哈工大英语词汇28章
哈工大英语口语话题对话考试
University and Campus LifeChen:Now, let’s talk about our campus life. I like our library best. There are so many books there. I like reading books, and there are many old books which cannot be easily found in book shops. The building looks like a castle; it seems the building is very large and I always get lost in library. Wu:Woo, you are so brave. I don’t think it’s safe to stay in the library. I always hung around in the campus, especially in summer evening. The old building looks very grand in the dim light of sunset. And I can always meet some friends, it feels good to meet a friend by accident and have a free chat with him.Dong:Yeah, I always see you in the campus at night. I like hung around too. While, I like do sports better, such as playing badminton, swimming. I don’t like outdoor sports because I don’t think the air is healthy enough to breath. To be honest, as a hard working man, I spend most of the part-time studying in classrooms. I think it’s really convenient for us to study in our school. The students in the classroom are always very quiet, and you can focus on your books easily. That’s why I can get high marks in almost all the exams.Chen:Err…..I’m not a hard working man; I spend a lot of time reading novels. I don’t like this campus at all, so I always devote myself in the fantastic world created by the writers. On the other hand, I think reading book helps a lot in my study; it improves my imagination a lot.Wu:I spend much time playing guitar, and I’m the rhythm guitar of a rock band called P.A. Our style is death metal, and it’s always difficult to play well. Every member of the band admire the time we play together. It’s really exciting to play that kind of music. I’m really grateful that our school can provide places to run over our songs and hold concerts.Dong:I can imagine the girls screaming besides the stage. But I can hardly accept that kind of music. What a happy talk. I’m grate that all of us will get further education here.Nations and TraditionsChen:Let’s talk about some different countries. Which country do you like to go for your graduation tour?Wu:I would like to go to Japan. I think Japan is a very strange country. It’s both modern andtraditional. There are many shopping centers and bars and there are many temples as well.Japan is famous for its Fuji Mouton, hot springs and Gasher show. And Japanese food is also very famous because it’s very healthy, but it’s very expensive. Transportation is very convenient; you will never worry that you can not by the tickets. It seems that Japanese are all well educated and they are always very polite to each other and Japanese women smell almost all the time. These can make you feel relaxed and happy. As Japan is a high-tech country, electronic products are very cheep there. And it’s an important reason why many Chinese want to visit Japan.Dong:Well, I don’t think Japanese are polite to us Chinese. And sometimes it’s not safe to Chinese. I think Germany is the best choice to me. There are many casuals and churches. Most of them have a long history. And I like old western buildings. I would like to visit the museums to get to know German history. My major is machinery design manufacturing and automation; many German universities are the top in this field around the world. The most famous one is Asshen. There is a saying, if Asshen says Asshen is the second best in the world, MIT dare not to say MIT is the first one. If I’m lucky enough, I want to visit Asshen. German beer is well known around the world; I must have a try though I’m not good at drinking.Chen:I like European countries too. I want to go to France. It’s a beautiful land with romance. The nature scenery is very good. I’m sure I will take many beautiful photos. I am interested in the history of Napoleon’s time. I want to visit the museums to have a further study on the history. I’d like visit the palaces too, especially Fanersai Palace and Luvoe Palace. I know there are many famous paintings and carvings in the Palaces and I really want to have a look. French dish is very famous and I think it’s worth to have a taste. French perfume is very famous, I’d like to buy some for my mother.Health and LifestyleChen:There are more and more students smoke cigarettes in our dormitory. I think this is a terrible phenomenon. Sometimes we are under pressure, but we should relax ourselves in some other ways. Smoking is bad for both smokers and the people don’t smoke but live besides smokers. And smoking may cause fire disaster.Wu:Yeah, I agree with you. I never smoke and I hate the smelling. As I play rock music in HIT, many friends around me smoke. I know them well and they suffer from health problems sometime. To be healthy is very important, everybody know this, but few people around us can do well. In HIT, almost all male professors are heavy smokers, and many of them are over weight. All of professors in my lab are not living healthily, they have no time to do sports and they often have to be drunk when they are having meals with their customers. Some of them have heart disease though they are still very young. This make me decide not to be a professor in a university.Dong:But it’s also very busy working in companies in big cities. And you may not have time to take care of you health. We have to struggle for houses and family. I would choose a small city so that I can enjoy a relaxed and healthy life though I will not earn much money. The houses in small cities are much cheaper, so we won’t worry too much about houses though our salaries are not very high.Chen:Yeah, that’s why the people living in small cities fell happier than the people living in big cities. Small cities are my choice as well. I want to cool meals at home because I don’t think it’s good to eat too much fast food as most working people in big cities do. And I think they waste too much time on the road everyday.Dong:And I want to play with my baby everyday after work. It seems impossible if every member in my family have to waste two to three hours on road. Small cities are quieter than big cities and I don’t like noisy places.Science and TechnologyA: Who is your favorite scientist, A?B: You mean scientist like Albert Einstein, or scientist about anything?A: Anything.B: Oh, en…I think Steve Jobs is my favorite science worker.A: Really? So you like Apples?B: Yeah~ I like every product of Apple, the Ipod, iphone, ipad, Itouch…Sometimes I feel like I had a lust to these fascinating electronic products.A: Do you own any of them? Have you ever bought an Apple?B: No~ Although I’ve always hope someone could send me an iphone as a birthday present, but it never come true and I could not afford any of the Apples because they are so expensive in China.A: What characteristic of Steve Jobs do you think is most attractive to you?B: Well, when Steve Jobs first present the Macbook Air to the public, he used an envelope to illustrate how thin it is by putting the Macbook into the envelope. This whole thing is so fascinating and amazing that I was deeply impressed by his strong personality in getting the whole world to pay attention on his technology. I think as students of mechanical engineering and a future science worker, we should learn from his spirit.A: Yeah, I see. Now what about you C, who is your favorite scientist?C: Sheldon Cooper.A: Sheldon is not a real man, he is just a character!C: Yeah~ but he got one master and two doctor degrees when he was only 20 years old. Who else could accomplish this? Meanwhile, he seems to know everything of physics and always use his theories to deal with day-to-day problems. This makes him so funny and so cute.A: Which act of Sheldon do you think is most interesting?C: Well, whenever Sheldon couldn’t fall asleep at night, he would ask his neighbor Penny forsome help. He would ask her to sing a cute song for him, which is from his grandma, and this song goes like this:soft kitty, warm kitty, little ball of fur.Happy kitty, sleepy kitty,purr purr purr.A: This is really cute!C: What about you A? Whose is your favorite scientist then?B: Yeah, whose is your favorite scientist?A: My favorite scientist is Cynthia Breazeal. She is a mechatronic engineer in MIT Media Lab and she leads his team to create many amazing robots that not just interact with things but also interact with people.C: What do you learn from her?A: I learn from her that your engineers should create machines that could help us as a trusted friend to enrich our lives, to save our planet and to make the would more beautiful.Food and DrinkA: What do you have for breakfast, B?B: My breakfast? Let me see…mostly some instant noodles and soybean milk, sometimes I would add an egg. If I were still hungry, I would eat a steamed bread or a meat pie.A: Interesting, my breakfast is almost the same with you!C: And so do mine!A: Seems like the students in HIT do not have too many options for their breakfast…What about your lunch? I think we would have some diversity here.B: Mostly I would eat in the second floor of xueshi restroom because it’s close to our dormitory. My favorite food there is the fried chicken, it tastes tender and delicious, and it’s only 3.5 yuan, not very expensive considering the good taste it has.A: Don’t you eat any vegetables?B: Yes, I always order some cauliflower, cabbage, carrot and cucumber. I like vegetables. I think eating vegetable could make you more healthy and stronger. Meanwhile, I always buy some fruits after dinner and bring them to my dormitory. I like apples, bananas and pears. Since the summer is coming I prefer watermelon now.A: Do you have any drinks?B: Mostly don’t. but if I just did some sports, I think I will be thirsty and need some soda water like spirit and coca cola.A: Don’t you eat outside, I mean what else place do you eat except for school restraints?C: I eat outside.A: Really? What place?C: At the barbecue restraints outside the east gate of the campus.A: How often do you eat there?C: About once a week. Almost every weekend I would go outside and eat. I take this as way forrecreation and fun. We would order some mutton and beef, and eat them with some beer. It’s quite fun to drink beer with your friends.A: Do you get drunk?C: No~ we never drink too much, it’s just for fun. Meanwhile, we have classes next day.A: What else do you eat besides barbecue?C: Sometimes we would also go to the dumpling restraint to eat some dumplings, the dumplings in Harbin is really delicious, and they have many different kind of stuffing, such as pork, mutton, beef, corn, chicken and so on.C: What about you? Have you ever got drunk?A: Yes, once a time I eat with my college classmates, we played so high and drank a lot beer, many of us got drunk. we need to be carried to the dormitory by those students who were still clear.C: What do you fell when you are drunk?A: I feel dizzy, and I could hardly remember anything I did when I was drunk, I’m just so tired and exhausted. I got asleep as soon as I got to my bed, and when I wake up the next day, I still feel bad on my stomach.C: It’s really a terrible experience!A: Yeah~Music and SingersA: Who is your favorite Singer, B?B: Internal or International?A: Both.B: My favorite Chinese singer is Eason from Hong Kong and my favorite international singer is Michael Jackson.A: I see, Eason and Michael. Why do you like them?B: I like Eason because I love his voice. His voice is so deep and attractive, and when he singes it seems you could taste his emotion through the songs. Meanwhile, his songs is not very difficult to learn, so when I go to the KTV with my friend, we always choose Eason’s songs like 十年，k歌之王，好久不见. His songs is easy to pick up, but very difficult to present as good as himself because his technique in singing is remarkable.A: What about Michael?B: Michael is the first international pop star I know. When I was only a child, I saw his MTV on the television. I watched him dancing and singing, his songs is passionate with a strong rhythem, even as a young boy I still couldn’t help sing along with him, although I have no idea what the lyric is about. When I grow up, I know that Michael is not just a pop star but also a philanthropist who has helped the Africa by the song We Are The World.A: What about you, C? You have a rock band, right? I guess you must like rock music.C: Yeah~ I love rock music since my middle school, (…..)A: I know you could play electric guitar, when did you begin to learn?C: (……)Sports and RecreationA：In college I always spend much time on sports,like playing basketball or playing football。
热能英语第三版哈工大部分翻译
热能英语第三版哈工大部分翻译Heat transfer involving motion in a fluid caused by the difference in density and the action of gravity is called natural or free convection. Heat transfer coefficients for natural convection are generally much lower than for forced convection ,and it is therefore important not to ignore radiation in calculating the total heat loss or gain. Radiant transfer may be of the same order of magnitude as natural convection, even at room temperatures, since wall temperatures in a room can affect human comfort.传热涉及流体中密度差异和重力的作用引起的流体运动称为自然或自由对流。
自然对流传热系数通常要低于强制对流,因此,重要的是计算总热量损失或增加时不要忽略辐射。
即使在室温条件下，辐射传热可能和自然对流是同一个数量级的,因为在一个房间里壁温度会影响人类生活的舒适度。
Water vapor is one of the products of combustion for all fuels which contain hydrogen. The heat content of a fuel depends on whether this water vapor is allowed to remain in the vapor state or is condensed to liquid. In the bomb calorimeter the products of combustion are cooled to the initial temperature and all of the water vapor formed during combustion is condensed to liquid. This gives the high, or gross, hest content of the fuel with the heat of vaporization included in the reported value. For the low, or net heat of combustion, it is assumed that all products of combustion remain in the gaseous state.水蒸气是所有含有氢的燃料燃烧产物之一。
