How to Cite
tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (25)原文 (25)译文 (28)题目 (31)答案 (40)背景知识 (41)阅读-3 (49)原文 (49)译文 (53)题目 (55)答案 (63)背景知识 (64)阅读-1原文Plant Colonization①Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site.Colonization is a process with two components:invasion and survival.The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms(seeds,spores,immature or mature individuals)arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving.Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization–a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established.For a given rate of invasion,colonization of a moist,fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter.A fertile,plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds,whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse,infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.②Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species.Pioneer species-those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization-tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules(seeds,spores,and so on)and because they have an efficient means of dispersal(normally,wind).③If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules,they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats.Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small,relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means If reaching the appropriate type of habitat.Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants,such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds.Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation,and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example,as many as1,125viable seeds per square meter were found in a100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia.Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species.The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the largeseed band on the forest floor.④An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination(the beginning of a seed’s growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions.This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity.⑤Species succession in plant communities,i.e.,the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession,especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites.Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates.The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of specie with the highest rate of invasion,whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival ratesbut lower invasion rates.译文植物定居①定居是植物改变一个地点生态环境的一种方式。
How to Cite a Paper in MLA Format
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From : MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages. Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers.
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In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what's known as parenthetical citation. Immediately following a quotation from a source or a paraphrase of a source's ideas, you place the author's name followed by a space and the relevant page number(s). EXAMPLE: Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3). When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work, or italicize or underline it if it's a longer work. Your in-text citation will correspond with an entry in your Works Cited page, which, for the Burke citation above, will look something like this: Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966.
CiteSpace操作指南(英文版)
The CiteSpace ManualVersion 0.96Chaomei ChenCollege of Computing and InformaticsDrexel UniversityHow to cite:Chen, Chaomei (2014) The CiteSpace Manual. /~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdfContents1How can I find the latest version of the CiteSpace Manual? (5)2What can I use CiteSpace for? (5)2.1What if I have Questions (7)2.2How should I cite CiteSpace? (7)2.3Where are the Users of CiteSpace? (8)3Requirements to Run CiteSpace (10)3.1Java Runtime (JRE) (10)3.2How do I check whether Java is on my computer? (10)3.3Do I have a 32-bit or 64-bit Computer? (12)4How to Install and Configure CiteSpace (12)4.1Where Can I download CiteSpace from the Web? (12)4.2What is the maximum number of records that I can handle with CiteSpace? (13)4.3How to configure the memory allocation for CiteSpace? (13)4.4How to uninstall CiteSpace (14)4.5On Mac or Unix-based Systems (15)5Get Started with CiteSpace (19)5.1Try it with a demonstrative dataset (19)5.1.1The Demo Project (20)5.1.2Clustering (23)5.1.3Generate Cluster Labels (25)5.1.4Where are the major areas of research based on the input dataset? (27)5.1.5How are these major areas connected? (28)5.1.6Where are the most active areas? (28)5.1.7What is each major area about? Which/where are the key papers for a given area?365.1.8Timeline View (38)5.2Try it with a dataset of your own (39)5.2.1Collecting Data (39)5.2.2Working with a CiteSpace Project (43)5.2.3Data Sources in Chinese (44)5.2.4How to handle search results containing irrelevant topics (45)6Configure a CiteSpace Run (47)6.1Time Slicing (47)6.3Configure the Networks (48)6.3.1Bibliographic Coupling (49)6.4Node Selection Criteria (49)6.4.1Do I have the right network? (50)6.5Pruning, or Link Reduction (50)6.6Visualization (51)7Interacting with CiteSpace (51)7.1How to Show or Hide Link Strengths (51)7.2Adding a Persistent Label to a Node (52)7.3Using Aliases to Merge Nodes (53)7.4How to Exclude a Node from the Network (55)7.5How to Use the Fisheye View Slider (55)7.6How to Configure When to Calculate Centrality Scores Automatically (56)7.7How to Save the Visualization as a PNG File (57)8Additional Functions (58)8.1Menu: Data (58)8.1.1CiteSpace Built-in Database (58)8.1.2Utility Functions for the Web of Science Format (61)8.1.3PubMed (62)8.2Menu: Network (64)8.2.1Batch Export to Pajek .net Files (64)8.3Menu: Geographical (64)8.3.1Generate Google Earth Maps (64)8.4Menu: Overlay Maps (67)8.4.1Add an Overlay (68)8.4.2Further Reading and Terms of Use (70)8.5Menu: Text (70)8.5.1Concept Trees and Predicate Trees (70)8.5.2List Terms by Clumping Properties (73)8.5.3Latent Semantic Analysis (74)9Selected Examples (75)10Metrics and Indicators (77)10.1Information Theoretic (77)10.2Structural (77)10.2.1Betweenness Centrality (77)10.2.2Modularity (77)10.2.3Silhouette (77)10.3Temporal (77)10.3.1Burstness (77)10.4Combined (77)10.4.1Sigma (77)10.5Cluster Labeling (78)10.5.1Term Frequency by Inversed Document Frequency (78)10.5.2Log-Likelihood Ratio (78)10.5.3Mutual Information (78)11References (78)1How can I find the latest version of the CiteSpace Manual?The latest version of the CiteSpace Manual is always at the following location:/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdfYou can also access the manual from CiteSpace: Help ►View the CiteSpace Manual (PDF). It will open up the PDF file in a new browser window.Figure 1. The latest version of the CiteSpace Manual is accessible from CiteSpace itself.2What can I use CiteSpace for?CiteSpace is designed to answer questions about a knowledge domain, which is a broadly defined concept that covers a scientific field, a research area, or a scientific discipline. A knowledge domain is typically represented by a set of bibliographic records of relevant publications. It is your responsibility to prepare the most appropriate and representative dataset that contains adequate information to answer your questions.CiteSpace is designed to make it easy for you to answer questions about the structure and dynamics of a knowledge domain. Here are some typical questions:•What are the major areas of research based on the input dataset?•How are these major areas connected, i.e. through which specific articles?•Where are the most active areas?•What is each major area about? Which/where are the key papers for a given area?•Are there critical transitions in the history of the development of the field? Where are the ‘turning points’?The design of CiteSpace is inspired by Thomas Kuhn’s structure of scientific revolutions. The central idea is that centers of research focus change over time, sometime incrementally and other times drastically. The development of science can be traced by studying their footprints revealed by scholarly publications.Members of the contemporary scientific community make their contributions. Their contributions form a dynamic and self-organizing system of knowledge. The system contains consensus, disputes, uncertainties, hypotheses, mysteries, unsolved problems, and unanswered questions. It is not enough to study a single school of thought. In fact, a better understanding of a specific topic often relies on an understanding of how it is related to other topics.The foundation of the CiteSpace is network analysis and visualization. Through network modeling and visualization, you can explore the intellectual landscape of a knowledge domain and discern what questions researchers have been trying to answer and what methods and tools they have developed to reach their goals.This is not a simple task. Rather it is often conceptually demanding and complex. If you are about to write a novel, the word processor or a text editor can make the task easier, but it cannot help you to create the plot or enrich the character of your hero. Similarly, and probably to a greater extent, CiteSpace can generate X-ray photos of a knowledge domain, but to interpret what these X-ray photos mean, you need to have some knowledge of various elements involved. The role of CiteSpace is to shift some of the traditionally labor-some burdens to computer algorithms and interactive visualizations so that you can concentrate on what human users are most good at in problem solving and truth finding. However, it is probably easier to generate some mysterious looking visualizations with CiteSpace than to fully understand what these visualizations tell you and who may benefit from such findings.Figure 2. Hierarchically organized functions of CiteSpace, for example, GUI ►Pruning ►Pathfinder: true.2.1What if I have QuestionsIf you have a question regarding the use of CiteSpace, you should first check the manual whether your question is answered in the manual. You can do a simple search through the PDF file to find out.If the manual does not get you anywhere, you