25 GbE backward compatible to 10G and 1G for future proofing and data center server migration to faster uplink speeds. • Capability to support mixed 25G and 10G servers on front panel ports without any limitations• iSCSI storage deployment including DCB converged lossless transactions• Suitable as a T oR or Leaf switch in 100G Active Fabric implementations• As a high speed VXLAN L2/L3 gateway that connects the hypervisor-based overlay networks with non-virtualized • infrastructure•Emerging applications requiring hardware support for new protocolsKey features •1RU high-density 25/10/1 GbE T oR switch with up to forty eight ports of native 25 GbE (SFP28) ports supporting 25 GbE without breakout cables• Multi-rate 100GbE ports support 10/25/40/50 GbE• 3.6 Tbps (full-duplex) non-blocking, cut-through switching fabric delivers line-rate performance under full load**• Programmable packet modification and forwarding • Programmable packet mirroring and multi-pathing • Converged network support for DCB and ECN capability • IO panel to PSU airflow or PSU to IO panel airflow • Redundant, hot-swappable power supplies and fans • IEEE 1588v2 PTP hardware supportDELL EMC NETWORKING S5148F-ON SERIES SWITCHProgrammable high-performance open networking top-of-rack switch with native 25Gserver ports and 100G network fabric connectivity• FCoE transit (FIP Snooping)• Full data center bridging (DCB) support for lossless iSCSI SANs, RoCE and converged network.• Redundant, hot-swappable power supplies and fans• I/O panel to PSU airflow or PSU to I/O panel airflow(reversable airflow)• VRF-lite enables sharing of networking infrastructure and provides L3 traffic isolation across tenants• 16, 28, 40, 52, 64 10GbE ports availableKey features with Dell EMC Networking OS10• Consistent DevOps framework across compute, storage and networking elements• Standard networking features, interfaces and scripting functions for legacy network operations integration• Standards-based switching hardware abstraction via Switch Abstraction Interface (SAI)• Pervasive, unrestricted developer environment via Control Plane Services (CPS)• Open and programmatic management interface via Common Management Services (CMS)• OS10 Premium Edition software enables Dell EMC layer 2 and 3 switching and routing protocols with integrated IP Services,Quality of Service, Manageability and Automation features• Platform agnostic via standard hardware abstraction layer (OCP-SAI)• Unmodified Linux kernel and unmodified Linux distribution• OS10 Open Edition software decoupled from L2/L3 protocol stack and services• Leverage common open source tools and best-practices (data models, commit rollbacks)• Increase VM Mobility region by stretching L2 VLAN within or across two DCs with unique VLT capabilities• Scalable L2 and L3 Ethernet Switching with QoS, ACL and a full complement of standards based IPv4 and IPv6 features including OSPF, BGP and PBR• Enhanced mirroring capabilities including local mirroring, Remote Port Mirroring (RPM), and Encapsulated Remote Port Mirroring(ERPM).• Converged network support for DCB, with priority flow control (802.1Qbb), ETS (802.1Qaz), DCBx and iSCSI TLV• Rogue NIC control provides hardware-based protection from NICS sending out excessive pause frames48 line-rate 25 Gigabit Ethernet SFP28 ports6 line-rate 100 Gigabit Ethernet QSFP28 ports1 RJ45 console/management port with RS232signaling1 Micro-USB type B optional console port1 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet port used asmanagement port1 USB type A port for the external mass storage Size: 1 RU, 1.72 h x 17.1 w x 18.1” d (4.4 h x 43.4 w x46 cm d)Weight: 22lbs (9.97kg)ISO 7779 A-weighted sound pressure level: 59.6 dBA at 73.4°F (23°C)Power supply: 100–240 VAC 50/60 HzMax. thermal output: 1956 BTU/hMax. current draw per system:5.73A/4.8A at 100/120V AC2.87A/2.4A at 200/240V ACMax. power consumption: 516 Watts (AC)T yp. power consumption: 421 Watts (AC) with all optics loadedMax. operating specifications:Operating temperature: 32° to 113°F (0° to 45°C) Operating humidity: 5 to 90% (RH), non-condensingFresh Air Compliant to 45CMax. non-operating specifications:Storage temperature: –40° to 158°F (–40° to70°C)Storage humidity: 5 to 95% (RH), non-condensingRedundancyHot swappable redundant power suppliesHot swappable redundant fansPerformanceSwitch fabric capacity: 3.6TbpsPacket buffer memory: 16MBCPU memory: 16GBMAC addresses: Up to 512KARP table: Up to 256KIPv4 routes: Up to 128KIPv6 routes: Up to 64KMulticast hosts: Up to 64KLink aggregation: Unlimited links per group, up to 36 groupsLayer 2 VLANs: 4KMSTP: 64 instancesLAG Load Balancing: User Configurable (MAC, IP, TCP/UDPport)IEEE Compliance802.1AB LLDPTIA-1057 LLDP-MED802.1s MSTP802.1w RSTP 802.3ad Link Aggregation with LACP802.3ae 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBase-X)802.3ba 40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GBase-X)802.3i Ethernet (10Base-T)802.3u Fast Ethernet (100Base-TX)802.3z Gigabit Ethernet (1000BaseX)802.1D Bridging, STP802.1p L2 Prioritization802.1Q VLAN T agging, Double VLAN T agging,GVRP802.1Qbb PFC802.1Qaz ETS802.1s MSTP802.1w RSTPPVST+802.1X Network Access Control802.3ab Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T) orbreakout802.3ac Frame Extensions for VLAN T agging802.3ad Link Aggregation with LACP802.3ae 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBase-X)802.3ba 40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GBase-SR4,40GBase-CR4, 40GBase-LR4, 100GBase-SR10,100GBase-LR4, 100GBase-ER4) on optical ports802.3bj 100 Gigabit Ethernet802.3u Fast Ethernet (100Base-TX) on mgmtports802.3x Flow Control802.3z Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-X) with QSAANSI/TIA-1057 LLDP-MEDJumbo MTU support 9,416 bytesLayer2 Protocols4301 Security Architecture for IPSec*4302 I PSec Authentication Header*4303 E SP Protocol*802.1D Compatible802.1p L2 Prioritization802.1Q VLAN T agging802.1s MSTP802.1w RSTP802.1t RPVST+802.3ad Link Aggregation with LACPVLT Virtual Link TrunkingRFC Compliance768 UDP793 TCP854 T elnet959 FTP1321 MD51350 TFTP2474 Differentiated Services2698 T wo Rate Three Color Marker3164 Syslog4254 SSHv2791 I Pv4792 ICMP826 ARP1027 Proxy ARP1035 DNS (client)1042 Ethernet Transmission1191 Path MTU Discovery1305 NTPv41519 CIDR1812 Routers1858 IP Fragment Filtering2131 DHCP (server and relay)5798 VRRP3021 31-bit Prefixes3046 DHCP Option 82 (Relay)1812 Requirements for IPv4 Routers1918 Address Allocation for Private Internets2474 Diffserv Field in IPv4 and Ipv6 Headers2596 Assured Forwarding PHB Group3195 Reliable Delivery for Syslog3246 Expedited Assured Forwarding4364 VRF-lite (IPv4 VRF with OSPF andBGP)*General IPv6 Protocols1981 Path MTU Discovery*2460 I Pv62461 Neighbor Discovery*2462 Stateless Address AutoConfig2463 I CMPv62464 Ethernet Transmission2675 Jumbo grams3587 Global Unicast Address Format4291 IPv6 Addressing2464 Transmission of IPv6 Packets overEthernet Networks2711 IPv6 Router Alert Option4007 IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture4213 Basic Transition Mechanisms for IPv6Hosts and Routers4291 IPv6 Addressing Architecture5095 Deprecation of T ype 0 Routing Headers inI Pv6IPv6 Management support (telnet, FTP, TACACS,RADIUS, SSH, NTP)OSPF (v2/v3)1587 NSSA1745 OSPF/BGP interaction1765 OSPF Database overflow2154 MD52328 OSPFv22370 Opaque LSA3101 OSPF NSSA3623 OSPF Graceful Restart (Helper mode)*BGP 1997 Communities 2385 MD52439 Route Flap Damping 2796 Route Reflection 2842 Capabilities 2918 Route Refresh 3065 Confederations 4271 BGP-44360 Extended Communities 4893 4-byte ASN5396 4-byte ASN Representation 5492Capabilities AdvertisementLinux Distribution Debian Linux version 8.4Linux Kernel 3.16MIBSIP MIB– Net SNMPIP Forward MIB– Net SNMPHost Resources MIB– Net SNMP IF MIB – Net SNMP LLDP MIB Entity MIB LAG MIBDell-Vendor MIBTCP MIB – Net SNMP UDP MIB – Net SNMP SNMPv2 MIB – Net SNMP Network Management SNMPv1/2SSHv2FTP, TFTP, SCP SyslogPort Mirroring RADIUS 802.1XSupport Assist (Phone Home)Netconf APIs XML SchemaCLI Commit (Scratchpad)AutomationControl Plane Services APIs Linux Utilities and Scripting Tools Quality of Service Access Control Lists Prefix List Route-MapRate Shaping (Egress)Rate Policing (Ingress)Scheduling Algorithms Round RobinWeighted Round Robin Deficit Round Robin Strict PriorityWeighted Random Early Detect Security 2865 RADIUS 3162 Radius and IPv64250, 4251, 4252, 4253, 4254 SSHv2Data center bridging802.1QbbPriority-Based Flow Control802.1Qaz Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS)*Data Center Bridging eXchange(DCBx) DCBx Application TLV (iSCSI, FCoE*)Regulatory compliance SafetyUL/CSA 60950-1, Second Edition EN 60950-1, Second EditionIEC 60950-1, Second Edition Including All National Deviations and Group DifferencesEN 60825-1 Safety of Laser Products Part 1: EquipmentClassification Requirements and User’s GuideEN 60825-2 Safety of Laser Products Part 2: Safety of Optical Fibre Communication Systems FDA Regulation 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11Emissions & Immunity EMC complianceFCC Part 15 (CFR 47) (USA) Class A ICES-003 (Canada) Class AEN55032: 2015 (Europe) Class A CISPR32 (International) Class AAS/NZS CISPR32 (Australia and New Zealand) Class AVCCI (Japan) Class A KN32 (Korea) Class ACNS13438 (T aiwan) Class A CISPR22EN55022EN61000-3-2EN61000-3-3EN61000-6-1EN300 386EN 61000-4-2 ESDEN 61000-4-3 Radiated Immunity EN 61000-4-4 EFT EN 61000-4-5 SurgeEN 61000-4-6 Low Frequency Conducted Immunity NEBSGR-63-Core GR-1089-Core ATT -TP-76200VZ.TPR.9305RoHSRoHS 6 and China RoHS compliantCertificationsJapan: VCCI V3/2009 Class AUSA: FCC CFR 47 Part 15, Subpart B:2009, Class A Warranty1 Year Return to DepotLearn more at /Networking*Future release**Packet sizes over 147 BytesIT Lifecycle Services for NetworkingExperts, insights and easeOur highly trained experts, withinnovative tools and proven processes, help you transform your IT investments into strategic advantages.Plan & Design Let us analyze yourmultivendor environment and deliver a comprehensive report and action plan to build upon the existing network and improve performance.Deploy & IntegrateGet new wired or wireless network technology installed and configured with ProDeploy. Reduce costs, save time, and get up and running cateEnsure your staff builds the right skills for long-termsuccess. Get certified on Dell EMC Networking technology and learn how to increase performance and optimize infrastructure.Manage & SupportGain access to technical experts and quickly resolve multivendor networking challenges with ProSupport. Spend less time resolving network issues and more time innovating.OptimizeMaximize performance for dynamic IT environments with Dell EMC Optimize. Benefit from in-depth predictive analysis, remote monitoring and a dedicated systems analyst for your network.RetireWe can help you resell or retire excess hardware while meeting local regulatory guidelines and acting in an environmentally responsible way.Learn more at/Services。
NVIDIA Quadro K6000 12GB 图形卡产品简介说明书
NVIDIA Quadro K6000 12GB GraphicsNVIDIA Quadro K6000 12GB Graphics C2J96AA INTRODUCTIONThe NVIDIA Quadro K6000, the top of the line member of the latest NVIDIA® Kepler-based GPU architecture, is a truetechnological breakthrough, delivering five-times higher compute performance and nearly double the graphicscapability of its predecessor, the NVIDIA Quadro 6000 GPU, and features the world's largest and fastest graphicsmemory.Combining breakthrough performance and advanced capabilities in a power-efficient design, the Quadro K6000 GPUenables leading organizations to tackle visualization and analysis workloads of unprecedented size and scope. PERFORMANCE AND FEATURESThe Quadro K6000 GPU is based on the NVIDIA Kepler™ architecture - the world's fastest, most efficient GPUarchitecture. Key performance features and capabilities include:∙12GB ultra-fast GDDR5 graphics memory lets designers and animators model and render characters and scenes at unprecedented scale, complexity and richness∙2,880 streaming multiprocessor (SMX) cores deliver faster visualization and compute horsepower than previous-generation products∙Supports four simultaneous displays and up to 4k resolution with DisplayPort™ 1.2∙Ultra-low latency video I/O and support for large-scale visualizations∙Full PCI Express 3.0 supportThe Quadro K6000 is the first NVIDIA Professional solution to incorporate Quadro Boost, a mechanism that automatically maximizes application performance while staying within the specified power envelope. For workloads that do not reach the allowed power level, the GPU clock is automatically increased to "Boost Clock" in order to leverage the remainingpower budget for additional increased performance. The GPU will always try to reach the higher "Boost Clock" in order to maximize application performance.The Quadro Boost feature will disable "Boost Clocking" in the following scenarios:∙If clock jitter sensitive "Workstation features" like Sync, SDI, or SLI is enabled, the Quadro K6000 will clock to Base Clock automatically.∙If the user manually selects the "Prefer Consistent Performance" Control Panel option to lock explicitly to Base Clock (can be useful for performance tuning of applications during development). COMPATIBILITYThe Quadro K6000 is supported on the following HP Z-Workstations:- Z420 (AMO only), Z620, Z820- Z440, Z640, Z840SERVICE AND SUPPORTThe NVIDIA Quadro K6000 has a one-year limited warranty or the remainder of the warranty of the HP product in which it is installed. Technical support is available seven days a week, 24 hours a day by phone, as well as online support forums.Parts and labor are available on-site within the next business day. Telephone support is available for parts diagnosis and installation. Certain restrictions and exclusions apply.TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSForm Factor 4.376” H x 10.5” LDual SlotPower: 234 WattsWeight: ~880 gramsGraphics Controller NVIDIA Quadro K6000 Graphics Card based on the GK180 GPUCore Count: 2880Base Clock: 797 MHzBoost Clock: 902 MHzBus Type PCI Express 3.0 x16Memory 12GB GDDR5384-bit memory I/O path288 GB/s memory bandwidthECC MemoryConnectors DVI-I (1), DVI-D (1), DP (2), Optional 3D Stereo bracket with 3-pin mini-DIN connector.Factory configured option: No adapter included with card.Option Kit: No adaptor included with card.DVI to VGA, DisplayPort to VGA, DisplayPort to DVI, and DisplayPort to Dual-Link DVI adaptersavailable as accessories.Image Quality Features ∙DDisplayPort with Multi-Stream Technology (MST) and High Bit Rate 2 (HBR2), HDMI 1.4,and HDCP support∙NN VIDIA 3D Vision™ technology∙NNVIDIA Premium Mosaic and nViewDisplay Output 400 MHz integrated RAMDAC∙Maximum resolution over VGA (through DVI to VGA cable): 2048 × 1536 × 32 bpp at 85HzDual-link internal TMDS (DVI 1.0)∙Maximum resolution over digital port (single GPU and SLI mode): 2560 × 1600 × 32 bppat 60 Hz (reduced blanking)Single-link internal TMDS (DVI 1.0)∙Maximum resolution over digital port (single GPU and SLI mode):1920 × 1200 × 32 bppat 60 Hz (reduced blanking)DisplayPort with MST and HBR2.∙Maximum resolution: 3840 × 2160 × 36 bpp at 60HzHDMI∙Maximum resolution: 1920 × 1080 × 32 bpp at 60HzShading Architecture Shader Model 5.0Full IEEE 764-2008 32-bit and 64-bit precisionSupported Graphics APIs Full OpenGL 4.3Full DirectX 11CUDA API support includes:CUDA C, CUDA C++, DirectCompute 5.0, OpenCL, Java, Python, and FortranAvailable Graphics Drivers Windows 8.1Windows 8Windows 7 Professional (64-bit and 32-bit)Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 6 Desktop/WorkstationSUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 11 (64-bit and 32-bit)HP qualified drivers may be preloaded or available from the HP support Web site:/country/us/en/support.htmlNovell SUSE Linux Enterprise drivers may also be obtained from:ftp:///novell or Notes 1. NVIDIA GRID VGX Pass Through feature supported on NVIDIA Quadro K6000 to enable directmapping of GPU to Virtual Machine.2. No display output adapter included.3. Configurations of a single Quadro K6000 graphics card in HP Z440 Workstation require the HPZ440 Fan and Front Card Guide Kit, configurable from the factory (CTO PN: G8T99AV) or as anAftermarket Option (AMO PN: J9P80AA).Summary of ChangesDate of change: Version History: Description of change:December 4, 2014 From v1 to v2 Added Added note for HP Z440 configurations May 1, 2015 From v2 to v3 Changed Notes for Technical Specification section.© Copyright 2014 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.The only warranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty. HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.。
Dell EMC S4048-ON开放网络交换机说明说明书