(完整版)机械工程专业英语单词
Lesson 1 Basic Concepts in Mechanics机械学的基本概念mechanics n.力学modify v.修改，调解，变更manageable a.可控制【管理】的incline v.（使）倾斜ramp n.斜板，斜坡【道】slope v.（使）倾斜friction n.摩擦roll v.滚动multiplier n.放大器，乘法器broom n.扫帚convert v.转变【化】handle n.手柄【把】sweep v.扫荡【描】，掠过efficiency n.效率gauge vt.测【计】量，校验bearing n.轴承ideal mechanical advantage 理想的机械效益neglect vt.忽略Lesson 2 Basic Assumption in Plasticity Theory 塑性理论的基本假设assumption n.假定plasticity n.塑性investigate v.调查，研究deformation n.变形metal forming process 金属成型工艺【过程】strain (rate) n.应变【速率】strength n.强度stress n.应力yield stress 屈服应力flow stress 流动应力tensile stress 拉【伸】应力compressive stress 压【缩】应力shear stress 剪【切】应力geometry n.几何形状elastic a.弹性的springback n.回弹bending n.弯曲，折弯precision forming 精密成型tolerance n.公差continuum n.连续（体）metallurgical a.冶金（学）的grain n.晶粒dislocation n.位错（uni-,tri-,multi-）axial a.（单，三，多）轴（向）的anisotropy n.各向异性cylindrical a.圆柱体的cross-section n.横截面platen n.（工作）台板，模板coincide with 一致，相符validity n.正确有效，合法with ease 轻（而）易（举）的，很容易的Lesson 3 Optimization for Finite Element Applications有限元优化的应用optimization n.优化，优选（法）finite element 有限元iterative a.反复的，迭代的alternative n.a.交替（的），可供选择的manual a.手动的，人工的trial-and-error 试凑法bias vt,n.（使）偏向【重、差】a desktop platform （计算机）桌面平台constrain(t) v,n.强制，约束response n.反【响】应，灵敏度parameter n.参数parametric a.参数的preprocess vt.预（先）加工，预处理mesh n,v.网格，啮合capability n.能力，性能，容量loop n.环，回路，循环pose v.提出model n.模型，样品displacement n.位移，排量，替换buckling n.弯【翘】曲，挠度factor n.因素gradient n.坡【梯】度，斜率flur n.【电，磁，热，光】通量，流量multidisciplinary a.多学科的deflection n.偏移【转，离】，挠曲Lesson 4 Metals 金属toughness n.韧性corrosion n.腐蚀dump v.倾倒，堆放recyle v.反复【循环】利用copper n.铜aluminum n.铝bronze n.青铜（器）alloy n.合金wear v.磨损metallic a.（含）金属（制）的specification n.操作规程，技术要求，说明书extract vt.提炼，萃取iron n.铁carbon n.碳ferrous a.（含）铁的ferrous metals 黑色金属lead n.铅zinc n.锌tin n.锡ore n.矿（石）mineral n,a.矿物（的）impurity n.杂质，不纯Lesson 5 Metallic and Nonmetallic Materials金属和非金属材料magnesium n.镁nickel n.镍brass n.黄铜luster n.光泽ductility n.延展性，可锻性it is likely that 很可能it is certain to (inf.)必然，一定density n.密度be distinguished from 与…区分coefficient n.系数in connection with 关于，与…相关【结合】category n.种类hardness n.硬度elasticity n.弹性beam n.横梁，一束（光）penetration n.贯穿，渗透abrasion n.磨损【耗】roll n,v.轧辊，滚，轧mill n.轧钢机，铣床spring n.弹簧permanent a.永久的rupture n.破【开】裂stamp n.冲压hammer n.（锻）锤Lesson 6 Plastics and Other Materials塑料和其他材料inorganic acid 无机酸sulphuric acid 硫酸hydrochloric acid 盐酸solvent n.溶剂carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳rigid a,n.坚硬的，刚性（的），刚度mould(mold) n.模子，塑模，铸模decoration n.装饰fabricate vt.制造【备】，生产injection molding 注射模塑（法）blow molding 吹塑（法）compression molding 压塑（法），模压（法）extrusion n.挤压vacuum forming 真空模塑（法）powder metallurgy 粉末冶金constituent n,a.组成【的，部分】，组元simultaneously adv.同时subsequently adv.随后coherent a.互相凝聚的，协调一致的fusion n.熔化，熔接crystalline n,a.结晶【的】，晶体【的】restriction n.限制【定】，节流blend n,v.混合【物】，融合press n,v.压力机，压制homogeneous a.均匀的sinter n,vt.烧结【物】Lesson 7 Die Life and Die Failure模具的寿命和失效die n.模具，锻【冲】模，凹模die life 模具寿命die failure 模具损坏deterioration n.变坏，退化，损耗surface finish 表面光洁度breakdown n.破坏，击穿lubrication n.润滑cracking n.裂纹breakage n.断裂mode n.方式，状态，模式thermal fatigue 热疲劳layer n.层abrasive n,a.（研）磨料（的），磨损（的）impression n.模膛，型腔（槽）heat checking 热裂纹，龟裂steep n,a.陡（坡）的，急剧的reversal n.颠倒，相反overload n,v.（使）过【超】载initiation n.开【初】始，发【产】生discrete a.不连续的，单个的variable n.变量cavity n.模膛，型槽stock n.坯料，原材料impact n,v.冲击，碰撞Lesson 8 Cold Working and Hot Working 冷加工和热加工cold[hot] working 冷热加工forging n.锻造，锻件classification n.分类recrystallization n.再结晶take place 发生strain [deformation] hardening 应变【变形】硬化be referred to as 叫做，称为，被认为是warm working 温加工，温锻ultimate a,n.最终的，首要的，极限stress relieving 消除应力处理austenitic a.奥氏体的stainless steel 不锈钢annealing n.退火grain size 晶粒度solid solution 固溶体refinement n.精炼【制】，细化hazard n.危险，未知数，意外事件inherent a.固有的，先天的，本质的sensitive a.灵敏的，敏感的abnormal a.非正常的critical strain 临界应变Lesson 9 Casting 铸造casting n.铸造【件】die-casting n.模铸【件】foundry n.铸造【车间】pour v.浇注suitability n.适应性pig iron 生铁cupola n.冲天炉，化铁炉erosion n.腐蚀，（侵、烧）蚀ladle n.铁水包graphite n.石墨solidify v.（使）凝固disjoin v.拆散，分开ingot n.（钢）锭destructive a.破坏（性）的，有害的retard vt,n.（使）延缓，推迟solvent n,a.溶剂（的）copper-base alloy 铜基合金Lesson 10 Metal Forming Processes in Manufacturing 制造中的金属成形工艺machine-building 机械制造plastic working 塑性加工billet n 坯料，锻坯blank n.坯料，（冲压）板坯configuration n.外形，配置，排布stroke n.行程，冲程amortize v.阻尼，缓冲，分期偿还reliability n. 可靠性，安全性drawing n.（锻坯）拔长，【线，管材】拉拔deep drawing 深冲（压）brake forming 【压】折弯（机）成型stretch forming 张拉成型military n,a.军队【事，人】（的）consumer goods 消费品integrity n.完整性，完全（善）jet engine 喷气发动机turbine n.涡【汽】轮（机），透平（机）regarding 考虑到，关于Lesson 11 Forging锻造armor n.铠甲immortalize vt.（使）不朽（灭）blacksmith n.锻工mechanical press 机械压力机hydranlic press 液压机anvil n.（锤）砧，砧座craftsman n.技工handling n.处理，装卸，搬运flexibility n.柔（韧）性，灵活性drawn out 拔长upset n.镦粗，顶锻closed impression die 闭式模锻rapid-impact blow 快速冲击，猛打vertical a.立式的ram n.锤头，滑块，活动横梁block n.（模）块draft n.模锻斜度symmetrical a.轴对称的sizing n.整形，校正，定径drop forging 落锻，锤模锻impression die forging 模锻final forging 终锻overheat n.过热furnace n.【熔，高】炉pyrometer n.高温计Lesson 12 Benefits and Principles of Forging锻造的优点和工作原理metalworking n.金属压力加工knead v.揉搓【制】refine v.精炼【制】，细化porosity n.多孔性，疏松orient v.（使）定【取】向flow line 流线stress field 应力场manual skill 手工技巧at one’s command 自由使用，支配soundness n.致密性，坚固性，无缺陷attainable a.可达【得】到的open die forging 自由锻gross n.总共，重大confine vt. 限制，约束convert v.转变【换】，更换broken up 破【断】裂，分散microshrinkage n.显微缩孔elimination n.消除，淘汰align v.调整，对中，校直Lesson 13 Welding焊接weld(ing) v,n.焊接，熔焊pressurewelding 压力焊spotwelding 点焊buttwelding 对头（缝）焊fusionwelding 熔焊，熔接fiux-shielded arc welding 熔剂保护电弧焊diversity n.不同多样性fasten(ing) v,n.连接（件），紧固（件）shielding n.遮护，屏蔽solder(ing) v,n.软钎焊，（低温）焊料bismuth n.铋cadmium n.镉rivet n,v.铆钉，铆接braze n,vt.硬钎焊，铜焊oxidation n.氧化flux n.焊接，助溶剂squeeze v.挤压oxy-acetylene n,a.氧（乙）炔（的）torch n.焊炬electrode n.电（焊）极，焊条filler n.填充（剂）overlap v.搭接，重叠strike v.攻【打】击，放电Lesson 14 Heat Treatment热处理heat treatment 热处理microstructure n.显微组织low-carbon steel 低碳钢prescribe v.规定，指示microscopic a.显微的，微观的spheroidizing n.球化（处理）normalizing n.正火，（正）常化annealing n.退火hardening n.淬火tempering n.回火soaking(=holding) n.均热，保温retarding media 延缓介质prolonged a.长时间的，持续很久的critical temperature 临界温度globular a.球形（状）的carbide n.碳化物，硬质合金quenching n.淬火，骤冷removal n.除去，放出Lesson 15 Introduction to Mechanism机构介绍mechanism n.机械，机构，机构学kinematic a.=kinematical 运动的，运动学的kinematic chain 运动链link n.构件，杆件. v.连接【结】definite a.确定的constrained a.约束的，限定的unconstrained a.无约束的linkage n.连杆（组，机构）joint n.结【接】台，铰链. a.连接的，联合的pin n.销【钉】，铰销revolution v.旋转，转动. n.回转体prismatic a.棱柱（形）的nonlinear a.非线性的four-bar linkage 四杆机构kinematic chain 运动链prime mover 原动者【机】，驱动件coupler n.连接件，连杆pivot n.枢（轴），轴销，回转副，旋转中心configuration n.外形，构造，结构inversion n.转换，更换slider-crank mechanism 曲柄滑块机构multiloop n.多环链，a.多回路的sketch n.草【简，示意】图，v.画草图，草拟skeleton diagram 草图，示意图，简图envision v.想象binary a.二【双，复】的，二元的ternary a.三元的ternary links 三杆组quaternary a.四元的quaternary links 四杆组cam 凸轮cam follower n.凸轮从动件gear n.齿轮sprocket n.链轮belt n.【皮，布，钢】带pulley n.带轮spherical a.球的，球面的helical a.螺旋的three-dimensional 三维的，空间的intuitively adv.直觉【观】地synthesis n.合成（法），综合kinematician n.运动学研究者（家）innate a.先天的，固有的Lesson 16 Movement Analysis 运动分析criterion(pl.criteria) n.（判断）标准，判据，准则branch n,v.分（部，支）transmission angle 传动角rock n.摆动，v.摇动oscillate v.摆动，摇动parallelogram n.平行四边形antiparallelogram n.反平行四边形frame n.机架，构架impart v.给予，分给to impart M to N 把M给Ntorque n.力矩，扭矩dynamic a.=dynamical 动力的，动力学的inertia n.惯性（物），惯量static a.=statical 静力【学】的，静的index n.指数，指标friction n.摩擦thumb n.拇指，v.用拇指翻rule of thumb 根据经验和实际所得的做法matrix n.矩阵determinant n.行列式derivative n.导数derivative of M with respect to N M对于N的导数movability n.可动性，易动性parameter n.参数discount v.打折扣，忽视absolute a.绝对的graphical a.图形的，图解的polygon n.多边形theorem n.定理stress n.应力bearing n.轴承centripetal a.向心的Lesson 17 Kinematic Synthesis运动的综合packaging machinery 包装机械lubrication n.润滑specification n.技术要求actuation n.驱动jerk n.震动，冲击axis n.(pl.axes)轴【线，心】，中心线contour n.外形，轮廓线eccentricity n.偏心【度，率】gear ration 齿轮【速，齿数】比topologically adv.拓扑学地customary a.通常的，习惯的correlate v.使相关，使发生关系analog n.=analogue 类似（物），模拟linear analog 线性模拟second acceleration 二阶加速度higher acceleration 高阶加速度paraphrase v.释义，意译describe v.叙述，描述，作…运动category n.种类，类别deliberation n.慎重考虑province n.省，领域preconceive v.预想，事先想好analog computer 模拟计算机trace v.追踪，描画timing n.定时，计时，配时pitch v.投掷trajectory n.轨迹embed v.嵌入，夹在层间orientation n.（定）方位，（取）方向scoop n.勺子，铲斗，v.挖，掘，铲Lesson 18 Cams and Gears凸轮和齿轮cam n.凸轮gear n.齿轮curve n.曲线a.弯曲的groove n.槽，沟mate v.配合，啮合cylindrical a.圆柱的two-dimensional or planer 两维的或平面的three-dimensional or spatial 三维的或空间的normal n.法线a.垂直的complement n,a.余角，余的collinear a.共线的lateral a.横向的，侧向的stem n.杆guide n.导向件【器，装置】，导槽（座）intermittent a.间断的，不连续的dwell n,v.停止，小停顿inertial a.惯性的，惯量的engage v.啮合rack n.齿条noncircular a.非圆的conjugate a.共轭的，n.共轭值（线）cycloidal a.摆线的involved a.渐开线的，n.渐开线tolerance n.间隙，公差spur gear 直齿圆柱轮radial a.径向的，沿半径的offset n,vt.偏移，偏心a.偏心的disk cam 盘形凸轮tangent n.切线a.相切的，切线的concentric a.同圆（的），同心（的）camshaft n.凸轮轴pitch curve 节线herringbone a.人字形的intersect v.横穿，相交parallel helical gear斜齿轮，平行轴螺旋齿轮crossed helical gear 交错轴螺旋齿轮face gear 端面齿轮spiral bevel gear 螺旋齿圆锥齿轮worm n.蜗杆skew bevel 斜齿圆锥齿轮hypoid gear 准双曲面（直角交错轴双曲面）齿轮addendum (pl.addenda) n.齿顶，齿顶高project v.伸出，突出clearance n.间隙dedendum (pl. dedenda)n.齿根，齿根高tooth space 齿间距backlash n.间隙，齿隙Lesson 19 Screws, fasteners and joints螺纹件、紧固件和联接件screw n.螺钉，螺丝，v.旋紧，攻丝fastener n.紧固件joint n.连【联】接，接合bolt n.螺栓nut n.螺母cap screw 有头螺钉setscrew n.定位【固定，调整】螺钉rivet n.铆钉，v.用铆钉铆接key n.键weld n,v.焊接，熔焊braze n,v.钎焊，铜焊clip n.夹子，v.夹住，夹紧synonymous a.同意义的monotonous a.单调的taint n.污点，污染v.弄脏tough a.坚韧的ductile a.可延伸的，有延展性的，韧性的tighten v.上紧，拉紧twist v.扭转jumbo n.大型喷气式客机titanium n.钛close-tolerance 高精密度的tooling n.工具，刀具v.用刀具（切削）加工proliferate v.增殖，增殖assembly n.安装，装配，组件tap n.丝锥，v.攻螺丝stud n.双头螺栓resemble v.类似，像thread n.螺纹（线），v.车螺纹drill n,v.钻孔hexagon head 六角头fillister n.凹槽flat head 平头hexagon socket head 六角沉头disassemble v.拆开tensile a.拉【张】力的，受拉的shear n.剪切【力】v.剪切【断】harden v.使硬【化】washer n.垫圈preload n.预载荷fatigue n.疲劳micrometer n.千分尺，千分表elongation n.拉【伸】长modulus n.(pl.moduli)模数，模量wrench n.扳手dial n.刻度盘fractional a.分数的，小数的Lesson 21 Helical, Worm and Bevel Gears 斜齿轮、蜗杆蜗轮和锥齿轮helical gear 斜齿轮worm n.蜗杆，螺杆bevel gear 圆锥齿轮helix n,a.(pl. helices 或helixes)螺旋线，螺旋线的right hand 右手，右旋的helicoid n.a.螺旋【面，体】，螺旋（状，纹）的wrap v.缠绕unwind v.解开，展开generate v.产生，展成（加工）engagement n.啮合，接触diagonal n,a.对角线（的）objectionable a.该反对的，不能采用的spiral n,a. 螺旋线（的），卷线（的）spiral gear 螺旋齿轮mesh n.啮合worm gear 蜗轮pinion n.小齿轮pitch cylinder 节圆柱concave a.中凹的curvature a.曲率screw-like 像螺丝（杆）的thread n.线状物，螺纹线envelop v.包围，封闭enclose v.包围lead angle 导角cast v.铸造mill v.铣削outboard a,ad.外侧的，向外pronounced a.明确的，显著的stress n.应力tapered a.锥形的positively ad.确定地，强制（传动）地Pitch-line velocity 节线速度automobile differential 汽车差速器gearing n.齿轮传动（装置）offset n.偏置，横距hypoid a.准双曲面的hyperboloid n.双曲面，双曲面体Lesson 22 Shafts, Clutches and Brakes轴、离合器和制动器shaft n.轴clutch n.离合器brake n.制动器pulley n.（皮，胶）带轮flywheel n.飞轮sprocket n.链轮，星轮bending moment 弯曲力矩torsional a.扭转的static a.静（力，态）的axle n.心轴，轮轴spindle n.心轴，主轴deflection n.偏移，弯曲fillet n.圆角，倒角peening n.喷射（加工硬化法）shot peening 喷丸硬化stiff a.刚性的inertia n.惯性，惯量slippage n.滑动actuation n.驱动，开动coefficient n.系数statics n.静力学rim n.边缘，轮缘shoe n.闸瓦，制动片【块】band n.带，条cone n.圆锥miscellaneous a.（混）合的，杂项的assume v.假设，承担statical a.=static,静态的equilibrium n.平衡reaction n.反应，反力overload-release clutch 超载释放（保护）离合器magnetic fluid clutch 磁液离合器shift v.变换，（使）移动lever n.杆，（手）柄jaw n.颚板，夹爪ratchet n.棘轮circumferentiallyad v.周围地，圆周地mate v.配合，啮合，联接synchronous a.同步的linear drive 线性驱动装置clicking n.‘卡塔’声freewheel v.空转coupling n.联轴器sleeve n.套筒flat n.平面（部分）a.平的periphery n.圆周，周边wedge n.楔（形物）v.楔入pawl n.棘爪powder n.粉末mixture n.混合物electromagnetic a.电磁的coil n.线圈excitation n.刺激，激励shearing a.剪切的lockup n.锁住Lesson 41 Definition of Robotics and the Robot Systemmanipulator n.操作器，控制器，机械手peripheral a.周围的，外围的idiot n.白痴integrate v.使成为一体，使结合起来hard automation 刚性自动化a host of 许多Lesson 42 Basics of Computers(I)execute v.执行binary a.二进制的read only memory (ROM) 只读存储器random access memory (RAM)读写存储器，随机存储器erasable a.可擦去的volatile a.可丢失的Lesson 43 Basics of Computers(二)harsh a.恶劣的robust a.稳定的configuration n.结构，组态Morse Code 莫尔斯电码suffice v.足够interference n.干扰fluctuation n.脉动，波动expendable a.可消耗的intermediate a.中间的adaptor n.转换器transformer n.变压器rectifier n.整流器capacitor n.电容器Zener diode 齐纳（稳压）二极管buffer n.缓冲寄存器come across 碰到Baud rate 波特率Lesson 44 Programmable Controllersalbeit conj.虽然light-emitting diodes 发光二极管relay ladder logic 继电器梯形逻辑图archaically a.古体的，旧式的retention n.保留，保持versed a.熟练的，精通的fluidics n.射流sheer a.完全的，绝对的profligate a.浪费的proprietary a.专利的，专有的boolean expression 布尔表达式Lesson 45 CAD/CAMComputed-aided design(CAD) n.计算机辅助设计Computed-aided manufacturing(CAM) n.计算机辅助制造automatic factory n.自动化工厂drafting n.制图Computer-aided engineering n.计算机辅助工程management information systems n.管理信息系统graphics terminal n.图像终端a shared data base n.公用数据库three-dimensional a.三维的keyboard n.键盘lightpen=light pen n.光笔magnify v.放大flip v,n.翻转copy v.拷贝a mirror image 镜像symmetrical a.对称的artwork n.印刷线路原图Geometric modeling n.几何模型制造kinematics n.运动学Lesson 48 Flexible Manufacturing Systemsfexible manufacturing systems(FMS)柔性制造系统flexible manufacturing celles(FMC) 柔性制造单元automated guided vehicles 自动搬运小车conveyor n.传送装置pallet loading and unloading carts 上下料小车part program 零件程序data base 数据库data processing networks 数据处理网络inspection program 检测程序robot program 自动机程序real-time control data 实时控制数据the Control hierarchy 控制层次real-time fault recovery 实时故障恢复unmanned operation 无人化操作chip removel 排屑module n.模块，组件intelligent node智能节点。
哈工程学术英语练习册.