can ask your questions on the Facebook page of CiteSpace:https:///pages/CiteSpace/276625072366558You can also post questions to my blog on sciencenet:/home.php?mod=space&uid=496649Please refrain from sending me emails because you will have a much better chance to get my response from either the Facebook or the sciencenet blog.Generally speaking, thoughtful questions get answered quickly. Questions that you may be able to figure out the answer for yourself if you think a little bit more about it would have a lower priority in the answering queue; it is quite possible that some of them never get answered.2.2How should I cite CiteSpace?The following three publications represent the core ideas of CiteSpace.The 2004 PNAS paper is the initial publication on CiteSpace (Chen 2004). In hindsight, it could have been named CiteSpace I. The 19-page 2006 JASIST paper gives the most thorough and in-depth description of CiteSpace II’s key functions (C. M. Chen, 2006), plus a follow-up study of domain experts identified in the visualizations. The 2010 JASIST paper is even longer with 24 pages (C. Chen, Ibekwe-SanJuan, & Hou, 2010), which is the third of the trilogy. It describes technical details on how cluster labels are selected and how each of the three selection algorithms in comparison with labels chosen by domain experts.ReferenceCitations(Google Scholar)800 Chen, C. (2006). "CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature." Journal of the AmericanSociety for Information Science and Technology 57(3): 359-377.394 Chen , C. (2004). "Searching for intellectual turning points: Progressive Knowledge Domain Visualization." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA101(Suppl.): 5303-5310.157 Chen, C., et al. (2010). "The structure and dynamics of co-citation clusters:A multiple-perspective co-citation analysis." Journal of the AmericanSociety for Information Science and Technology 61(7): 1386-1409.The most recent case study of a topic outside the realm of information science and scientometrics is a scienometric study of regenerative medicine (C. Chen, Hu, Liu, & Tseng, 2012).Chen, C., et al. (2012). "Emerging trends in regenerative medicine: A scientometric analysis in CiteSpace."Expert Opinions on Biological Therapy 12(5): 593-608.2.3Where are the Users of CiteSpace?In terms of the cities where CiteSpace were used, China, the United States, and Europe are prominent. Brazil, Turkey, and Spain also have many cities on the chart.Figure 3. Cities with users of CiteSpace between August 2013 and March 2014 are shown on the map. The colors of markers depict the level of user intensity: green (1-10), yellow (10-100), red (100-1000), and the large red water dropshaped marker (1000+).Figure 4. The use of CiteSpace in China (August 2013 – March 2014).Figure 5. The use of CiteSpace in the United States (August 2013 – March 2014).Figure 6. The use of CiteSpace in Europe (August 2013 – March 2014).3Requirements to Run CiteSpace3.1Java Runtime (JRE)CiteSpace is written in Java. It is a Java application. You should be able to run it on a computer that supports Java, including Windows or Mac.CiteSpace is currently optimized for Windows 64-bit Java 7 (i.e. Java 1.7).To run a Java application on your computer, you need to have Java Runtime (JRE) installed on your computer.3.2How do I check whether Java is on my computer?Figure 7. Select Control Panel.Figure 8. Click into the Programs category to find the Java control panel.Figure 9. Locate the Java control panel.Figure 10. Java Control Panel. Choose the Java tab and press the View button to see more detail.Figure 11. Java Runtime 1.7 is installed.3.3Do I have a 32-bit or 64-bit Computer?You need to find out whether your computer has a 32-bit or a 64-bit operating system.Go to Control Panel ►System and Security ►System. You will see various details about your computer. Under the System type, you will see whether you have a 32-bit or a 64-bit operating system.Follow the link below for further instructions on how to install Java:/en/download/help/index_installing.xmlOnce you have Java Runtime setup on your computer, you can proceed to install CiteSpace.4How to Install and Configure CiteSpaceCiteSpace is provided as a zip file for 64-bit and 32-bit computers. For Mac users, you need to download the 64-bit version.4.1Where Can I download CiteSpace from the Web?You can download the latest version of CiteSpace from the following website:/~cchen/citespace/download.htmlFigure 12.The download page of CiteSpace.After you download the zip file to your computer, unpack the zip file to a folder of your choice.Figure 13. CiteSpace is unpacked to the D drive on a computer.Now you can start CiteSpace by double clicking on the StartCiteSpace file.If you need to modify the amount memory allocated for CiteSpace (more precisely for Java Virtual Machine on which CiteSpace to be running), you can edit StartCiteSpace as a plain text file with any text editor.4.2What is the maximum number of records that I can handle with CiteSpace?This question needs to be answered at two levels: the number of records processed by CiteSpace and the number of nodes visualized, i.e. you can see and interact with them in CiteSpace.The first number is the total number of records in your downloaded dataset. CiteSpace reads through each record in your download files.The second number is determined by the selection criteria you specify and by the amount of memory, i.e. RAM, available on your computer. The more RAM you can make available for CiteSpace, the larger sized network you can visualize with a faster response rate.The speed of processing is also affected by a few computationally expensive algorithms such as Pathfinder network scaling and cluster labeling. Empirically, the best options for Pathfinder network scaling would be 50~500 nodes per slice. With faster computers or if you can wait for a bit longer, you can raise the number accordingly.The completion time of cluster labeling is related to the size of your dataset. If the entire timespan of your dataset is 100 years but you will only need to consider the most recent 10 years, it will be a good idea to carve out a much smaller dataset as long as it covers the 10 years of interest. It will reduce the processing time considerably.4.3How to configure the memory allocation for CiteSpace?The performance of CiteSpace is influenced by the amount of memory accessible to the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) on which CiteSpace is running. To analyze a large amount of records, you should consider allocating as much as memory for CiteSpace to use.You can modify the StartCiteSpace.cmd file to optimize the setting. More specifically, modify line 14 in the file. For example, -Xmx2g means that CiteSpace may get a maximum of 2GB of RAM to work with. Save the file after making any changes. And restart CiteSpace.Figure 14. Configure the memory for Java in line 14.4.4How to uninstall CiteSpaceYou can use the following steps to remove cached copies of CiteSpace from your computer.Figure 15. In a Command Prompt window, type javaws –viewer.When you see a list of cached copies of CiteSpace in the Java Cache Viewer, select the items that you want to remove and then click on the button with a red cross.Figure 16. Select a cached copy of CiteSpace and remove the item.4.5On Mac or Unix-based SystemsThe following example shows you the basic steps to get started with CiteSpace on a Mac. First, go to the CiteSpace homepage in a browser such as Chrome and download the latest 64-bit version.Figure 17. On a Mac, go to the CiteSpace home page in a browser such as Chrome and download the latest 64-bit version. Once the download is completed, follow the option “Show in Finder.” It will take you to a list of files downloaded to your Mac. The most recent file should be the zip file for CiteSpace.Figure 18. Choose “Show in Finder.”Figure 19. The downloaded zip file is shown in your Finder.Double-click on the zip file to unzip the file to a folder in the current folder.Figure 20. The zip file is unzipped to a new folder on the list.Figure 21. The new folder contains CiteSpaceII.jar and a lib folder.The simplest way to get started with CiteSpace is to open the CiteSpaceII.jar by clicking on it while holding the “Control” key on Mac. Select Open from the pop-up menu.Figure 22. Click on the CiteSpaceII.jar while holding the “Control” key and select “Open.”Due to the Java security settings, you will see a dialog box with two options for Open or Cancel.Choose Open to proceed. It will not harm your computer.Figure 23. Choose “Open” from the dialog box to proceed.After you choose Open, CiteSpace is getting started on Mac. You will see its opening page asfollows. Choose “Agree” to continue.Figure 24. CiteSpace is now started on Mac.Figure 25. Screenshots of running the Demo project of CiteSpace on Mac.It is a good idea to get familiar with the basic functions of CiteSpace by going through the Demo project on terrorism, which is included in the zip file.If you want to configure various Java Virtual Machine parameters in more detail than what is shown in the above example, you may generate a bash file for your Mac as follows.The Mac equivalent of the StartCiteSpace.cmd would be a bash file, which should have a file extension of .sh and should be executable. Let’s name the file as StartCiteSpace.sh to be consistent.1.The content of the StartCiteSpace.sh file should have the following two lines:#!