The Dell EMC Networking S4048-ON switch empowers organizations to deploy workloads and applications designed for the open networking era.Businesses who have made the transition away from monolithicproprietary mainframe systems to industry standard server platforms can now enjoy even greater benefits from Dell open networking platforms. Using industry-leading hardware and a choice of leading network operating systems to simplify data center fabric orchestration and automation, organizations can accelerate innovation by tailoring their network to their unique requirements.These new offerings provide the needed flexibility to transform data centers. High-capacity network fabrics that are cost-effective and easy to deploy provide a clear path to a software-defined data center of the future, as well as freedom from vendor lock-in.The Dell EMC S4048-ON supports the open source Open Network Install Environment (ONIE) for zero-touch installation of alternate network operating systems including feature-rich Dell Networking OS.Ultra-low-latency, data center optimizedThe Dell EMC Networking S-Series S4048-ON is an ultra-low-latency 10/40GbE top-of-rack (ToR) switch built for applications in high-performance data center and computing environments. Leveraging a non-blocking switching architecture, the S4048-ON delivers line-rate L2 and L3 forwarding capacity with ultra-low-latency to maximize network performance. The compact S4048-ON design provides industry-leading density of 48 dual-speed 1/10GbE (SFP+) ports as well as six 40GbEQSFP+ uplinks to conserve valuable rack space and simplify the migration to 40Gbps in the data center core (each 40GbE QSFP+ uplink can also support four 10GbE ports with a breakout cable). In addition, the S4048-ON incorporates multiple architectural features that optimize data center network flexibility, efficiency and availability, including I/O panel to PSU airflow or PSU to I/O panel airflow for hot/cold aisle environments, and redundant, hot-swappable power supplies and fans.S4048-ON supports feature-rich Dell Networking OS, VLT, networkvirtualization features such as VRF-lite, VXLAN Gateway and support for Dell Embedded Open Automation Framework.• The S4048-ON is the only switch in the industry that provides customers an unbiased approach to Network Virtualization by supporting both network-centric virtualization method (VRF-lite) and Hypervisor centric virtualization method (VXLAN).• The S4048-ON also supports Dell Networking’s EmbeddedOpen Automation Framework, which provides enhanced network automation and virtualization capabilities for virtual data center environments.• The Open Automation Framework comprises a suite of interrelated network management tools that can be used together orindependently to provide a network that is flexible, available and manageable while helping to reduce operational expenses.Key applicationsDynamic data centers ready to make the transition to software-defined environments• Ultra-low-latency 10GbE switching in HPC, high-speed trading or other business-sensitive deployments that require the highest bandwidth and lowest latency • High-density 10GbE ToR server access in high-performance data center environments When running the Dell Networking OS9, Active Fabric™ implementation for large deployments in conjunction with the Dell EMC Z-Series, creating a flat, two-tier, nonblocking 10/40GbE data center network design:• High-performance SDN/OpenFlow 1.3 enabled with ability to inter-operate with industry standard OpenFlow controllers • As a high speed VXLAN Layer 2 Gateway that connects thehypervisor based ovelray networks with nonvirtualized infrastructure • Small-scale Active Fabric implementation via the S4048-ON switch in leaf and spine along with S-Series 1/10GbE ToR switches enabling cost-effective aggregation of 10/40GbE uplinks • iSCSI storage deployment including DCB converged lossless transactions Key features - general• 48 dual-speed 1/10GbE (SFP+) ports and six 40GbE (QSFP+) uplinks (totaling 72 10GbE ports with breakout cables) with OS support • 1.44Tbps (full-duplex) non-blocking switching fabric delivers line-rate performance under full load with sub 650ns latency • I/O panel to PSU airflow or PSU to I/O panel airflow • Supports the open source ONIE for zero-touch • Installation of alternate network operating systems • Redundant, hot-swappable power supplies and fans • Low power consumption• Support for multi-tenancy lilke VXLAN and NVGRE in hardwareDELL EMC NETWORKING S4048-ON SWITCH10/40GbE top-of-rack open networking switchKey features with Dell EMC Networking OS9Scalable L2 and L3 Ethernet switching with QoS and a full complement of standards-based IPv4 and IPv6 features, including OSPF, BGP and PBR (Policy Based Routing) support• VRF-lite enables sharing of networking infrastructure and provides L3traffic isolation across tenants• Increase VM Mobility region by stretching L2 VLAN within or across two DCs with unique VLT capabilities like Routed VL T, VLT Proxy Gateway • VXLAN gateway functionality support for bridging the nonvirtualizedand the virtualized overlay networks with line rate performance.• Embedded Open Automation Framework adding automatedconfiguration and provisioning capabilities to simplify the management of network environments. Supports Puppet agent for DevOps• Modular Dell Networking OS software delivers inherent stability as well as enhanced monitoring and serviceability functions.• Enhanced mirroring capabilities including 1:4 local mirroring, Remote Port Mirroring (RPM), and Encapsulated Remote Port Mirroring (ERPM). Rate shaping combined with flow based mirroring enables the user to analyze fine grained flows• Jumbo frame support for large data transfers• 128 link aggregation groups with up to 16 members per group, using enhanced hashing• Converged network support for DCB, with priority flow control (802.1Qbb), ETS (802.1Qaz), DCBx and iSCSI TLV support Fastboot feature enables min-loss software upgrade on a standalone S4048-ON without VL T/stacking• S4048-ON supports Routable RoCE to enable convergence of compute and storage on Active Fabric• User port stacking support for up to six units and a total stack bandwidth of up to 320Gbps bandwidth48 10 Gigabit Ethernet SFP+ ports6 40 Gigabit Ethernet QSFP+ ports1 RJ45 console/management port with RS232signaling1 USB 2.0 type A to support mass storage device1 Micro-USB 2.0 type B Serial Console PortSize: 1RU, 1.71 x 17.09 x 17.13” (4.35 x 43.4 x 43.5cm (H x W x D) Weight: 18.52 lbs (8.4kg)ISO 7779 A-weighted sound pressure level: 59.6 dBA at73.4°F (23°C)Power supply: 100–240V AC 50/60HzDC Power supply: -40.5V ~ -60VMax. thermal output: 799.64 BTU/hMax. current draw per system:2.344A/1953A at 100/120V AC,1.145A/0.954A at 200/240V ACMax. DC current : -40.5V/23.8A , -48V/19A ,-60V/15.6A.Max. power consumption: 234.35 Watts (AC), 800 Watts (DC)T ypical power consumption: 153 WattsMax. operating specifications:Operating temperature: 32°F to 113°F (0°C to 45°C)Operating humidity: 10 to 85% (RH), non-condensingMax. non-operating specifications:Storage temperature: –40°F to 158°F (–40°C to 70°C)Storage humidity: 5 to 95% (RH), non-condensingRedundancyHot swappable redundant powerHot swappable redundant fansPerformance generalSwitch fabric capacity:1.44Tbps (full-duplex)720Gbps (half-duplex)Forwarding Capacity: 1080 MppsLatency: Sub 650nsPacket buffer memory: 12MBCPU memory: 4GBOS9 Performance:MAC addresses: 160KARP table 128KIPv4 routes: 128KIPv6 hosts: 64KIPv6 routes: 64KMulticast hosts: 8KLink aggregation: 16 links per group, 128 groups Layer 2 VLANs: 4KMSTP: 64 instancesVRF-Lite: 511 instancesLAG load balancing: Based on layer 2, IPv4 or IPv6headersQOS data queues: 8QOS control queues: 12QOS: Default 768 entries scalable to 2.5K Egress ACL: 1KIEEE compliance with Dell Networking OS9802.1AB LLDP802.1D Bridging, STP802.1p L2 Prioritization802.1Q VLAN T agging, Double VLAN T agging, GVRP802.1Qbb PFC802.1Qaz ETS802.1s MSTP802.1w RSTP802.1X Network Access Control802.3ab Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T) with QSA orbreakout802.3ac Frame Extensions for VLAN T agging802.3ad Link Aggregation with LACP802.3ae 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBase-X) with QSA802.3ba 40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GBase-SR4,40GBase-CR4,40GBase-LR4) on optical ports802.3u Fast Ethernet (100Base-TX)802.3x Flow Control802.3z Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-X) with QSAANSI/TIA-1057 LLDP-MEDForce10 PVST+MTU 12,000 bytesRFC and I-D compliance with Dell NetworkingOS9General Internet protocols768 UDP793 TCP854 T elnet959 FTPGeneral IPv4 protocols791 IPv4792 ICMP826 ARP1027 Proxy ARP1035 DNS (client)1042 Ethernet Transmission1305 NTPv31519 CIDR1542 BOOTP (relay)1812 Requirements for IPv4 Routers1918 Address Allocation for Private Internets2474 Diffserv Field in IPv4 and Ipv6 Headers2596 Assured Forwarding PHB Group3164 BSD Syslog3195 Reliable Delivery for Syslog3246 Expedited Assured Forwarding4364 VRF-lite (IPv4 VRF with OSPF, BGP, IS-IS and V4multicast)5798 VRRPGeneral IPv6 protocols1981 Path MTU Discovery Features2460 Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)Specification2464 T ransmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet2711 IPv6 Router Alert Option4007 IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture4213 Basic T ransition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers4291 IPv6 Addressing Architecture4443 ICMP for IPv64861 Neighbor Discovery for IPv64862 IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration5095 Deprecation of T ype 0 Routing Headers in IPv6IPv6 Management support (telnet, FTP, TACACS,RADIUS, SSH, NTP)VRF-Lite (IPv6 VRF with OSPFv3, BGPv6, IS-IS)RIP1058 RIPv1 2453 RIPv2OSPF (v2/v3)1587 NSSA 4552 Authentication/2154 OSPF Digital Signatures Confidentiality for2328 OSPFv2 OSPFv32370 Opaque LSA 5340 OSPF for IPv6IS-IS5301 Dynamic hostname exchange mechanism forIS-IS5302 Domain-wide prefix distribution with two-level IS-IS5303 Three way handshake for IS-IS point-to-pointadjacencies5308 IS-IS for IPv6BGP1997 Communities2385 MD52545 BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-DomainRouting2439 Route Flap Damping2796 Route Reflection2842 Capabilities2858 Multiprotocol Extensions2918 Route Refresh3065 Confederations4360 Extended Communities4893 4-byte ASN5396 4-byte ASN representationsdraft-ietf-idr-bgp4-20 BGPv4draft-michaelson-4byte-as-representation-054-byte ASN Representation (partial)draft-ietf-idr-add-paths-04.txt ADD PATHMulticast1112 IGMPv12236 IGMPv23376 IGMPv3MSDPSecurity2404 The Use of HMACSHA- 1-96 within ESP andAH2865 RADIUS3162 Radius and IPv63579 Radius support for EAP3580 802.1X with RADIUS3768 EAP3826 AES Cipher Algorithm in the SNMP User BaseSecurity Model4250, 4251, 4252, 4253, 4254 SSHv24301 Security Architecture for IPSec 4302 IPSec Authentication Header 4303 ESP Protocol4807 IPsecv Security Policy DB MIB draft-ietf-pim-sm-v2-new-05 PIM-SMw Data center bridging802.1Qbb Priority-Based Flow Control802.1Qaz Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS) Data Center Bridging eXchange (DCBx) DCBx Application TLV (iSCSI, FCoE)Network management 1155 SMIv1 1157 SNMPv11212 Concise MIB Definitions 1215 SNMP Traps 1493 Bridges MIB 1850 OSPFv2 MIB1901 Community-Based SNMPv22011 IP MIB2096 IP Forwarding T able MIB 2578 SMIv22579 T extual Conventions for SMIv22580 Conformance Statements for SMIv22618 RADIUS Authentication MIB 2665 Ethernet-Like Interfaces MIB 2674 Extended Bridge MIB 2787 VRRP MIB2819 RMON MIB (groups 1, 2, 3, 9)2863 Interfaces MIB3273 RMON High Capacity MIB 3410 SNMPv33411 SNMPv3 Management Framework3412 Message Processing and Dispatching for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)3413 SNMP Applications3414 User-based Security Model (USM) for SNMPv33415 VACM for SNMP 3416 SNMPv23417 Transport mappings for SNMP 3418 SNMP MIB3434 RMON High Capacity Alarm MIB3584 Coexistance between SNMP v1, v2 and v34022 IP MIB4087 IP Tunnel MIB 4113 UDP MIB 4133 Entity MIB 4292 MIB for IP4293 MIB for IPv6 T extual Conventions 4502 RMONv2 (groups 1,2,3,9)5060 PIM MIBANSI/TIA-1057 LLDP-MED MIB Dell_ITA.Rev_1_1 MIBdraft-grant-tacacs-02 TACACS+draft-ietf-idr-bgp4-mib-06 BGP MIBv1IEEE 802.1AB LLDP MIBIEEE 802.1AB LLDP DOT1 MIB IEEE 802.1AB LLDP DOT3 MIB sFlowv5 sFlowv5 MIB (version 1.3)FORCE10-BGP4-V2-MIB Force10 BGP MIB (draft-ietf-idr-bgp4-mibv2-05)FORCE10-IF-EXTENSION-MIB FORCE10-LINKAGG-MIBFORCE10-COPY-CONFIG-MIB FORCE10-PRODUCTS-MIB FORCE10-SS-CHASSIS-MIB FORCE10-SMI FORCE10-TC-MIBFORCE10-TRAP-ALARM-MIBFORCE10-FORWARDINGPLANE-STATS-MIB Regulatory compliance SafetyUL/CSA 60950-1, Second Edition EN 60950-1, Second EditionIEC 60950-1, Second Edition Including All National Deviations and Group DifferencesEN 60825-1 Safety of Laser Products Part 1:Equipment Classification Requirements and User’s GuideEN 60825-2 Safety of Laser Products Part 2: Safety of Optical Fibre Communication Systems FDA Regulation 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11EmissionsAustralia/New Zealand: AS/NZS CISPR 22: 2009, Class ACanada: ICES-003, Issue-4, Class AEurope: EN 55022: 2006+A1:2007 (CISPR 22: 2006), Class AJapan: VCCI V3/2009 Class AUSA: FCC CFR 47 Part 15, Subpart B:2009, Class A ImmunityEN 300 386 V1.4.1:2008 EMC for Network EquipmentEN 55024: 1998 + A1: 2001 + A2: 2003EN 61000-3-2: Harmonic Current Emissions EN 61000-3-3: Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker EN 61000-4-2: ESDEN 61000-4-3: Radiated Immunity EN 61000-4-4: EFT EN 61000-4-5: SurgeEN 61000-4-6: Low Frequency Conducted Immunity RoHSAll S-Series components are EU RoHS compliant.CertificationsJapan: VCCI V3/2009 Class AUSA: FCC CFR 47 Part 15, Subpart B:2009, Class A T ested to meet or exceed Hi Pot and Ground Continuity testing per UL 60950-1Warranty1 Year Return to DepotIT Lifecycle Services for NetworkingExperts, insights and easeOur highly trained experts, withinnovative tools and proven processes, help you transform your IT investments into strategic 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Reduce costs, save time, and get up and running cateEnsure your staff builds the right skills for long-termsuccess. Get certified on Dell EMC Networking technology and learn how to increase performance and optimize infrastructure.Manage & SupportGain access to technical experts and quickly resolve multivendor networking challenges with ProSupport. Spend less time resolving network issues and more time innovating.OptimizeMaximize performance for dynamic IT environments with Dell EMC Optimize. Benefit from in-depth predictive analysis, remote monitoring and a dedicated systems analyst for your network.RetireWe can help you resell or retire excess hardware while meeting local regulatory guidelines and acting in an environmentally responsible way.Learn more at/LifecycleservicesLearn more at /Networking。
工控网络协议Fuzzing测试技术研究综述_熊琦