学术英语练习册姓名：学号：任课教师：日期：2018Training and Practice for English for Academic PurposesPart I1.Discuss the following questions.What are basic principles the researchers must try to follow when they write their research papers? And would you please list some deadly sins a researcher must avoid when they want to publish a research paper? What are the main contents of a research paper?2. Translate the following Chinese introduction into English.提高起重机生产力和安全性的设备研究近些年来，就用研究人员对起重机(crane)的研究兴趣与日俱增。
起重机种类繁多，从樱桃采摘机(cherry pickers)到巨型塔式起重机(huge tower cranes) ，是建筑工地不可或缺的重要设备之一。
由于建筑用起重机工作环境多变(constantly changing working environment), 操作者(operator)责任重大(heavy reliance)。
过去几十年里，超重机技术日新月异，但是操作员与其他工种人员配合协作方面的技术发展缓慢。
起重机的发展步伐如此迅猛，我们似乎要问，在某些方面，是不是已经超出(outstrip)了人们安全使用的能力？本文旨在探讨如何通过新型设备的引进提高起重机生产力以及提出相关安全性的举措，进而为新型起重机的应用和案例提供新的思路。
哈工大英语文化基础 英国习题答案
Understanding UK & IrelandKey to Chapter 9 A General Survey of UKI. 1.T 2. F 3. F 4. TII. 5. C 6. D 7. BIII. 8.C 9. B 10. AIV.a11. What are the four regions of Britain?The four regions of Britain are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. England is the largest of the four with an area of 130,000 square kilometers，making up the south and east, which takes up nearly 60% of the British Isles. It is the most populous and richest section of the country.12. What kind of geographical position doesBritain have?Britain is an island country. It lies in the NorthAtlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by theEnglish Channel in the south and the NorthSea in the east.13. Which places in Great Britain are mostlyhighland and lowland？The north and west of Britain are mainlyhighland，while the south and south-east aremostly lowlands.14. Does Britain have a favorable climate?Yes，it has a favorable climate，because ithas a maritime type of climate ——winters aremild，not too cold and summers are cool，nottoo hot. It has a steady reliable rainfallthroughout the whole year. It has a smallrange of temperature，too.15. What are the factors which influence theclimate in Britain? Which part of Britain hasthe most rainfall and which part is the driest?The factors which influence the climate inBritain are the following three：1) The surrounding waters balance theseasonal differences；2) The prevailing south-west winds bringwarm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate；3) The North Atlantic Drift ，a warm current，passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.The northwestern part has the most rainfall，while the south-eastern corner is the driest. Key to Chapter 10Geography & History of UK◆Key to Section ExercisesSection A. GeographyI. 1.F 2.F 3.TII. 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.ASection B．HistoryI. 1.T 2.T 3.T 4.F 5.TII. 6.D 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.C◆Key to Chapter ExercisesI. 1. T 2. F 3.F 4.T 5.FII. 6. A 7. D 8.D 9.D 10.BIII.11. The total area of Britain is about244,110 square kilometers.12. Britain is separated from the European continent by North Sea, Strait of Doverand English Channel.13. The capital of the Scotland is 1) Edinburgh, the capital of Wales is2) Cardiff and the capital of Northern Ireland is 3) Belfast.14.England is the largest and most populous of the three political divisions on the island of Great Britain.15. The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century, and the Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the design in 1765.IV.16. The Hundred Years' War: it refers to thewar between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders. Besides, England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.17. The Lowland Zone: the island of Great Britain can be divided into two major natural regions—the lowland area and the highland area. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. The lowland zone has a milder climate and better soils for farming. Historically, most people in Britain have lived in the lowland zone rather than in the harsher highland zone. The lowland area comprises Midland, southern and eastern England.18. Norman Conquest of 1066: In January 1066, King Edward, the last Saxon king, died childless. He had promised to leave the English throne to his cousin William, but he chose Harold, his wife’s brother as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history.19. Industrial Revolution: The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.The Industrial Revolution forever transformedthe way people live and work in most parts ofthe world. It changed the world so much thatpeople called it a revolution.Typical inventions during the IndustrialRevolution:John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733;James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1766;Richard Arkwright’s water frame in 1769;Edmund Cartwright’s power looms in 1784;James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.20. The Chartist Movement: Chartism was oneof the major popular reform movements of the Victorian era. The Chartists sponsored aPeople’s Charter demanding suffrage for allmale citizens over age 21, a secret ballot, andother rights. Chartist leaders are shown here addressing a large crowd in 1848. Most oftheir demands eventually became law.The Reform Bill of 1832 was the firstsuccessful attempt to correct these inequities.In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London WorkingMen’s Association. They drew up a charter ofpolitical demands (a People’s Charter) in 1838,with the intention of presenting it toParliament. It had six points: 1)the vote for alladult males; 2)voting by secret ballot;3)equal electoral districts; 4)abolition ofproperty qualifications for members ofParliament; 5)payment of members ofParliament; 6)annual Parliaments, with aGeneral Election every June.Key to Chapter 11Political System & National Economy of UK ◆Key to Section ExercisesA．Political SystemI. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.TII. 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.BIII. 1０．1)-e 2)-a 3)-dB．National EconomyI. 1.T 2.F 3.TII. 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.AIII. 1０．1)-ｂ2)- d 3)- e◆Key to Chapter ExercisesI．1. The British were the first in the world to enter the Industrial Revolution.2. The main textile producing regions of Britain are the East Midlands, Yorkshire, Humberside, and Northern Ireland.3. An industrial complex in suburban Glasgow dubbed "Silicon Glen" is the center of Scotland’s thriving technology industry.4. Historically, the financial services industry has been based in the city of London in an area called the Square Mile.5. The Bank of England, chartered in 1694, was nationalized in 1946 and is the only bank that issues banknotes in England and Wales.6. The predecessor of the English parliament is the Great council.7. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain.8. In the UK, the party which wins the second largest number of seats in the House becomes the Opposition, with is one leader, and forms a Shadow cabinet.9. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.10. In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the second number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition. II．11. Constitutional monarchy：Constitutional monarchy means that the power of the monarch is limited by the country’s constitution, the legal authority is given to Parliament, and the executive authority to thegovernment. Theoretically, the Queen has the power，but in reality , she has no power at all. The Sovereign reigns, but does not rule; the country is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her Majesty’s Government, who is responsible to the Parliament.12. Primogeniture: Primogeniture refers tothe passing of the throne to the eldest son when a monarch dies, has been the rule of succession, and when there are no sons, the eldest daughter ascends the throne.13. First past the post:The current voting system in UK is called “first past the pos t.” This means that the party and candidates receiving the most votes win the election and become the party in power even if they do not receive more than 50 percent ofthe vote.14. The Conservative Party and the Labor Party: The Conservative Party developed outof the Tory Party(托利党). It supports private enterprise and is opposed to nationalization （国有化）and extending social services. It openly helps the monopolists to getsuper-profits.The Labor Party was founded in 1900 by a union between the Trade Union, the Independent party and the Fabian Society. It practices social democracy or bourgeois reformism.15. High Street Banks: High Street Banks are the main banks, such as Royal Bank of Scotland, HSBC, NatWest, Citibank, and Barclays.III.16. What is a general election?The election of all Members of Parliament (MPs) for each constituency (local area) is called aGeneral Election. In the US it is like voting fora Congressman or Senator. However, unlike the US, the voters do not choose the Prime Minister (PM). He/she is voted for within their party.17. What is the supreme legislative authorityin Britain? What does it consists of?British Parliament is the supreme legislative authority in the realm. It consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords（上院）and the House of Commons（下院）. Most of the power of Parliament is in the House of Commons. The Parliament was called in 1264 and is generally considered the beginning of “parliament”.18. What are the three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth? The three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth are:1)the area between London and South Wales,2)the Cambridge area of East Anglia and 3)the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. The third area is the most spectacular of the three and is now often referred to as the “Silicon Glen”.19. What is the British government’s role inthe economy?Like many modern developed countries, the United Kingdom has a mixed economy. This means that some sectors of the economy are operated by the government and some are operated by private businesses.After World War II, the government nationalized a number of large and troubled industries including coal, electricity, transport, gas, oil, steel, certain car and truck manufacturing, shipbuilding, and aircraft building. Since the 1950s, the governmenthas privatized a number of these industries. The Conservative governments between 1979and 1996 denationalized oil companies, telecommunications, car and truck production, gas, airlines and aircraft building, electricity, water, railways, and nuclear power. The government also seeks to encourage competition in the economy and increase productivity by sponsoring and subsidizing training and educational programs.20. How did the structure of British industry change in the last half of the 20th century? The coal mining and cotton textile industries declined sharply. As coal production declined, oil production replaced it as a major industry. Motor vehicle production became a significant part of the industrial base but was subject to severe foreign competition. As incomes increased, consumer demand rose for durable goods such as cars and kitchen appliances. British industrial production also expanded into communications equipment, including fiber optics, computers, computer-controlled machine tools, and robots.Key to Chapter 12Society & Culture of UK◆Key to Section ExercisesSection 1 British People & Their Ways of Life I. 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.FII. 5.A 6.D 7.B 8.-c 9.-a) 10.-dSection 2 Holidays and Special DaysI. 1.T 2.F 3.TII. 4. C 5. B 6.C 7.-c 8.-d 9.-a 10.-bSection 3 EducationI. 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.FII. 5.C 6.A 7.AII. 8.-f 9.-e 10.-aSection 4 English LiteratureI. 1.F 2.T 3.T 4.FII. 5.C 6.D 7.AIII. 8. 1)-b 2)-a 3)-dIV. Gap-filling9. Romance is the most popular literary form in the medieval period.10. The Romantic Movement appeared on the literary arena of England from the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge in 1798 to the deathof Sir Walter Scott in 1832. The literary form which is the most flourishing during the Romantic Period is poetry.11. Samuel Richardson was the master of writing epistolary novels and the first novelist of sentimentalism tradition. His novels have a moral purpose, trying to inculcate virtue and good deportment. Pamela was his best novel.12. W. M. Thackeray was another representative of critical realism in 19th England. In 1847 he published his masterpiece Vanity Fair with a subtitle “a Novel without a Hero”.13.Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth are considered as Shakespeare's four greatest tragedies.V.1. Spenserian stanzaA nine-line verse stanza originated by Edmund Spenser is known as the Spenserian stanza. In the nine-line Spenserian stanza the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the ninth, iambic hexameter, with the rhyme scheme being ababbcbcc. This form of stanza creates a special musical effect and contributes greatly to the technique of poetry composition.2. Stream of ConsciousnessIt is a literary technique in which a character’s thoughts are presented in the confusing, jumbled, and inconsequential manner of real life without any clarificationby the author. The aim of the technique is toprovide a textual equivalent to the stream ofa fictional character’s consciousness. Itcreates the impression that the reader is eavesdropping on the flow of conscious experience in the character’s mind, gainingintimate access to their private “thoughts”.James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are mastersof this literary technique.Key to Chapter 13 Understanding Ireland ◆Key to Section ExercisesSection 1 A General SurveyI. 1.F 2.T 3.TII. 4.B 5.A 6.A 7.DII. 8.-d 9.-a 10.-bSection 2 Geography and HistoryI. 1.F 2.T 3.FII. 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.DII. 8.-b 9.-a 10.-cSection 3Political System and National EconomyI. 1.F 2.T 3.TII. 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.AII. 8.-d 9.-a 10.-cSection 4 Society and Culture of IrelandI. 1.T 2.F 3.TII. 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.CII. 8.-c 9.-e 10.