/bin/bashjava -Xms1g -Xmx4g -Xss5m -jar CiteSpaceIII.jar2.The following instruction turns the StartCiteSpace.sh file to an executable file:chmod +x StartCiteSpace.sh3.To invoke the executable file, simply type its name or double click on it.StartCiteSpace5Get Started with CiteSpace5.1Try it with a demonstrative datasetWhen you installed CiteSpace for the first time, a demonstrative dataset on terrorism research is setup for you to play with and get familiar with the major analytic functions in CiteSpace.If you have never used CiteSpace before, I strongly recommend you to start with this demo dataset.To launch CiteSpace, double click on the StartCiteSpace.cmd file. You will see a command prompt window first. This window will also display various information on the status and any errors.Figure 26. The command prompt window.You will see another window of “About CiteSpace” – it displays system information of your computer, including the Java version.To proceed, you need to click on the Agree button. CiteSpace may collect user driven events for research purposes.Figure 27. The “About CiteSpace” window. To proceed, click on the Agree button.Next, you will see the main user interface of CiteSpace.The user interface is divided into left and right halves. The left-hand side contains controls of projects (i.e. input datasets) and progress report windows. The right-hand side contains several panels for configuring the process with various parameters.In a nutshell, the process in CiteSpace takes an input dataset specified in the current project, constructs network models of bibliographic entities, and visualizes the networks for interactive exploration for trends and patterns identified from the dataset.The demo project contains a dataset on publications about terrorism research. These bibliographic records were retrieved from the Web of Science. See later sections on tips for how to construct your own dataset.5.1.1The Demo ProjectWe will start the process and explain how CiteSpace is designed to help you answer some of the key questions about a knowledge domain, i.e. a field of study, a research area, or a set of publications defined by the user.Press the green GO! button to start the process.Figure 28. The main user interface of CiteSpace.CiteSpace will read the data files in the current project (Demo) and report its progress in the two windows on the left-hand side of the user interface. When the modeling process is completed, you have three options to choose: Visualize, Save As GraphML, or Cancel.Visualize:This option will take you to the visualization window for further interactive exploration. Save As GraphML:This option will save the constructed network in a file in a common graph format. No visualization.Cancel:This option will not generate any interactive visualization nor save any files. It allowsyou to reconfigure the process and re-run the process.Figure 29. CiteSpace is ready to visualize the constructed network.If you click on the Visualize button, a new window will pop up. This is the Visualization Window. Initially you will see some movements on your screen with a black background. Once the movements are settled, the background color turns to white.Let’s focus on what the initial visualization tells us and then explore what else we can find by using additional functions.First, CiteSpace visualizes a merged network based on several networks corresponding to snapshots of consecutive years. In the Demo project example, the overall time span is from 1996 through 2003. The merged network characterizes the development of the field over time, showing the most important footprints of the related research activities. Each dot represents a node in the network. In the Demo case, the nodes are cited references. CiteSpace can generate networks of other types of entities. Here let’s focus on cited references only for now. Lines that connect nodes are co-citation links; again, CiteSpace can generate networks of other types of links. The colors of these lines are designed to show when a connection was made for the first time. Note that this is influenced by the scope and the depth of the given dataset.The color encoding makes it easy for us to tell which part of the network is old and which is new. If you see that some references are shown with labels, then you will know that these references are highly cited, suggesting that they are probably landmark papers in the field. A list on the left side of the window shows all the nodes appeared in the visualization. The list can be sorted by the frequency of citations, Betweenness centrality, or by year or references as text. You can alsochoose to show or hide a node on the list.Figure 30. The Visualization window.A control panel is shown on the right-hand side of the Visualization Window. You can change how node labels are displayed by a combination of a few threshold values through sliders. You can also change the size of a node by sliding the node size slider.To answer the typical questions we asked before, let’s use several functions in CiteSpace to obtain more specific information through clustering, labeling, and exploring.5.1.2ClusteringAlthough we can probably eyeball the visualized network and identify some prominent groupings, CiteSpace provides more precise ways to identify groupings, or clusters, using theclustering function.To start the clustering function, simply click on this icon .How do I know whether the clustering process is completed? You will see #clusters on the upper right corner of the canvas. In the Demo example, a total of 37 clusters of co-cited references are identified. Each cluster corresponds to an underlying theme, a topic, or a line of research.The signature of the network is shown on the upper left corner of the display. In particular, the modularity Q and the mean silhouette scores are two important metrics that tell us about the overall structural properties of the network. For example, the modularity Q of 0.7141 is relatively high, which means that the network is reasonably divided into loosely coupled clusters. The mean silhouette score of 0.5904 suggests that the homogeneity of these clusters on averageis not very high, but not very low either.Figure 32. The clustering process is completed. 37 clusters are identified (#clusters shown in the upper right corner).Modularity and silhouette scores are shown in the signature of the network on the left.Figure 33. Members of different clusters are shown in different colors.You can inspect various measures of each cluster in a summary table of all the clusters using: Clusters ►4. Summarization of Clusters. The Silhouette column shows the homogeneity of a cluster. The higher the silhouette score, the more consistent of the cluster members are, provided the clusters in comparison have similar sizes. If the cluster size is small, then a high homogeneity does not mean much. For example, cluster #9 has 7 members and a silhouette of 1.00, this is most likely due to the possibility that all 7 references are the citation references of the same underlying author. In other words, cluster #9 may reflect the citing behavior or preferences of a single paper, thus it is less representative.The average year of publication of a cluster indicates whether it is formed by generally recent papers or old papers. This is a simple and useful indicator.Figure 34. A summary table of clusters.5.1.3Generate Cluster LabelsTo characterize the nature of an identified cluster, CiteSpace can extract noun phrases from the titles (T in the following icon), keyword lists (K), or abstracts (A) of articles that cited the particular cluster.Let’s ask CiteSpace to choose noun phrases from titles (i.e. select the T icon). This process may take a while as CiteSpace needs to compute several selection metrics. Once the process is finished, the chosen labels will be displayed. By default, labels based on one of the three selection algorithms will be shown, namely, tf*idf. Our study has found that LLR usually gives the best result in terms of the uniqueness and coverage.Figure 35. Icons for performing Clustering and Labeling functions.Cluster labels are displayed once the process is completed. The clusters are numbered in the descending order of the cluster size, starting from the largest cluster #0, the second largest #1, and so on.Figure 36. Cluster labels are generated and displayed.To make it easier to see which clusters are the largest, you can choose to change the font size of the labels from the uniformed to proportional:Display ►Labe l Font Size ►Cluster: Uniformed/ProportionalThis is a toggle function. That means there are two states. Your selection will switch back and forth between the two states, i.e. either using a uniformed font size or proportional.Figure 37. Set the cluster labels’ font size proportional to their size.Figure 38. Cluster labels’ font sizes are proportional to the size of a cluster. The largest cluster is #0 on biologicalterrorism.5.1.4Where are the major areas of research based on the input dataset?This is one of the primary questions that CiteSpace is designed to answer. To answer this question, we will focus on the big picture of the collection of publications represented by your dataset. Let’s make a few adjustments with the sliders in the control panel on the right so that the information of our interest will be shown clearly and information that is less relevant to this question right now will be temporarily hidden from the view.1.Node SizeAt this level, we don’t really need to see the size of a node, although it provides rich information about the history of a node. Use the slider under Article Labeling ►Node Size ►[Slide to 0] (marked by the pointer #1 in the following figure).2.Cluster Label SizeThe font size of the cluster labels are controlled by a slider with two controls: one control the threshold for showing or hiding a label based on the size of the cluster (i.e. to make sure large-enough clusters are always labeled), and the other control the font size of the cluster labels (marked by the pointer #2 in the screenshot).3.Transparency of LinksDetailed links would be useful later, but we can ignore them for now using the transparency slider to set all the links’ transparency to the lowest level, i.e. invisible. In hindsight, a more accurate term would be completely transparent.After making these minor adjustments, it will be straightforward to answer the question: Where are the major areas of research? Evidently, the largest area (cluster #0 with the largest number of member references) is biological terrorism. The second largest is posttraumatic stress (cluster #1), i.e. PTSD. The third one is ocular injury (cluster #2). The fourth one is blast (cluster #3). And there are a few smaller clusters. So now we have a general idea what constituted terrorism research during the period of 1996 and 2003. You can repeat the process on a current dataset to get an up-to-date big picture.。
lecture 7 how to cite
According to one researcher, "there is a good deal of argument in favour of extending the concept of competence to cover the ability to use language to communicative effect" (Widdowson, 1979, p. 5).