小型微型计算机系统Journal of Chinese Computer Systems 2015年3月第3期Vol．36No．32015收稿日期：2013-11-25收修改稿日期：2014-06-01基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目（90818021，61472448）资助．熊琦，男，1983年生，博士，副研究员，研究方向为工控信息安全；彭勇，男，1974年生，博士研究生，副研究员，研究方向为隐患分析；伊胜伟，男，1977年生，博士，助理研究员，研究方向为工控风险评估；戴忠华，男，1979年生，博士研究生，助理研究员，研究方向为网络与信息安全；王婷，女，1986年生，硕士，实习研究员，研究方向为信息安全．工控网络协议Fuzzing 测试技术研究综述熊琦，彭勇，伊胜伟，戴忠华，王婷（中国信息安全测评中心，北京100085）E-mail ：xiongq@itsec．gov．cn摘要：随着信息化和工业化的深度融合，控制系统在工业生产过程中得到了越来越广泛的应用，很多研究者开始针对工控系统，特别是具有控制功能的工控网络协议的安全性展开研究，漏洞分析则是其中较为活跃的领域之一．由于工控网络协议具有专用性和面向控制的特点，通常在封闭环境下运行，无法直接应用传统Fuzzing 测试技术进行网络协议的漏洞挖掘．本文阐述了工控网络协议的特点以及Fuzzing 测试的困难，讨论并比较了现有各种Fuzzing 测试技术应用于工控网络协议的优缺点，提出工控网络协议的专用Fuzzing 测试工具的设计准则，最后展望了工控网络协议Fuzzing 测试技术的未来研究方向．关键词：工业控制系统；工控网络协议；漏洞挖掘；模糊测试中图分类号：TP393文献标识码：A文章编号：1000-1220（2015）03-0497-06Survey on the Fuzzing Technology in Industrial Network ProtocolsXIONG Qi ，PENG Yong ，YI Sheng-wei ，DAI Zhong-hua ，WANG Ting（China Information Technology Security Evaluation Center ，Beijing 100085，China ）Abstract ：with the deep integration of informatization and industrialization ，the Industrial Control system （ICS ）becomes more and more popular in the industrial production ，a great amount of researchers start to focus their research interest on the security of industrial network protocols and vulnerability detecting becomes one of the hot points in this field．Due to the specific features of ICS ，like process control o-riented and proprietary ，traditional Fuzzing technology cannot be directly applied to vulnerability detecting for industrial network proto-cols ，which runs in the closed envirnment．This paper described the features of industrial network protocols first ，then investigated the fea-tures of industrial control protocols and the difficulties of Fuzzing test on them ，discussed the current research achievements presented in this field ，introduced the design guidelines of general Fuzzing tools for industrial control protocols．Finally ，the further research direction of this field is discussed in detail．Key words ：industrial control system ；industrial network protocol ；vulnerability detecting ；fuzzing test1引言自从2010年伊朗核电站“震网”病毒事件［1，2］爆发以来，作为国家关键基础设施的重要组成部分，工业控制系统（In-dustrial Control System ，ICS ）安全逐渐成为网络安全领域的研究热点．ICS 主要包括数据采集与监控（Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition ，SCADA ）系统、分布式控制系统（Distribu-ted Control System ，DCS ）、可编程逻辑控制器（Programmable Logical Controller ，PLC ）、远程终端单元（Ｒemote Terminal Unit ，ＲTU ）等，其通信方式主要包括工程师站、操作员站等上位机与PLC 等工控设备之间的通信、工控设备与生产装置之间的通信以及上位机与OPC 、数据库等服务器之间的通信，所采用的协议包括以太网和总线通信方式，总线协议主要使用ＲS232和ＲS485接口，采用硬接线作为通信介质，基于串行协议，适合于低速率、间歇性数据通信；工业以太网采用ＲJ45接口，使用双绞线作为传输介质，基于TCP /IP 协议栈，适合于进行生产过程数据传输，具有速率快、兼容性好的特点．ICS 目前已广泛应用于石油石化、交通控制、电力设施、制造业以及核工业等各工业领域，用于数据采集、远程控制、生产过程控制，对提升企业的生产和管理水平，实现工业生产自动化、绿色化，实现节能降耗、减排、增产增效和可持续发展发挥了重要的作用．传统ICS 由于相对封闭和专用，在设计上较少考虑安全问题，防护能力薄弱．随着工业化和信息化的深度融合，越来越多的工控设备集成以太网通信功能与EＲP 甚至互联网连接，在提高数据共享效率，改进企业管理水平的同时也引入了黑客、病毒、木马等安全风险，一旦受攻击容易导致产品质量下降、生产过程破坏、环境污染等严重后果，对社会稳定造成重大威胁．与传统面向数据传输的网络协议相比，工控网络协议具有更强的控制功能［3］，通过发送特殊功能码的指令，能够控制PLC 等物理设备的启停，甚至上传恶意程序，或者影响控制中心的生产过程监测视图．因此，研究工控网络特别是工业以太网协议的脆弱性成为工控系统信息安全的首要内容．工业以太网与总线协议的部署方式、应用场合和传输速率具有较大的差异，为了明确研究范围，根据美国仪器仪表协会提出的ISA99参考模型［4，5］，可将ICS整理为如图1所示的5个层次：1）第4层—企业系统层．企业系统层包括组织机构管理工业生产所需业务相关活动的功能，使用的都是传统的IT技术．2）第3层—运行管理层．运行管理层负责管理生产所需的工作流，它包括运行/系统管理、具体生产调度管理、可靠性保障等．3）第2层—监测控制层．监测控制层包括监测和控制物理过程的功能，它包括操作员人机接口、监测控制功能、过程历史数据收集和存储等功能．4）第1层—本地或基本控制层．本地或基本控制层主要包括传感和操作物理过程的功能，典型设备包括DCS、PLC、ＲTU等．5）第0层—过程层．过程层是实际的物理过程．在这一层中包括各种不同类型的生产设施，典型设备包括直接连接到过程和过程设备的传感器和执行器等．在工业控制系统参考模型中，过程层属于物理空间，它同各工业控制行业直接相关．图1工业控制系统分层参考模型Fig．1Hieratical model of industrial control system本文所讨论的工控网络协议，限定于图1第1层中的PLC、DCS等控制设备与2、3、4层次组件之间通信所使用的通信协议，通常基于TCP/IP协议封装，与交换机、路由器等通用网络设备兼容，其中最具代表性的包括：用于电力行业配电网主-从站通信的IEC60870-101/104协议、IEC61850［6］、主-从设备通信协议DNP3和主站间通信协议ICCP；用于石油石化行业参数采集的Modbus TCP、Profinet协议族；用于管道数据传输的Ethernet/IP；用于轨道交通的MMS协议；用于协议转换和数据共享的OPC协议等．工控系统的协议种类繁多，不同厂商对协议有不同的扩展和实现方式，而很多设备由组态软件进行控制，组态软件都是由厂商定制，自成体系，比如：西门子全系列工业控制产品就使用Profinet协议族，罗克韦尔专注于EIP，三菱则使用私有协议，相互之间不兼容．鉴于工控以太网协议的特殊性，传统基于Fuzzing的设备测试方法无法直接应用，需要进行针对性的修改．本文在介绍工控网络协议特点的基础上，综述了基于Fuzzing的工控网络协议的测试方法．论文其余部分组织安排如下：第2部分介绍了工控网络协议特点，引出了第3部将传统Fuzzing技术应用到工控网络协议存在的困难；第4部分介绍了工控网络协议Fuzzing在测试框架、协议解析方式、测试用例生成、异常检测和定位、测试性能评估等方面研究的国内外相关工作；第5部分总结现有的研究工作，提出了工控网络协议专用测试框架设计方面应该遵循的一些准则，对工控网络协议Fuzzing测试的研究方向进行了展望．2传统Fuzzing测试技术介绍Fuzzing是一种通过构造能够使得软件崩溃的畸形输入来发现系统中存在缺陷的安全测试方法，通常被用来检测网络协议、文件、Active控件中存在于输入验证和应用逻辑中的缺陷，其自动化程度高、适应性广的特点使其成为漏洞挖掘领域较为有效的方法之一．1989年，美国威斯康辛大学的Barton Miller教授正式提出Fuzzing技术［7］，通过随机地生成非结构化的输入来挖掘UNIX程序中的漏洞．此后，Fuzzing成为了信息安全中较为活跃的研究领域之一，研究者们通过构造更具结构性的输入来改进Fuzzing测试的效率．1999年，芬兰Oulu大学的研究团队开发了PＲOTOS测试套件［8］，通过对网络协议的解析，创建模型并生成相应的Fuzzing测试；此后，出现了第一个基于块的Fuzzing测试器SPIKE［9］，协议的描述被表示为一列数据块，使用SPIKE的Fuzz［10］函数库生成随机数据对块进行填充，生成测试数据．此外，中科大的张美超等人对测试用例生成方式进行优化，提出了基于漏洞库的Fuzzing测试框架［38］；中科院的张玉清教授等人对FTP等协议客户端［39］进行了模糊测试．一般来说，除测试用例执行外，Fuzzing测试包括协议解析、测试用例生成、异常捕获和定位三个步骤；协议解析是通过公开资料或者对网络数据流量的分析，理解待测协议的层次、包字段结构、会话过程等信息，为后续测试用例的生成打下基础；测试用例生成依据上阶段整理出来的字段结构，采用变异的方式生成畸形测试用例，发送给待测对象；异常捕获和定位的目的是通过多种探测手段发现由测试用例触发的异常，保存异常相关数据信息，为后续异常的定位和重现提供依据，其流程如图2所示．图2Fuzzing通用测试流程Fig．2General workflow of fuzzing test按照测试用例的生成方式，Fuzzing可以分为两类：1）基于生成的Fuzzing．这种方法基于与有效输入结构和协议状态相关的生成规则进行建模，构造模糊输入．最简单的基于生成的模糊测试器使用随机的方式构造长度字符串（包含随机字节）的模糊输入［7］．有些基于生成的模糊测试工具，例如Sulley［11］和Peach［12］也集成了基于块的特性．最新的基于生成的模糊测试器，例如EXE［13］，通过编码的方式来产生成功概率高的测试用例．基于生成的Fuzzing需要用户对协议格式有非常深的了解，并需要大量的人工参与．2）基于突变的Fuzzing．这种方法通过在已有数据样本中插入畸形字节以及（或者）变换字节来修改正常输入，制造模糊输入．一些现代的突变Fuzzing测试器基于输入层的描述构894小型微型计算机系统2015年造其模糊决策（例如：Peach的突变［12］）．其他突变测试器，例如通用目标模糊测试器（GPF）［14］不需要任何先验知识，仅仅使用简单的启发式来猜测域边界，并进行对输入进行突变．CFG模糊测试器［15］对其进行了折衷，通过使用推论算法从足够规模的网络流量中推导协议的近似生成模型，然后使用变异算法来生成突变的输入．该方法对变异的初始值有着很强的依赖性，不同的初始值会造成代码覆盖率差异很大，从而会产生截然不同的测试效果．此外，根据Fuzzing测试器的部署方式，可以分为内联和普通方式．目前绝大多数现有的Fuzzing测试器均属于普通范畴，将自身作为客户端，测试作为服务器端的对象；内联，如QueMod［16］，则采用中间人的方式，将自身部署在服务器和客户端之间，对截获的包进行分析，估计协议帧的有效区域，并分别进行变异，实时生成畸形报文，发送给测试对象，同时接受返回结果，判断对象的状态，决定下一步变异策略．两者之间的区别在于，内联Fuzzing测试器能够实现对Server和Cli-ent端的双向测试，普通Fuzzing测试器只能对Server端进行测试．3使用传统Fuzzing测试工控协议的困难由于工控网络协议的特殊性，直接使用传统Fuzzing测试器在协议解析、异常捕获以及部署方式上存在以下几方面困难：3．1工控协议解析根据信息公开的程度，工控网络协议大致可以分为两种：（1）私有协议，例如Harris-5000以及Conitel-2020设备的协议，这些协议资料不公开或者只在有限范围内半公开，数据包和字段的含义未知，协议会话过程功能不清晰；（2）公有协议，例如：Modbus TCP、DNP3［17］等，协议资料公开，标准化程度较高．对于公有的控制协议，虽然可以使用现有Fuzzing技术进行测试，但由于工控协议面向控制，高度结构化，控制字段数量较多，使得需要构造大量的变异器，测试效率不高．对于私有的控制协议，需要先弄清楚协议的结构才能进行模糊测试．一般来说，有两种思路：（1）对协议栈的代码进行逆向分析，整理出重要的数据结构和工作流程；（2）抓取协议会话数据包，根据历史流量来推测协议语义．对于运行环境较为封闭的工控设备来说，内嵌协议栈组件无法导出，很难对其进行逆向分析．相比之下，采用基于数据流量的协议解析方法更实际．然而，工控设备具有时间敏感、面向会话的特点，使得部署需要大规模网络流量输入的Fuzzing测试工具不现实．3．2工控协议异常捕获和定位目前在网络协议Fuzzing测试中常用的异常检测手段主要有返回信息分析、调试器及日志跟踪3种方法：1）对于返回信息分析，主要通过分析请求发送后得到的返回信息判断目标是否出错，其优点是处理简单，但由于某些工控协议栈进程具有自修复和守护能力，在发生异常后网络进程会自动重启，如果请求收发频率不够高，将无法捕获发生的异常；2）对于调试器跟踪，主要通过监视服务器进程，在进程出错时抓取进程异常信息，但由于工控设备难以安装第三方监测软件，因而该方法只适用于上位机协议测试，无法应用在工控设备上；3）对于日志跟踪，主要通过解析日志记录，判断测试对象是否发生异常，但由于工控设备属嵌入式系统，计算、存储和网络访问均受到严格的制约，在工控设备上难以实现对异常事件的日志记录和审计，因而该方法也只适用于上位机程序协议栈．3．3Fuzzing测试工具的部署方式目前，对于传统IT系统，C/S模式中Client端漏洞利用较困难［18］，价值不高，因而传统网络协议Fuzzing测试技术主要针对Server端软件，较少涉及Client端．但对于工控系统来说，上位机通常作为Client端，对作为Server端的物理设备进行数据采集同时对操作员提供监视控制功能，其网络协议栈存在的漏洞可能导致重要数据传输实时性和可用性丧失，产生上位机视图显示错误等故障，导致丧失视图（LoV，Lost of View），影响操作员的正常决策，甚至破坏生产控制过程运行，根据国际著名工控漏洞库Delphi的统计结果［41］，主要位于上位机协议栈的LOV型工控漏洞占比高达68%，因此只能测试Server端的协议Fuzzing测试工具不能满足工控协议安全性测试的需求．4现有工控网络协议Fuzzing测试的相关工作虽然专门针对工控协议设计的Fuzzing工具尚未出现，随着网络攻防的阵地逐渐从网络空间朝着网络物理空间扩展，包括工控系统在内的国家关键基础设施信息安全受到越来越多的关注，一些Fuzzing工具也开始支持工控网络协议，最具代表性的有以下两类：4．1开源Fuzzing项目2007年黑帽大会上，专门为Sulley设计的ICCP（包括TP-KT和COTP）、Modbus和DNP3模糊测试模块（例程）被美国TippingPoint公司的信息安全研究员Devarajan发布出来［19］，可用来检测上述工控网络协议在非授权命令执行、非授权数据传输、可能的拒绝服务等方面存在的安全漏洞．美国Digitalbond公司［20］的研究员McCorkle和BillyＲios 以Modbus TCP为例，使用工具Scapy截获完整通信会话（包括所有请求和有效的返回信息），开启上位机软件的日志记录功能，并对请求的返回信息进行随机变异，使用伪造CＲC 校验码和计数值的方式保持协议状态，通过日志分析发现上位机在处理畸形返回数据时发生的错误．德国奥格斯堡应用技术大学的Ｒoland Koch等人推出了ProFuzz［21］，一种在Python版本Scapy fuzzer［22］基础上开发的Fuzzing工具，兼容Sulley的fuzz模块，专门针对Profinet协议族进行模糊测试，目前支持包括告警帧随机afr（Alarm Frame Ｒandom）、告警帧排序afo（Alarm Frames Ordered）在内的五种协议类型．同时，该成果的部分内容也被集成到开源入侵检测软件Snort［23］中，用于对Profinet系列协议进行预处理．Wurldtech公司的Eric J．Byres研究员提出了BlackPeer 测试框架［24］，该框架由代码生成器、测试用例生成器和执行9943期熊琦等：工控网络协议Fuzzing测试技术研究综述器三部分组成，输入由扩展BNF 逻辑定义的测试用例期望，能够更好地描述测试用例的上下文依赖关系，在给定变量初始化文件的前提下，会生成递归定义的测试用例语法描述，根据交互语义对协议PDU 进行变异，生成有序的测试用例序列PTS ，然后在配置文件约束下执行测试用例序列，捕获异常并记录结果，流程如图3所示，Wurldtech 公司利用该框架对两款PLC 设备的Modbus TCP 协议栈进行了5000次测试，发现了六十多类错误．图3BlackPeer 测试用例的生成和执行Fig．3BlackPeer test cases generation and execution 4．2商业Fuzzing 项目SecuriTeam 在其beSTOＲM 模糊测试工具中整合了DNP3协议［15］，成功发现了Wireshark［25］DNP3模块的拒绝服务攻击漏洞，验证了工具的有效性；2007年，美国能源部下属的Digital Bond 公司则开发了ICCPSic ［26］，一种商业的ICCP 协议测试套件；Mu Dynamic 公司提供了Mu 测试套件［27］，使用结构化语法分析的方法来生成畸形测试数据，目前支持包括IEC61850、Modbus TCP 和DNP3在内的工控网络协议，并可通过其附带的Studio Fuzz 功能分析PCAP 包，重构会话流程，实现对未知协议的扩展；Wurldtech 公司推出了Achilles 模糊测试平台［28］，基于专家经验生成最可能造成对象协议栈崩溃的畸形测试数据，已经实现对包括MODBUS 、DNP3、ICCP 、MMS 和Ethernet /IP 在内的多种工控协议的支持；Codenomicon 公司在PＲOTOS 项目［8］的基础上推出了Defensics 模糊测试套件［29］，兼容ModbusTCP 协议．这些研究成果大都基于原有Fuzzing 框架进行扩展，缺乏针对性的功能设计，仅仅覆盖结构公开的工控网络协议，或者仅仅支持以手工标注的方式支持私有协议，对测试人员的要求较高．在同等情况下，对ICCP 、Ethernet /IP 等结构及会话较为复杂协议进行Fuzzing 测试比Modbus TCP 、DNP3等简单协议耗时高一个数量级以上［30］．此外，工控协议种类多的特点，现有Fuzzing 测试工具支持的数量极为有限，且在框架上基本沿用原有的方式，几乎不对Client 端进行测试，适用范围受到制约，因此急需面向工控协议特点设计专用Fuzzing 测试框架．5工控专用Fuzzing 测试框架的设计准则基于工控网络协议的特点，结合已有工控协议Fuzzing 测试的研究成果，从模糊测试的步骤和部署方式来看，工控网络协议专用Fuzzing 测试框架应该遵循以下几点准则：5．1支持对私有工控协议的测试由于大量工控协议结构不公开，对私有工控协议［31］的支持成为工控协议Fuzzing 测试框架的首要需求，由于PLC 等核心工控设备的可执行代码难以导出，基于二进制逆向分析的“Tainted Data ”方法难以部署，主要采用基于网络流量的“Network Trace ”方法．根据分析技术的差异，基于“Network Trace ”的私有工控协议的模糊测试思路可以分为以下两种［32］方式：5．1．1离线分析首先梳理协议的结构和内容，生成协议模型，即先将私有协议变成公有协议，这种方法主要适用于使用容易理解的ASCII 语言，对协议数据包头进行区域描述的工控网络协议，如Modbus 等．首先采用类型匹配，将不同的网络流量数据文件（PCAP ）中同类型的报文序列提取出来，作为一个报文组，然后对该报文组合进行多序列比对，将不变域和可变域分离出来，生成初步的报文域划分，再对报文区域进行识别，进一步得到的ANSI 字符串域，生成较为准确的报文格式，再使用基于生成的方法产生测试数据，具体过程如图4所示．图4基于离线分析的模糊测试Fig．4Fuzzing test based on offline analysis5．1．2在线分析不进行离线分析，只是通过智能算法［33］对工控网络协议的结构进行在线学习［34-36］，具体流程如图5所示．其中具有代表性的有Marshall A．Beddoe 等人设计的PI 协议解析器，通过引入生物信息学的思想，在线提取包结构中的常量，生成协议结构描述；此外，Dartmouth 学院的Sergey Bratus 设计了Lz-fuz 协议分析器，使用Lempel-Ziv 算法维护令牌表，对于每个数据包，提取并记录其中的最长不变子串，周期性地更新表记录，实时标注包的数据区域，生成并逐步完善协议的语义结构．图5基于在线分析的模糊测试Fig．5Fuzzing test based on online analysis方法（1）虽然生成的测试用例质量较高，但需要积累相当数量的历史网络数据流量作为原始样本，且初始阶段需要耗费大量的人力，对协议分析经验要求较高且实时性差．相比之下，方法（2）虽然在测试初期生成的模型较为粗糙，需要耗005小型微型计算机系统2015年费大量计算资源，但随着学习过程的不断深入，模型也会逐步成熟，测试用例的质量也会不断提升．5．2不依赖本地调试进行异常捕获和定位作为工控系统的核心组件，PLC 等物理设备运行环境封闭且存储计算资源受限，无法通过附加调试组件的方式记录异常事件并保存日志，只能依赖其他方式进行检测，较为可行的方法包括：（1）基于网络流量的异常检测．使用心跳机制，以间歇性“发包—响应”的形式探测目标是否出错，同时结合异常隔离机制，在每传输一组测试用例后通过发送心跳包的方式检测对象是否发生异常，如果超过一定的时间阈值未收到回复包，则认为测试对象发生了异常，需采取逐步隔离［27］的方式，如图6所示，从该组用例中找出触发异常的单个测试用例，并保存异常产生的流量数据，以便进一步分析．此外，对于构建于TCP 之上的工控网络协议，捕获用于重建连接的TCP ＲST 和非正常重复出现的SYN 请求也可以用来发现测试对象的网络异常．图6基于心跳检测的故障隔离技术Fig．6Fault isolating technology basedon heart-beat detecting（2）使用基于I /O 的异常检测．PLC 设备在正常运行时会不断与下层生产过程进行数据I /O 交互，如果工艺处理机制受到协议栈影响发生异常，会波及到下层I /O 信号．该方法需要使用具有D /A 或者A /D 转换功能的接口卡，将工控设备的I /O 输出线外接到工控机上，同时在平台上运行流程仿真程序，部署监测程序不断轮询I /O 口的信号交互情况，当发生异常时一方面发送消息给Fuzzing 测试端以便保存场景信息，另一方面本地保存I /O 异常情况和流程断点以便进一步分析，如图7所示．图7基于I /O 的异常检测技术Fig．7Anomaly detecting technologybased on I /O of PLC5．3具有对网络协议进行双向测试的能力由于工控系统要支持双向网络协议测试，且对工控私有网络协议客户端而言，由于其会话时间较短、时间敏感性强，对要求大量历史数据流量的传统Fuzzing 测试工具基本免疫，可行的方法之一是采取内联的部署方式，通过AＲP 欺骗［40］，将Fuzzing 测试工具插入到服务器和客户端之间，使用重放的方式对截获的网络数据包进行突变，产生畸形数据，如图8所示．图8工控网络协议的双向模糊测试Fig．8Fuzzing test for industrial network protocol in bidirectional5．4具备实时异常重启能力对于OPC 等［37］多层次、结构复杂的工控网络协议来说，执行一次Fuzzing 测试往往耗时较长，一旦发现异常导致测试对象崩溃，无法继续测试过程，需要重启测试对象，重新开始，如果测试用例的选择机制不支持断点续传，则容易陷入死循环，导致测试覆盖率差．为了避免这一问题，通常有两种方法．1）对于上位机软件，可采用监测环境启动，一旦发生故障则自动保存断点，重新启动测试对象进程，同时通知Fuzz-ing 测试端恢复断点，继续原来的测试过程，如使用Xen 等带监测功能的虚拟化环境；2）对于物理设备，由于运行环境封闭，无法在监测环境中直接部署，则可采用电源控制的方式，在设备发生崩溃的时，保存测试进度，通过硬件控制将测试对象断电并再加电，重启对象，完成剩余的测试用例，而不需要重新开始，提高测试效率．6总结及展望Fuzzing 测试技术经过多年的发展，为网络协议安全性分析提供了有效的工具．随着网络技术在工控领域得到了广泛的应用，传统Fuzzing 测试技术由于在设计上面向传统网络协议，在异常捕获、定位和分析上存在一定的局限性，无法满足具有典型行业和专用特点的工控网络设备的测试要求．本文深入分析了工控网络协议的特点，分析使用现有fuzzing 测试器进行工控网络协议测试存在的困难，对现有工控网络协议Fuzzing 测试领域的成果进行了综述，总结其优缺点，基于分析结果提出了工控协议专用Fuzzing 测试器应该遵循的设计准则．在未来的研究中，将结合本文提出的观点，对现有的开源Fuzzing 测试器进行扩展，实现专用的工控系统模糊测试框架．Ｒeferences ：［1］The repository of security incidents ［EB /OL ］．June 2012．http ：//www．securityincidents．net /index．php /products /indepth /risi annu-alreport /，Accessed ，2013：31．［2］Farwell J P ，Ｒohozinski Ｒ．Stuxnet and the future of cyber war ［J ］．Survival ，2011，53（1）：23-40．［3］Edmonds J．Security analysis of multilayer protocols in SCADA net-works ［D ］．Department of Computer Science ，University of Tulsa ，Tulsa ，Oklahoma ，2006．［4］Peng Yong ，Jiang Chang-qing ，Xie Feng．Ｒesearch progress of the se-1053期熊琦等：工控网络协议Fuzzing 测试技术研究综述。
GRC块整理
GRC块整理1、AUDIO声卡控制，可以用来向声卡发送信息或者通过声卡接收信息（1）audio sink（2）audio souece2、Boolean Operator 布尔运算ANDAND ConstNOTORXOR3、Byt OperatorsPacket to UnpackedPack K BitsRepack BitsUnpacket to PackedUnpack K bits4、Channlizers（1）Frequency Xlating FFT Filter（2）Frequency Xlating FIR Filter（3）Hierarchical Polyphase channelizer（4）Polyphase Channelizer（5）Polyphase Decimator（6）Polyphase interpolator（7）Polyphase Synthesizer5、Channel Models（1）Channel Model（2）Channel Mode 2（3）Dynamic Channel Model（4）Fading Model（5）Freq .Selective IQ correction（6）Frequency Selective Fading Model（7）Frequency Selective Fading Model26、Coding（1）Additive Scrambler（2）Descrambler（3）Scrambler7、Comtrol Port（1）CtrlPort Monitor（2）CtrlPort Performance Monitor（3）CtrlPort Probe（4）CtrlPort Probe PSD8、Debug Tools（1）Tags Strobe（2）Vector Sink9、Deprecated（1）Correlate Access Code（2）CPFSK（3）PSK Demod（4）PSK mod（5）QAM Demod（6）QAM mod（7）Simple correlator（8）Simple Framer10、Digital Televsion（1）ATSC（2）DVB（3）DVB-S2（4）DVB-T（5）DVB-T2（6）ITU-T J 83b11、Equalize（1）CMA Equalizer（2）Kurtotic Equalizer（3）LMS DD Equalizer12、error coding（1）BER（2）BER Curve Gen（3）Decode CCSDS 27（4）Decoders Decoder Definitionb.Dummy Decoder Definitionc.LDPC Bit Flip Decoder Definitiond.LDPC Decoder Definitione.POLAR Decoder SC Definitionf.Systematic POLAR Decoder SC Definitiong.TPC Decoder Definition（5）Depuncture（6）Encode CCSDS（7）Encoder Ecoder Definitionb. CCSDS Encoder Definitionc.Dummy Ecoder Definitiond.LDPC Ecoder Definitione. LDPC Ecoder Definition(via generator)f. LDPC Ecoder Definition(via Parity Check)g.POLAR Encoder Definitionh.Repetition Encoder Definitioni.TPC Encoder Definition（8）FEC Async Decoder（9）FEC Async Encoder（10）FEC Decoder（11）FEC Encoder（12）FEC Extended Async Encoder（13）FEC Extended Decoser（14）FEC Extended Tagged Encoder（15）FEC Extended Tagged Decoder（16）FEC Tagged Decoder（17）FEC Tagged Encoder（18）LDPC Generator Matrix（19）LDPC Parity Check Matrix（20）POLAR code Configurator（21）Puncture13、File operators（1）File Descriptor Sink（2）File Descriptor Source（3）File Meta Sink（4）File Meta Source（5）File Sink（6）File Source（7）Wav File Sink（8）WAV File source14、Filters（1）Band Pass Filter（2）Band-Pass Filter Tags（3）Band Reject Filter带阻滤波器（4）Band-Reject Filter Tags带阻滤波器标签（5）DC Blocker（6）Decimating FIR Filter抽取FIR滤波器（7）FFT Filter（8）Filter Delay（9）Generic Filterbank（10）High Pass filter（11）High-Pass Filter Tags（12）HILbert希尔波特滤波器（13）IIR Filter无限脉冲响应滤波器（14）Intepolating FIR Filter内插FIR滤波器（15）Low Pass Filter（16）Low Pass Filter Tags（17）Root Raised Cosine Filter根升余弦滤波器（18）RRC Filter Tags（19）Single Pole IIR Filter单极IIR滤波器15、Founier analysis傅里叶分析（1）FFT（2）Goertzel格兹尔算法（3）Log Power FFT16、GUI widgets图形用户界面部件（1）QT GUI Check Box（2）QT GUI Chooser（3）QT GUI Lable（4）QT GUI Message Edit BOX（5）QT GUI Push Botton（6）QT GUI Range（7）QT GUI Tab Widget17、Impairment Model（1）Amplitude Balance振幅平衡（2）CFO Model（3）HW impairment（4）IQ imbalance Generator（5）Phase Balance（6）Quntizer（7）Second Order Distortion（8）SRO Model（9）Third Order Distortion18、Instrumentation（1）QT GUI Bercurve Sink 曲线（2）QT GUI constellation Sink（3）QT GUI Frequency Sink（4）QT GUI Histogram Sink（5）QT GUI Number Sink（6）QT GUI Sink（7）QT GUI Time Raster Sink时间光栅（8）QT GUI Time Sink（9）QT GUI Vector Sink（10）QT GUI Waterfall Sink19、Level Controllers（1）AGC（2）AGC2（3）AGC3（4）Feed Forward AGC（5）Moving Average（6）Mute（7）Power Squelch（8）Rail（9）Sample and Hold（10）Simple Squelch（11）Standard Squelch标准静噪（12）Threshold阈值20、Math Operators（1）ABS（2）ADD（3）ADD Const（4）Argmax一种函数（5）Complex Conjugate复共轭（6）Divide（7）Exponentiate Cons t int指数常数（8）Fast Multiply Const（9）Intergrate（10）Log 10（11）Max（12）Multiply（13）Multiply by Matrix（14）Mutiply by Tag Value（15）Multiply Conjugate（16）Mulyiply Const（17）RMS（18）Rotator旋转器（19）Subtract减去（20）Transcendental21、Measurement Tool（1）Ctrlport Complex Probe（2）Ctrlport Probe（3）MPSK SNR Estimator（4）MPSK SNR Estimator Probe（5）Probe Avg Mag^2（6）Probe Density（7）Probe Rate（8）Probe Signal（9）Probe Signal Vector探头信号矢量22、Message tools（1）Message Debug（2）Message Strobe信息选通（3）Message Strobe Randdom Delay消息选通随机延迟（4）PDU Filter（5）PDU Remove（6）PDU Set（7）PDU to Tagged Stream PDU到标记流（8）Random PDU Generator（9）Tagged Stream Multiply Length Tag（10）Tagged Stream to PDU23、Misc（1）copy（2）delay（3）head（4）import（5）NOP（6）Note（7）Null sink（8）Pad sink（9）Pad source（10）Python block（11）Python module（12）Selector（13）Skip head（14）Throttle（15）Vector source（16）Virtual sink（17）Virtual source（18）XMLRPC client（19）XMLRPC server24、Modulaters（1）AM Demod（2）Constellation Modulator星座调制器（3）Constellation Object（4）Constellation Rect. Object（5）Constellation Phase Modulator（6）FM deemphasis 去加重（7）FM Demod（8）FM Preemphasis（9）Frequency Mod（10）GFSk Demod（11）GFSK Mod（12）GMSK Demod（13）GMSK mod（14）GMSK Modulator（15）Modulator Vector（16）NBFM Receive（17）NBFM Transmit（18）Phase Mod（19）Quadrature Mod（20）WBFM Receive（21）WBFM Receive PLL（22）WBFM Tansmit25、networkingTools（1）Socket PDU（2）TCP Server sink（3）TUNTAP PDU（4）UDP sink（5）UDP source26、OFDM（1）OFDM Carrier Allocator 载波分配器（2）OFDM Channel Estimation（3）OFDM Cyclic prefixer（4）OFDM Frame equalizer（5）OFDM Receiver（6）OFDM Serializer（7）OFDM transmitter（8）Schmidl &Cox OFDM synch27、Packet operators 数据包操作（1）async CRC32（2）burst shaper（3）correlate access code tag stream（4）default header format obj（5）framer sink 1（6）HDLC deframer（7）HDLC framer（8）Header /payload demux 解复用（9）Packet header generator(default)（10）Packet header parser 包头分析器（11）Packet header parser (default)（12）Packet sink（13）Protocol formatter（14）Protocol formatter(async)（15）Protocol parser（16）Stream CRC3228、Peak Detectors（1）Burst detectors（2）Detect peak（3）Peak detector（4）Peak detector2（5）Plateau detector29、Resamplers 重采样（1）Fractional interpolator分数插值器（2）Fractional resampler分数重采样器（3）Polyphase arbitrary resampler多相任意重采集器（4）Rational resampler理性重采样器（5）Rational resampler base30、Stream Operators 数据流操作（1）Deinterleave逐行扫描（2）Enddian Swap结束交换（3）Interleave 交错（4）Keep 1 in N（5）Keep M in N（6）Patterned interleaver图案交织器（7）Regenerate（8）Repeat（9）Stream Mux（10）Stream to stream（11）Stream to Vector（12）Stretch（13）Vector insert（14）Vector to stream（15）Vector to streams31、Stream Tag Tools（1）Stream to Tagged stream（2）Tag debug（3）Tag gate（4）Tagged file sink（5）Tagged stream align（6）Tagged stream Mux（7）Tag share（8）Test tag variable rate32、Symbol Coding 符号编码（1）Binary slicer（2）Chunks to symbols（3）Constellation decoder（4）Constellation receive（5）Constellation soft decoder（6）Differential decoder（7）Differential encoder（8）Differential phasor（9）Map33、Synchronizers同步器（1）Clock Recvery MM（2）Correlation estimator（3）Costas loop（4）FLL band-edge（5）PLL carrier tracking（6）PLL freq Det（7）PLL ref out（8）PN correlator（9）Polyphase clock sync（10）Symbol sync34、Trellis Coding网格编码（1）PCCC deoder（2）PCCC decoder combo（3）PCCC encoder（4）SCCC decoder（5）SCCC decoder combo（6）SCCC encoder（7）SISO（8）SISO combo（9）Trellis encoder（10）Trellis metrics（11）Trellis permutation（12）Viterbi（13）Viterbi combo35、Type Convertes 类型转换（1）Char to float（2）Char to short（3）Complex to arg（4）Complex to float（5）Complex to IChar（6）Complex to imag（7）Complex to IShort（8）Complex to Mag（9）Complex to Mag^2（10）Complex to Mag phase（11）Complex to real（12）Float to complex（13）Float to int（14）Float to char（15）Float to short（16）Float to Uchar（17）Ichar to complex（18）Int to float（19）Ishort to complex（20）Magnitude and phase to complex （21）Short to char（22）Short to float（23）Uchar to float36、UHD略37、Veriables 参数（1）function probe（2）parameter（3）Struct variable（4）Tag object（5）Variable（6）Variable config38、Video略39、Waveform Generators 波形产生（1）constant source恒定源（2）Fast noise source（3）GLFSR source（4）Noise source（5）Random source（6）Random uniform source（7）VCO（8）VCO (complex)40、ZeroMQ interfaces略41、Satellites（1）Ax.25a. check AX.25 addressb. HDLC deframerc. HDLC framerd. Strip AX.25 header 去头（2）CC11XX CC11XX是TI推出的无线芯片a. CC11XX packet cropb. CC11XX remove lengthc. Check CC11XX CRC16（3）CCSDS CCSDS是国际空间数据系统咨询委员会a.Path ID demultiplexerb.Space packet parserc.Space packet peimary header adderd.Space packet time stamp ddere.Telecommand parserf.Telecommand primary header adderg.Telemetry OCF adderh.Telemetry packet reconstructioni.Telemetry parserj.Telemetry primary header adderk.Time format parametersl.Virtual channel demultiplexer虚拟信道解复用器（4）Codinga.AAUSAT-4 remove FSMb.AO-40 deinterleaver 解交织c.Matrix deinterleaverd.NRZI decodee.NRZI encode（5）CRCCheck swiatowid CRC-16（6）CSP（通信顺序进程）Communication Sequential Process （简称CSP）a.Append CRC32Cb.Check CRCc.Print CSP headerd.Swap CRC endiannesse.Swap CSP header endianness（7）Dataa.1KUNS-PF image decoderb.BY70-1 image decoderc.D-SAT image decoderd.K25At imade decodere.SMOG-P/ATL-1 spectrum savef.swiatowid imade decoder（8）ESEO 卫星略（9）FEC前向纠错码a.Ao-40 interleaved reed-solomon decodersSDS reed-solomon decoderSDS reed-solomon encoderSDS reed-solomon interleave encodere.NuSat FEC decoderf.RA decoderg.reed-solomon decoder(libfec)h.reed-solomon decoder(rscode)i.S-NET deframer（10）GOMspace（11）KISS（12）MISC（13）NGHam（14）Packet（15）Scrambling（16）Telemery（17）TT-64。