-b◆Key to Chapter Exercises1. Ireland means "Eire land". Eire is the Irishname for the country and is believed tomean "western land".2. Originally founded as a centre for theViking slave trade, Dublin has been Ireland's capital city since medieval times.3. In 432, St. Patrick arrives in Ireland and confronts King Laoghaire who allows him tospread the word of Christianity in Ireland.4. In 1914, the implementation of home rulebill is postponed because of the outbreak ofWorld War I.5. The state operates under the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937. The constitution may only be amended by referendum.6. The population within the administrative area controlled by Dublin City Council was 505,739 at cork the census of 2006. A person from Dublin is known as a Dubliner or a Dub. is the country’s secondlargest city and major port. English is the main language used in Ireland (spoken with an Irish accent). The traditional Gaelic language is spoken mainly in areas along the west coast of Ireland. The major religions of Ireland are Roman Catholic and Protestant. The Republic of Ireland's flag is made of three equal-sized rectangles of orange, white, and green. The green color on the flag represents the native people of Ireland, most are the native people of Ireland.7. Two popular national sports in Ireland probably are: Gaelic football and hurling, both strictly amateur sports. Soccer has become a particularly popular spectator sport in the 1990s. Besides, rugby, sailing, cycling, golf, and horse and greyhound racing are also favorite activities.8. Major public holidays observed in the Republic of Ireland include: New Year's Day, St Patrick's Day, Easter Monday, Labor Day（May Day）and Christmas Day, among which St Patrick’s Day honors the patron saint of Ireland and Labor Day was newly introduced in 1994.9. The Republic of Ireland's education system is quite similar to that of most other western countries. There are three distinct levels of education in Ireland: primary, secondary and higher.10. Ireland's most widely-known literary works are undoubtedly in English. Particularly famous examples of such works are those of James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, and Ireland's four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: William Butler Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney.II. Terms Explanation1. The River ShannonThe River Shannon is the longest river in Ireland, rising in northwestern County Cavan and flowing for about 259 km in a southerly direction to enter the Atlantic Ocean via a 113-kilometre estuary below. It drains an area of 15,695 square km. Dividing Ireland almost in two and dominating the midlands landscape, the River Shannon has acted as a formidable barrier to movement from East to West while providing a marine highway from North to South. It is the longest river in both Ireland and Britain, and has influenced the military, social and economic history of Ireland since the beginning of time. Traveling over 300 km. from its source to the sea, it is home to over a dozen lakes and more than a hundred islands. It is joined on its journey by dozens of smaller rivers and streams some of which are also navigable. The River Shannon is now the backbone of a vast network of inland waterways, joined to the Erne via the newly restored Shannon-Erne link.2. The Irish Free StateIn 1921 a treaty between southern Ireland and Britain established the Irish Free State, a self-governing dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations. This allowed the Northern Ireland Parliament to take the six northern counties out of the dominion. Inthe Free State it led quickly to a vicious civil war between both sides; those who agreed with the Treaty, and those who disagreed, but ultimately the treaty stood.3. ShamrockAccording to the legend, the shamrock was used by St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, in the fifth century to demonstrate the meaning of the Trinity when converting the Celts to Christianity. To this day it remains one of Ireland's most famous national emblems.4. George Bernard ShawIrish-born British playwright. A founder of the Fabian Society, he wrote plays of iconoclastic social criticism, including Arms and the Man (1894), Pygmalion (1913), and Saint Joan (1923). He won the 1925 Nobel Prize for literature.5. The Supreme CourtThe final court of appeal is the Supreme Court, which consists of the Chief Justice and seven other justices. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review and may declare to be invalid both laws and acts of the state which are repugnant to the constitution.III. Answer the Following Questions1. What kind of holiday is St Patrick's Day? Saint Patrick’s Day (March 17), which honors the patron saint of Ireland, is the most important national holiday and is marked by parades, shamrock decorations, Irish songs and jigs and sometimes the wearing of green (the national color) to represent the lushness of Ireland - The Emerald Isle. Today St. Patrick's Day is celebrated by the Irish as well as many Americans, Canadians and English people.2. What is the origin of the Irish nationalanthem “The Soldier's Song”?The Soldier's Song was written in 1907 by Peadar Kearney, but was not widely known until it was sung both at the General Post Office during the Easter Rising in 1916 and later at various camps where republicans were interned. Soon after, it was adopted as the national anthem, replacing God Save Ireland.3. What is “the Potato Famine”?The potato crops of the 1840s failed and a devastating famine resulted. The English government were so slow to react to the crisis that by the time the famine was over, an estimated one million people had died, and a further one million had left Ireland, arriving in the US and Britain, penniless and desperate. The Irish potato famine created a legacy of emigration from Ireland that did not stop until the late 20th Century. By 1960, the population of Ireland had dwindled to 4.3 million from an 1841 population of over eight million.4. What do Protestant groups in Ireland include?Protestant groups include the Church of Ireland (Anglican) and the Presbyterian and Methodist denominations.5. How much do you know about James Joyce?The novels and short stories of James Joyce are distinguished by their keen psychological insight and use of literary innovations, most notably the stream of consciousness technique. The stories in Dubliners, his only collection of short fiction, are generally regarded as models of the genre. His works include Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939).。
哈工大版机电工程专业英语翻译
Lesson 2 Lubrication润滑尽管润滑的主要目的之一是为了减少摩擦力，任何可以控制两滑动表面之间的摩擦和磨损(wear) 的物质——不管是液体、固体或者气体，都可以归类为(be classed as)润滑剂。
经过精心处理去除了所有杂质(foreign material)的金属在相互滑动时，会粘附(seize)或熔接(weld)到一起.当达不到高的清洁度(cleanliness)时，吸附在表面的气体、水蒸汽、氧化物(oxide)和污染物会降低摩擦力并减少黏附的趋势，但通常会产生严重的磨损，这种现象被称为“无润滑”摩擦或干摩擦(dry sliding)。
在滑动面之间引入一层流体膜，把润滑表面完全隔离开，就产生了（result in）流体膜润滑。
这种流体可能是有意引入的，例如汽车主轴承中的润滑油；也可能是无意中引入的，例如在光滑的橡胶轮胎与潮湿的路面pavement之间的水。
尽管流体通常是油、水和很多其它种类的液体，也可以是气体，最常用的气体是空气。
为了把零件隔离开，润滑膜中的压力必须和作用在滑动面上的负载（荷）保持平衡。
如果润滑膜的压力来自于外界，这种系统被称为流体静压hydrostatically润滑.如果润滑表面之间的压力是由于滑动面本身的形状和运动所共同产生的，这种系统就称为流体动压（hyrodynamically）润滑。
第二种润滑与润滑剂的粘性密切相关。
处在无润滑滑动和流体膜润滑之间的状态被称为边界润滑，也可以被定义为这样一种润滑状态，在这种状态中，表面之间的摩擦力取决于表面性质和润滑剂中除粘度以外的其他因素。
边界润滑包括大部分的润滑现象，通常在机器的启停时出现。
当普通润滑剂没有足够的承载能力或者不能在极限温度下工作时，石墨(graphite)和二硫化钼 (molybdenum disulfide) 这类固体润滑剂得到广泛的应用。
但润滑剂不仅仅以油脂、粉末和气体这样一些为人们所熟悉的形态出现，在一些精密的机器中，金属也常作为润滑面。
哈工程船舶工程专业英语生词表(正序)教材
船舶工程专业英语生词表Aa committed cell 一个指定组织，完成特定使命的组织a faired set of lines 经过光顺处理的一套型线a stereo pair of photographs 一对立体投影相片abaft 朝向船尾abandonment cost 船舶废置成本费用accepted practice 公认的做法accommodation 居住（舱室）accountant 会计acquisition cost 购置（获取）成本activate 作动acumen 才智adjustable-pitch 可调螺距式admiralty 海军部，海军上将adopt 采用advance coefficient 进速系数aegis 保护，庇护aerostatic 空气静力学的AEW(Admiralty Experiment Works)海军部试验场ahead and astern 正车和倒车air cushion vehicle 气垫船aircraft carrier 航空母舰airfoil水翼，气翼，机翼，翼（剖）面，机面，方向舵alignment chock 组装校准用垫楔（或填料）allowance 公差，余（裕）量，加工裕量，补贴alphanumeric 字母数字（混合编制）的amalgamate 合并，联合ambiguity 二义性，多义性，含混性，模糊ameliorating the effect 改善（修正）该影响American Bureau of Shipping （美国）船级社amicable 友好的，友善的amidships 在舯部，舯amphibious 两栖的ample design margin 足够（充分）的设计裕量anatomy 组织构造angle of attack 攻角angle plate 角钢anticipated loads encountered at sea 在波浪中遭遇到的预期载荷anti-pitching fins 减纵摇鳍antiroll fins 减摇鳍appendage 附件，附体arbitration association 仲裁联合会（协会，公司）arbitration clause 仲裁条款arbitration panel 仲裁小组（委员会）arbitration 仲裁arbitrator 仲裁人Archimedes′s screw propeller 阿基米德的螺旋推进器architect of contract 合同设计人（或实体）armament 武备arrest her sternway 终止她（指军舰Rattler）的倒映artisan 技工assembly line 装配（流水）线astern 朝船尾（的），倒车（的）at the shipyard′s risk 传唱自己负责（风险损失）athwart ships （船）横向at-sea replenishment 海上补给augment of resistance 阻力增额auxiliary systems 辅机系统award of contract 签订合同axial advance 轴向进速axiomatic 理所当然的，公理化的Bbabitability 适居性backing structure 垫衬结构back-up member 焊接垫板banking community 银行业团体bankruptcy 破产，经营失败bar keel 棒龙骨，放龙骨，矩形龙骨bar 型材，材barge 驳船base，base line 基线basic design 基本设计batten 压条，板条be built to order 按订单建造，按定货单制作be in short supply 供应短缺、俏销beam船宽，横梁，梁，船身最大宽behoove 应该bench work 钳工bending-moment curves 弯矩曲线Benoulli′s law 伯努利定律berth term 停泊期bevel 折角bid 投标bidder or proposers 投标人bidder 投标人（者）bilge keel 舭龙骨bilge radius 舭半径bilge 舭，舱底billing 记账，编制账单bills of material 材料（细目）单blade section 叶缘剖面blast 喷丸（除锈）block coefficient 方形系数board of directors 董事会Board of Trade （英国）贸易厅body plan 横剖面图body section 横剖图bolt 螺栓，上螺栓固定bona fide 真诚，善意（的）Bonjean curve 邦戎曲线boom 吊杆boundary layer 边界层bow line 前体纵剖线bow thruster 艏侧推器bow wave 艏波box girder 箱桁bracket 轴支架，支架branching effect 分流效应breadth extreme 最大宽，计算宽度breadth moulded 型宽breakbulk 件杂货Bridge crane 行车，桥式起重机BSRA(=British Ship Research Association) 英国船舶研究协会buckle 屈曲budget 预算，做预算buffer area 缓冲区buffet 冲击，打击，振颤building basin 船台built-up plane section 组合型材bulb plate 球头扁钢bulb 球鼻艏bulbous bow 球状船艏，球鼻艏bulk carrier 散装货船bulk oil carrier 散装油轮bullishness 牛（市）气，股市看涨buoyancy 浮力buoyant 浮力的Bureau Veritas （法国）船级社burner 气焊（割）工burning machine 烧割机burr 毛刺，毛口butt weld 对缝焊接buttock 后体纵剖线by convention 按照惯例，按约定Ccache memory 缓冲存储，（超）高速缓冲存储器calm water 静水camber 梁拱capacity plan 舱容图capsize 倾覆capsizing moment 倾覆力矩captured–air-bubble vehicle 束缚气泡减阻船cargo capacity 载货量，货舱容量，舱容cargo cubic 货舱舱容，载货容积cargo handing 货物装载cargo owner 货主carpenter 木匠carriage of grain cargoes 谷类货物运输机carriage 拖车，拖架cascading of waves upon…海浪跌落于…casualty 事故，死伤，灾难catamaran 双体船categorize 分类cavitation number 空泡数cavitation tunnel 空泡水筒cavitation 空泡、控化、空浊cavity 空腔CDS（=construction differential subsidy）（美）建造差异性补贴cease and determine 中止及结束，中止与终结centroid 形心，重心，质心，矩心changing course 改变航线（航向）charterer 租船人chine 舭，舷，脊chipper 风铲工，缺陷修整工christen 命名circulation theory 环流理论circumscribe 外接，外切circumspection 外切claim 索赔，要求，损失，赔付classification and coding 分类与编码classification society 船级社clause 条款climate 观念，一般趋势，环境，风气，气候Coast Guard cutte （美国）海岸警备队快艇codify 编成法典collateral 间接的，副的，第二位的command and surveillance 控制操作与监视commercial ship 盈利用船commissary spaces 补给库舱室，粮食库common carrier 通用运输船compartment 舱室complement 全体定员computer-aided design（CAD）计算机辅助设计computer-aided drafting 计算机辅助绘图computer-aided engineering（CAE）计算机辅助工程computer-aided manufacturing（CAM）计算机辅助工程computer-aided process planning （CAPP）计算机辅助施工计划制定computer-integrated manufacturing（CIM）计算机（集成）组合制造concave 凹，凹的，拱形（的）conceive 设想，想像concept design 概念设计conclude a contract 缔结（订立）合同conduit 管路，导管confer 比较，参照configuration 安排，构型，配置connotation 含义，内涵conspicuous 显著的，值得注意的constant-pitch propeller 定螺距螺旋桨constraint condition 约束条件construction differential subsidy（CDS）（美）建造差异性补贴containerized 集装箱化contingency 偶发（意外）事故contract design 合同设计contract plans 合同图纸contracted scale 缩尺contra-rotating propellers 对转桨controllable--pitch 可控螺距式controversial 有争议的core box 型芯corollary 推论，必然结果corrosion 锈蚀，腐蚀corrugated 波纹形的，瓦垅形的，有槽的，有加强肋的corrugation 波纹，槽纹，瓦垅couple 力矩，力偶crane operator 起重工credit 信用，信誉，信贷，债权，贷方crest（of wave）波峰crew quarters 船员居住舱criterion 判据，准则Critical Path Method（CPM）关键路径法cross section 横剖面cross-channel automobile ferries 横越海峡车渡轮cross-sectional area 横剖面面积crucial element 重要因素cruise liner 定期游船，定期航班，定期邮轮cruiser stern 巡洋舰尾crush 挤（碾）压、压扁、压碎crussing range 航程cull 选出，择出curvature 曲率curves of form 各船型曲线cushion of air 气垫customize 定制（造）Ddamage stability 破顺稳性damp out 阻息，逐渐降低damping 阻尼data bank 数据库（栈）data base 数据库dead load 恒（静载荷）deadweight 总载重量（吨）de-ballast 卸除压载（压舱）debt structuring 债务构成deck camber 甲板梁拱deck line at side 甲板边线deck wetness 甲板淹湿deckhouse 舱面室，甲板室declivity 坡度，斜度decomposition 分解deep V hull 深V型船体default 违约deference 服从，听从，尊重deflection 挠曲，弯曲deformation 变形deliberation 慎重斟酌，反复思考delivery 交船，交货Department of Trade （英国）贸易部deposit metallic plating 镀上金属镀层depreciation of the yen 日元的贬值depth 船深design agent 设计代理人（商）design spiral 设计螺旋循环方式destroyer 驱逐舰detail design 详细设计deviation 偏离，偏差diagram 图，原理图，设计图，流程图diesel-electric propulsion 柴油发电机推进differing times 不一致的时序digitizer 数字化仪diligence 偿债，查封，勤勉dimension 尺度，元，维dimensionless ratio 无量纲比值discontinue 中止，停止，停付disguise 隐藏，不被识别displacement 排水量dispute settlement 纠纷处理distributed load 分布载荷division 站，划分，分隔do work 做功dock 泊靠document 以文件资料证明double iteration procedure 双重迭代法double-acting steam cylinder 双向作用的蒸汽气缸drafsman 绘图员draft 吃水drag 阻力，拖曳力drainage 排（泄）水draught（=draft）吃水，草图，设计图，牵引力drawing office 绘图室dredge 挖泥船drift 飘移，偏航drilling rig 钻架drive shaft 驱动器轴dry dock 干船坞dryer （衣物）烘干机ducted propeller 导管螺旋桨due diligence 到期偿债dynamometer 测力计，功率计Ee﹒h﹒p(=effective horse power)有效马力eddy 漩涡eddy-making resistance 漩涡阻力efficiency 供给能力，供给量electrohydraulic 电动液压的electroplater 电镀工electrostatics 静电学elevations 高度，高程，船型线图的侧面图、立视图、纵剖线图，海拔elusive 难以捉摸的empirical formula 经验公式enclosed fabrication shop 封闭式装配车间end-on 端对准endurance 续航力，全功率工作时间entitle 给以权力entity 实体entrance 进流段entrepreneur 企业家，承包者，中间商equity financing 提供财政资本，融资equity 投资资本erection装配，安装（船体），组装escalating type（of contract）（价格）伸缩式（合同）escalation 涨价European Commission 欧洲委员会expertise 评论，鉴定，专长，专门知识，专家extrapolate 外插extremity 末端，尽头extruded 压（挤）成的extrusion and casting 挤压成形与铸造Ffacility 设备，实验室，装置fair 光顺fastening 坚固件fatigue 疲劳feasibility study 可行性研究feathering blade 顺流变距桨叶，顺桨桨叶fee 费（用），税fender 护舷ferry 渡轮，渡口，渡运航线，轮渡（载运）fillet weld connection 贴角焊连接fine fast ship 纤细（细长）高速船fine form 瘦长（细长）船型finite element 有限元fire main system 主干灭火系统fire protection，detection and extinction 防火，探火与灭火fire tube boiler 火水管锅炉fixed-pitch 固定螺距式flag of operation （船舶）营运所挂国旗flag of registry （船舶）登记所挂国旗flange 突边（缘），法兰（盘）flanged 起折边的，作法兰边的，作凸缘的flanking rudders 侧翼舵flare 外飘，外张flat of keel 平板龙骨fleets of vessels 船队flexural 挠曲的float 浮动时间floating drydock 浮船坞floating plant 水上机械设备flood 进水，泛滥floodable length curve 可浸长度曲线floor 地肋，底板flow of materials 物流flow pattern 流型，流线谱flush 平贴，磨光following edge 随边，尾缘following ship 后续船force couple 力偶fore／aft perpendicular 艏／艉柱forging 锻件，锻造forklift （truck）叉车form coefficient 船形系数forming operation 成型加工forsake 放弃forward／after perpendicular 两柱间长forward／after shoulder 前／后肩foundry casting 翻砂铸造foundryman 铸造翻砂工frame 船肋骨，框架，桁架，肋骨freeboard deck 干舷甲板freeboard 干舷freight rate 运费率frequency of wave encounter 波浪遭遇频率fresh water 淡水frictional 摩擦阻力Froude law 傅汝德定律Froude number 傅汝德数full form 丰满船型full scale 全尺度fullness 丰满度full-scale 全尺度的funnel 烟囱futures in currency 流通期货Ggalley （船舰，飞机的）厨房Gantt Chart 施工进度表gasketed openings 装以密封垫的开口general arrangement 总布置general provision 一般规律，总则generatrix 母线，产生线genesis 成因，来历geometrically similar form （几何）外形相似船型Germanischer Lloyd （德国）劳埃德船级社germinate 萌发，发芽girder 桁梁，桁架governmental authorities 政府当局，管理机构gradient 梯度grants 许可，拨款graphic terminal 图象终端grating 格栅grave risks attendant 严肃认真的（保险公司）保险业务员graving dock 槽式船坞Green Book （船级社）绿皮书，（19世纪英国另一船级社的船名录，现合并于劳埃德船级社，用于登陆快速远洋船）grid 格栅，网格gross ton 长吨（1.016公吨）ground level building site 平地建造场group technology 成组建造技术grouting 填缝、灌浆GT（=group technology）成组建造技术，成组加工法guided-missile cruiser 导弹巡洋舰guotation 报价，报价单Hhalf breadth plan 半宽图handling equipment 装卸设备hard chine 尖舭hatch cover 舱口盖headroom 净空高度heave 垂荡heel 柱脚，踵材，底基，倾斜，横倾helicoidal 螺旋面（的），螺旋状（的）HMS Greyhound 英国皇家海军舰艇高速船灵缇号HMS=Her〔HIS〕Majesty′s Ships 英国皇家海军舰艇hog 中拱hogging 中拱hold 船舱hole 水（流）深凹处homogeneous cylinder 均质柱状体hopper （自动）倾卸驳hostile sea 凶险的波浪，汹涌波浪hub 桨毂，轴毂，轮毂，毂，套筒hull block 船体垫块，船体支座hull form 船形，船体外形hull girder stress 船体桁应力HV AC(=heating，ventilating and cooling) 取暖，通风与冷却hybrid 混合的，杂交的hydraulic mechanism 液压机构hydrodynamic 水动力学的hydrodynamicist 水动力学家hydrofoil水翼hydrostatic 水静力的Iicebreaker 破冰船identified as Essential Changes 标记作“必备变更项”immerse 浸入，浸没，浸水impact load 冲击载荷imperial unit 英制单位impression 模槽，型腔，印痕，印象in strake 内列板in tandem 串列的，一前一后地，协作in the ～of MarAd contracts 按MarAd合同的说法in the same light 同样in way of… 在…处inboard profile 纵剖面图incremental plasticity 增量步进塑性in-depth analysis 深入研究indictment 起诉书indoctrinate 灌输，教育inflation 通货膨胀ingenuity 独创性，创造性in-house 自身的，国有的initial stability at small angle of inclination 小倾角初稳性inner bottom 内底innovation 革新innovative shipbuilder 有创新性的造船厂家in-plane load 面内载荷（沿板面的载荷）inspection 检验inspector 验船师，监工，检验员Insulation 绝缘，隔离intact stability 完整稳性intact 完好的，完整的interactive computer graphics（IAGG）交互式计算机图像（技术）intercostal 肋间的，加强肋interested friends 利益相关的赞助商interface 接口，交面Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization 国际海事质询组织Inter-governmental Maritime