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(In all cases at end of essay)
References Widdowson, H. G. Explorations in applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.1979.
精选完整ppt课件
精选完整ppt课件
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The first one is Brown's point of view with no indication about your point of view. The second one is Brown's point of view, which you agree with, and the third is your point of view, which is supported by Brown.
2016年英语六级作文范文：能力提高
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark "Ability may get you to the top, but it takes character to keep you there. " You can cite examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but nomore than 200 words.参考范文：Character Can Keep You at the TopAs the saying goes, "Ability may get you to the top, but it takes character to keep you there." On the long journey of our life, we will definitely need a wealth of abilities to solve mountains of problems. But it is good character that keeps us overcoming difficulties. There is no denying that character education is more important than developing abilities.Character education plays an important role in individual discipline as well as the development of the society. For an individual, it prevents him from being selfish, indifferent, conceited, dependent or impolite in daily life. What's more, it teaches him how to learn efficiently, how to live a colorful life, how to strive for the best, and so on, which can make his life meaningful and valuable. For the society, it promotes social harmony and advances social civilization.In conclusion, one should not only acquire various abilities to survive, but also pay much attention to shape good character, including qualities of honesty and filial piety. Character education should also be accented at schools. One may achieve a success by ability, but he may achieve successes by good character.。
CITES(华盛顿公约)介绍
1
Conferences of the Parties meet every three years to tackle major issues
2
Committees routinely meet to make recommendations
3
Modifications by committees become recommendations to be taken up at the next COP
3 4 5
LIMITATIONS &CHANLLENGE
1
INTRODUCTION
Simple things to know about CITES
What is CITES?
CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure
Appendix III
两趾树懒
Examples of species listed on Appendix III and the countries that listed them are the two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) by Costa Rica, African civet (Civettictis civetta) by Botswana, and the alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) by the USA.
citespace使用指南(旧)
AU Galea, S Ahern, J Resnick, H Kilpatrick, D Bucuvalas, M Gold, J Vlahov, D TI Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER; NATIONAL COMORBIDITY SURVEY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; NATURAL DISASTER; SOCIAL SUPPORT; OKLAHOMACITY; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; SURVIVORS; SYMPTOMS AB Background: The scope of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was unprecedented in the United States. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among residents of Manhattan five to eight weeks after the attacks. Methods: We used random-digit dialing to contact a representative sample of adults living south of 110th Street in Manhattan. Participants were asked about demographic characteristics, exposure to the events of September 11, and psychological symptoms after the attacks. Results: Among 1008 adults interviewed, 7.5 percent reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of current PTSD related to the attacks, and 9.7 percent reported symptoms consistent with current depression (with ``current`` defined as occurring within the previous 30 days). Among respondents who lived south of Canal Street (i.e., near the World Trade Center), the prevalence of PTSD was 20.0 percent. ………… C1 New York Acad Med, Ctr Urban Epidemiol Studies, New York, NY 10029 USA. Columbia Univ, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, New York, NY USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Natl Crime Victims Res & Treatment Ctr, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Schulman Ronca & Bucuvalas, New York, NY USA. Bellevue Hosp Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA. RP Galea, S, New York Acad Med, Ctr Urban EpidemiolStudies, Rm 556,1216 5th Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA. CR 2001, NY TIMES 1226, B2 *AM PSYCH ASS, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT *DEP HLTH HUMAN SE, 1999, MENT HLTH REP SURG G *US BUR CENS, 2000, STF3A DEP COMM BUR C
CiteSpace在选题策划中的应用研究
CiteSpace在选题策划中的应用研究池营营 赵霞 周小潭 张艺 苏泽云(江苏省地震局 江苏南京 210014)摘要：利用 “CNKI”数据库选择关键词“抗震设防、抗震韧性、抗震评估”开展检索，采用CiteSpace可视化方法绘制知识图谱，最终确定以“抗震韧性”为韧性城乡的研究方向。
为了解国外的研究趋势，在WOS数据库中，以关键词“seismic resilience”进行检索。
通过国内外数据分析，并结合专家意见，确定期刊“韧性城乡”未来选题方向着重于 “震后恢复、消能减震、韧性评价标准”。
期刊制定选题时可借助CiteSpace数据分析并结合专家意见，制定最优选题，实现期刊的高质量发展。
关键词：CiteSpace 抗震设防 抗震韧性 抗震评估 韧性城乡中图分类号：G353.1;P315文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-3791(2023)09-0185-05Research on the Application of CiteSpace im the Planning ofTopicsCHI Yingying ZHAO Xia ZHOU Xiaotan ZHANG Yi SU Zeyun(Jiangsu Earthquake Agency, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210014 China)Abstract:The "CNKI" database is used to select the keywords of "seismic fortification, seismic resilience and seis‐mic evaluation" for search, the CiteSpacea visualization method is used to draw a knowledge graph, and finally "seismic resilience" is determined as the research direction of resilient urban and rural areas. In order to understand research trends abroad, the keyword "seismic resilience" is searched in the WOS database. Through an analysis of data at home and abroad, combined with experts' opinions, it is determined that the future topic direction of "resil‐ient urban and rural areas" of the journal should focus on "post-earthquake recovery, energy dissipation and shock absorption, and seismic evaluation criteria". When formulating topics, the journal can formulate optimal topics with the help of CiteSpace data analysis and in combination with experts' opinions, so as to achieve high-quality devel‐opment of the journal.Key Words: CiteSpace; Seismic fortification; Seismic resilience; Seismic evaluation; Resilient urban and rural areas2017年中国地震局《国家地震科技创新工程》中提出实施“韧性城乡”计划。
CiteSpace常见问题解答
常见问题列表1.下载的WoS数据为什么不能做文献共被引分析？2.图谱左上角的参数是什么意思？图谱参数在什么范围比较合理？3.可视化界面中的各个界面功能是什么？（包含节点属性、标签属性以及聚类方法的介绍）4.关于网络的布局问题，为什么重新运行后图谱整体的布局不一样了？5.名词性术语的提取，为什么提取不出来？6.网络中相同含义的词汇如何合并（单复数、英式和美式英语以及同义词合并）？7.在CiteSpace中关键文献如何确定？8.Web of Science数据去重9.CiteSpace连接其他可视化软件10.CiteSpace中的连线强度2常见问题列表11.CiteSpace中标签的微调12.突发性探测参数的修改13.节点信息的修改以及恢复14.解决节点的Sigma值为0或者1的问题！15.解决CiteSpace不能正产运行的问题！16.从Citespace到处参考文献软件格式的数据。
17.CiteSpace对Google Scholar数据的分析18.CiteSpace-KMZ文件的Google Fusion tables可视化19.CiteSpace连接MySQL数据库31. 下载的WOS 数据为什么不能做文献共被引分析？41234为了保证进行文献共被引分析，收集数据时包含参考文献信息是至关重要的。
可以按照下面步骤收集数据，或可参照详细版数据收集方法2.图谱左上角的参数是什么意思？图谱参数在什么范围比较合理？5①CiteSpace, V .3.8 R5(64 bit)表示使用软件的版本信息②September 28,2014 10:31:41PM CEST 表示进行结果计算时的时间③C:\User\Jerry Lee\.CiteSpace… 表示数据所存放的文件夹位置④Time Span ：2007-2014(slice Length=1)表示所分析的时间区间，括号中代表的是时间切片。
也就是说把这个时间区间按照多少年为一段进行切割。
cite造句
cite造句
cite造句：
1.It would be an endless task to cite such living examples.