结构主义
并宣3.翻译应走出语义等值的局限,实现文化中的功能等值,翻译的等值不应是单一的,而应是多层面的翻译不应该只局限于对原语文本的描述，而在于该文本在译语文化中The translation should be out of bureauLimit the function, realize the cultural equivalent, translationShould not be the equivalent of a single, but should be morelevel功能的等值她认称翻译中多层次对等是必然的而不是单一的\她不仅关注译文读者，也关注原语文本在原语文化中所有的功能。
4.翻译的原则和规范也is the original language in the attention of ChineseAll of the function.解构主义是20世纪60年代兴起的学派之一，它对翻译的要求不同于以往的“对等”法则，它提倡充分展示目标语和源语之间的差别；强调意义是一种语境事件，即，意义无法独立于语境之外；鼓励译者充分发挥其创造性和主观能动性，使译者不再压抑其声音，地位也不再从属于作者；在解构主义看来，翻译就像是“一条通往另一个城市的一条路”[ ，即，翻译起着连接和导向的作用。
笔者认为，解购主义对翻译的观点恰好能应对翻译模糊语言时的难点，笔者将从唐诗的模糊词和模糊主题两方面阐释模糊语言的具体表现形式和对翻译有可能造成的困难，以及利用解构主义对翻译的启示提出翻译唐诗中模糊语言的标准和策略。
』<BR> (一)唐诗中的模糊词和模糊主题笔者将唐诗中的模糊语言分为两大类，即，模糊词和模糊主题。
西方语言学家Ulhnann对于模糊词的成因有如下表述：(1)词的生成性(generic character of words)；(2)词的含义是不雷同的，比如会随着语境的变化而变化(meaning is never ho结构主义翻译观与结构主义翻译观的对比研究09级3班李攀科摘要：首次在赵彦春教授的博客里看到结构主义和解构主义关系分析的一篇文章，引起浓厚兴趣，经过自己的一番了解与研究发现：结构主义的语言观强调二元对立的分析方法，认为原文是第一性、主导性的，而译文是次要的，第二性的，译文只能服从于原文。
上海大学研究生论文格式
上海大学研究生论文格式篇一：上海大学毕业论文格式毕业论文格式要求一、纸张：上海大学学校统一的毕业论文用纸。
二、装订内容及顺序：1、毕业设计（论文）任务书2、毕业论文指导记录（统一的外壳）3、封面4、目录5、中文摘要6、英文摘要7、正文8、致谢9、参考文献10、附录（英文资料原文、英文资料翻译）11、论文成绩评定书三、封面：（见样本1）1、中文题目：空两行（一号字体行距），黑体、小一、居中。
2、英文题目：大写、Times New Roman、二号、居中。
3、作者姓名：与“论文题目”空一行（一号字体行距），宋体、小三号、居中。
4、其他：与“作者姓名”空八行（三号字体行距），宋体、小三号、两端对齐、整体左侧缩进9.42个字符。
四、目录：（见样本2）1、“目录”：两个字之间空一个字的距离，黑体、三号、居中。
2、目录内容：与“目录”两个字空一行（小二号字体行距），宋体、四号、居中。
5、从这一页开始加页脚，页脚格式为：宋体、小五号；页脚内容为：论文题目、作者、共几页、第几页；“论文题目”与“作者”之间空两个字的距离。
五、中文摘要：（见样本3）1、“摘要”：黑体、三号、居中。
2、中文摘要内容：与“摘要”两个字空一行（小二号字体行距），宋体、小四号、两端对齐。
3、中文摘要的最后是关键词，关键词与中文摘要之间空一行（四号字体行距），关键词为宋体、小四号。
六、英文摘要：（见样本4）1、“ABSTRACT”：字型：Times New Roman、三号、大写、加黑、居中。
2、英文摘要内容：与“ABSTRACT”这个词空一行（小二号字体行距），Times New Roman、小四号、两端对齐。
3、英文摘要的最后是关键词，关键词与中文摘要之间空一行（四号字体行距），关键词为Times New Roman、小四号。
七、正文：（见样本5）1、正文主要包括：绪论、论文主体、结论。
2、正文第一行：论文题目，黑体、小一号、居中。
3、第一层次（章）题序和标题用三号黑体字，居中。
GE型号MR产品使用指南说明书
INTRODUCTIONThese magnetic resonance (MR) protocols were developed by an expert consensus panel for use on General Electric (GE) MR imaging machines, and were developed for high-end platform scanners with multichannel phased array coils and parallel reconstruction capabilities. The protocols are divided into 3 sections:•Body MR imaging•Body MR angiography•Central nervous system (CNS) MR imagingThe protocol parameters can generally be adapted to work with other software platforms or releases and hardware configurations but may require small modifications that can be made by a knowledgeable and experienced MR technologist. Scan times may increase in some circumstances.These protocols provide field strength–specific parameters for 1.5T and 3T. Attention has also been given to patient preparation, streamlining the exam, and making the best use of contrast material, whether it is a standard gadolinium-based extracellular fluid agent, a high-relaxivity gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA), such as MultiHance® (gadobenate dimeglumine [Gd-BOPTA]), or agents with hepatobiliary uptake such as Eovist®(gadoxetic acid) and MultiHance®.Each protocol contains a brief description of patient preparation, special notes on coil choice and placement, suggestions for contrast dose and administration rate, and suggestions concerning timing of fluoroscopic triggering, if appropriate.The consensus panel consisted of the following experts in radiology:Thomas Grist, MD University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Mark C. DeLano, MD ̶ Michigan State University, Advanced Radiology Services, PC, Grand Rapids, Michigan Scott B. Reeder, MD, PhD ̶ University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Howard A. Rowley, MD ̶ University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Steffen Sammet, MD, PhD, DABR, DABMRS, FAMP ̶ The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois Megan E. Vadnais, BSRT, (R)(MR) ̶ University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WisconsinDisclaimerThe content and views presented in this educational activity are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of Medical Education Resources, ABC Medical Education, and/or Bracco Diagnostics Inc. The authors have disclosed if there is any discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not indicated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in their presentations. The protocols presented here were developed for pediatric and adult patients of average weight.Before prescribing any medicine, primary references and the full prescribing information for each product should be consulted. Any procedures, medications, or other courses of diagnosis or treatment discussed or suggested in this activity should not be used by clinicians without evaluation of their patient’s conditions and possible contraindications or dangers in use, review of any applicable manufacturer’s product information, and comparison with recommendations of other authorities. The information presented in this activity is not meant to serve as a guideline for patient management.Off-Label StatementThis educational activity contains discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not on-label by the FDA. The opinions expressed in the educational activity are those of the faculty. Please refer to the official prescribing information for each product for discussion of approved indications, contraindications, and warnings. Further, participants should critically appraise the information presented and are encouraged to consult appropriate resources for any product or device mentioned in this activity.MR Protocols for Body MR ImagingContrast timing is extremely important for abdominal MR imaging, particularly for high-quality liver imaging. We recommend the use of fluoro-triggering or “SmartPrep” methods rather than the use of a timing bolus.All body MR imaging protocols presented here were developed by Scott B. Reeder, MD, PhD, Steffen Sammet, MD, PhD, DABR, DABMRS, FAMP, and Megan E. Vadnais, BSRT, (R)(MR) for 1.5T and 3T systems. Specific protocols include:•Abdomen‒ Generic Abdomen Pelvis 1.5T and 3T‒ Appendicitis Noncontrast 1.5T and 3T‒ MR Enterography 1.5T and 3T•Liver‒ Liver/Pancreas Extracellular Agent 1.5T and 3T‒ Liver/Pancreas Hepatobiliary Agent 1.5T and 3T‒ Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) Noncontrast 1.5T and 3T‒ Diffuse Liver Disease 1.5T and 3T•Pelvis‒ Generic Pelvis 1.5T and 3T‒ Female Pelvis Malignant 1.5T and 3T‒ Female Pelvis Benign 1.5T and 3T‒ Uterine Anomaly 1.5T and 3T‒ Rectal Cancer 1.5T and 3T‒ Perianal Fistula 1.5T and 3T‒ Prostate 1.5T and 3T•Adrenal and Renal‒ Adrenal 1.5T and 3T‒ Renal 1.5T and 3TGeneral Notes•Intravenous access should be obtained with an 18- to 22-gauge needle•We suggest the use of a contrast injector and a saline flush of a minimum of 20 to 30 mL at the same injection rate as the contrast injection (1.5-2.0 mL/sec)•Breath-holding is essential for good image quality for thoracic or abdominal MR imaging. Precontrast scans should be used to ensure that the patient can both breath-hold adequately and understand the instructions. We recommend breath-holding at end-expiration (end tidal volume)•When parallel imaging is used, care must be taken to increase the field of view sufficiently to avoid residual aliasing artifact. This is generally more often a problem for coronal imaging, which may require placing the arms over the head or elevating the arms by the patient’s side•In patients with renal failure, consider using a half-dose (0.05 mmol/kg) of a high-relaxivity Group II contrast agent such as MultiHance® (gadobenate dimeglumine), particularly at 3TMR Protocols for Body MR AngiographyAll protocols should use Fluoro-Triggered (FT) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography fluoroscopic imaging for bolus detection. MR imaging protocols for MR angiography presented here include 1.5T and 3T systems, and were developed by Thomas Grist, MD, and Megan E. Vadnais, BSRT, (R)(MR) for the following procedures:•Cardiac MRA–Cardiac Basic Anatomy and Function 1.5T and 3T–Pulmonary Artery 1.5T and 3T–Pulmonary Vein Mapping 1.5T and 3T•Thoracic MRA–Thoracic Aorta MRA 1.5T and 3T–Gated Thoracic Aorta 1.5T and 3T•Abdominal MRA–Contrast-enhanced MRA Abdomen 1.5T and 3T–Noncontrast-enhanced MRA Abdomen 1.5T and 3T–Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm MRA 1.5T and 3T•Peripheral MRA–Lower Extremity Contrast-enhanced MR Venography (CE MRV) 1.5T and 3T–Runoff Abdomen to Lower Extremity MRA 1.5T and 3T–Peripheral Runoff Noncontrast 1.5T and 3T–Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) Evaluation 1.5T and 3TThe rationale for the patient preparation for contrast-enhanced MR angiography is based on a hypothetical generic patient. Individual protocols may include important variations and will be delineated in the specific protocol. General Notes•Intravenous access should be obtained with an 18- to 22-gauge needle, inserted preferably in the antecubital fossa. Right side is preferred (when possible) for thoracic or carotid MR angiography•Use respiratory bellows – gating parameters:–R-R intervals = 2-3–Trigger point = 40%–Trigger window = 30%–Delay = minimum•The basic sequences recommended are intended to achieve both anatomic localization and high-quality anatomic imaging to complement the angiographic sequences that are performed. These include:–3-plane localizer–Coronal single-shot fast spin-echo (FSE)–Axial T2 FSE (respiratory triggered)–3D (three-dimensional) contrast-enhanced MR angiography FT (precontrast-practice breath-hold)–3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography FT (postcontrast)–3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography FT (2nd postcontrast)–Axial fast spoiled gradient-echo postcontrast fat-saturated•A power injector is highly recommended with a minimum of 20- to 30-mL saline flush delivered at the same injection rate as the contrast injection•Breath-holding is critical to good image quality for thoracic or abdominal MR angiography. Precontrast or practice scans help ensure that the patient can both breath-hold adequately and understand the instructions•When parallel imaging is used, care must be taken to not have wraparound artifact on the vascular structures. This generally requires prescribing a large field of view beyond the body wall, and for abdominal imaging, it requires placing the arms over the head or elevating the arms at the patient’s side. When performing the calibration scan, overprescribe by one-fourth the area of interest in the superior and inferior directions to reduce scan cutoff. Calibration scans are performed in the axial plane MR Protocols for Central Nervous System (CNS) MR Imaging Newer hardware and software platforms at both 1.5T and 3T allow efficient protocol options for a wide range of CNS indications. This section suggests multiple consensus methods for optimizing examination of patients undergoing MR imaging in the CNS. Core sequences in each protocol are identified, and their aggregate use constitutes a complete examination for each protocol. Alternative sequences of interest are included for emerging technologies, specific target anatomy, or subspecialty preference.1.5T and 3T CNS MR imaging protocols presented here were developed by Howard A. Rowley, MD, Mark C. DeLano, MD, and Megan E. Vadnais, BSRT, (R)(MR) for the following procedures:•Brain–Routine Adult Brain 1.5T and 3T–Brain Neck Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)/Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV) 1.5T and 3T –Motion Brain 1.5T and 3T–Routine Stroke Fast 1.5T and 3T–Hyperacute Stroke Brain 1.5T and 3T–Tumor Brain 1.5T and 3T–Multiple Sclerosis Brain 1.5T and 3T–Pediatric Brain 1.5T and 3T–Epilepsy Brain 1.5T and 3T•Specialty Brain–Hydrocephalus Brain 1.5T and 3T–Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow 1.5T and 3T–Pituitary 1.5T and 3T–Cranial Nerves/Internal Auditory Canals 1.5T and 3T–Vessel Wall 1.5T and 3T•Head and Neck–Orbits 1.5T and 3T–Soft Tissue Neck 1.5T and 3T–Sinuses/Face 1.5T and 3T•Spine–Cervical Spine 1.5T and 3T–Lumbar Spine 1.5T and 3T–Thoracic Spine 1.5T and 3T–Routine Total Spine 1.5T and 3T–Focused Total Spine 1.5T and 3T–Specialty Spine 1.5T and 3T–Brachial Plexus 1.5T and 3T–Lumbar Plexus 1.5T and 3TGeneral CNS Protocol Notes•Standard brain. There are multiple approaches to obtain various tissue parameter weightings at both1.5T and 3T, such that “standard” imaging refers more to the general-purpose nature of the protocolrather than the core sequence choices. The core preferences of our consensus panel are indicated within each protocol•T1.Six techniques for obtaining T1-weighting are included: spin echo (SE), fast spin echo (FSE), T1 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T1-FLAIR), 3D IR-prepared FSPGR (BRAVO), 3D T1 CUBE, and magnetization transfer (MT)–SE is the T1 reference standard for image contrast at 1.5T, although the other sequences have unique advantages and are included as options. Due to T1 prolongation at 3T and associated loss of gray-white contrast there is no consensus standard for T1-weighting, and many sites use inversion recovery preparation to restore tissue contrast–FSE with its intrinsic magnetization transfer effects results in decreased gray-white contrast but may depict contrast enhancement to better advantage–T1-FLAIR and BRAVO are inversion prepared, facilitating excellent gray-white differentiation but with the potential disadvantage of inconspicuous contrast enhancement due to the marked precontrast hypointensity of many lesions and subsequent isointensity to surrounding brain postcontrast –BRAVO, as a standard 3D sequence, has the key advantage of multiplanar reconstruction capability of the isotropic data sets, and excellent gray-white contrast desirable for most applications –T1 CUBE. This T1-weighted FSE-based volumetric sequence can be performed either before or after contrast. Beyond the usual 3D attributes (such as high resolution and multiplanar reconstructions), it has particular advantages postcontrast, where it provides black blood imaging, supports fat saturation, and shows outstanding tissue contrast for enhancing lesions. T1 CUBE is suitable for routine brain imaging and also orbital, cranial nerve, and vessel wall imaging exams. Many sites now use T1 CUBE as a supplement to postcontrast T1 BRAVO and other sequences–MT is an optional feature that can be added to increase contrast enhancement conspicuity on SE imaging, but at the cost of increased SAR and decreased gray-white distinction•T2. Most sites use FSE sequences rather than SE. PROPELLER is effective for dealing with patient motion, and is the primary FSE sequence used at many sites. Some users add fat saturation to T2 imaging as an option•T2-FLAIR.Improves lesion detection particularly at the brain-CSF interface. When done as the first sequence postinjection, postcontrast T2-FLAIR imaging effectively inserts a time delay for subsequent T1-weighted scans, which improves lesion detection on subsequent T1 imaging. The T2-FLAIR