Consultive Organization （UMCO）国际政府间海事质询组织International Association of Classification Society （IACS）国际船级社联合会Inter-national Convention for the Safey of Life at Sea （ICSOLAS）海上生命安全性国际公约International Towing Tank Conference 国际船模试验水池会议（ITTC）intersection 交点，交叉，横断（切）intervening deck 居中甲板introduces a bill 提出一项议案inventory control 存货管理，库存管理inventory 存货盘存，存储，清点invitation to bid 招标（邀请书）invitation 招标Iris correction Iris修正issue periodically 定期发布（公布）it behooves both to 双方均应（该）…iterative process 迭代过程Jjack 千斤顶janitorial 勤杂工，房屋照管者jet propeller 喷水推进器joggle 折曲，榫接，弯合joiner 安装工joiner 细木工（匠）joinery 细木工joystick 游戏杆jurisdiction of the law of the land 所在地（国）法律裁判权（司法权）Kkeel laying 开始船舶建造（原意为“铺设龙骨架”）keel 龙骨king-post 主桅杆kips（=kilo-pounds）千磅Kristen-Boeing propeller 正摆线推进器，克斯坦-波音推进器Llaborer 力工land-borne 陆基的，装在陆地的landing craft 登陆艇large tank and sphere 大型油罐和球罐launch 发射，下水launching equipment （向水中）投放设备launching way （船舶）下水滑道LCC(Large Crude Carrier) 大型原油轮（载重10-20万吨）lead ship 首船（批量建造船舶的第一艘船）lead time 设计至投产、定货至交货的时间leading edge 导缘，导边ledge 副梁材left-handed propeller 左旋进桨legal cost 法律费用legal redress 法律赔偿（付）legislation 立法length between perpendiculars 垂线间长length overall 总长Leonardo da Vinci 莱昂纳多·达·芬奇leveler 调平器，矫平机，矫直机Leveraged Lease 杠杆利率life saving appliance 救生设备life-cycle cost 生命周期成本lift fan 升力风扇lift offsets 量取型值light pen 光笔lighter 港驳船light-ship 空船line／matrix／electrostatic printer 行式／矩阵式／静电打印机linen 各种布（或亚麻布）制品liner trade 定期班轮营运业liner 定期航班船lines plan 型线图lines 型线Linnean hierarchical taxonomy 林氏等级式分类学liquefied gas carrier 液化气运输船liquidate damage clause 违约罚金条款liquidate 偿还，清算list 倾斜，倾侧Litigation 诉讼living and utility spaces 居住与公用舱室Lloyd′s machinery certificate （LMG）劳埃德（船舶）机械证书Lloyd′s Register of shipping （英国）劳埃德船级社Lloyd′s Rules 劳埃德（船级社）规范LNG containment 液化天然气容器Load Line Convention 载重线公约Load Line Regulations 载重线公约、规定load waterline 载重水线load waterplane 载重水线面loan 贷款（额）local flag source 当地特征的资源local stress 局部应力local water head 局部水头lock out 解雇，闭厂lock 船闸lock-in 同步锁定，进入同步loft floor 放样台loftman 放样工longitudinal prismatic coefficient 纵向棱形系数longitudinal 纵向的，纵梁longitudinal（transverse）纵（横）稳心高Mmachinery space 机舱machinery vendor 机械（主机）卖方magnet gantry 磁力式龙门吊maiden voyage 首航，初航，处女航main impeller 主推叶轮main propulsion machinery 主推机械main shafting 主轴系mainframe 主机major ship 大型船舶maneuverability 操纵性manual scaling 手工缩放manufacturer′s specifications 生产厂家的说明书Mar Ad Subsidy Board （美）海事管理局补贴事务局MarAd= Marine Administration （美）海事管理局marine engineer 造船工程师maritime 海事的，海运的，靠海的，沿海的mark out 划线，划记号marshal 调度mass production 大规模生产mast 桅杆matrix method 矩阵法mattress 褥，垫maximum beam amidships 舯最大宽member 部件merchant ship 商船Merchant Shipbuilding Return 商船建造统计表Merchant Shipping Acts 商业运输法metacenter 稳心metacentric height 稳心高metal plate bath 金属板电镀槽metal worker 金属工metric unit公制单位microprocessor 微处理器mid-body （船）中体middle line plane 中线面midship area coefficient船中剖面（面积）系数midship section coefficient 舯横剖面系数midship section 舯横剖面mile post 里程标，测速标注mill shape 轧钢厂型材mine 水雷minicomputer 小型计算机mismatch 不匹配mitigate 缓和，减轻ML（=material lists）物质清单，物料表mnemonic 助记忆的mobile crane 移动式吊车，汽车吊mode shape 模式形状model tank 船模（试验）水池module assembly 模块式组装mold loft floor （型线）放样间地板molded lines 型线molder 造型工monetary 金融的，财政（上）的mortgage 抵押，保证motor ship 汽船mould loft 放样间moulded line 型线multi-bar chart 多重（统计）柱状图（条线图）multihull vessel 多体船multi-propeller 多桨船multi-ship program 多种船型建造规划mutually exclusive attribute 相互排它性的属性NN／C programming=numerical programming 数值规划N／C=numerical control 数值控制nautical mile 海里nautical 海里naval architect 造船师naval architecture 造船工程naval architecture 造船学naval ships 海军军舰，军船navel ship 军船near-universal gear 准万向舵机，准万向齿轮negotiate 谈判，商议net-load curve 静载荷曲线network flow 网络流程neutral axis 中性轴，中和轴线neutral equilibrium 中性平衡nominal holdback 少量章制费，象征性的暂扣款non-conforming items 非相符性条件non-performance of contract 不履行合同non-responsive legally 法律上非应答性的normal force 法向力normal operating condition 常规（正常）运作状况normal 法向的，正交的，法线notch 开槽，开凹口Ooar 橹，桨off-center loading 偏离中心的装载offsets 型值offshore drilling 离岸钻井offshore structure 离岸工程结构物off-the-balance-sheet 非资产附表上的off-the-shelf 成品（方式），成品的，畅销的，流行的oil-rig 钻油架Open water 敞水operating engineer 起重工，操作技师operating inception 开始营运，运作开端operational requirement 军事行动需求，运作要求optimality criterion 最优性准则（判据）optional termination 选择性中止ordnance equipment mechanic 军械设备机修工（机械师）orient 取向，定方位，调整，标定origin and effect 因与果，来源与效果orthogonal 正交的，矩形的out strake 外列板outboard profile 侧视图outfit and furnishings 舾装与内装修outfit 舾装outfitter 舾装工outfitting 舾装out-of-pocket cost 实际费用（成本）outside procurement 外（采）购overall stability 总体稳性overhang 外悬overhead 经常开支overstocking 存货过剩overtime 加班加点（费）owner′s staff 船东的雇（职）员Ppaddle 桨paddle-wheel-propelled 明轮推进的paint priming 涂底漆Panama Canal 巴拿马运河panel line system 板材生产线系统parallel middle body 平行中体parlance 说法patent 专利patternmaker 木模工payload 有效载荷pen／electrostatic／Lasar plotter 笔式／静电／激光绘图仪penalty 罚款，惩罚per diem 每日permanent body 永久性组织机构perpendicular （船艏、艉）柱，垂直的，正交的pertinent factor 相关因素photogrammetry 投影照相测量法phylum 门（类）pier 码头（与岸边垂直的码头）pillar 支柱pin jig 限位胎架pin 钉，销pintle 销，枢轴pipe fitter 管装工pipe laying barge （海底）铺管驳船piping 管路pitch 纵摇plan approval 图纸（方案）审批plan views 设计图planning hull 滑行船体plate and shape 板材与型材player 参与者，局中人pleasure ship 游乐用船Plimsoll line 普林索尔载重线plotter 绘图仪polar-exploration craft 极地考察船Polaris（submarine）北极星级（潜艇）port call 沿途到港停靠（寄航）port 左舷portable gate 移动式（可移动）闸门positive righting moment 正扶正力矩power and lighting system 动力与照明系统precedent 先例precept 技术规则precipitate adversity 陷于逆境precipitating countersuit 导致反诉讼preliminary design 初步设计preliminary／concept design 初步／概念设计premium time 加班premium 额外费用prerequisite 先决条件prerogative 显著特点，特性Pressure coaming 阻力式舱口防水挡板pressure vessel 压力容器price net 实（净）价principal dimensions 主尺度principal dimensions 主尺度principal 委托人，负责人printer 打印机prism 棱柱体prismatic coefficient 棱形系数problem area 同类生产问题区procurement 采购，获得producibility 可生产性，可延长性product oriented 适于生产的proforma 形式上的Program Evaluation and Review Technique 规划评估与复核法progress payment schedule （施工）进度付款时间表progressive flooding 累进进水Propeller type log 螺旋桨推进器型测程仪proposal 投标，申请，计划，建议propulsion plant 推进装置prospective builders 有希望的厂家provision 规定，条款，措施purchase lists 采购清单Qquality assurance 质量保证quartering sea 尾斜浪，从船斜后方来的浪quasi-static 准（拟）静态（定）的quasi-steady wave 准定常波（相对于船水静止的波）quay （横）码头，停泊所quay 码头（与岸边平行的码头）quotation 询价R（to）run the waterlines 绘制水线racking 倾斜，变形，船体扭转变形radiography X射线照相术，X射线探伤rake 倾斜rake 倾斜，倾斜度，倾斜角ram pressure 速压头，冲压，全压力raster 光栅raw material 原材料recourse 追索rectangle 矩形reduction in congestion and idleness curve 减少建造中的劳动力拥塞与闲散生产进度曲线reenlistment 重征服役refresh 刷新，更新register （船舶）登录簿，船名录Registo Italiano Navade （意大利）船级社regulatory body 管理机构remand 还，退回remedial action 补救措施rep 代表（缩写）replacement department 替换人员部repossesses his bond 取回其抵押金request for proposal（RFP）邀标reserve buoyancy 储备浮力reserve buoyancy 储备浮力residuary resistance 剩余阻力resizing 尺寸再生，回复到原来尺寸resultant 合力resultant 合力retrieval 〔计〕检索，回收retrieve 检索revolving crane 旋转式（鹤）吊，转臂吊（车）rework 返工，二次加工Reynolds number 雷诺数Reynolds number 雷诺数rigger 索具装配工rigging fittings 索具装配部件right-handed propeller 右旋进桨righting arm 扶正力臂，恢复力臂rigid side walls 刚性侧壁rise of floor 底升risk 保险对象，保险金额riverine warfare vessel 内河舰艇rivet 铆接，铆钉robotics 自动化技术，机器人技术roil-on／ro-off（Ro／Ro）滚装roll 横摇rolled angle butt （轧制）角钢焊接头rolled 滚轧制的rolling 横摇rough sea 汹涌的海浪rough water 汹涛海面rounded gunwale 修圆的舷边rubber tile 橡皮瓦rudder post 舵柱rudder rate 舵率rudder stock 舵杆rudder 舵rule of thumb 经验法则run （船模试验中拖车）走车run 去流段runnel wall effect 水筒（或风洞）壁面效应rupture 断裂，破损Ssag 中垂sagging 中垂sales agreement 销售协议scale model 缩尺船模（模型）scale ratio 缩尺比scale 缩尺，尺度，尺scanning laser 扫描激光仪scantling 材积schedule coordination 生产规程（进度）协调schedule reviews 施工（生产）进度审核scheme 方案，计划sea keeping performance 耐波性sea spectra 海浪谱sea state 海况seakeeping 适航性seasickness 晕船seaworthness 适航性seaworthness 适航性section modulus 剖面模数section moulus 剖面模数sections （铁、钢）型材，轧材sections 剖面，横剖面secure quotations 获取市场行情，得到报价单self-induced 自身诱导的self-propulsion 自航semi-finished item 半精加工件semi-submersible drilling 半潜式钻井架sequential numbering system 顺序编号系统set course 设定航线shaft bossing 轴包套shaft bracket 轴支架shear buckling 剪切性屈曲shear curve 剪力曲线shear 剪切，剪力sheer （甲板）航弧sheer aft 艉舷弧sheer drawing 剖面图sheer forward 艏舷弧sheer metal work 钣金工，冷作工sheer plane纵剖面sheer profile 纵剖面sheer profile 纵剖线shell plating 船壳板shell 船壳板ship fitter 船舶装配工ship fitter 舰船装配工ship form 船型ship hydrodynamics 船舶水动力学ship owner 船东ship trial 实船试验Ship Work Breakdown Structure 船舶工艺分类结构（手册）shipfitter 船体安装工shipping line 船运航线shipway （造）船台shipwright 船体装配工，造船工人shipyard schedule chart 船厂施工进度图shipyard 船厂shoring 支撑，支柱shoulder 船肩shrouded screw 有套罩螺旋桨，导管螺旋桨sick bay 船上诊所single-cylinder engine 单缸引擎sinkage 升沉six degrees of freedom 六自由度skin friction 表面摩擦（力）skirt （气垫船）围裙slag 渣slamming 砰击，拍击sleeve 套管，套筒，套环slice 一部分，薄片sloping shipway 有坡度船台，滑道sloshing （液体）晃动soft chine 圆舭solid interface 不间断的交面spanner wrench 开脚扳手spare part 备件spatter 溅出物specially prepared form 专门（特殊）加工的模板specifications 说明书specified objective function 指定的目标函数speculative 投资性的，思考、推测的speed of advance 进速speed-to-length ratio 速长比springing 颤振stability 稳性stable equilibrium 稳定平衡Standard Contract Code 标准合同法standard item 标准（部）件，标准产品standard 标准法典standard 规章starboard右舷static equilibrium 静平衡statically determinant 静定的statistical 统计学（上）的statute 法令Statutes of Limitations 限制法令（规）statutory 法定的，制定的steam ship 轮船steamer 汽轮船，汽船，轮船steamlined casing 流线形套管（罩）steel marking 钢板划线steering gear 操纵装置，舵机stem contour 艏柱型线stem 船艏stern frame 艉构架，艉框架stern wave 艉波stern 艉stiffen 加劲，加强stiffener 扶墙材，加劲杆（条）stockpile 储存，堆放，积累Storm correction 水池“风暴”修正（试验水池中测试数据异常的修正）Storm 扰动，风暴straddle truck 龙门式吊运车straddle 跨立，外包式叶片strain 应变strake 船体列板streamline 流线strength curves 强度曲线strength deck 强力甲板stress concentration 应力集中Stringent safety regulations 严格的安全规章stringer 纵梁（桁，栈），桁条structural alignment 结构校准，组合，组装structural instability 结构不稳定性strut 支柱、支撑构形subassembly （局部）分部装配subdivision 分舱sublet 转包，分包submerged nozzle 浸没式喷口submersible 潜器subsidy （政府）补贴substantive documentation 真实的文档资料suction back of a blade 桨叶片抽吸叶背suction cup 吸盘Suez Canal tonnage 苏伊士运河吨位限制summer load water line 夏季载重水线superintendent 监督管理人，总段长，车间主任Superstructure 上层建筑supertanker 超级油轮supervision of the Society′s surveyor 船级社验船师的监造书supper cavitating propeller 超空泡螺旋桨surcharge 附加费surface nozzle 水面式喷口surface piercing 穿透水面的surface preparation and coating 表面加工处理与喷涂surge 纵荡surmount 顶上覆盖，越过survivability 生存力SW ATH（Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull）小水线面双体船sway 横荡switchboard 控制台，开关板Ttabular freeboard 列成表格的干舷船tabulate 表列出，做成表tacker 定位搭焊工take down 取下talking paper 讨论文件tangential viscous force 切向粘性力tangential 切向的，正切的，相切的tanker 油轮tantamount 等值的，相当的taper 弄细，变尖tax shelter 可减免税之处，躲避征税的场所tee T形构件，三通管template 样板tensile stress 拉（张）应力termination 终结（文中指终结合同）t he article′s specifications 该产品的说明书the consuming process 很耗时的过程（工序，工艺过程，工程作业）The Register of Shipoing of the People′s Republic of China 中国船舶检验局the Titanic 泰坦尼克号（巨型油轮）there is more shape to the shell 船壳板的形状较复杂thermal effect 热效应thread（of a machine screw）（机螺丝的）螺纹threshold 分界点，门限，阈值throughput 物料流量，生产量（率）thrust 推力thruster 推力器，助推器thumb-wheel 指拨轮tip of a blade 桨叶叶梢tip vortex 梢涡titanic 巨大的to avert a new round of subsidy 避免新一轮的贴补拨款to be craft oriented 与行业有关的，适应于行业性的to be structurcally sound 在结构上是坚固（合理、安全可靠）的to cast pall on 止住，刹住to vet proposals 审查新建议toed towards amidships 趾部朝向船舯toll 收费ton gross=gross ton 长吨=1.016公吨tonnage 吨位torpedo 鱼雷torque 扭矩torsional 扭转的trade 工种，贸易trailer type transporter 拖车式载运车transaction 交易，处理transfer sideways 横向移动transient response 过渡响应transom（stern）方尾transverse bulkhead plating 横隔舱壁板transverse section 横剖面transverse stability 横稳性trawling 拖网trial 实船试验trim by the stern／bow 艉／艏倾trim 纵倾trimaran 三体船trough 波谷tugboat 拖船tug-of-war 拔河比赛tumble home （船侧）内倾tumble home 内倾tunnel 隧道turnover 工程维持费，周转营业额turret lathe 六角（转搭）车床two nodded frequency 双节点频率Type A ship A类船typical block plans 典型分块图UU﹒S﹒Coast Guard 美国海岸警卫队U-form U型ULCC(Ultra Large Crude Carrier) 超级大型（原）油轮（载重量＞40万吨）ultrasonic 超声波的uncertainty 不确定性underwrite 同意负担费用underwriter （海运）保险商undock 使船出坞uniformly apply 均匀施加（力或载荷等）unsymmetrical 非对称的upright position 正浮位置Vvapor pocket 汽化阱ventilation and air conditioning diagram 通风与空调敷设设计图venture 投机，冒险，（具有风险的）商业运作Venturi section 文丘里试验段vertical prismatic coefficient 垂向棱形系数vertical-axis（cycloidal）propeller 直叶（摆线）推进器vessel component bender 造船不见销售部viable 可生存的，可实行的vicinity 邻近，附近viscosity 粘性VLCC(Very Large Crude Carrier) 巨型（原）油轮（载重量＞20万吨）Voith-Schneider propeller 外摆线直翼式推进器，沃伊斯-施奈德直翼推进器voyage returns 船舶航行的利润率V-section V型剖面V-shaped V型的Wwake current 伴流，尾流wake 伴流warranty period 保证（质）期wash 下洗water jet 喷水（推进）管water line 水线water plane 水线面waterborne 浮于水上的，水基的waterinht integrity 水密完整性waterplane area coefficient 水线面积系数watertight 水密wave pattern 波型wave suppressor 消波器，消波板wave-making resistance 兴波阻力weather deck 露天甲板web 腹板web beam 强横梁web frame 腹肋板web 腹板weight check 重量校核weighted point 加权点weld inspection 焊缝检测welder 焊工weldment 焊件，焊接装配wetted surface 湿表面积whipping 击振，骤动，抖动，甩动winch 绞车windlass 起锚机wing shaft 侧轴work station 工作站working allowance 优先使用修正量World order book 订单表（此处指造船订单）worm gear 涡轮，蜗杆（传动装置）Yyacht 快艇yard issue 船厂开工任务发布书yards 帆桁yaw 艏摇，摇艏。
机械行业英语词汇大全
机械行业英语词汇大全(ZT) 组装、冲压、喷漆等专业词汇Assembly line组装线Layout布置图Conveyer流水线物料板Rivet table拉钉机Rivet gun拉钉枪Screw driver起子Electric screw driver电动起子Pneumatic screw driver气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA开箱检查fit together组装在一起fasten锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet栈板barcode条码barcode scanner条码扫描器fuse together熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME制造工程师MT制造生技cosmetic inspect外观检查inner parts inspect内部检查thumb screw大头螺丝lbs. inch镑、英寸EMI gasket导电条front plate前板rear plate后板chassis 基座bezel panel面板power button电源按键reset button重置键Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts塑胶件SOP制造作业程序material check list物料检查表work cell工作间trolley台车carton纸箱sub-line支线left fork叉车personnel resource department人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床|刨床 planer |'pleinmiller铣床grinder磨床driller??床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |'skræpid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良n|氧化 oxidation |' ksi'deiscratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓name of a department部门名称administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单screwdriver holder起子插座pedal踩踏板stopper阻挡器flow board流水板hydraulic handjack油压板车forklift叉车pallet栈板glove(s)手套glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套thumb大拇指forefinger食指midfinger中指ring finger无名指little finger小指band-aid创可贴iudustrial alcohol工业酒精alcohol container沾湿台head of screwdriver起子头sweeper扫把mop拖把vaccum cleaner吸尘器rag 抹布garbage container灰箕garbage can垃圾箱garbage bag垃圾袋chain链条jack升降机production line流水线chain 链条槽 magnetizer 加磁器 lamp holder 灯架 to mop the floor 拖地 to clean the floor 扫地 to clean a table 擦桌子 air pipe 气管 packaging tool 打包机 packaging 打包 missing part 漏件 wrong part 错件excessive defects 过多的缺陷 critical defect 极严重缺陷 major defect 主要缺陷 minor defect 次要缺陷 not up to standard 不合规格dimension/size is a little bigger 尺寸偏大(小) cosmetic defect 外观不良slipped screwhead/slippery screw head 螺丝滑头 slipped screwhead/shippery screw thread 滑手 speckle 斑点mildewed=moldy=mouldy 发霉 rust 生锈 deformation 变形burr(金属)flash(塑件)毛边 poor staking 铆合不良 excesssive gap 间隙过大 grease/oil stains 油污 inclusion 杂质 painting peel off 脏污 shrinking/shrinkage 缩水 mixed color 杂色 scratch 划伤poor processing 制程不良 poor incoming part 事件不良 fold of pakaging belt 打包带折皱 painting make-up 补漆 discoloration 羿色 water spots 水渍polishing/surface processing 表面处理exposed metal/bare metal 金属裸露 lack of painting 烤漆不到位 safety 安全 quality 品质delivery deadline 交货期 cost 成本 engineering 工程 die repair 模修enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects 企划 QC 品管 die worker 模工production, to produce 生产 equipment 设备 to start a press 开机 stop/switch off a press 关机classification 整理 regulation 整顿cleanness 清扫 conservation 清洁 culture 教养qualified products, up-to-grade products 良品 defective products, not up-to-grade products 不良品 waste 废料 board 看板 feeder 送料机 sliding rack 滑料架defective product box 不良品箱 die change 换模 to fix a die 装模 to take apart a die 拆模 to repair a die 修模 packing material 包材 basket 蝴蝶竺 plastic basket 胶筐isolating plate baffle plate; barricade 隔板 carton box 纸箱to pull and stretch 拉深to put material in place, to cut material, toinput落料to impose lines压线to compress, compressing压缩character die字模to feed, feeding送料transportation运输(be)qualfied, up to grade合格not up to grade, not qualified不合格material change, stock change材料变更feature change 特性变更evaluation评估prepare for, make preparations for 准备parameters参数rotating speed, revolution转速manufacture management制造管理abnormal handling异常处理production unit生产单位lots of production生产批量steel plate钢板roll material卷料manufacture procedure制程operation procedure作业流程to revise, modify修订to switch over to, switch---to throw--over switching over切换engineering, project difficulty工程瓶颈stage die工程模automation自动化to stake, staking, reviting铆合add lubricating oil加润滑油shut die架模shut height of a die架模高度analog-mode device类模器die lifter举模器argon welding氩焊vocabulary for stamping冲压常词汇stamping, press冲压punch press, dieing out press冲床uncoiler & strainghtener整平机feeder送料机rack, shelf, stack料架cylinder油缸robot机械手taker取料机conveyer belt输送带transmission rack输送架top stop上死点bottom stop下死点one stroke一行程inch寸动to continue, cont.