这样的实例举不胜举。
2.He cites just one example.
他只引用了一个例子。
3.I am merely citing his reaction as typical of British industry .
我仅以他为例来说明英国工业界的典型反应。
4.I can cite quite a few instances to illustrate.
我可以举出好几件事来说明。
5.They cited Alex's refusal to return to the marital home.
他们引证了亚历克斯拒绝回到婚后的家中一事。
6.The judge ruled a mistrial and cited the prosecutors for outrageous misconduct.
法官裁定为无效审判，并以严重渎职为名传讯了检察官。
7.His position does not empower him to cite our views without consultation.
他的地位并没有给予他不经许可就引用我们观点的权力。
citespace使用指导PPT
AU Galea, S Ahern, J Resnick, H Kilpatrick, D Bucuvalas, M Gold, J Vlahov, D TI Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER; NATIONAL COMORBIDITY SURVEY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; NATURAL DISASTER; SOCIAL SUPPORT; OKLAHOMACITY; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; SURVIVORS; SYMPTOMS AB Background: The scope of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was unprecedented in the United States. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among residents of Manhattan five to eight weeks after the attacks. Methods: We used random-digit dialing to contact a representative sample of adults living south of 110th Street in Manhattan. Participants were asked about demographic characteristics, exposure to the events of September 11, and psychological symptoms after the attacks. Results: Among 1008 adults interviewed, 7.5 percent reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of current PTSD related to the attacks, and 9.7 percent reported symptoms consistent with current depression (with ``current`` defined as occurring within the previous 30 days). Among respondents who lived south of Canal Street (i.e., near the World Trade Center), the prevalence of PTSD was 20.0 percent. ………… C1 New York Acad Med, Ctr Urban Epidemiol Studies, New York, NY 10029 USA. Columbia Univ, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, New York, NY USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Natl Crime Victims Res & Treatment Ctr, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Schulman Ronca & Bucuvalas, New York, NY USA. Bellevue Hosp Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA. RP Galea, S, New York Acad Med, Ctr Urban EpidemiolStudies, Rm 556,1216 5th Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA. CR 2001, NY TIMES 1226, B2 *AM PSYCH ASS, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT *DEP HLTH HUMAN SE, 1999, MENT HLTH REP SURG G *US BUR CENS, 2000, STF3A DEP COMM BUR C
citespace使用指导PPT
1. Access/Obtain CiteSpace
The CiteSpace Homepage
/~cchen/citespace
Two Ways to Run CiteSpace
1. 2. Use Java WebStart directly Download citespace.jar
1.Make a general search in Web of Science 2.Mark all search results 3.Save the records, including Cited References, in field tagged format. your files as download*.txt
1.E.g. downloadScience1999a.txt, download2004.txt
5.Save all data files in a folder on your computer.
Search in Web of Science - 1
Search in Web of Science - 2
AU Galea, S Ahern, J Resnick, H Kilpatrick, D Bucuvalas, M Gold, J Vlahov, D TI Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER; NATIONAL COMORBIDITY SURVEY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; NATURAL DISASTER; SOCIAL SUPPORT; OKLAHOMACITY; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; SURVIVORS; SYMPTOMS AB Background: The scope of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was unprecedented in the United States. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among residents of Manhattan five to eight weeks after the attacks. Methods: We used random-digit dialing to contact a representative sample of adults living south of 110th Street in Manhattan. Participants were asked about demographic characteristics, exposure to the events of September 11, and psychological symptoms after the attacks. Results: Among 1008 adults interviewed, 7.5 percent reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of current PTSD related to the attacks, and 9.7 percent reported symptoms consistent with current depression (with ``current`` defined as occurring within the previous 30 days). Among respondents who lived south of Canal Street (i.e., near the World Trade Center), the prevalence of PTSD was 20.0 percent. ………… C1 New York Acad Med, Ctr Urban Epidemiol Studies, New York, NY 10029 USA. Columbia Univ, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, New York, NY USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Natl Crime Victims Res & Treatment Ctr, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Schulman Ronca & Bucuvalas, New York, NY USA. Bellevue Hosp Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA. RP Galea, S, New York Acad Med, Ctr Urban EpidemiolStudies, Rm 556,1216 5th Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA. CR 2001, NY TIMES 1226, B2 *AM PSYCH ASS, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT *DEP HLTH HUMAN SE, 1999, MENT HLTH REP SURG G *US BUR CENS, 2000, STF3A DEP COMM BUR C
howtoplant英文作文
howtoplant英文作文Title: A Comprehensive Guide on How to Plant。
Introduction。
Planting is a rewarding activity that not only beautifies our surroundings but also contributes to the environment and our well-being. Whether you're new to gardening or looking to enhance your skills, this guidewill provide you with comprehensive instructions on how to plant effectively.1. Selecting the Right Plants。
Before diving into planting, it's crucial to choose the right plants for your garden or indoor space. Consider factors such as climate, sunlight exposure, soil type, and available space. Research different plant species to determine which ones thrive best in your area.2. Preparing the Soil。
Healthy soil is the foundation for successful plant growth. Start by removing any weeds, rocks, or debris from the planting area. Then, loosen the soil using a shovel or garden fork to improve aeration and drainage. Incorporate organic matter such as compost or aged manure to enrich the soil with essential nutrients.3. Planting Techniques。
CiteSpace操作指南
CiteSpace操作指南The CiteSpace ManualVersion 0.96Chaomei ChenCollege of Computing and InformaticsDrexel UniversityHow to cite:Chen, Chaomei (2014) The CiteSpace Manual. /doc/98eefc8258fb770bf68a5543.html /~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdf Contents1How can I find the latest version of the CiteSpace Manual? (5)2What can I use CiteSpace for? (5)2.1What if I have Questions (7)2.2How should I cite CiteSpace? (7)2.3Where are the Users of CiteSpace? (8)3Requirements to Run CiteSpace (10)3.1Java Runtime (JRE) (10)3.2How do I check whether Java is on my computer? (10)3.3Do I have a 32-bit or 64-bit Computer? (12)4How to Install and Configure CiteSpace (12)4.1Where Can I download CiteSpace from the Web? (12)4.2What is the maximum number of records that I can handle with CiteSpace? (13)4.3How to configure the memory allocation for CiteSpace? (13)4.4How to uninstall CiteSpace (14)4.5On Mac or Unix-based Systems (15)5Get Started with CiteSpace (19)5.1Try it with a demonstrative dataset (19)5.1.1The Demo Project (20)5.1.2Clustering (23)5.1.3Generate Cluster Labels (25)5.1.4Where are the major areas of research based on the input dataset? (27)5.1.5How are these major areas connected? (28)5.1.6Where are the most active areas? (28)5.1.7What is each major area about? Which/where are the key papers for a given area?365.1.8Timeline View (38)5.2Try it with a dataset of your own (39)5.2.1Collecting Data (39)5.2.2Working with a CiteSpace Project (43)5.2.3Data Sources in Chinese (44)5.2.4How to handle search results containing irrelevant topics (45)6Configure a CiteSpace