images also have some intrinsic T1 contrast that allows visualization of both edema and enhancement on one sequence for many lesions. Both 2D and 3D T2-FLAIR sequences are commonly performed, with the advantage of multiplanar reconstruction capability and fewer CSF pulsation artifacts of the 3D CUBE •Susceptibility. Due to the reduced susceptibility weighting of FSE methods, a T2*-GRE sequence can be added as an option to detect blood products and calcium. The SWAN sequence has been shown to more sensitively detect subtle areas of blood and calcium and has become a common protocol choice•Diffusion. Most brain protocols include a diffusion-weighted imaging sequence that is useful for stroke, infection, and tumor imaging. Apparent diffusion coefficient maps should be included to assess T2 shine-through. In areas near the skull base or orbits, PROPELLER DWI can be a good option to reduce signal pile-up and geometric distortion artifacts•Perfusion. Dynamic susceptibility contrast, perfusion-weighted imaging is becoming increasingly important and can provide clinically significant information regarding blood volume and/or transit time for both stroke and tumor imaging. Arterial spin labeling is also an option for assessing cerebral blood flow at 3T, but must be obtained precontrast•Contrast. The protocols presented here do not list separate imaging sequences for postcontrast imaging; rather, the T1-weighted sequence of choice is typically repeated after contrast agent administration. Most neurologic sequences with contrast are acquired with at least a 3- to 5-minute delay after injection to optimize visualization of disorders of the blood-brain barrier. Some protocols use more than one sequence “family” postcontrast, such as T2-FLAIR, T1-BRAVO, and T1-CUBE Fat Sat due to their complementary information. Many centers prefer routinely acquiring such volumetric series postcontrast to facilitate retrospective multiplanar reconstructions, treatment planning, and neuronavigation applications. T2-FLAIR is an excellent complement to T1 series, and may be done first postcontrast to intentionally provide a time delay before the T1 series are acquired. The method of injection is not important in these cases, and manual injection is typically used. However, power injectors are needed for contrast-enhanced MR angiography and perfusion imaging. Rates of injection vary, but 4 to 5 mL/sec is standard for perfusion, and 1.5 to 2 mL/sec is used for MR angiography. Dosing is weight based and at 0.1 mmol/kg for most protocols aimed at standard extracellular fluid distribution. The dose for an individual injection may be lower for first-pass MRA or perfusion exams, where a split-dose protocol can often be used, keeping overall dose within the standard 0.1 mmol/kg guideline. The ACR has recommended that the lowest dose feasible be used for diagnostic purposes. Because standard dosing recommendations are mostly influenced by lean body mass, and ECF volume in fatty tissues is low, some sites cap the upper limit of contrast for heavier adults at 20 mL total, especially when a high-relaxivity agent is being used.A useful contrast dose calculator (“GadCalc”) is available at https:///contrastCorner/ gadcalc.php and is also available for free download at the Apple and Droid App Stores.。
湖南自考·英汉语言文化比较(词语)
诸论对比分析contrastive analysis 选词diction 转换conversion增补addition 省略omission 重复repetition替代substitution 变换variation 倒置inversion反说negation 拆离division 缀合combination阐释annotation 浓缩condensation 重组reconstruction对比语言学contrastive linguistics文化语言学culturallinguistics不同之处difference特殊之处peculiarity粘连性cohesion连贯性coherence认知-功能语法对比分析cognitive-functional approach明白explicit描写语言学descriptive linguistics语言学革命Chomskyan Revolution转换生成语法Transformational-Generative Grammar篇章语言学textlinguistics谁在何时用何种语言向谁说话Whospeaks what language te whom and when 社会语言学sociolinguistics跨文化交际学intercultural communication语言langue言语parole形式form机构structure理想化的人an idealizedman语法能力grammaticalcompetence社会的人a social man交际能力communicative competence文化圈的人cultural men文化背景cultural background语言文化的异同language and culture:Chinese cs.Foreign火辣的言辞fiery words双语人bilingualist双文化人biculturalist形式接应formal cohesion意念连贯semantic coherence言语交际verbal communication非言语交际nonverbal communication身势语body language无声语言silent language文化冲击culture shock和平队Peace Corps隐性文化covert culture跨文化意识cross-cultural awareness丑陋的美国人The Ugly American无声的语言The Silent language我们为何是丑陋的美国人Why are we Ugly Americans文化意识cultural literacy跨文化教育、训练和研究学会Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research 语言能力linguistic competence合乎语法grammaticality恰当/得体appropriateness接受acceptability美国外语教学协会American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages综合语与分析语变化形式（hereditary inflections）综合—分析语（synthetic-analytic language）语调（intonation）声调（tone）词缀变化（affixation）前缀（prefix）后缀（suffix）动词的变化(conjugation)副词的变化(declension)性(gender)数(number)格(case)时(tense)体(aspect)语态(voice)语气(mood)比较级(degree of comparison)人称(person)词性(parts of speech)我们的学校(our school)你看见了没有(have you see it)思维方式(relational thinking)爱能征服一切(love conquers all things)保持一致（S-V concord）结构性倒装(structural inversion)功能性倒装(functional inversion)语法关系一致(grammatical concord)英语里多作定语，少作谓语(heavy attribute, small predicate)汉语里则多作谓语，少作定语(small attribute, heavy predicate)头轻脚重(end-weight)让人印象深刻(each ismore impressive than the preceding)直线型（straight line）螺旋型（circular line）演绎式（deductive）归纳式（inductive）混合式（hybrid）其临摹性（isomorphism）直线式（linear）迂回式（cyclical）主题句（topic sentence）虚词（form words）结构词（structural words）功能词（function words）连接词（coordinators）从属连接词（subordinators）虚词（empty words）介词、助词（particles）虚词、实词（notion words或full words）语气助词（emotional particles）语调（intonation）声调（tones）语调（intonation）重音(stress)降调(falling tone) 升调(rising tone) 降升调(fall-rise) 升降调(rise-fall)平调(level) 降加升调(fall-plus-rise)双音节化和四音节化（predominance of disyllables and quadrisyllables over monosyllables and trisyllables）刚性与柔性两者协调一致（S－V concord）关系网络（connective nexus）聚集型（compactness）核心（kernel）动词造句的形式（verb pattern）主谓结构（subject-predicate）语法一致（grammatical concord）意义一致（notional concord）流散型（diffusiveness）话题(topic)说明(comment) 注重主语(subject-prominent)注重话题(topic-prominent) 形合（hypotaxis）意合（parataxis）话题+说明(topic+comment)语法功能灵活多变（flexibility of grammatical function）非逻辑表达方式（illogical expressions）晒太阳to bask in the sun.晒衣服to sun one’s clothes吃食堂to have one’s meals in the mess吃苹果to eat an apple还他的债to pay him one’s debts还他的钱to pay him back住四人four people live in …住旅馆to stay at a hotel在家养病to recuperate at home闭目养神to sit in repose with one’s eyes closed救火fire fighting救国to save the nation打扫卫生to do some cleaning打扫房间to clean the room补充缺额to fill a vacancy补充人力to replenish manpower恢复疲劳to get refreshed恢复健康to recover one’s healtheggplant(茄子) sweetmeat（是糖果、蜜线,不是甜的肉）quicksand(流沙) fill out(填写)a slim chance= a fat chance:渺茫的机会quite a lot= quite a few:相当多,不少burn dow(烧成平地) burn up(烧掉)hamburger(汉堡包) ham(火腿)The alarm went on(闹响) went off(闹响)boxing rings(拳击台) public bathrooms(公共厕所)baths(浴室) sweetbread（甜面包）drive on a parkway(公园大道上开车)a wise man(聪明的人) a wise guy(自以为是的人)overlook(忽视,忽略) oversee(监视,监督,看管)pineapple(菠萝) pine(松树)apple(苹果) Stars are out(能看见星星)Lights are out(看不见灯光)wind up my watch(让表开始走)wind up this article(不是开始写文章,而是文章写完了)完全句（full sentence）不完全句（minor sentence）破句（fragments）形式接应（formal cohesion）意念连贯（semantic coherence）显性（explicitness）刚性（rigidity）引性（implicitness）柔性（suppleness）形合与意合形合法（hypotaxins）意合法（Parataxis）显性接应（overt cohesion.）连接手段和形式（cohesive ties）简单介词(如with，to，in，of，about，between，through)合成介词(如inside，onto，upon，within，without，throughout)成语介词(如according to，along with，apart from，because of，in front of，on behalf of，with regard to)保持前后一致的关系(grammatical and notional concord)替补词(expletives)显性（explicit）逻辑-语法关系链接词语（logic-grammatical connector）低语境（low-context）作者责任型（writer-responsible）隐性连贯(covert coherence)严谨(preciseness)简洁(conciseness)隐性（implicit）高语境（high-context）读者责任型（reader-responsible）繁复与简短从属结构(subordination)又繁又长(1ong-winded)包孕式的复合句(complex sentences with embedded clauses)将几个从属子句相互衔接（dovetail several dependent clauses into each other）主谓核心协调(S-V concord)楼房建筑法(architecture style)关系联结(conjunctive nexus)旧时流行词语（outworn words and phrases）喜欢的长诗（lovely long words）闪烁其词（hedging）晦涩不清（obscurity）卖弄、表现（shou off）并列句（coordination）并列形式的复句（composite sentence）流水记事法(chronicle style)各个过程(streamline the thoughts)句首封闭、句尾开放（right-branching）末端重量（end-weight）顺线性向后扩展延伸（natural linear expansion）句首开放、句首收缩（left-branching）逆线性向前扩展延伸（reversed linear expansion）顺线性向后扩展延伸（natural linear expansion:right-branching）顺线性向前扩展延伸（reversed linear expansion:right-branching）关键词语（key word）主题句（topic sentence）结构（subordination）直线性（linearity）突显语序（salient order）领悟式的归纳型（because-therefore structure）螺旋式（circular/spirsl/indirect）自然语序（natural order）单调感(monotony)物称与人称拟人化(personification)无灵主语(inanimate subject)有灵动词(animate verb)填补词(expletive)先行词(preparatory “it”)非人称被动式(impersonal passive)施动者(doer或agent)客观(objective)客观(objective)婉转(roundabout)被动式(agentless passive)公文文体(bureaucratese)承担可能有错的责任(a pusillanimous shrinking from responsibility) 无主句(subjectless sentences)主语省略句(subject-omitted sentences)无形式标志的被动句(passives with no grammatical marks)非人称向（depersonalization）被动与主动表达习惯(passive habit)人称主语(vague pronoun subject)末端中心(end focus)末端重量(end weight)灵活多变（add variety to writing）信息性的(informative)客观叙述(impersonal activity seen objectively)翔实、冷静(calm fact—teller)罗唆(wordy)间接(indirect)无力(weak)隐晦(oracular)故弄玄虚(mysterious)而深不可测(impenetrable)被动的烟幕(passive smoke-screen)科技文章(technical writing)报刊文章(newspaperese)官方文章(bureaucratese)结构被动句(syntactic passive)意义被动句(notional passive)人称被动式(impersonal passive)双重被动式(double passive)examinee(=person examined) 受审查者；受试人；考生referee(=to whom a question is referred) 受委托者his astonishment(=he was astonished) 他感到惊讶the man’s trial(=the man was tried) 那个人受审问the imprisonment of the murderer(=the murderer was imprisoned) 凶手被监禁eatable(=fit to be eaten) 可吃的desirable(=to be desired) 想要的visible(=that can be seen) 可以看见的respectable(=deserving respect)值得尊敬的in one’s possession／in the possession of someone(= owned，held，kept or controlled by someone)为某人所有，在某人的控制之下under the influence (of alcoho1)(=drunk；affected by alcohol) 酒醉不幸语态(inflictive voice)不企望的事(unpleasant or undesirable)语用性位移(pragmatic movement)主题（topic）话题（theme）通称(generic person)It is said that… 有人说，据说，据云It is well known that… 大家知道，众所周知It is generally considered that… 人们普遍认为语态的限制（voice constraints）动词限制（verb constraints）宾语限制（object constraints）施事的限制（agent constraints）意义的限制（meaning constraints）频率的限制（frequency constraints）想象性的（imaginative）信息性的（informative）静态(stative)动态(dynamic)名词化(Nominalization)名词优势于动词的倾向(preponderance of nouns over verbs) 名词化表达法(nominal style)冗长(wordy)含糊(vague)缺乏活力(1ifeless)施事者(agentive noun)行为和动作(如realize—realization，complete—completion) 标题式短语(Headline phrase)刺激性的词语(stimulating words)名词作为前置定语（heavy premodification of nouns）信息负荷过重（unnecessarily overweighted）过分堆积名词（noun pileups）名词连用作修饰语（multiple noun adjunct）名词作定语（nounattribute）prestige university= prestigious university有名望的大学race hatred= racial hatred种族仇恨affluence society= affluent society富裕社会launch pad= launching pad发射台economy measure节约措施economic measure经济措施bankruptcy lawyer处理破产诉讼的律师bankrupt businessman破了产的商人efficiency expert 研究提高工作效率的专家fficient worker工作效率高的工人obesity specialist肥胖病专家obese specialist胖专家介词充斥(prepositionitis)乏味的名词(ponderous nouns)淡化(dilute)迂回(circumlocution)弱化表达法(debilitated style)啰嗦(wordy)累赘(verbose)缺乏生气(lifeless)平易(plain)活泼(lively)具体(concrete)直接了当的(direct)缺乏动态感（the least expressive verb）非矛盾律（Law of Noncontradiction）弱式动词(verbs of feeble phenomenality)虚化动词(empty verb)万能动词（general purpose verb of low communicative value）虚弱（weak）啰嗦（wordy）平淡无味(colorless)节约用词（word economy）包孕（dovetail）词化( lexicalization)抽象与具体抽象表达法(method of abstract diction)理论研究（abstract theorizing）尤其是抽象名词（nouny abstract style）高级思维(superior mind)文明人的一种象征(mark of civilized man)含混(cloudy)大字眼(pompous words)抽象词语(puzzling abstraction)时髦的词语(vogue terms)公式化套语生成表(Buzz-phrase Generator)抽象词语(puzzling abstraction)时髦的词语(vogue words)适者生存(Survival of the Fittest)所谓词话（lexicalization）拉丁语(Latinate abstracts)泛滥成灾(abstractitis)形合法（hypotaxis）非人称表达法（impersonal style）动词化表达法（verbal style）必要性（necessity）正确性（correctness）依赖性（dependence）现代化(modernization)抽象化（abstraction）长度（1ength）强度（intensity）爱国主义（patriotism）奴隶主义（slavishness）商品（commodity）毒品（narcotics）日用品（daily necessities）反义词组（antonymic binomes）长度（length）速度（speed）温度（temperature）宽度（width）深度（depth）距离（distance）重量（weighe）体积（size）具体(concrete)清晰(clear)语言形象(picturesque)措辞抽象(abstract)含义晦涩(obscure)词句冗长(1ong-winded)平易、朴实(Down-to-earth style)行为抽象名词(action-nouns)范畴词(category words)复杂性（complexity）相对论（relativity）显示器（display）腐蚀剂（corrosive）嫉妒心（jealousy）傲慢态度（arrogance）古怪行为（eccentricity）轻松愉快的心情（lightheartedness）肾结石切除术（lithonephrotomy）重力选矿法（gravity separation）具体化(figuration)土崩瓦解（disintegration）赤胆忠心（ardent loyalty）远见卓识（far-sightedness）水乳交融（perfect harmony）厚颜无耻，不要脸（impudence）深思熟虑（careful consideration）筋疲力尽（total exhaustion）画饼充饥（feed on fancies）如饥似渴（with great eagerness）伤风败俗（offend public decency）添砖加瓦（make a 1ittle contribution）危在旦夕（on the verge of destruction）望穿秋水（await with great anxiety）三天打鱼, 两天晒网（lack of perseverance）异化译法( foreignizing translation)空中捕鱼(水中捞月/缘木求鱼)——fish in the air洞中之鼠(瓮中之鳖)——rat in a hole筛子打水(竹篮打水一场空)——draw water in a sieve叫酒卖醋(挂羊头卖狗肉)——cry up wine and sell vinegar作床自卧(作茧自缚)——As you make your bed, so you must lie on it.不要教鱼游泳(不要班门弄斧)——Never offer to teach fish to swim偷剪羊毛反而头发被剪(偷鸡不着蚀把米)——go for wool and come back shorm归化译法( domesticating translation)一箭双雕、一举两得（to kill two birds with one stone ）雨后春笋（to grow like mushrooms）殊途同归(All roads lead to Rome)意译法( free translation)具体法( concretization)抽象法( abstraction)间接与直接委婉(Euphemism)装作正经( prude)彬彬有礼( gentle)死亡（pass away，go to one’s Maker，sleep with one’s fathers，join the great majority，pay the debt of nature，be with God，go to glory，go to a better world，sleep the final sleep，cross the Great Divide，climb the golden staircase等）上厕所（go to the restroom (washroom)，use the bathroom，wash one’s hands，relieve oneself，answer a call of nature）怀孕（be expecting，in a family way (美)，in the family way (英)，in an interesting condition）身体太胖（stout，on the heavy side）年老（senior citizen，elderly people，advanced in age）powder room代替ladies’room(女厕所)soiled linen代替dirty clothes(脏衣服)unpleasant odour代替nasty smell(难闻的气味)assault代替rape(强奸)nether garments/unmentionables/inexpressible 代替 trousers(裤子)官方英语(officialese)官僚英语(bureaucratese)五角大楼英语(Pentagonese)国务院英语(State-Departmentese)官腔英语(gobbledygook)市政府英语(urbanbabble)经济调整（econmic adjustment）未充分利用人才（underutilization）人力资源未充分开发（human resources underdevelopment）经济上处于不利地位者（the economically disadvantaged individuals）机遇不佳的人（the underprivileged）负数储蓄者（negative saver）内城区(inner city/ central city)不合规格的住房（substandard housing)改造所，教养院（house of correction/correctional facility）不大真实（less than truthful）收集情报（intelligence gathering）清算（liquidation）国际武装冲突(international armed conflict)空中增援（air support）越界飞行（overflight）压制对手（neutralize the adversary）生理节奏反常（circadian deregulation）退却(retreat)战败(defeat)战线调整(an adjustment of the front)战败(defeat)战略撤退(strategic withdrawal)威慑（deterrence）第一次打击能力（第一次打击能力）核子（nuclear）有益而一本正经（useful and businesslike meeting）认真而坦率的讨论（serious and candid discussion）通货紧缩（deflation）周期性重新调整（rolling readjustment）经济萧条（depression）“雾谷”(美国国务院)（Foggy Bottom）华盛顿官僚英语（Washingtonian bureaucratese）职业委婉语(occupational euphemism)悦耳动听、冠冕堂皇的委婉语（uplifting word or impressive title）sanitary engineer(=garbage man)垃圾清洁工meat technologist(=butcher)屠户prison officer(=gaoler)监狱看守mixologist=（bar-tender）调酒师/酒吧招待rodent operator(=rat catcher)捕鼠工landscape architect(=gardener)园丁/园艺工clairvoyant reader(=fortune teller)算命卖卜者research consultant(=file clerk)档案(卷宗)管理员funeral director(=undertaker)承办丧葬者，殡仪员plant superintendent，supervisor(=foreman)工头，领班aisle manager(=floorwalker)百货公司的巡视员、招待员proprietor of loan office(=pawnbroker)当铺老板public relations counselor(=press-agent)新闻广告员member of the oldest profession(=prostitute)妓女household executive /domestic manager=（housewife）家庭妇女beautician/cosmetician/hair stylist/tonsorial artist（=barber）理发师不浮夸（unflamboyant）智力逊常（subnormal）情况特殊的孩子（exceptional(special)child）predrive classic(= used car)用过的车color minority(= Negro)黑人industrial action(= strike)罢工memory garden(= cemetery)墓地facial dew(= sweat)汗水In the altogether(= naked)赤身裸体golden years(= old age)老年时期full figured(= well-developed,fl-grow)(妇女)丰满willowy(= slender)苗条,柳腰,婀娜多姿redirected fight(=hijack劫持飞机事件secret disease性病to be fond of the bottle爱喝酒/贪杯My cousins(country cousins) have come. 来月经了Let' s go to Reno.咱们去办离婚吧。
磁共振常用压脂技术
Fat characteristics
1, There is a small difference in resonance frequency between lipid and water protons. water - lipid ≈ 3.5 PPM (150Hz/T).
CHESS-STIR imaging , FAT-SAT
Advantages :
1, Reliable fat suppression 2, Relatively fast 3, Robust to B0/B1 inhomogeneities and the
strength of magnetic field
Disadvantages :
1, Does not suppress the signal from adipose tissue
2, More complex reconstruction
Selective water excitation technique
1, The difference in T 1 between adipose tissue and water
Chemical shift selective saturation, CHESS
water - lipid ≈ 3.5 PPM (150Hz/T). A frequency-selective saturation radio-