连动to grip(material)吸料location lump, locating piece, block stop 定位块reset复位smoothly顺利dent压痕scratch刮伤deformation变形filings铁削to draw holes抽孔inquiry, search for查寻to stock, storage, in stock库存receive领取approval examine and verify审核processing, to process加工delivery, to deliver 交货to return delivenry to.to send delinery backto retrn of goods退货registration登记registration card登记卡to control管制to put forward and hand in提报safe stock安全库存acceptance = receive验收to notice通知application form for purchase请购单consume, consumption消耗to fill in填写abrasion磨损reverse angle = chamfer倒角character die字模to collect, to gather收集failure, trouble故障statistics统计demand and supply需求career card履历卡to take apart a die卸下模具to load a die装上模具to tight a bolt拧紧螺栓to looser a bolt拧松螺栓to move away a die plate移走模板easily damaged parts易损件standard parts标准件breaking.(be)broken,(be)cracked 断裂to lubricate润滑common vocabulary for die engineering 模具工程常用词汇die 模具figure file, chart file图档cutting die, blanking die冲裁模progressive die, follow (-on)die连续模compound die复合模punched hole冲孔panel board镶块to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边to bending折弯to pull, to stretch拉伸Line streching, line pulling线拉伸engraving, to engrave刻印upsiding down edges翻边to stake铆合designing, to design设计design modification设计变化die block模块folded block折弯块sliding block滑块location pin定位销lifting pin顶料销die plate, front board模板padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓document folder文件夹file folder资料夹to put file in order整理资料spare tools location手工备品仓first count初盘人first check初盘复棹人second count 复盘人second check复盘复核人equipment设备waste materials废料work in progress product在制品casing = containerazation装箱quantity of physical invetory second count 复盘点数量quantity of customs count会计师盘,点数量the first page第一联filed by accounting department for reference 会计部存查end-user/using unit(department)使用单位summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表bill name单据名称This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accountingdepartment together (Those of NHK will be sent to financialdepartment)本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部)Application status records of year-end physical inventory List andphysical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表blank and waste sheet NO.空白与作废单号plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料not included in physical inventory不列入盘点sample样品incoming material to be inspected进货待验description品名steel/rolled steel钢材material statistics sheet物料统计明细表meeting minutes会议记录meeting type 会别distribution department分发单位location地点chairman主席present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheetPCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ acceptedparts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化alloy合金tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机模具工程类plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸)draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印冲压名称类extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward向下press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量punch wt.上模重量五金零件类inner guiding post内导柱inner hexagon screw内六角螺钉dowel pin固定销coil spring弹簧lifter pin顶料销eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒pin销lifter guide pin浮升导料销guide pin导正销wire spring圆线弹簧outer guiding post外导柱stop screw止付螺丝located pin定位销outer bush外导套模板类top plate上托板（顶板）top block上垫脚punch set上模座punch pad上垫板punch holder上夹板stripper pad脱料背板up stripper上脱料板male die公模(凸模)feature die公母模female die母模(凹模)upper plate上模板lower plate下模板die pad下垫板die holder下夹板die set下模座bottom block下垫脚bottom plate下托板(底板) stripping plate内外打(脱料板) outer stripper外脱料板inner stripper内脱料板lower stripper下脱料板零件类punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板sliding block滑块sliding dowel block滑块固定块active plate活动板lower sliding plate下滑块板upper holder block上压块upper mid plate上中间板spring box弹簧箱spring-box eject-rod弹簧箱顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing bolck衬套cover plate盖板guide pad导料块塑件&模具相关英文compre sion molding压缩成型flash mold溢流式模具plsitive mold挤压式模具split mold分割式模具cavity型控母模core模心公模taper锥拔leather cloak仿皮革shiver饰纹flow mark流痕welding mark溶合痕post screw insert螺纹套筒埋值self tapping screw自攻螺丝striper plate脱料板piston活塞cylinder汽缸套chip细碎物handle mold手持式模具移转成型用模具encapsulation molding低压封装成型射出成型用模具two plate两极式（模具）well type蓄料井insulated runner绝缘浇道方式hot runner热浇道runner plat浇道模块valve gate阀门浇口band heater环带状的电热器spindle阀针spear head刨尖头slag well冷料井cold slag冷料渣air vent排气道h=0.02~0.05mmw=3.2mmL=3~5mmwelding line熔合痕eject pin顶出针knock pin顶出销return pin回位销反顶针sleave套筒stripper plate脱料板insert core放置入子runner stripper plate浇道脱料板guide pin导销eject rod (bar)（成型机）顶业捧subzero深冷处理three plate三极式模具runner system浇道系统stress crack应力电裂orientation定向sprue gate射料浇口，直浇口nozzle射嘴sprue lock pin料头钩销(拉料杆) slag well冷料井side gate侧浇口edge gate侧缘浇口tab gate搭接浇口film gate薄膜浇口flash gate闸门浇口slit gate缝隙浇口fan gate扇形浇口dish gate因盘形浇口H=F=1/2t~1/5tT=2.5~3.5mmdiaphragm gate隔膜浇口ring gate环形浇口subarine gate潜入式浇口tunnel gate隧道式浇口pin gate针点浇口Φ0.8~1.0mmRunner less无浇道(sprue less)无射料管方式long nozzle延长喷嘴方式sprue浇口;溶渣品质人员名称类QC quality control 品质管理人员FQC final quality control 终点品质管制人员IPQC in process quality control 制程中的品质管制人员OQC output quality control 最终出货品质管制人员IQC incoming quality control 进料品质管制人员TQC total quality control 全面质量管理POC passage quality control 段检人员QA quality assurance 质量保证人员OQA output quality assurance 出货质量保证人员QE quality engineering 品质工程人员品质保证类FAI first article inspection 新品首件检查FAA first article assurance 首件确认TVR tool verification report 模具确认报告3B 3B 模具正式投产前确认CP capability index 能力指数CPK capability index of process 模具制程能力参数SSQA standardized supplier quality 合格供应商品质评估OOBA out of box audit 开箱检查QFD quality function deployment 品质机能展开FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析8 disciplines 8项回复内容FA final audit 最後一次稽核CAR corrective action request 改正行动要求corrective action report 改正行动报告FQC运作类AQL Acceptable Quality Level 运作类允收品质水准S/S Sample size 抽样检验样本大小ACC Accept 允收REE Reject 拒收CR Critical 极严重的MAJ Major 主要的MIN Minor 轻微的AOQ Average Output Quality 平均出厂品质AOQL Average Output Quality Level 平均出厂品质Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 品质/可靠度服务MIL-STD Military-Standard 军用标准S I-S IV Special I-Special IV 特殊抽样水准等级P/N Part Number 料号L/N Lot Number 特采AOD Accept On Deviation 特采UAI Use As It 首件检查报告FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 百万分之一PPM Percent Per Million 批号制程统计品管专类SPC Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制SQC Statistical Quality Control 统计品质管制R Range 全距AR Averary Range 全距平均值UCL Upper Central Limit 管制上限LCL Lower Central Limit 管制下限MAX Maximum 最大值MIN Minimum 最小值GRR Gauge Reproducibility&Repeatability 量具之再制性及重测性判断量可靠与否DIM Dimension 尺寸DIA Diameter 直径FREQ Frequency 频率N Number 样品数其它品质术语类QCC Quality Control Circle 品质圈QIT Quality Improvement Team 品质改善小组PDCA Plan Do Check Action 计划执行检查总结ZD Zero Defect 零缺点QI Quality Improvement 品质改善QP Quality Policy 目标方针TQM Total Quality Management 全面品质管理MRB Material Reject Bill 退货单LQL Limiting Quality Level 最低品质水准RMA Return Material Audit 退料认可QAN Quality Amelionrate Notice 品质改善活动ADM Absolute Dimension Measuremat 全尺寸测量QT Quality Target 品质目标7QCTools 7 Quality Controll Tools 品管七大手法通用之件类ECN Engineering Change Notes 工程变更通知(供应商)ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改动要求(客户)PCN Process Change Notice 工序改动通知PMP Product Management Plan 生产管制计划SIP Specification In Process 制程检验规格SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作业规范IS Inspection Specification 成品检验规范BOM Bill Of Material 物料清单PS Package Specification 包装规范SPEC Specification 规格DWG Drawing 图面系统文件类QC Quality System 品质系统ES Engineering Standarization 工程标准CGOO China General PCE龙华厂文件H Huston (美国)休斯敦C Compaq (美国)康伯公司C China 中国大陆A Assembly 组装(厂)S Stamping 冲压(厂)P Painting 烤漆(厂)I Intel 英特尔公司T TAIWAN 台湾IWS International Workman Standard 工艺标准ISO International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织GS General Specification 一般规格CMCS C-China M-Manufact C-Compaq S-Stamping Compaq产品在龙华冲压厂制造作业规范CQCA Q-Quality A-Assembly Compaq产品在龙华组装厂品管作业规范CQCP P-Painting Compaq产品在龙华烤漆厂品管作业规范部类PMC Production & Material Control 生产和物料控制PPC Production Plan Control 生产计划控制MC Material Control 物料控制ME Manafacture Engineering 制造工程部PE Project Engineering 产品工程部A/C Accountant Dept 会计部P/A Personal & Administration 人事行政部DC Document Center 资料中心QE Quality Engineering 品质工程(部)QA Quality Assurance 品质保证(处)QC Quality Control 品质管制(课)PD Product Department 生产部LAB Labratry 实验室IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程R&D Research & Design 设计开发部P Painting 烤漆(厂)A Asssembly 组装(厂)S Stamping 冲压(厂)生产类PCS Pieces 个(根,块等)PRS Pairs 双(对等)CTN Carton 卡通箱PAL Pallet/skid 栈板PO Purchasing Order 采购订单MO Manufacture Order 生产单D/C Date Code 生产日期码ID/C Identification Code (供应商)识别码SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求L/N Lot Number 批号P/N Part Number 料号其它OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原设备制造PCE Personal Computer Enclosure 个人电脑外设PC Personal Computer 个人电脑CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器SECC SECC` 电解片SGCC SGCC 热浸镀锌材料NHK North of Hongkong 中国大陆PRC People's Republic of China 中国大陆U.S.A the United States of America 美国A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible 尽可能快的E-MAIL Electrical-Mail 电子邮件N/A Not Applicable 不适用QTY Quantity 数量VS 以及REV Revision 版本JIT Just In Time 零库存I/O Input/Output 输入/输出OK Ok 好NG Not Good 不行,不合格C=0 Critical=0 极严重不允许ESD Electry-static Discharge 静电排放5S 希腊语整理,整顿,清扫,清洁,教养ATIN Attention 知会CC Carbon Copy 副本复印相关人员APP Approve 核准,认可,承认CHK Check 确认AM Ante Meridian 上午PM Post Meridian 下午CD Compact Disk 光碟CD-ROM Compact Disk Read-Only Memory 只读光碟FDD Floppy Disk Drive 软碟机HDD Hard Disk Drive 碟碟机REF Reference 仅供参考CONN Connector 连接器CAV Cavity 模穴CAD Computer Aid Design 计算机辅助设计ASS'Y Assembly 装配,组装MAT'S Material 材料IC Integrated Circuit 集成电路T/P True Position 真位度TYP Type 类型WDR Weekly Delivery Requitement 周出货需求C?T Cycle Time 制程周期L/T Lead Time 前置时间(生产前准备时间)S/T Standard Time 标准时间P/M Product Market 产品市场3C Computer,Commumcation,Consumerelectronic's 消费性电子5WIH When,Where,Who,What,Why,How to5M Man,Machine,Material,Method,Measurement 4MIH Man,Materia,Money,Method,Time 人力,物力,财务,技术,时间(资源)SQA Strategy Quality Assurance 策略品质保证DQA Desigh Quality Assurance 设计品质保证MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 制造品质保证SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 销售及服务品质保证LRR Lot Rejeet Rate 批退率BS Brain storming 脑力激荡EMI Electronic Magnetion Inspect 高磁测试FMI Frequency Modulatim Inspect 高频测试B/M Boar/Molding(flat cable)C/P Connector of PCA/P AssemblySPS Switching power supply 电源箱DT Desk Top 卧式(机箱)MT Mini-Tower 立式(机箱)DVD Digital Vedio DiskVCD Vdeio Compact DiskLCD Liquid Crystal DisplayCAD Computer AID DesignCAM Computer AID ManufacturingCAE Computer AID EngineeringABIOS Achanced Basic in put/output system 先进的基本输入/输出系统CMOS Complemeruary Metoll Oxide Semiconductor 互补金属氧化物半导体PDA Personal Digital Assistant 个人数字助理IC Integrated Circuit 集成电路ISA Industry Standard Architecture 工业标准体制结构MCA Micro Channel Architecture 微通道结构EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture 扩充的工业标准结构SIMM Single in-line memory module 单项导通汇流组件DIMM Dual in-line Memory Module 双项导通汇流组件LED Light-Emitting Diode 发光二级管FMEA Failure Mode Effectivenes 失效模式分析W/H Wire Harness 金属线绪束集组件F/C Flat Calle 排线PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板CAR Correction Action Report 改善报告NG Not Good 不良WPR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出货要求PPM Parts Per Million 百万分之一TPM Total Production Maintenance 全面生产保养MRP Material Requiremcnt Planning 物料需计划OC Operation System 作业系统TBA To Be Design 待定,定缺D/C Drawing ChangeP/P Plans & ProceduneEMI Electrical-Music Industry 电子音乐工业RFI Read Frequency Input 读频输入MMC Maximum Material ConditionMMS Maximum Material SizeLMC Least Material Condition LMS Least Material Size模具技术用语各种模具常用成形方式accurate die casting 精密压铸 powder forming 粉末成形calendaring molding 压延成形 powder metal forging 粉末锻造cold chamber die casting 冷式压铸 precision forging 精密锻造cold forging 冷锻 press forging 冲锻compacting molding 粉末压出成形 rocking die forging 摇动锻造compound molding 复合成形 rotary forging 回转锻造compression molding 压缩成形 rotational molding 离心成形dip mold 浸渍成形 rubber molding 橡胶成形encapsulation molding 注入成形 sand mold casting 砂模铸造extrusion molding 挤出成形 shell casting 壳模铸造foam forming ?泡成形 sinter forging 烧结锻造forging roll 轧锻 six sides forging 六面锻造gravity casting 重力铸造 slush molding 凝塑成形hollow(blow) molding 中空(吹出)成形 squeeze casting 高压铸造hot chamber die casting 热室压铸 swaging 挤锻hot forging 热锻 transfer molding 转送成形injection molding 射出成形 warm forging 温锻investment casting 精密铸造 matched die method 对模成形法laminating method 被覆淋膜成形 low pressure casting 低压铸造lost wax casting 脱蜡铸造 matched mould thermal forming 对模热成形模各式模具分类用语bismuth mold 铋铸模 landed plunger mold 有肩柱塞式模具burnishing die 挤光模 landed positive mold 有肩全压式模具button die 镶入式圆形凹模 loading shoe mold 料套式模具center-gated mold 中心浇口式模具 loose detail mold 活零件模具chill mold 冷硬用铸模 loose mold 活动式模具clod hobbing 冷挤压制模 louvering die 百叶窗冲切模composite dies 复合模具 manifold die 分歧管模具counter punch 反凸模 modular mold 组合式模具double stack mold 双层模具 multi-cavity mold 多模穴模具electroformed mold 电铸成形模 multi-gate mold 复式浇口模具expander die 扩径模 offswt bending die 双折冷弯模具extrusion die 挤出模 palletizing die 叠层模family mold 反套制品模具 plaster mold 石膏模blank through dies 漏件式落料模 porous mold 通气性模具duplicated cavity plate 复板模 positive mold 全压式模具fantail die 扇尾形模具 pressure die 压紧模fishtail die 鱼尾形模具 profile die 轮廓模flash mold 溢料式模具 progressive die 顺序模gypsum mold 石膏铸模 protable mold 手提式模具hot-runner mold 热流道模具 prototype mold 雏形试验模具ingot mold 钢锭模 punching die 落料模lancing die 切口模 raising(embossing) 压花起伏成形re-entrant mold 倒角式模具 sectional die 拼合模runless injection mold 无流道冷料模具sectional die 对合模具segment mold 组合模 semi-positive mold 半全压式模具shaper 定型模套 single cavity mold 单腔模具solid forging die 整体锻模 split forging die 拼合锻模split mold 双并式模具 sprueless mold 无注道残料模具squeezing die 挤压模 stretch form die 拉伸成形模sweeping mold 平刮铸模 swing die 振动模具three plates mold 三片式模具 trimming die 切边模unit mold 单元式模具 universal mold 通用模具unscrewing mold 退扣式模具 yoke type die 轭型模模具厂常用之标准零配件air vent vale 通气阀 anchor pin 锚梢angular pin 角梢 baffle 调节阻板angular pin 倾斜梢 baffle plate 折流档板ball button 球塞套 ball plunger 定位球塞ball slider 球塞滑块 binder plate 压板blank holder 防皱压板 blanking die 落料冲头bolster 上下模板 bottom board 浇注底板bolster 垫板 bottom plate 下固定板bracket 托架 bumper block 缓冲块buster 堵口 casting ladle 浇注包casting lug 铸耳 cavity 模穴(模仁)cavity retainer plate 模穴托板 center pin 中心梢clamping block 锁定块 coil spring 螺旋弹簧cold punched nut 冷冲螺母 cooling spiral 螺旋冷却栓core 心型 core pin 心型梢cotter 开口梢 cross 十字接头cushion pin 缓冲梢 diaphragm gate 盘形浇口die approach 模头料道 die bed 型底die block 块形模体 die body 铸模座die bush 合模衬套 die button 冲模母模die clamper 夹模器 die fastener 模具固定用零件die holder 母模固定板 die lip 模唇die plate 冲模板 die set 冲压模座direct gate 直接浇口 dog chuck 爪牙夹头dowel 定位梢 dowel hole 导套孔dowel pin 合模梢 dozzle 辅助浇口dowel pin 定位梢 draft 拔模锥度draw bead 张力调整杆 drive bearing 传动轴承ejection pad 顶出衬垫 ejector 脱模器ejector guide pin 顶出导梢 ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套ejector pad 顶出垫 ejector pin 顶出梢ejector plate 顶出板 ejector rod 顶出杆ejector sleeve 顶出衬套 ejector valve 顶出阀eye bolt 环首螺栓 filling core 椿入蕊film gate 薄膜形浇口 finger pin 指形梢finish machined plate 角形模板 finish machined round plate 圆形模板fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板 flanged pin 带凸缘?flash gate 毛边形浇口 flask 上箱floating punch 浮动冲头 gate 浇口gate land 浇口面 gib 凹形拉紧?goose neck 鹅颈管 guide bushing 引导衬套guide pin 导梢 guide post 引导柱guide plate 导板 guide rail 导轨head punch 顶?