Run (47)6.1Time Slicing (47)6.3Configure the Networks (48)6.3.1Bibliographic Coupling (49)6.4Node Selection Criteria (49)6.4.1Do I have the right network? (50)6.5Pruning, or Link Reduction (50)6.6Visualization (51)7Interacting with CiteSpace (51)7.1How to Show or Hide Link Strengths (51)7.2Adding a Persistent Label to a Node (52)7.3Using Aliases to Merge Nodes (53)7.4How to Exclude a Node from the Network (55)7.5How to Use the Fisheye View Slider (55)7.6How to Configure When to Calculate Centrality Scores Automatically (56) 7.7How to Save the Visualization as a PNG File (57)8Additional Functions (58)8.1Menu: Data (58)8.1.1CiteSpace Built-in Database (58)8.1.2Utility Functions for the Web of Science Format (61)8.1.3PubMed (62)8.2Menu: Network (64)8.2.1Batch Export to Pajek .net Files (64)8.3Menu: Geographical (64)8.3.1Generate Google Earth Maps (64)8.4Menu: Overlay Maps (67)8.4.1Add an Overlay (68)8.4.2Further Reading and Terms of Use (70)8.5Menu: Text (70)8.5.1Concept Trees and Predicate Trees (70)8.5.2List Terms by Clumping Properties (73)8.5.3Latent Semantic Analysis (74)9Selected Examples (75)10Metrics and Indicators (77)10.1Information Theoretic (77)10.2Structural (77)10.2.1Betweenness Centrality (77)10.2.2Modularity (77)10.2.3Silhouette (77)10.3Temporal (77)10.3.1Burstness (77)10.4Combined (77)10.4.1Sigma (77)10.5Cluster Labeling (78)10.5.1Term Frequency by Inversed Document Frequency (78)10.5.2Log-Likelihood Ratio (78)10.5.3Mutual Information (78)11References (78)1How can I find the latest version of the CiteSpace Manual?The latest version of the CiteSpace Manual is always at the following location:/doc/98eefc8258fb770bf68a5543.html /~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdfYou can also access the manual from CiteSpace: Help ?View the CiteSpace Manual (PDF). It will open up the PDF file in a new browser window.Figure 1. The latest version of the CiteSpace Manual is accessible from CiteSpace itself.2What can I use CiteSpace for?CiteSpace is designed to answer questions about a knowledge domain, which is a broadly defined concept that covers a scientific field, a research area, or a scientific discipline. A knowledge domain is typically represented by a set of bibliographic records of relevant publications. It is your responsibility to prepare the most appropriate and representative dataset that contains adequate information to answer your questions.CiteSpace is designed to make it easy for you to answer questions about the structure and dynamics of a knowledge domain. Here are some typical questions:What are the major areas of research based on the input datasetHow are these major areas connected, i.e. through which specific articlesWhere are the most active areasWhat is each major area about Which/where are the key papers for a given areaAre there critical transitions in the history of the development of the field Where are the ‘turning points’The design of CiteSpace is inspired by Thomas Kuhn’s structure of scientific revolutions. The central idea is that centers of research focus change over time, sometime incrementally and other times drastically. The development of science can be traced by studying their footprints revealed by scholarly publications.Members of the contemporary scientific community make their contributions. Their contributions form a dynamic and self-organizing system of knowledge. The system contains consensus, disputes, uncertainties, hypotheses, mysteries, unsolved problems, and unanswered questions. It is not enough to study a single school of thought. In fact, a better understanding of a specific topic often relies on an understanding of how it is related to other topics.The foundation of the CiteSpace is network analysis and visualization. Through network modeling and visualization, you can explore the intellectual landscape of a knowledge domain and discern what questions researchers have been trying to answer and what methods and tools they have developed to reach their goals.This is not a simple task. Rather it is often conceptually demanding and complex. If you are about to write a novel, the word processor or a text editor can make the task easier, but it cannot help you to create the plot or enrich the character of your hero. Similarly, and probably to a greater extent, CiteSpace can generate X-ray photos of a knowledge domain, but to interpret what these X-ray photos mean, you need to have some knowledge of various elements involved. The role of CiteSpace is to shift some of the traditionally labor-some burdens to computer algorithms and interactive visualizations so that you can concentrate on what human users are most good at in problem solving and truth finding. However, it is probably easier to generate some mysterious looking visualizations with CiteSpace than to fully understand what these visualizations tell you and who may benefit from such findings.Figure 2. Hierarchically organized functions of CiteSpace, for example, GUI ?Pruning ?Pathfinder: true.2.1What if I have QuestionsIf you have a question regarding the use of CiteSpace, you should first check the manual whether your question is answered in the manual. You can do a simple search through the PDF file to find out.If the manual does not get you anywhere, you can ask your questions on the Facebook page of CiteSpace:https:///doc/98eefc8258fb770bf68a5543.html /pages/CiteSpace/276625072366558You can also post questions to my blog on sciencenet:/doc/98eefc8258fb770bf68a5543.html /home.php?mod=space&uid=496649Please refrain from sending me emails because you will have a much better chance to get my response from either the Facebook or the sciencenet blog.Generally speaking, thoughtful questions get answered quickly. Questions that you may be able to figure out the answer for yourself if you think a little bit more about it would have a lower priority in the answering queue; it is quite possible that some of them never get answered.2.2How should I cite CiteSpace?The following three publications represent the core ideas of CiteSpace.The 2004 PNAS paper is the initial publication on CiteSpace (Chen 2004). In hindsight, it could have been named CiteSpace I. The 19-page 2006 JASIST paper gives the most thorough and in-depth description of CiteSpace II’s key functions (C. M. Chen, 2006), plus a follow-up study of domain experts identified in the visualizations. The 2010 JASIST paper is even longer with 24 pages (C. Chen, Ibekwe-SanJuan, & Hou, 2010), which is the third of the trilogy. It describes technical details on how cluster labels are selected and how each of the three selection algorithms in comparison with labels chosen by domain experts.ReferenceCitations(Google Scholar)800 Chen, C. (2006). "CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature." Journal of the AmericanSociety for Information Science and Technology 57(3): 359-377.394 Chen , C. (2004). "Searching for intellectual turning points: Progressive Knowledge Domain Visualization." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA101(Suppl.): 5303-5310.157 Chen, C., et al. (2010). "The structure and dynamics of co-citation clusters:A multiple-perspective co-citation analysis." Journal of the AmericanSociety for Information Science and Technology 61(7): 1386-1409.The most recent case study of a topic outside the realm of information science and scientometrics is a scienometric study of regenerative medicine (C. Chen, Hu, Liu, & Tseng, 2012). Chen, C., et al. (2012). "Emerging trends in regenerative medicine: A scientometric analysis in CiteSpace."Expert Opinions on Biological Therapy 12(5): 593-608.2.3Where are the Users of CiteSpace?In terms of the cities where CiteSpace were used, China, the United States, and Europe are prominent. Brazil, Turkey, and Spain also have many cities on the chart.Figure 3. Cities with users of CiteSpace between August 2013 and March 2014 are shown on the map. The colors of markers depict the level of user intensity: green (1-10), yellow (10-100), red (100-1000), and the large red water dropshaped marker (1000+).Figure 4. The use of CiteSpace in China (August 2013 – March 2014).Figure 5. The use of CiteSpace in the United States (August 2013 – March 2014).Figure 6. The use of CiteSpace in Europe (August 2013 – March 2014).3Requirements to Run CiteSpace3.1Java Runtime (JRE)CiteSpace is written in Java. It is a Java application. You should be able to run it on a computer that supports Java, including Windows or Mac.CiteSpace is currently optimized for Windows 64-bit Java 7 (i.e. Java 1.7).To run a Java application on your computer, you need to have Java Runtime (JRE) installed on your computer.3.2How do I check whether Java is on my computer?Figure 7. Select Control Panel.Figure 8. Click into the Programs category to find the Java control panel.Figure 9. Locate the Java control panel.Figure 10. Java Control Panel. Choose the Java tab and press the View button to see more detail.Figure 11. Java Runtime 1.7 is installed.3.3Do I have a 32-bit or 64-bit Computer?You need to find out whether your computer has a 32-bit or a 64-bit operating system.Go to Control Panel ?System and Security ?System. You will see various details about your computer. Under the System type, you will see whether you have a 32-bit or a 64-bit operating system.Follow the link below for further instructions on how to install Java:/doc/98eefc8258fb770bf68a5543.html /en/download/help/index_installing.xmlOnce you have Java Runtime setup on your computer, you can proceed to install CiteSpace.4How to Install and Configure CiteSpaceCiteSpace is provided as a zip file for 64-bit and 32-bit computers. For Mac users, you need to download the 64-bit version.4.1Where Can I download CiteSpace from the Web?You can download the latest version of CiteSpace from the following website:/doc/98eefc8258fb770bf68a5543.html /~cchen/citespace/download.htmlFigure 12.The download page of CiteSpace.After you download the zip file to your computer, unpack the zip file to a folder of your choice.Figure 13. CiteSpace is unpacked to the D drive on a computer.Now you can start CiteSpace by double clicking on the StartCiteSpace file.If you need to modify the amount memory allocated for CiteSpace (more precisely for Java Virtual Machine on which CiteSpace to be running), you can edit StartCiteSpace as a plain text file with any text editor.4.2What is the maximum number of records that I can handle with CiteSpace?This question needs to be answered at two levels: the number of records processed by CiteSpace and the number of nodes visualized, i.e. you can see and interact with them in CiteSpace. The first number is the total number of records in your downloaded dataset. CiteSpace reads through each record in your download files.The second number is determined by the selection criteria you specify and by the amount of memory, i.e. RAM, available on your computer. The more RAM you can make available for CiteSpace, the larger sized network you can visualize with a faster response rate.The speed of processing is also affected by a few computationally expensive algorithms such as Pathfinder network scaling and cluster labeling. Empirically, the best options for Pathfinder network scaling would be 50~500 nodes per slice. With faster computers or if you can wait for a bit longer, you can raise the number accordingly.The completion time of cluster labeling is related to the size of your dataset. If the entire timespan of your dataset is 100 years but you will only need to consider the most recent 10 years, it will be a good idea to carve out a much smaller dataset as long as it covers the 10 years of interest. It will reduce the processing time considerably.4.3How to configure the memory allocation for CiteSpace?The performance of CiteSpace is influenced by the amount of memory accessible to the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) on which CiteSpace is running. To analyze a large amount of records, you should consider allocating as much as memory for CiteSpace to use.You can modify the StartCiteSpace.cmd file to optimize the setting. More specifically, modify line 14 in the file. For example, -Xmx2g means that CiteSpace may get a maximum of 2GB of RAM to work with. Save the file after making any changes. And restart CiteSpace.Figure 14. Configure the memory for Java in line 14.4.4How to uninstall CiteSpaceYou can use the following steps to remove cached copies of CiteSpace from your computer.Figure 15. In a Command Prompt window, type javaws –viewer.When you see a list of cached copies of CiteSpace in the Java Cache Viewer, select the items that you want to remove and then click on the button with a red cross.Figure 16. Select a cached copy of CiteSpace and remove the item.4.5On Mac or Unix-based SystemsThe following example shows you the basic steps to get started with CiteSpace on a Mac. First, go to the CiteSpace homepage in a browser such as Chrome and download the latest 64-bit version.Figure 17. On a Mac, go to the CiteSpace home page in a browser such as Chrome and download the latest 64-bit version. Once the download is completed, follow the option “Show in Finder.” It will take you to a list of files downloaded to your Mac. The most recent file should be the zip file for CiteSpace.Figure 18. Choose “Show in Finder.”Figure 19. The downloaded zip file is shown in your Finder.Double-click on the zip file to unzip the file to a folder in the current folder.Figure 20. The zip file is unzipped to a new folder on the list.Figure 21. The new folder contains CiteSpaceII.jar and a lib folder.The simplest way to get started with CiteSpace is to open the CiteSpaceII.jar by clicking on it while holding the “Control” key on Mac. Select Open from the pop-up menu.Figure 22. Click on the CiteSpaceII.jar while holding the “Control” key and select “Open.”Due to the Java security settings, you will see a dialog box with two options for Open or Cancel.Choose Open to proceed. It will not harm your computer.Figure 23. Choose “Open” from the dialog box to proceed.After you choose Open, CiteSpace is getting started on Mac. You will see its opening page asfollows. Choose “Agree” to continue.Figure 24. CiteSpace is now started on Mac.Figure 25. Screenshots of running the Demo project of CiteSpace on Mac.It is a good idea to get familiar with the basic functions of CiteSpace by going through the Demo project on terrorism, which is included in the zip file.If you want to configure various Java Virtual Machine parameters in more detail than what is shown in the above example, you may generate a bash file for your Mac as follows.The Mac equivalent of the StartCiteSpace.cmd would be a bash file, which should have a file extension of .sh and should be executable. Let’s name the file as StartCiteSpace.sh to be consistent.1.The content of the StartCiteSpace.sh file should have the following two lines:#!/bin/bashjava -Xms1g -Xmx4g -Xss5m -jar CiteSpaceIII.jar2.The following instruction turns the StartCiteSpace.sh file to an executable file:chmod +x StartCiteSpace.sh3.To invoke the executable file, simply type its name or double click on it.StartCiteSpace5Get Started with CiteSpace5.1Try it with a demonstrative datasetWhen you installed CiteSpace for the first time, a demonstrative dataset on terrorism research is setup for you to play with and get familiar with the major analytic functions in CiteSpace. If you have never used CiteSpace before, I strongly recommend you to start with this demo dataset.To launch CiteSpace, double click on the StartCiteSpace.cmd file. You will see a command prompt window first. This window will also display various information on the status and any errors.Figure 26. The command prompt window.You will see another window of “About CiteSpace” – it displays system information of your computer, including the Java version. To proceed, you need to click on the Agree button. CiteSpace may collect user driven events for research purposes.。