frequency pulse with the same resonance frequency as that of lipids is applied to each slice-selection radio-frequency pulse. A homogeneity spoiling gradient pulse is applied immediately after the saturation pulse to dephase the lipid signal.
基于多级全局信息传递模型的视觉显著性检测
2021⁃01⁃10计算机应用,Journal of Computer Applications 2021,41(1):208-214ISSN 1001⁃9081CODEN JYIIDU http ：//基于多级全局信息传递模型的视觉显著性检测温静*，宋建伟（山西大学计算机与信息技术学院，太原030006）（∗通信作者电子邮箱wjing@ ）摘要：对神经网络中的卷积特征采用分层处理的思想能明显提升显著目标检测的性能。
然而，在集成分层特征时，如何获得丰富的全局信息以及有效融合较高层特征空间的全局信息和底层细节信息仍是一个没有解决的问题。
为此，提出了一种基于多级全局信息传递模型的显著性检测算法。
为了提取丰富的多尺度全局信息，在较高层级引入了多尺度全局特征聚合模块（MGFAM ），并且将多层级提取出的全局信息进行特征融合操作；此外，为了同时获得高层特征空间的全局信息和丰富的底层细节信息，将提取到的有判别力的高级全局语义信息以特征传递的方式和较低层次特征进行融合。
这些操作可以最大限度提取到高级全局语义信息，同时避免了这些信息在逐步传递到较低层时产生的损失。
在ECSSD 、PASCAL -S 、SOD 、HKU -IS 等4个数据集上进行实验，实验结果表明，所提算法相较于较先进的NLDF 模型，其F -measure （F ）值分别提高了0.028、0.05、0.035和0.013，平均绝对误差（MAE ）分别降低了0.023、0.03、0.023和0.007。
同时，所提算法在准确率、召回率、F -measure 值及MAE 等指标上也优于几种经典的图像显著性检测方法。
关键词：显著性检测；全局信息；神经网络；信息传递；多尺度池化中图分类号：TP391.413文献标志码：AVisual saliency detection based on multi -level global information propagation modelWEN Jing *，SONG Jianwei（School of Computer and Information Technology ，Shanxi University ，Taiyuan Shanxi 030600，China ）Abstract:The idea of hierarchical processing of convolution features in neural networks has a significant effect onsaliency object detection.However ，when integrating hierarchical features ，it is still an open problem how to obtain rich global information ，as well as effectively integrate the global information and of the higher -level feature space and low -leveldetail information.Therefore ，a saliency detection algorithm based on a multi -level global information propagation model was proposed.In order to extract rich multi -scale global information ，a Multi -scale Global Feature Aggregation Module（MGFAM ）was introduced to the higher -level ，and feature fusion operation was performed to the global information extracted from multiple levels.In addition ，in order to obtain the global information of the high -level feature space and the rich low -level detail information at the same time ，the extracted discriminative high -level global semantic information was fused with the lower -level features by means of feature propagation.These operations were able to extract the high -level global semantic information to the greatest extent ，and avoid the loss of this information when it was gradually propagated to the lower -level.Experimental results on four datasets including ECSSD ，PASCAL -S ，SOD ，HKU -IS show that compared with the advanced NLDF （Non -Local Deep Features for salient object detection ）model ，the proposed algorithm has the F -measure （F ）valueincreased by 0.028、0.05、0.035and 0.013respectively ，the Mean Absolute Error （MAE ）decreased by 0.023、0.03、0.023and 0.007respectively ，and the proposed algorithm was superior to several classical image saliency detection methods in terms of precision ，recall ，F -measure and MAE.Key words:saliency detection;global information;neural network;information propagation;multi -scale pooling引言视觉显著性源于认知学中的视觉注意模型，旨在模拟人类视觉系统自动检测出图片中最与众不同和吸引人眼球的目标区域。
Kinect 3D 扫描重建程序简介说明书
2nd International Conference on Machinery, Electronics and Control Simulation (MECS 2017)A Brief Talk on the 3D Scanning Reconstruction Program Based onKinect and its ApplicationWang Yongsheng1, a, Zhang Qizhi2, b,* and Liu Xiao2, c1 School of art and design, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China2 School of art and design, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, Chinaa**************,b**********************,c***************Abstract: By combining the Kinect (a somatosensory device) with a supporter and a rotary wheel and using a 3D scanning software named KScan3D to realize a quick scan of the human body, this paper constructs two scanning systems, one of which is equipped with a handheld single-camera comparing to the other adopting multiple fixed cameras, so as to generate virtual 3D models and provide various applications, such as printing 3D objects, generating web pages or making animations and virtual exhibition models.Keywords: 3D scanning restructure; painted sculptures of Dunhuang; digitalization.1. IntroductionThe rapid growth of computer sciences and digital VR techniques has made it possible for using 3D scanning and printing technologies to realize digital 3D visual reconstruction. Such advancement has bee promptly applied to various areas including construction, medical care, archeology and industrial use. Compared to traditional modeling methods, 3D scanning and printing technologies are faster and more precise. Due to a wide range of utilities, human body modeling has become a desperately urgent need.2. 3D Scanning ReconstructionAs described during the experiment in this paper, data are first obtained through Kinect, a somatosensory camera sensor. Subsequently, the data are converted to a 3D mesh by using a software called Kscan3D. A mesh with 360 degree coverage can be achieved based on data showing different angles with the help of Kscan3D, which is capable of automatically capture and organize the 3D grip. Deleting unnecessary point from the data can smooth the data before the final combining and compositing to generate a complete model.2.1 Hardware Construction2.1.1Hardware ConstructionThis system is designed to scan people standing about 1.6 to 1.9 meters tall, which means the supporter needs to be 2.5 meters high at the same level with the Kinect. Each Kinect is set about 64cm away from the other and is responsible for scanning a part of the body. Then it is the software’s job to connect the separated scanning results. The Kinect on the highest position scans the head and shoulders, while the second is in charge of the arms. Similarly, the third shoots the waist and the forth scans the legs and the feet. If this person is short, 3 Kinects may be enough, using the first Kinect for scanning the head and shoulders, the second for arms and waist, and the third for legs and feet. This experiment is conducted by using 3 Kinects. Besides, a rotary wheel running at a uniform velocity is required and its loading capacity has to be adequate to supporting a person for full 360 degree scanning. The rotary wheel is 66cm away from the aluminum supporter as shown in Figure 1.Fig. 12.1.2 What is Kinect and how does it work:Kinect is a somatosensory camera sensor, providing multiple features, for instance, motion capture, image recognition, microphone input and voice recognition. Players are enabled to interact with virtual objects and other players in game as well as to share pictures and information with other XBOX users via internet. Kinect is first designed as a peripheral input equipment for the Xbox and later on Kinect for windows is developed for connecting with PC.How does Kinect work: Kinect is a combination of various sensors, which comprises a color camera,a pair of depth cameras (one is used to emit infrared ray, the other is to received the returned ray), an array of microphones and a motor base, Kinect is able to work within a range from 1.2 m to 3.5 m. Asof Kinect for Windows, the range of the camera is shortened to 40 cm to 3 m.The depth camera uses IR to obtain the depth value of each point corresponding to the image returned (the depth value is actually the distance from the object to the Kinect in mm with 5mm tolerance). The MIC array is actually a microphone arranged horizontally. Due to the gap, it can be used to determine where the speaker is and can reduce noises.First of all, the program has to detect the connected Kinect for initialization. Second, the program is required to configure and enable its desired data flow, i.e. the expected data, including color information, depth data, bone data flow and IR data stream. Next, the corresponding data flow is obtained in accordance with the previous setup. Finally, it is to stop the Kinect and release PC resources.2.1.3 Precautions about the scanned objectOn selecting an object for scanning, it is the first thing to do to think over its features, such as its size, shape, weight and surface material. Sensors of Kscan3D and Kinect/Xtion are capable of scanning a lot of objects, for example, human body, furniture, house or even bigger stuff. Due to the resolution limit, distance from the senor to the object is not supposed to be less than 40 cm and the scanned object not smaller than a grown man's shoe. Objects that are too thin may not have satisfactory scanning results. Generally speaking, the best object to be scanned should be in neutral colors with matte opaque materials. It is hard to scan things of surface materials that are whether dark, reflective, transparent or translucent. Therefore, preparations should be made before scanning. Environmental factors, including air, lights and movements, determine the success or failure of the experiment to a large extent. As of a physical object, it's a must to take its size into consideration and find a way to cover all the angles. For a small and light object, object is placed on the rotary wheel for scanning, while sensors are fixed. In general, the ambient light should cover all directions. As a matter of fact, sunlight may affect the working of IR sensors. It is not easy for scanning under sunlight. Therefore, if necessary, the scanning work is suggested to be done outside in a cloudy weather or be accomplished inside. During the scanning process, it is important to ensure the person or object motionless because movements may lead to a data acquisition failure.2.2Software IntroductionKScan3D is a 3D scanning software utilizing Kinect or Xtion to acquire point cloud data in a real-time manner, which allows multiple depth cameras to work simultaneously for scanning real objects and supports quick generating of complete 3D models.2.3Integration Solution to the 3D Scanning SystemThere are mainly two types of 3D scanning solutions. One is a handheld scanning system with a single camera, while the other adopts multiple fixed cameras.2.3.1 Handheld single-camera scanning systemScanning modes for the handheld single-camera scanning system: the single-camera system has two scanning modes, which are individual scanning and batch scanning.(1)Make sure the box of "enable batch scanning" within the scanning pane is not checked;(2)Set up an initial delay (seconds);(3)Turn the sensors towards the object and ensure the object can be seen from the real-time video feedback;(4)Click the SCAN buttonFigure 2 shows the scanning results.Fig. 2Batch scanning:(1)Check the box of "enable batch scanning" within the scanning pane;(2)Select the number of objects to be scanned(3)Set up a time delay between two scans(4)Set up an initial delay (seconds);(5)Turn the sensors towards the object and ensure the object can be seen from the real-time video feedback;(6)Click the SCAN buttonFigure 3 shows the scanning results.Fig. 32.3.2Fixed multiple-cameras system1. Start the KScan3D software and make sure all sensor are working, as shown in Figure 4.Fig. 42.Adjust the position of the sensorIf needed, it is Ok to move up or move down the position of the sensor in the list until the live response sequence complies with the sensor's actual position, as shown in Figure 5.Fig. 53. Capture an individual scan.Correctly set up the scanning options without checking the option for batch scanning. Adjust the parts to be scanned to the corresponding position and delete until the end, as shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7.Fig.6Fig.74. Capture a full-body scan（1）Capture a full-body scan. Set up to the Capture Only mode and check the box of batch scanning with the number of scans set to 40. The person should stand in the middle of the rotary wheel. Start the wheel before clicking the scan button as shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9.Fig. 8Fig.9（2）Click the mesh-editing button and select the first picture. Press ctrl+a to select all thumbnails. Click the Point Cloud panel to set up the alignment as shown in Figure 10.Fig.10（3）Click the Build (for compositing) button and Kscan3D can turn each point into a mesh. In the end, delete unnecessary data. Using the basic mesh editing functions can help complete and export a high-quality result.Fig.11（4）Click the Finalize (finish) button to get the final model. Select the Finalize button for a combined mesh. Combination is required to be completed before export. The three properties in the finish step are used to adjust parameters like mesh density, inner fill and decimation, as shown in Figure 12.Fig.122.4 As long as the model is generated, select the Export button to export the mesh or point cloud to the current file. KScan3D can export the following file formats: fbx, obj, ply, stl, asc and 3d3. （1）Select a format as shown in Figure 13Figure 13（2）Export dataIn the control panel, load the mesh or point cloud to be exported. Please note that combine mesh is not supported for export. Click the Export button on the tool bar and an interface of folder selection will pop up as shown in Figure 14.Fig. 14Select a specified folder or create a new folder to store the mesh or pint cloud as shown in Figure 15.Fig. 153. 3D printoutsTechnical support: 3D printing is a form of fast manufacturing technology. By "slicing" the drawing of the object to print into numerous layers, the processor heats up and presses the filament PLA (a new type of biodegradable material as the raw material) by utilizing the fuses deposition molding technology (FDM) to process each layer under computer control so as to get the formed 3D object. This is the most commonly adopted 3D printing method featuring high technical maturity and low cost.Working steps of a 3D printer: use Kinect to scan the model and set up the printing parameters with the built-in software. Import the stl file from the memory card to the printer for printing. This paper uses a 3DA8 industrial printer manufactured by JGAURORA, which is able to print a maximum size of 350*250*300mm. The printing of large objects can be done through splicing. Coloring can be completed through spraying or manual painting.Models created during this experiment are shown in Figure 16, Figure 17and Figure 18.Fig.16Fig.17Fig.184. Online interaction demoBlender is a virtualization engine for fast modeling, which is often used by modeling for games. As an open-source WebGL framework, Blend4Web can be used to create interactive webpages. Without going out, a user can have the chance to view 3D human models on webpages, check for details by rotating angles or zooming and share it to other users. This is impossible to realize by traditional browsing methods.Through the Blender4web plugin, the scanned and finished human body model is allowed to be directly exported to a .html file. The Blender4web export mode is not included in the Blender so we have to manually install it: first, download the add-on corresponding to the Blender version from the official website for bledner4web. Then, in the Blender, click File->User Preferences->File-> scrips->the zip containing the bledner4web add-on-> ->Save User Settings. Next, exit the blend and open File->User Preferences->Addons->import-export->Blend4web. After that, the .html option can be seen in the File->Export. Figure 19shows an exported webpage.Fig.195. Applied to animation and virtual exhibitionUsing the 3D scanning technology to conduct a comprehensive human body scan, a 3D model of human body and materials can be obtained. With parameter adjustment to enrich the changes and combinations, once these color models are inputted into 3D animation software like 3dsmax, fast, accurate and vivid performance can be achieved as well as virtual exhibition, which has greatly boosted the diversified development of the animation industry.6. Conclusion3D scanning and printing technologies have made it possible to express human models in a perfect, accurate and quick manner by inputting the scanned 3D information into a computer. This paper utilizes two scanning methods for human body modeling and studies their feasibility by printing a human model. However, due to scanning angles, the model may have flaws affecting the accuracy of modeling, which need to be improved in the future.References[1]System of Online Fitting Room Based on Web [J], Yang Wenwen, Guo Jianan and Yang Xiaodong, Computer Era, 2015, 5[2]Application of 3D Scanning and Printing Technologies to the Repair of Crack Decorative Components [A], Jiang Yueju, Lv Haijun, Yang Xiaoyi, Xu Wei and Ma Xing Sheng, Construction Technology, 2016,12[3]Research on the 3D Scanning and Printing of Human Head [A], Song Junfeng, Shenyang University of Technology, 2016[4]Development of the 3D Printing Technology and its Software Implementation [J], Shi Yusheng, Zhang Chaobai, Bai Yu and Zhao Zuye, Science China Information, 2015[5]Present Research on the 3D Printing Technology and Critical Know-Hows [J], Journal of Material Engineering, Zhang Xuejun, Tang Siyi, Zhao Hengyue, Guo Shaoging, Li Neng, Sun Bingbing and Chen Bingqing, 2016, 2[6]Research on the Technology and Working Principle of Kinect [J], Shi Manyin, Natural science journal of Harbin Normal University, 2013, 6。