CiteSpace高级功能及总结
第7讲CiteSpace高级功能介绍李杰1，陈超美21.首都经济贸易大学-安全与环境工程学院2. Drexel University-College of Computing andInformatics配套教程: 李杰, 陈超美著.CiteSpace科技文本挖掘及可视化[M].首都经济贸易大学出版社.2016.作者博客: 李杰博客：/u/jerrycueb；陈超美博客：/u/ChaomeiChen本讲主要内容1.网络的叠加分析2.期刊的双图叠加分析3.CiteSpace与其他可视化工具的结合4.科学知识图谱工具总结及展望1.网络叠加第一步：对数据整体网络的初步分析。
此处的数据采用软件自带的“terrorism”案例数据。
文献Overlay分析的关键点是在时间维度上的图层叠加，首先选择的时间切片为1996-2003，得到的恐怖主义研究的文献共被引网络如图，得到了N=309，E=1107的网络。
1.网络叠加第二步：构建叠加图层。
这里构建的图层是需要叠加在底图上的网络图，因此是底图的子图。
保存底图后，关闭网络可视化窗口，将分析时间设置为从1996-2000，其他参数不变，点击“GO”生成新网络。
在网络可视化窗口中选择菜单Networkoverlays，并进一步Save As a networklayer。
CiteSpace会自动将该图层命名为“yer”。
1.网络叠加第三步：叠加分析。
按照步骤一运行得到整体网络。
然后在Network overlays菜单下选择Add a New Network larer，完成叠加后，增加的图层会叠加在整体网络上，并显示出所叠加网络的节点标签。
叠加图层的标签显示可能会导致网络比较混乱，这时可以在Network overlays菜单下选择Show/Hide Overlay Nodes Labels。
此时网络显得比较清晰，叠加图层的共被引连线也清晰可见（红色标示）。
为了增加底图和叠加图层的对比性，可以切换来显示底图网络颜色。
Citespace软件操作问答
Citespace软件操作问答（摘自陈超美博士的科学网博客）（8）如何在CiteSpace中控制节点的取舍CiteSpace提供了几种方式来控制最终生成的网络将由哪些节点构成：1.Top N2.Top N%3.Threshold Interpolation4.Select Citers第一种办法最简单，最适于初学阶段，所以目前版本将其放在首位。
其余几种办法逐渐变得复杂，最好等熟悉系统之后再考虑。
下面简要介绍一下各个方法的细节。
Top N：系统设定N=30，意为在每个time slice中提取N个被引次数最高的文献。
N越大生成的网络将相对更全面一些。
Top N%: 将每个time slice中的被引文献按被引次数排序后，保留最高的N%作为节点。
Threshold Interpolation：设定三个time slices的值，其余time slices的值由线性插值赋值。
三组需要设置的slices为第一个，中间一个，和最后一个slice。
每组中的三个值分别为c，cc，和ccv。
c为最低被引次数。
只有满足这个条件的文献才能参加下面的运算。
cc为本slice内的共被引次数。
ccv为规范化以后的共被引次数（0~100）。
Select Citers：与以上方法不同的是这个方法先选施引文献，然后需再用方法1-3之一。
先Check TC Distribution然后填写Use TC Filter 后面的两个数字：最低和最高TC值（Time Cited），选定User TC Filter前的选项。
按Continue，再设定方法1，2，或3。
节点总数在Progress Reports中给出。
节点总数越大需要内存越多。
下回将介绍如何选择网络的连接密度。
CiteSpace提供了多项参数选择，初学者难免有时不知从何下手。
这里介绍一些要点以供参考。
CiteSpace的功能类似一架照相机，只是它拍摄的对象是科学文献而不是自然景色。
图记单词：词根cit-（调动）
图记单词：词根cit-（调动）含义：调动，发动，召唤。
来源：拉丁语动词ciere的反复动词形式citare。
下面我们来学习词根cit-。
它来自拉丁语，本意是“召唤，使其动起来”，引申为“调动、发动”。
这个词根是个“准自由词根”，只需要在后面添加一个小尾巴，字母e，即可形成单词cite，意思和词根的意思差不多，表示把某人叫过来，或者是把某东西调动过来。
当宾语是人时，cite表示“传召、传讯”，尤其是法院传讯某人。
当宾语是物时，cite表示“引用”。
比如，cite an article（引用一篇文章），cite an example（举一个例子）。
cite还可以表示“嘉奖“，也就是”引用为榜样“的意思。
单词citation，后面的-ation是动名词后缀，所以citation可以看做是单词cite的动名词形式，含义不变，只是词性变化了。
excite这个单词，可以当成词根cit-的一个典型单词来学习。
前面的ex-表示“出来、起来”，所以excite的字面意思就是“把人的兴趣或热情调动出来”，引申为“激起，使兴奋”。
我们应该非常熟悉它的两个派生词：exciting和excited。
前者是主动式，表示某事物令人兴奋，后者是被动式，表示某人被激起了兴趣，感到兴奋。
下面我们学习单词excite更多的派生词，体会不同后缀的含义和用法。
单词excitement，后面的-ment是个常见名词后缀，常表示动作的结果和手段。
所以excitement的意思是“兴奋、刺激”这种状态或“令人兴奋的事物”。
单词excitation，后面的-ation是动名词后缀，所以excitation可以看做是单词excite的动名词形式，表示“激励、刺激”这个动作本身。
单词excitative，后面的-ative是形容词后缀，所以excitative可以看做是单词excite的形容词形式，表示“有刺激性的、激发的”。
单词excitant有点特殊，后面的-ant是个形容词后缀，所以excitant原本是个形容词，意思和excitative差不多，表示“有刺激性的，激发的”。
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Persuasive Authority
This is authority which is not binding on the court but can be used to persuade the court what the law should be or that the law as it exists in that particular jurisdiction is unjust. (e.g. “Restatements” tend to be very persuasive)
‘above’
is used to indicate that a reference is to an article, book, or case which has been cited earlier in the text.
If information for a citation is used in the main text, the name of the article, book, or case does not need to be repeated again in the footnote. e.g. Mackinnon listed several scholars who believe this to be true.41 This point was further reinforced in Smith v Jones. 42 41. above n 10, 76 42. above, n 8, 117
Pinpoint Cite
Citing to a specific page or paragraph number within a document is called a pinpoint cite.
Use of Latin Terms
There are a number of Latin terms that have traditionally been used in legal citation. The current trend is to replace those terms with their English equivalents wherever possible. This leaves only two Latin terms that are still used:
Ibid and Id
Neither is used if there is more than one authority cited in the previous footnote; they are never used when there is an intervening citation; they are never used in reference to legislation; and they are not italicized.
1) ibid (ibidem) - meaning in the same work: „Ibid‟ is used whenever a citation is exactly the same as the immediately preceding one. 2) id (idem) - meaning the same: „Id‟ is used where there is some variation, generally page number, between the immediately previous and present footnote.
HOW TO CITE
Citation (to legal authority)
The formal reference to a statute, decision, code, law review, textbook, etc., that has been used to support a statement of law or from which information is taken. Typically, any thought or idea, which is not original to you, must be cited.
Federal courts typically only deal with questions of federal law (i.e. the U.S. Constitution). If a Federal Court has a “Diversity” case, it must follow State Common Law. State courts usually only handle “Common Law” matters such as „Contracts‟, „Torts‟, „Property‟, etc.
Citations
1. Cites should contain sufficient information about the cited source to enable the reader to find the source, and 2. The reader should be able to quickly form a preliminary judgment about the relevance and the credibility of the source (Primary vs. Secondary).
Primary Authority
This refers to the law as stated by Statutes, Rules, Regulations, etc. issued by governmental authorities. It also includes Case law and Treaties. Primary Authority is typically “Binding Authority”
Example of Ibid and Id
42. Biles, D (ed), Current Australian Trends in Corrections (Sydney: Federation Press, 1988), 74 43. Ibid 44. Id, 78-79
Obsolete Latin Terms
Infra - this has been replaced with below supra - this has been replaced with above cf - this has been replaced with compare lex cit - in the place cited. This is an obsolete term. op cit - in the work cited. This is an obsolete term.
Binding Authority
This is authority (law) which a court must follow. They do not have any discretion, except in the situation where the court possesses the power to change the law.
Types of Citations
1. Footnotes; 2. Endnotes; 3. In text (body of the writing)
When to cite
1. When you quote; 2. When you paraphrase; 3. You must, as a general rule, support statements of legal propositions with appropriate authority; 4. Wherever your argument relies upon material from a primary or secondary source, you must cite to the soe Court = 1 State Court of Appeal = (Number varies depending on population of the State)
District Court = (Number varies depending on population of the State)
4. the year in which the source was produced or published; 5. the title of any larger work or publication in which the source was found (where applicable) e.g. American Bar Journal; 6. the place of publication (if this is not apparent from the other information in the footnote).
Secondary Authority
Comes from sources which are typically not law. Secondary authority comes from Encyclopedias, Law Journals & Reviews, Treatises, etc. Scholarly writings about what the law is or what the law should be. Secondary Authority can only be “Persuasive Authority”.
U.S. United States Courts of Appeals