Character
CharacterCharacter (arts)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia(Redirected from Flat character)Jump to: navigation, searchA character is the representation of a person in a narrative work of art (such as a novel, play, or film).[1] Derived from the ancient Greek word kharaktêr, the English word dates from the Restoration,[2] although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749.[3][4]From this, the sense of "a part played by an actor" developed.[4] Character, particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema, involves "the illusion of being a human person."[5]In literature, characters guide readers through their stories, helping them to understand plots and ponder themes.[6] Since the end of the 18th century, the phrase "in character" has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor.[4]Since the 19th century, the art of creating characters, as practised by actors or writers, has been called characterisation.[4]A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type.[7] Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised.[7] The characters in Henrik Ibsen's Hedda Gabler (1891) and August Strindberg's Miss Julie (1888), for example, are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender, such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts.[8]The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work.[9]The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions (proairetic, pragmatic, linguistic, proxemic) that it forms with the other characters.[10] The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically, often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality, self-determination, and the social order.[11]Contents[hide]1 Classical analysis of character2 Types of characterso 2.1 Round vs. flat3 See also4 Notes5 References[edit] Classical analysis of characterFurther information: Poetics (Aristotle)In the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory, Poetics(c. 335 BCE), the Greek philosopher Aristotle deduces that character (ethos) is one of six qualitative parts of Athenian tragedy and one of the three objects that it represents (1450a12).[12] He understands character not to denote a fictional person, but the quality of the person acting in the story and reacting to its situations (1450a5).[13]He defines character as "that which reveals decision, of whatever sort" (1450b8).[13]It is possible, therefore, to have tragedies that do not contain "characters" in Aristotle's sense of the word, since character makes the ethical dispositions of those performing the action of the story clear.[14] Aristotle argues for the primacy of plot (mythos) over character (ethos).[15] He writes:“But the most important of these is the structure of the incidents. For (i) tragedy is a representation not of humanbeings but of action and life. Happiness and unhappiness liein action, and the end [of life] is a sort of action, not aquality; people are of a certain sort according to theircharacters, but happy or the opposite according to theiractions. So [the actors] do not act in order to represent thecharacters, but they include the characters for the sake of”their actions" (1450a15-23).[16]In the Poetics, Aristotle also introduced the influential tripartite division of characters in superior to the audience, inferior, or at the same level.[17][18] In the Tractatus coislinianus (which may or may not be by Aristotle), comedy is defined as involving three types of characters: the buffoon(b?molochus), the ironist(eir?n) and the imposter or boaster (alaz?n).[19] All three are central to Aristophanes' "Old comedy."[20]By the time the Roman playwright Plautus wrote his plays, the use of characters to define dramatic genres was well established.[21] His Amphitryon begins with a prologue in which the speaker Mercury claims that since the play contains kings and gods, it cannot be a comedy and must be a tragicomedy.[22]Like much Roman comedy, it is probably translated froman earlier Greek original, most commonly held to be Philemon's Long Night, or Rhinthon's Amphitryon, both now lost.[23] [edit] Types of characters[edit] Round vs. flatIn his book Aspects of the novel, E. M. Forster defined two basic types of characters, their qualities, functions, and importance for the development of the novel: flat characters and round characters.[24] Flat characters are two-dimensional, in that they are relatively uncomplicated and do not change throughout the course of a work. By contrast, round characters are complex and undergo development, sometimes sufficiently to surprise the reader.[citation needed][edit] See alsoAdvertisingcharacterAntagonistBreaking character Character actorCharacter animation Character arcCharacter blogging Character comedyCharacter danceCharacter flawCharacterization Character pieceCharacter sketchCompositecharacterCostumedcharacterDeclamatioFocal characterGag characterGenericcharacterGhost characterNon-playercharacterOut of characterPersonaPlayer characterProtagonistRecurringcharacterSecret characterStock characterSupportingcharacterSympatheticcharacterUnseen character[edit] Notes1.^ Baldick (2001, 37) and Childs and Fowler (2006, 23). See also"character, 10b" in Trumble and Stevenson (2003, 381): "A personportrayed in a novel, a drama, etc; a part played by an actor".2.^OED "character" sense 17.a citing, inter alia, Dryden's 1679preface to Troilus and Cressida: "The chief character or Hero in aTragedy ... ought in prudence to be such a man, who has so much more inhim of Virtue than of Vice... If Creon had been the chief character in ?dipus..."3.^ Aston and Savona (1991, 34), quotation:[...] is first used in English to denote 'a personality in a novel ora play' in 1749 (The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, s.v.).4.^ a b c d Harrison (1998, 51-2) quotation:Its use as 'the sum of the qualities which constitute an individual' isa mC17 development. The modern literary and theatrical sense of 'anindividual created in a fictitious work' is not attested in OED until mC18: 'Whatever characters any... have for the jestsake personated...are now thrown off' (1749, Fielding, Tom Jones).5.^ Pavis (1998, 47).6.^ Roser, Nancy; Miriam Martinez, Charles Fuhrken, KathleenMcDonnold. "Characters as Guides to Meaning". The Reading Teacher6(6): 548–559.7.^ a b Baldick (2001, 265).8.^ Aston and Savona (1991, 35).9.^ Aston and Savona (1991, 41).10.^ Elam (2002, 133).11.^ Childs and Fowler (2006, 23).12.^Janko (1987, 8). Aristotle defines the six qualitative elementsof tragedy as "plot, character, diction, reasoning, spectacle and song"(1450a10); the three objects are plot (mythos), character (ethos), and reasoning (dianoia).13.^ a b Janko (1987, 9, 84).14.^Aristotle writes: "Again, without action a tragedy cannot exist,but without characters it may. For the tragedies of most recent [poets] lack character, and in general there are many such poets" (1450a24-25).See Janko (1987, 9, 86).15.^ Aston and Savona (1991, 34) and Janko (1987, 8).16.^ Janko (1987, 8).17.^ Gregory Michael Sifakis (2001) Aristotle on the function oftragic poetry p.5018.^ Aristotle, Poetics 1448a19.^ Carlson (1993, 23) and Janko (1987, 45, 170).20.^ Janko (1987, 170).21.^ Carlson (1993, 22).22.^Amphritruo, line 59.23.^ Plautus, ed. and tr. Paul Nixon, Loeb Classical Library, Vol.I, p. 1, who dates by the battle scene describing a Hellenistic battle;Amphitryon, tr. Constance Carrier, intro. in Slavitt and Bovie, ed.Plautus Vol. I; Plautus, Amphitruo, ed. David M. Christenson, pp. 49,52. The Long Night is also attributed to Plato, the comic poet.24.^Hoffman, Michael J; Patrick D. Murphy. Essentials of the theoryof fiction (2 ed.). Duke University Press, 1996. pp. 36.ISBN0-8223-1823-7, 9780822318231.[edit] ReferencesAston, Elaine, and George Savona. 1991. Theatre as Sign-System: A Semiotics of Text and Performance. London and New York: Routledge.ISBN 0-415-04932-6.Baldick, Chris. 2001. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford UP. ISBN 0-19-280118-X.Burke, Kenneth. 1945. A Grammar of Motives. California edition.Berkeley: U of California P, 1969. ISBN 0-520-01544-4.Carlson, Marvin. 1993. Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present.Expanded ed. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8154-3.Childs, Peter, and Roger Fowler. 2006. The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms.London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-34017-9.Elam, Keir. 2002. The Semiotics of Theatre and Drama. 2nd edition.New Accents Ser. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28018-4.Originally published in 1980.Goring, Rosemary, ed. 1994. Larousse Dictionary of Literary Characters.Edinburgh and New York: Larousse. ISBN 0-7523-0001-6.Harrison, Martin. 1998. The Language of Theatre. London: Routledge.ISBN 0-87830-087-2.Hodgson, Terry. 1988. The Batsford Dictionary of Drama. London: Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-4694-3.Janko, Richard, trans. 1987. Poetics with Tractatus Coislinianus, Reconstruction of Poetics II and the Fragments of the On Poets.By Aristotle. Cambridge: Hackett. ISBN 0-87220-033-7.McGovern, Una, ed. 2004. Dictionary of Literary Characters.Edinburgh: Chambers. ISBN 0-550-10127-6.Pavis, Patrice. 1998. Dictionary of the Theatre: Terms, Concepts, and Analysis. Trans. Christine Shantz. Toronto and Buffalo: U of Toronto P. ISBN 0-8020-8163-0.Pringle, David. 1987. Imaginary People: A Who's Who of Modern Fictional Characters. London: Grafton. ISBN 0-246-12968-9.Rayner, Alice. 1994. To Act, To Do, To Perform: Drama and the Phenomenology of Action.Theater:Theory/Text/Performance Ser. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10537-X.Trumble, William R, and Angus Stevenson, ed. 2002. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles.5th ed. Oxford: Oxford UP. ISBN 0-19-860575-7..。
英汉语言对比
英汉语言对比翻译教学和研究的经验表明，翻译理论与技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析的基础之上。
英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧，如选词(Diction)、转换(Conversion)、增补(Amplification)、省略(Omission)、重复(Repetition)、替代(Substitution)、变换(Variation)、倒置(Inversion)、拆离(Division)、缀合(Combination)、阐释(Annotation)、浓缩(Condensation)、重组(Reconstruction)，以及时态、语态、语气、习语、术语等的译法，都集中地体现了英汉两种语言的不同特点。
第一节综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs. Analytic）形态变化、词序和虚词是表达语法意义的三大手段。
综合语的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系。
拉丁语、德语及古英语等都属于这类语言。
分析语的特征是不用形态变化而用语序及虚词来表达语法关系。
汉语就是典型的分析语。
一、英语有形态变化，汉语没有严格意义的形态变化。
所谓形态变化，即词的形式变化，主要包括以下两方面：1、构词形态，即起构词作用的词缀变化(affixation)，包括大量的前缀(prefix)和后缀(suffix)。
He moved astonishingly fast.He moved with astonishing rapidity.His movements astonished us by their rapidity.His rapid movements astonished us.2、构形形态，即表达语法意义的词形变化。
二、英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定。
形态变化与词序有密切的关系。
形态变化越多的语言，词序越灵活，反之亦然。
汉语是典型的分析语，词没有形态标志，位置不能随便移动，词语之间的关系主要通过安排词序及使用虚词来表达。
德尔EMG PowerSwitch S5200-ON系列开放网络开关说明书
The PowerSwitch S5200-ON 25/100GbE fixed switches comprise Dell Technologies’ latest disaggregated hardware and software data center networking solutions, providing state-of-the-art, high-density 25/100GbE ports and a broad range of functionality to meet the growing demands of today’s data center environment. These innovative, next-generation open networking switches offer optimum flexibility and cost-effectiveness for web 2.0, enterprise, mid-market and cloud service provider with demanding compute and storage traffic environments.The S5200-ON is a complete family of switches:12-port,24-port, and 48-port 25GbE/100GbE ToR switches, 96-port25GbE/100GbE Middle of Row (MoR)/End of Row (EoR) switch, and a 32-port 100GbE Multi-Rate Spine/Leaf switch. From the compact half-rack width S5212F-ON providing an ideal form factor for hyper-converged deployments, to the high density S5296F-ON for Middle of Row deployments, the S5200-ON series offers performance and flexibility for a variety of network designs.In addition to 100GbE Spine/Leaf deployments, the S5232F-ON can also be used in high density deployments using breakout cables to achieve up to 128 10GbE or 128 25GbE ports.Using industry-leading hardware and a choice of Dell EMC SmartFabric OS10 or select 3rd party network operating systems and tools, the S5200-ON switches incorporate multiple architectural features that optimize data center network flexibility, efficiency and availability, including IO panel to PSU or PSUto IO panel airflow for hot/cold aisle environments, redundant,hot-swappable power supplies and fans and deliver non-blocking performance for workloads sensitive to packet loss.Priority-based flow control (PFC), data center bridge exchange (DCBX) and enhanced transmission selection (ETS) makethe S5200-ON family ideally suited for DCB environments.Dell EMC PowerSwitch S5200-ON switches support the open source Open Network Install Environment (ONIE) for zero touch installation of Dell EMC SmartFabric OS10 networking operating system, as well as alternative network operating systems.Key applications• Organizations looking to enter the software-defined datacenter era with a choice of networking technologies designed to maximize flexibility• High-density 10/25GbE ToR server aggregation in high-performance data center environments at the desired fabric speed with the S5248F-ON or S5296F-ON• Low-density 10/25GbE server and storage aggregation with the S5212F-ON and S5224F-ON• Small-scale Fabric implementation via the S5232F-ONswitch in leaf and spine along with S5248F-ON 1/10/25GbE ToR switches enabling cost-effective aggregation of10/25/40/50/100 uplinks• Multi-functional 10/25/40/50/100GbE switching in HighPerformance Computing Clusters or other business-sensitive deployments requiring the highest bandwidth.• iSCSI deployments, including DCB convergedlossless transactions• Single-pass VXLAN routingKey features• 1 or 2RU high-density ToR switches with up to 48 or 96 ports of 25GbE or 32 ports of 100GbE• Multi-rate 100GbE ports support 10/25/40/50/100GbE• Scalable L2 and L3 Ethernet switching with QoS and a fullcomplement of standards-based IPv4 and IPv6 features,including OSPF and BGP routing support• Line-rate performance via non-blocking switch fabrics:3.2Tbps (6.4Tbps full-duplex) on S5296F-ON and S5232F-ON, 2.0Tbps (4.0Tbps full-duplex) on S5248F-ON, and1.08Tbps (2.16Tbps full-duplex) on S5224F-ON andS5212F-ON• L2 multipath support via Virtual Link Trunking (VLT) andRouted VLT supportDELL EMC POWERSWITCH S5200-ON SERIES SWITCHESHigh-performance, open networking 25GbE top-of-rack and 100GbE spine/leaf switches• VXLAN gateway functionality support for bridging and routing the non-virtualized and the virtualized overlay networks with line rate performance• Support for Dell EMC SmartFabric OS10• Converged network support for DCB, with priority flow control (802.1Qbb), ETS (802.1Qaz), DCBx and iSCSI TLV support • Routable RoCE to enable convergence of compute andstorage on Leaf/Spine Fabric• IO panel to PSU airflow or PSU to IO panel airflowRedundant, hot-swappable power supplies and fans onmost models• Supports the open source Open Network Install Environment (ONIE) for zero touch installation of alternate networkoperating systems• Tool-less enterprise ReadyRails™ mounting kits for mostmodels reducing time and resources for switch rackinstallation (S5212F-ON will utilize a tandem tray formounting)• Power-efficient operation and Dell Fresh Air 2.0 compliantup to 45ºC helps reduce cooling costs in temperatureconstrained deploymentsKey features with Dell EMC SmartFabric OS10• Consistent DevOps framework across compute, storage and networking elements• Standard networking features, interfaces and scriptingfunctions for legacy network operations integration • Standards-based switching hardware abstraction via Switch Abstraction Interface (SAI)• Pervasive, unrestricted developer environment via Control Plane Services (CPS)• Dell EMC SmartFabric OS10 software enables Dell EMC layer 2 and 3 switching and routing protocols with integrated IP services, quality of service, manageability and automation features• OS10 supports Precision Time Protocol (PTP, IEEE 1588v2) to synchronize clocks on network devices• Increase VM Mobility region by stretching L2 VLAN within or across two DCs with unique VLT capabilities• Scalable L2 and L3 Ethernet Switching with QoS, ACL and a full complement of standards based IPv4 and IPv6 features including OSPF, BGP and PBR• Enhanced mirroring capabilities including local mirroring, Remote Port Mirroring (RPM), and Encapsulated Remote Port Mirroring (ERPM)• Converged network support for Data Center Bridging, with priority flow control (802.1Qbb), ETS (802.1Qaz), DCBx and iSCSI TLV• BGP EVPN with Integrated Routing and Bridging (IRB) in both Asymmetric and Symmetric modes, enabling controller less NVOPhysical1 RJ45 console/management port with RS232 signalingS5212F-ON: 12x25GbE SFP28 + 3x 100GbE QSFP28S5224F-ON: 24x25GbE SFP28 + 4x 100GbE QSFP28S5248F-ON: 48x25GbE SFP28 + 4x 100GbE QSFP28 + 2x 2x100GbE QSFP28-DDS5296F-ON: 96x25GbE SFP28 + 8x 100GbE QSFP28S5232F-ON: 32x100GbE QSFP28 ports +2xSFP+ 10GbEEnvironmentalPower supply: 100–240 VAC 50/60 HzMax Operating specifications:AC Max. Operating specifications: Operating temperature: 32° to 113°F(0° to 45°C)Operating humidity: 5 to 90% (RH),non-condensingMax. Non-operating specifications:Storage temperature: –40° to 158°F(–40° to 70°C)Storage humidity: 5 to 90% (RH), non-condensingFresh air Compliant to 45°CRedundancyHot swappable redundant powerHot swappable redundant fans (fixed power supply and fans on S5212F-ON) PerformancePacket buffer memory: 32MBCPU memory: 16GBMSTP: 64 instancesLAG load balancing: Based on layer 2, IPv4 or IPv6 headersIEEE Compliance802.1AB LLDPTIA-1057 LLDP-MED802.3ad Link Aggregation802.1D Bridging, STP802.1p L2 Prioritization802.1Q VLAN Tagging802.1Qbb PFC802.1Qaz ETS802.1X Network Access Control802.3ac Frame Extensions for VLANTagging802.3x Flow ControlLayer2 Protocols802.1D Compatible802.1s MSTP802.1w RSTP802.1t RPVST+VLT (Virtual Link Trunking)VRRP Active/ActiveRSTP & RPVST+Port Mirroring on VLT portsDCB, iSCSI, FIP Snooping BridgeRPM/ERPM over VLTVLT Minloss upgradeRFC Compliance768 UDP793 TCP854 Telnet959 FTP1321 MD5 1350 TFTP2474 Differentiated Services2698 Two Rate Three Color Marker3164 Syslog4254 SSHv2General IPv4 Protocols791 IPv4792 ICMP826 ARP1027 Proxy ARP1035 DNS (client)1042 Ethernet Transmission1191 Path MTU Discovery1305 NTPv41519 CIDR1588v2 PTP support1812 Routers, Static Routes1858 IP Fragment Filtering2131 DHCPv4 (server and relay)5798 VRRPv33021 31-bit Prefixes1812 Requirements for IPv4 Routers1918 Address Allocation for PrivateInternets2474 Diffserv Field in IPv4 and Ipv6Headers2597 Assured Forwarding PHB Group3195 Reliable Delivery for Syslog3246 Expedited Forwarding PHB GroupVRF (BGPv4/v6)General IPv6 Protocols1981 Path MTU for IPv62372 IPv6 Addressing2460 IPv6 Protocol Specification2461 Neighbor Discovery2462 Stateless Address AutoConfig2711 IPv6 Router alert2463 ICMPv62464 Ethernet Transmission2675 IPv6 Jumbograms3484 Default Address Selection3493 Basic Socket Interface4291 Addressing Architecture3542 Advanced Sockets API3587 Global Unicast Address Format4291 IPv6 Addressing2464 Transmission of IPv6 Packets overEthernet Networks2711 IPv6 Router Alert Option4007 IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture4213 Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hostsand Routers3315 DHCPv6 Server & RelayIPv6 Static RoutesOSPF1745 OSPF/BGP interaction1765 OSPF Database overflow2154 OSPF with DigitalSignatures2328 OSPFv25340 OSPF for IPv6 (OSPFv3)2370 Opaque LSA3101 OSPF NSSA4552 OSPFv3 AuthenticationMulticast4541 IGMPv1/v2/v3 and MLDv1/v2SnoopingSecurity2865 RADIUS3162 Radius and IPv63579 Radius support for EAP3580 802.1X with RADIUS3826 AES Cipher in SNMP1492 TACACS (Authentication, Accounting)Control Plane, VTY & SNMP ACLsIP Access Control ListsBGP1997 Communities2385 MD52439 Route Flap Damping2796 Route Reflection2918 Route Refresh3065 Confederations4271 BGP-42545 BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions forIPv6 Inter-Domain Routing2858 Multiprotocol Extensions4360 Extended Communities4893 4-byte ASN5396 4-byte ASN Representation5492 Capabilities Advertisementdraft-ietf-idr-add-paths-04.txt ADD PATHLinux DistributionDebian Linux version 9Linux Kernel 4.9Network Management and MonitoringSNMPv1/2cIPv4/IPv6 Management support (Telnet, FTP,TACACS, RADIUS, SSH, NTP)SyslogPort MirroringRPM/ERPM3176 SFlowSupport Assist (Phone Home)RestConf APIs (Layer 2 features)XML SchemaCLI Commit (Scratchpad)Uplink Failure DetectionObject TrackingBidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)AutomationControl Plane Services APIsLinux Utilities and Scripting ToolsCLI Automation (Multiline Alias)Zero Touch Deployment (ZTD)Ansible, Puppet, Chef, SaltStack8040 RESTCONF APIs (L3)Quality of ServicePrefix ListRoute-MapRate Shaping (Egress)Rate Policing (Ingress)Scheduling AlgorithmsRound RobinWeighted Round RobinDeficit Round RobinStrict PriorityWeighted Random Early DetectData center bridging802.1Qbb Priority-Based Flow Control802.1Qaz Enhanced TransmissionSelection (ETS)Explicit Congestion NotificationData Center Bridging eXchange (DCBx)DCBx Application TLV (iSCSI, FCoE)RoCEv2Software Defined NetworkingOpenFlow 1.3 (Native)MIBSIP MIBIP Forward MIBHost Resources MIBIF MIBLLDP EXT1/3 MIBEntity MIBLAG MIBDell-Vendor MIBTCP MIBUDP MIBSNMPv2 MIBETHERLIKE-MIBSFLOW-MIBPFC-MIBRegulatory complianceSafetyUL/CSA 60950-1, Second EditionEN 60950-1, Second EditionIEC 60950-1, Second Edition Including All National Deviations and Group Differences EN 60825-1 Safety of Laser Products Part 1: Equipment Classification Requirements and User’s GuideEN 60825-2 Safety of Laser Products Part 2: Safety of Optical Fibre Communication SystemsFDA Regulation 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 EmissionsAustralia/New Zealand: AS/NZS CISPR 22: 2006, Class ACanada: ICES-003, Issue-4, Class A Europe: EN 55022: 2006+A1:2007(CISPR 22: 2006), Class AJapan: VCCI V3/2009 Class AUSA: FCC CFR 47 Part 15, Subpart B:2011, Class AImmunityEN 300 386 V1.4.1:2008 EMC for Network EquipmentEN 55024: 1998 + A1: 2001 + A2: 2003 EN 61000-3-2: Harmonic CurrentEmissionsEN 61000-3-3: Voltage Fluctuations andFlickerEN 61000-4-2: ESDEN 61000-4-3: Radiated ImmunityEN 61000-4-4: EFTEN 61000-4-5: SurgeEN 61000-4-6: Low Frequency ConductedImmunity RoHSAll S Series components are EU RoHS compliant.CertificationsAvailable with US Trade Agreements Act (TAA) complianceUSGv6 Host and Router Certified on Dell Networking OS 9.5 and greaterIPv6 Ready for both Host and Router UCR DoD APL (core and distribution ALSAN switchWarranty1 year return to depotLearn more at DellT /NetworkingDellTechnologiesServicesConsultingDell T echnologies Consulting Services provides industry professionals with a wide range of tools and the experience your needto design and execute plans to transform your business. DeploymentAccelerate technology adoptionwith ProDeploy EnterpriseSuite. Trust our experts to lead deployments through planning, configuration and complex integrations.ManagementRegain control of operations with flexible IT management options. Our Residency Services help you adopt and optimize new technologiesand our Managed Services allowyou to outsource portions of your environment to us.SupportIncrease productivity and reduce downtime with ProSupport Enterprise Suite. Expert support backed by proactive and predictive artificial intelligence tools.EducationDell T echnologies Education Services help you develop the IT skills required to lead and execute transformational strategies. Get certified today.Learn more atDellT /Services Plan, deploy, manage and support your IT transformation with our top-rated services。
CIMPLICITY 10 产品介绍说明书
Precisely monitor and control every aspect of your industrial operations with efficient HMI/SCADAEnable smarter operators with Efficient HMI for the right actions and outcomesAs a proven automation platform, CIMPLICITY from GE Digital provides true client-server visualization and control—from single machines to plant locations spanning the world—helping you manage your operations and improve decision-making.Based on decades of GE Digital’s research and development, CIMPLICITY is the HMI and SCADA of choice for the world’s largest manufacturers. For applications of all sizes, CIMPLICITY can help deliver faster response, reduced costs, and increased profitability.Our latest version enables Efficient HMI with Web HMI from GE Digital to speed operator actions, offers secure-by-design connectivity andcertification management, enhances modeling for repeatability and time savings, and provides the latest operating system and database updates.04Improve connectivity, security, and reliability across your entire operationsWith OPC UA Server support for modeled data, CIMPLICITY helps you aggregate systems for a single connection to your SCADA and consolidated views. Additionally, CIMPLICITY's Global Discovery Server reduces threats from cyber attacks with overall certificate-based communication. Robust coding practices and Achilles Practices Certification make CIMPLICITY the SCADA of choice to help meet the most demanding security requirements.01Decrease operator response time and errors with Efficient HMI and SCADACIMPLICITY changes the HMI experience to enable decision support for the user. The overall HMI layout is designed to provide users with the most informed, personalized view of the problem or task at hand - for faster response and fewer errors.02Drive faster time-to-value withenhanced repeatability and modelingDeploy solutions faster with CIMPLICITY’s enhanced database with class containment. Employ object-oriented design for easy repeatability and faster time-to-value through modeled context. You can use classes and objects for building a structured database quickly. Modeling capabilities in CIMPLICITY allow you to create templated applications for repeatable assets, which can be leveraged in both the existing clients as well as the new Web HMI client.03Achieve visualization where you need it with native responsive web designThe CIMPLICITY screens created for the Web HMI are full HTML5 compliant and support responsive design concepts. The displayssupport multi-touch and can scale to adapt to various form factors and orientations where the HMI will be viewed, from small to large high-resolution screens.With thousands of installations, CIMPLICITY with Web HMI offers trustedperformance, reliability, one of the richest HMI/SCADA feature sets, and edge-to-cloud innovation from GE Digital.Precisely monitor and control every aspect of your industrial operations with efficient HMI/SCADASoftware requirements• One of the following operating systems:–Microsoft Windows 10–Microsoft Windows Server 2016–Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2–Microsoft Windows 8.1–Microsoft Windows 7 SP1• Supported: Microsoft SQL Server 2016, 2014,2012 (11.x), 2008 R2; SQL Express 2014 and 2012;Microsoft Visual Studio 2012.4; Oracle 12C Hardware requirements• Intel Core 2 Duo 3.0 GHz or better computer.• A minimum of 4 GB RAM.• A minimum of 40 GB of free hard drive space.With CIMPLICITY 10, you have a context-rich HMI that changes as the usermoves through the system, based on an engineer-defined model structure.This prescribed experience provides the operator with the most relevantinformation—in context—and minimizes the effort to find it.LEARN MORE Improve your efficiency with the high performance HMIand SCADA capabilities in CIMPLICITY 10. With the latestinnovation in HMI designs for efficiency, your operatorscan quickly identify problems and causes for a fastresolution.Hardware and software requirements are representative and may vary by customer deployment.Please consult the product documentation for more details.Precisely monitor and control every aspect of your industrial operations with efficient HMI/SCADAContactAmericas: 1-855-YOUR1GE (1-855-968-7143)****************/digitalAbout GEGE (NYSE: GE) is the world’s Digital Industrial Company, transforming industry with software-defined machines and solutions that are connected, responsive and predictive. GE is organized around a global exchange of knowledge, the “GE Store,” through which each business shares and accesses the same technology, markets, structure and intellect. Each invention further fuels innovation and application across our industrial sectors. With people, services, technology and scale, GE delivers better outcomes for customers by speaking the language of industry.©2016 General Electric. All rights reserved. *Trademark of General Electric. All other brands or names are property of their respective holders. Specifications are subject to change without notice. 11 2016ServicesIn the world of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), organizations are able to optimize productivity, reduce costs, and achieve Operational Excellence. While this is an exciting time for opportunity and growth, it can also bring on new challenges, questions, and uncertainty. No matter where you are on your IIoT journey, GE Digital has the right services offering for you.Advisory Services We can help you plan and start your IIoT journey in a way that aligns to your specific business outcomes.Managed Services We can help you maintain your critical machines from one of our remote locations around the world using model-based predictive-analytic technology.Implementation Services Our experienced global Automation partners can implement a collaborative, multi-generational program that marries your existing investments to the right enhancements and technology.Education Services We specialize in education services to ensure that you’re leveraging our solutions to the fullest extent with our training and certificate programs.Acceleration Plan Let us help by ensuring that your business continues to operate at its highest efficiency, all while mitigating risks to your investments.Wurldtech Security Services Our solutions provide industrial-grade securityfor a wide range of OT network and application topologies.HistorianOptimize asset and plantperformance through time-series industrial data collection andaggregation, leveraging predix IIoTconnectivity.Dream ReportPowerful reporting to help you improve performance and meet operational goalsRelated productsGE Digital’s HMI and SCADA suite helps you precisely monitor, control, and visualize every aspect of your operations, enabling operators to make the best decisions faster.Continue your IIoT journeyTransforming your business requires innovative foundational solutions that lay the groundwork for optimized performance.TrackerAccelerate time-to-market and improve just-in-sequence performance at global scale inautomotive manufacturing.WorkflowGuide operators with dynamic, interactive electronic work instructions and eSOPs formore consistent operations andoptimized processes.Cyber Security for OTTake the right actions to increase resilience, help ensure safety, and maintain availability across your operational technology (OT)environment.Production MangerStay competitive with reduced WIP, tighter control on quality, and a streamlined supply chain.Innovate and transform your business with the cloud-based operating system for theIndustrial Internet, purpose-built for industry.。
“双碳”目标下膜技术发展的思考
化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2022年第41卷第3期“双碳”目标下膜技术发展的思考徐南平，赵静，刘公平（材料化学工程国家重点实验室，江苏南京211816）摘要：实现碳达峰和碳中和，本质在于使经济社会发展彻底摆脱对含碳矿产资源的依赖，其关键在科技创新。
作为一种高效节能的共性分离技术，膜技术在这个过程中可以发挥怎样的作用？本文从零碳能源重构、低碳流程再造、非二气体减排及负碳体系构建四个方面详细阐述了膜技术在实现“双碳”目标的关键技术途径中所发挥的重要作用，主要包括零碳电力存储、绿氢制备及利用、工业流程优化及节能降耗、CO 2及非二气体捕集、CO 2转化再利用等。
文中分析了相关领域膜技术的发展现状，并对“双碳”目标下我国未来膜技术的研究方向和发展目标进行了展望，指出通过一系列颠覆性膜技术的大规模应用，可助力实现可再生能源成本全球最低、低碳流程再造代价最小两大战略目标，为我国实现碳中和提供坚实的技术支撑。
关键词：碳达峰；碳中和；含碳矿产资源；膜技术中图分类号：TQ028.8文献标志码：A文章编号：1000-6613（2022）03-1091-06Thinking of membrane technology development towards “carbon emission peak ”and “carbon neutrality ”targetsXU Nanping,ZHAO Jing,LIU Gongping(State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,Nanjing 211816,Jiangsu,China)Abstract:The essence of achieving “carbon emission peak”and “carbon neutrality”is to completely getrid of the dependence of economic and social development on carbon-containing mineral resources.The key solution towards this issue is to develop innovative science and technology.As an efficient and energy-saving generic separation technology,what role can membrane technology play in this process?This paper discusses the important functions of membrane technology in the pivotal technical approaches to realizing “carbon emission peak”and “carbon neutrality”targets from four aspects:zero-carbon energy system reconstruction,low-carbon-process engineering,non-CO 2gas emission reduction and negative-carbon-system creation.The involved technical approaches mainly included zero-carbon-electricity storage,green hydrogen preparation and utilization,process optimization and energy consumption reduction of current industrial processes,CO 2and non-CO 2gas capture,CO 2conversion and reuse.The recent developments of membrane technology in the relevant fields are analyzed,and the future development directions and goals of the membrane technology in China are prospected.It is anticipated that the large-scale applications of various disruptive membrane technologies in the future could contribute to achieving the two strategic objectives of the lowest renewable energy cost in the world and the minimum priceof low-carbon-process engineering,and then provide technical supports for realizing “carbon neutrality”观点DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-2143收稿日期：2021-10-19；修改稿日期：2021-11-09。