冲头 headless punch 直柄冲头heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒 hose nippler 管接头impact damper 缓冲器 injection ram 压射柱塞inlay busher 嵌入衬套 inner plunger 内柱塞inner punch 内冲头 insert 嵌件insert pin 嵌件梢 king pin 转向梢king pin bush 主梢衬套 knockout bar 脱模杵land 合模平坦面 land area 合模面leader busher 导梢衬套 lifting pin 起模顶? lining 内衬 locating center punch 定位中心冲头locating pilot pin 定位导梢 locating ring 定位环lock block 压块 locking block 定位块locking plate 定位板 loose bush 活动衬套making die 打印冲子 manifold block 歧管档块master plate 靠模样板 match plate 分型板mold base 塑胶模座 mold clamp 铸模紧固夹mold platen 模用板 moving bolster 换模保持装置moving bolster plate 可动侧模板 one piece casting 整体铸件parallel block 平行垫块 paring line 分模线parting lock set 合模定位器 pass guide 穴型导板peened head punch 镶入式冲头 pilot pin 导? pin gate 针尖浇口 plate 衬板pre extrusion punch 顶挤冲头 punch 冲头puncher 推杆 pusher pin 衬套梢rack 机架 rapping rod 起模杆re-entrant mold 凹入模 retainer pin 嵌件梢retainer plate 托料板 return pin 回位梢riding stripper 浮动脱模器 ring gate 环型浇口roller 滚筒 runner 流道runner ejector set 流道顶出器 runner lock pin 流道拉梢screw plug 头塞 set screw 固定螺丝shedder 脱模装置 shim 分隔片shoe 模座之上下模板 shoot 流道shoulder bolt 肩部螺丝 skeleton 骨架slag riser 冒渣口 slide(slide core) 滑块slip joint 滑配接头 spacer block 间隔块spacer ring 间隔环 spider 模蕊支架spindle 主轴 sprue 注道sprue bushing 注道衬套 sprue bushing guide 注道导套sprue lock bushing 注道定位衬套 sprue puller 注道拉料?spue line 合模线 square key 方键square nut 方螺帽 square thread 方螺纹stop collar 限位套 stop pin 止动梢stop ring 止动环 stopper 定位停止梢straight pin 圆柱? stripper bolt 脱料螺栓stripper bushing 脱模衬套 stripper plate 剥料。
黑龙江哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语真题
黑龙江哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语真题一、词汇1. The motorist was ____ by the conflicting road signs.a. punishedb. bewilderedc. encouragedd. taught2. He ____ over the edge of the carpet and fell.a. lookedb. stumbledc. pushedd. impulses3. After the quarrel, he completely ____ his relations with his family.a. severedb. limitedc. closedd. ignored4. She has the gift of ____ and was rarely wrong.a. prophecyb. dreamc. praised. wish5. I found the lecture boring and ____.a. reflectiveb. relevantc. repetitived. raw6. He ____ something she didn't quite catch.a. nosedb. murmuredc. spoked. planned7. The buses shake the house so much that we feel the ____.a. movementb. collisionc. shiverd. vibration8. This apple is quite ____ ; it is neither sweet nor sour.a. tastefulb. tastyc. tastedd. tasteless9. With ____ efforts we can finish on time.a. persistentb. tiresomec. dulld. troublesome10. Man's first landing on the moon was a ____ of great daring.a. notorietyb. featurec. featd. livelihood11. Susan that was a very hot day when she looked out the window saw sown many girls wearing dresses and blouses.a. attainedb. imaginedc. associatedd. assumed12. We are more to boast how many Americans go to college than to ask how much the average college education amounts to.a. committedb. inclinedc. intendedd. subjected13. I have a little money away for the long winter.a. lainb. laidc. liedd. lay14. Many of the ideas behind television appeared in the late 19th century and early 20th century.a. ancientb. originalc. primitived. raw15. The sunset last night was a glorious of ever changing colour.a. experienceb. impressionc. pageantd. site16. The government paid the farmers for their potato .a. shortageb. surplusc. dearthd. demand17.The gravitational force ______ an object at the Earth’s surface is called the weight of the object.a. being acted onb. acting onc. to be acted ond. to act on18.Before moving to another city, Frank_________ of the house and the furniture.a. dispensedb. discardedc. disposedd. discharged19. I expected him to be full of vigor and in good spirit and were disappointed by his attitude.a. energeticb. livelyc. listlessd. active20.The plan was ______ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.a. surrenderedb. releasedc. abandonedd. discussed二、填空The greatest recent social changes have been 11 the lives of women. During the twentieth century there has been a remarkable shortening of the 12 of a woman’s life spent in 13 for children . A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been inher 14 twenties., and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or fivelived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother 15 have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get 16 work. Today women marry younger and have 17 children . Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-fiveand can be 18 to live another thirty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retirementat sixty. Even 19 she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliancesand convenience foods.This important change in women’s life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effecton women’s economic 20 . Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married , they usuallyleft work at once and never 21 to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls 22at school after that age, and though women 23 to marry younger, more married women stay at word at least until shortly before their first child is born, very many more afterwards returnto full-or part-time work, Such changes have 24 to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the 25 and satisfactions of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, accordingto the abilities and interests of each of them.21. A of B for C in D to22. A amount B share C proportion D time23. A attending B caring C looking D minding24. A mid B medium C average D middle25. A could B might C should D would26. A paying B paid C payable D payment27. A less B fewer C few D a few28. A expected B hoped C likely D longed29. A if B as C while D when30. A situation B stand C position D aspect31. A came B went C returned D clung32. A are left B keep C are D stay33. A intend B tend C mean D consider34. A led up B led C resulted D caused35. A problems B issues C duties D jobs三、阅读Passage 1In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honour of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go. But some official records date from 766 B. C.The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain but events included boy's gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honoured by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A. D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.Nowadays. The Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities. Including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athletes' expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals. And it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.36. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games .A. were merely national athletic festivalsB. were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colourC. had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous positionD. were primarily national events with few foreign participants37. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games .A. only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the gamesB. all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take partC. all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in the GamesD. all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the games38. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics .A. has not definitely been establishedB. varied according to the number of foreign competitorsC. was decided by Zeus, in whose honour the Games were heldD. was considered unimportant39. Modern athletes' results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because .A. the Greeks had no means of recording the resultsB. they are much betterC. details such as the time were not recorded in the pastD. they are much worse40. Nowadays the athletes' expenses are paid forA. out of the prize money of the winnersB. out of the funds raised by the competing nationsC. by the athletes themselvesD. by contributionsPassage 2Around the earth at about latitude 30 degrees North and South and also over continents in winter, high pressure and weak winds tend to be dominant. In such regions the winds slowly spread out horizontally, and dry air sinks down from aloft to replace it. Because of the warming associated with compression of the descending air, anticyclones（高气压）generally are associated with clear weather, except locally where contact of air with a cold surface may result in fogs or low-hanging clouds.Most of the regions where anticyclones tend to prevail are quite uniform in their surface characteristics; and with the slow diverging motions, large bodies of air with uniform characteristics tend to be generated. Several large bodies of air, called air masses, with distinctive properties are formed in this way.Maritime tropical air masses form over the oceans at latitude 30 degrees north and south and may later be transported thousands of kilometers from their origin to create abnormally warm and humid periods of time and to supply abundant sources of water for clouds and rain in middle and high latitudes.Air masses tend to come together to produce zones of great temperature contrast. Such regions were given the name fronts and were recognized as narrow zones of highly active weather change. The most noticeable fronts tend to be situated in winter in the eastern coast of North America, and similarly off Asia in the Pacific. The continental polar air masses tend to sink and spread out under the warm maritime tropical air masses. The warm air masses are thus pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, and they consequently condense and cast down their moisture.41. Anticyclones .A. can occur even when there is fog or low-hanging cloudsB. can never occur when there is fog and low-hanging cloudsC. occurs only when there is a strong wind in cold weatherD. always occur when it is fine and clear42. Air masses are formed when .A. anticyclones become quite uniform in their surface characteristicsB. several large bodies of air with uniform characteristics meetC. distinctive properties are developed in the air bodyD. large bodies of air began to move in different directions43. The word "maritime" in the third paragraph means .A. hotB. strongC. moistD. oceanic44. Fronts .A. are areas where cold and hot temperature exist side by sideB. refers to the eastern coast of North AmericaC. are warm maritime tropical air massesD. refers to narrow tropical air masses45. When warm air masses are pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, .A. it becomes extremely coldB. the air becomes moistC. the weather becomes fine and dryD. it begins to snow or rainPassage 3There were inns throughout the ancient civilized world, strategically placed to accommodate merchants, military personnel, government officials, and others whose work forced them to travel.Traveling for pleasure was almost unheard of. During the early Middle Ages, travel was infrequent and unsafe.About the 12th century traveling again became relatively safe, and inns were established along the main routes to accommodate merchants, religious pilgrims（朝圣者）, and others. Inn standards rose steadily as local economies improved. By the end of the Middle Ages there were inns throughout Europe and in the Islamic countries, meant primarily for the use of merchants. The Industrial Revolution stimulated inn building, especially in England, whose inns became a standard for the rest of the world.The first hotels in North America were Atlantic seaport inns and converted farmhouses along stagecoach routes. When canals and railroads were built in the 19th century, the wayside inn gave way to larger hotels built along the rights-of-way. As cities grew, new hotels were constructed in the business centers and theater districts. By 1800 the United States already had the largest hotels in the world, and this trend toward large size continued into the 20th century. The Stevens Hotel (now the Chicago Hilton and Towers) in chicago once boasted of being the largest in the world, with 3,000 rooms. It has since been exceeded in size by the hotel Russia in Moscow, and hotels with several hundred rooms have become common nearly everywhere.As travel for pleasure gained popularity in Europe, luxury and resort hotels were built in many countries. The Savoy Hotel in London set new standards of luxury when it opened in 1889 by having its own electricity, theater, private chapel, laundry, and printing press. The hotel was managed by Cesar Ritz, who opened his own luxury hotel in Paris in 1898. The standards set by the Savoy and the Ritz have been imitated by hotels around the world.46. Travelling for pleasure .A. can be traced back to the 12th century travellingB. became a reality in 1889 when the Savoy Hotel was builtC. was almost non-existent during the Middle AgesD. was a privilege enjoyed only by the rich in the Middle Ages47. It is implied that before the 19th century the development of hotel .A. went side by side with the development of economyB. was quicker when there was no warC. played a leading role in British expansion and colonizationD. stimulated industrial development and international exchange48. The largest hotel is .A. the Savoy Hotel in LondonB. the Ritz in ParisC. Hotel Russia in MoscowD. the Stevens Hotel in Chicago49. The Ritz is admired for .A. its important location in LondonB. its luxuries and various servicesC. its founder's leading role in hotel developmentD. its popularity among travellers50. The third paragraph focuses on .A. the growing size of hotelsB. hotel development in North America and RussiaC. the development of hotel in the 19th centuryD. the history of hotel industry in AmericaPassage 4What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends. Of course on the meaning of 'future'. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H. G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable gadget to make life smooth. healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least one may be certain that bricks and mortar will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world's rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people willbe dying of starvation or, at the best, suffering from under-feeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be of light structure, or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind. and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard 'housing' of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor and disease and the spread of crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements are rising at an astonishing speed. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem. Because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may have the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.51. In first paragraph we are told that, in the opinion of the writer, housing problems .A. may be completely solved at sometime in the futureB. are unimportant and easily dealt withC. will not be solved until a new building material has been discoveredD. have been dealt with in detail in books describing the future52. The writer is certain that in the distant future .A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building materialB. a new building material will have been inventedC. bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionableD. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered53. The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to face the world before the end of the century .A. is difficult to foreseeB. will be how to feed the growing populationC. Will be how to provide enough house in the hottest parts of the worldD. is the question of finding enough ground space54. When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts .A. standards of building are lowB. only minimum shelter will be possibleC. there is not enough ground spaceD. the population growth will be the greatest55. Which of the following sentences best summarises paragraph 3?A. Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by milions of refugees.B. Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C. Hong kong's crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it harder to deal with them.Passage 5In 1575—over 400 years ago—the French scholar Louis Le Roy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we now call the Renaissance. We even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are.The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upset the climate, damage human health. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue.The future is never a projection of the past. Animals probably have no change from the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. Forus, trend is not destiny. The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain, modern societies have often responded effectively to critical situations.The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides, the rethinking of technologies for the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.Even more striking are the situation in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have come to pass—witness the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on a population scale.One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grassroots movements rather than from official directives.56. According to the reading selection, if present trends continue, which one of the following situations will not occur?A. An overpopulated earth will be unable to sustain its inhabitants.B. The rich will become richer and the poor poorer.C. New sources of energy from vast coal deposits will be substituted for the soon-to-be exhausted resources of oil and natural gas.D. The effects of pollution will render the earth and its atmosphere a threat to mankind.57. The best illustration of the meaning of "trend is not destiny" in Para.3 is .A. human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolutionB. the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brainC. critical processes can overshoot and cause catastrophesD. the earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted58. According to the passage, evidences of the insight of the public into the dangers which surround us can be found in all of the following except .A. a decrease in birth ratesB. opposition to the use of pesticidesC. public meetings to complain about dumping chemicalsD. an increase in the military budget by the president59. The author is in favor of the opinion that .A. nuclear weapons won’t play a prominent role in dealings among peoplesB. people feel powerless when confronted with the sudden reversal of trend caused by scientific advancesC. modern scientists and the public are conscious of the future dangers and ready to take measures to prevent themD. our time is characterized by the trend of rapid development of science and technology which is inevitable and irreversible.Passage 6The hard, rigid plates that form the outermost portion of the Earth are about 100 kilometers thick. These plates include both the Earth's crust and the upper mantle.The rocks of the crust are composed mostly of minerals with light elements, like aluminum and sodium, while the mantle contains some heavier elements, like iron and magnesium. Together, the crust and upper mantle that form the surface plates are called the lithosphere. This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the way a wooden raft floats on a pond. The plates are supported by a weak, plastic layer of the lower mantle called the asthenosphere. Also like a raft on a pond, the lithospheric plates are carried along by slow currents in this more fluid layer beneath them.With an understanding of plate tectonics, geologists have put together a new history for the Earth's surface. About 200 million years ago, the plates at the Earth's surface formed a "superconentinent" called Pangaea. When this supercontinent started to tear apart because of plate movement, Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses with a newly formed sea that grew between the land areas as the depression filled with water. The southern one—which included the modern continents of South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica—is calledGondwanaland. The northern one—with North America, Europe, and Asia—is called Laurasia. North America tore away form Europe about 180 million years ago, forming the northern Atlantic Ocean.Some of the lithospheric plates carry ocean floor and others carry land masses or a combination of the two types. The movement of the lithospheric plates is responsible for earthquakes, volcanoes, and the Earth's largest mountain ranges. Current understanding of the interaction between different plates explains why these occur where they do. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region. The theory of plate tectonics gave them an answer.60. With which of the following topics is the passage mainly concerned?A. The contributions of the theory of plate tectonics to geological knowledge.B. The mineral composition of the Earth's crust.C. The location of the Earth's major plates.D. The methods used by scientists to measure plate movement.61. According to the passage, the lithospheric plates are given sup port by the .A. upper mantleB. ocean floorC. crustD. asthenosphere62. The author compares the relationship between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere to which of the following?A. Lava flowing from a volcano.B. A boat floating on the water.C. A fish swimming in a pond.D. The erosion of rocks by running water.63. According to the passage, the northern Atlantic Ocean was formed when .A. Pangaea was createdB. plate movement ceasedC. Gondwanaland collided with PangaeaD. parts of Laurasia separated from each64. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory of plate tectonics?A. It is no longer of great interest to geologists.B. It was first proposed in the 1960's.C. It fails to explain why earthquakes occur.D. It refutes the theory of the existence of a supercontinent.65. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses .A. why certain geological events happen where they doB. how geological occurrences have changed over the yearsC. the most unusual geological developments in the Earth's historyD. the latest innovations in geological measurementPassage 6For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon, a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so potent that the amount given each patient per injection is very small.Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevent the multiplication of viruses within cells.As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, search physician at Sweden's famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who had undergone surgical pcedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatment and the other half were given interferon. The survival rate ove three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who had received the conventional treatments.In the United States, a large-scale project supported by American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries our time.。
大学课程学科英文词汇
大学课程学科英文词汇哲学Philosophy马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophies逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学Economics理论经济学Theoretical Economics应用经济学Applied Economics政治经济学Political Economy经济思想史History of Economic Thought经济史History of Economic西方经济学Western Economics世界经济学World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学Population,Resources and Environmental Economics 国民国民经济学National Economics区域经济学Regional Economics财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学Industrial Economics国际贸易学International Trade劳动经济学Labor Economics统计学Statistics数量经济学Quantitative Economics国防经济学National Defense Economics法学Law法学Science of Law法学理论Jurisprudence法律史Legal History宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labor Law and Science of Social Security Law)诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws经济法学Science of Economic 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Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery,Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程Forestry Engineering森林工程Forest Engineering木材科学与技术Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学Environmental Science环境工程Environmental Engineering生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering食品科学Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程Cereals,Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering 农产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学Agriculture作物学Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学Horticulture果树学Pomology蔬菜学Olericulture茶学Tea Science农业资源利用学Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学Soil Science植物营养学Plant Nutrition植物保护学Plant Protection植物病理学Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学Pesticide Science畜牧学Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖Animal Genetics,Breeding and Reproduction Science 动物营养与饲料科学Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等）The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm,Honeybees,etc.)兽医学Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学Forestry林木遗传育种学Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学Silviculture森林保护学Forest Protection森林经理学Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用Wild life Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学Fisheries Science水产养殖学Aquaculture Science捕捞学Fishing Science渔业资源学Science of Fisheries Resources医学Medicine基础医学Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human Anatomy,Histology and Embryology免疫学Immunology病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学Forensic Medicine放射医学Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学）Internal medicine (including Cardiology,Hematology,Respiratory,Gastroenterology,Endocrinology andMetabolism,Nephrology,Rheuma-tology,Infectious Diseases)儿科学Pediatrics老年医学Geriatrics神经病学Neurology精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学）Surgery (General Surgery,Orthopedics,Urology,Cardiothoracic Surgery,Neuro surgery,Plastic Surgery,Burn Surgery,Field Surgery)妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology肿瘤学Oncology康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy运动医学Sports Medicine麻醉学Anesthesiology急诊医学Emergency Medicine口腔医学Stomatology口腔基础医学Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal,Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学Military Preventive Medicine中医学Chinese Medicine中医基础理论Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学Ethno medicine中西医结合医学Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学Pharmaceutical Science药物化学Medicinal Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics生药学Pharmacognosy药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学Pharmacology中药学Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学Military Thought and Military History军事思想学Military Thought军事历史学Military History战略学Science of Strategy军事战略学Military Strategy战争动员学War Mobilization战役学Science of Operations联合战役学Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学）Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学Science of Tactics合同战术学Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学Branch Tactics军队指挥学Science of Command作战指挥学Combat Command军事运筹学Military Operation Research军事通信学Military Communication军事情报学Military Intelligence密码学Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学）Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学Science of Military System军事组织编制学Military Organizational System军队管理学Military Management军队政治工作学Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment 军事后勤学Military Logistics后方专业勤务Rear Special Service军事装备学Military Equipment管理学Management Science管理科学与工程Management Science and Engineering工商管理学Science of Business Administration会计学Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学）Corporate Management (including Financial Management,Marketing and Human ResourcesManagement)旅游管理学Tourist Management技术经济及管理学Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management 农业经济管理学Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学Science of Public Management行政管理学Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medicine and Health Management 教育经济与管理学Educational Economy and Management社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学Science of Library,Information and Archival 图书馆学Library Science情报学Information Science档案学Archival Science。
哈工大考博英语词汇
哈工大考博英语词汇英文回答：The vocabulary required for the HIT doctoral entrance exam in English is extensive and covers a wide range of topics, including academic vocabulary, technical vocabulary, and general vocabulary. It is important to develop a strong vocabulary in all of these areas in order to be successful on the exam.Academic vocabulary includes words that are commonly used in academic settings, such as "dissertation," "hypothesis," and "bibliography." Technical vocabulary includes words that are specific to a particular field of study, such as "algorithm," "molecule," and "transistor." General vocabulary includes words that are commonly used in everyday speech, such as "love," "hate," and "fear."There are a number of resources available to help you develop your English vocabulary for the HIT doctoralentrance exam. You can use online dictionaries and thesauruses, read academic journals and books, and take vocabulary practice tests. It is also helpful to practice speaking and writing in English as much as possible, asthis will help you to improve your fluency and accuracy.中文回答：哈工大考博英语词汇要求很高，涉及面广，包括学术词汇、专业词汇和通用词汇。
黑龙江省人教版高中英语必修二单词表
音乐家
of
梦见;梦想;
假装;假扮
be
honest
说实在地;
系上;附加;连接
to
认为有(重
组成;形成;构成
名声;名望
过路人;行人
赚;挣得;获得
额外的;外加的
表演;履行;执行
酒馆;酒吧
现金
cash
用现金;有现
工作室;演播室
百万富翁;富豪
jokes
on
戏弄
男演员;行动者
n.类型
vt.&vi.打字
a
way
在某种程
教练
出现；发生
the
help
of
在...的帮
adj
电子的
外观;外貌;出现
性格;特点
n.拖把
vt.用拖把
with
处理;安排;
over
看守;监视
顽皮的;淘气的
侄女
vt.损坏;宠坏
Unit
4
野生动植物
保护
栖息地
vt.&vi.恐吓;威胁
vi.&vt.减少;(使)变小;或
n.吉祥物
希腊
希腊(人)的;希腊语的 n;希腊人;希
adj
巫术的;魔术
n.志愿者;志愿兵
adj.志愿的; vt.&vi.自
祖国;本国
adj.规则的;定期的;常
n.基础;根据
n.运动员;运动选手
vt.&vi.容许;承认;接纳
奴隶
adv.现今;现在
体操;体能练习
体育运动;竞技
（露天大型）体育场
(
gym
哈工大的停用词表
哈工大的停用词表摘要：1.哈工大简介2.停用词表的定义与作用3.哈工大的停用词表内容概述4.哈工大停用词表的特点及应用5.结语正文：1.哈工大简介哈尔滨工业大学（Harbin Institute of Technology，简称哈工大）位于中国黑龙江省哈尔滨市，是我国著名的工科学府，具有悠久的历史和优良的教学传统。
自1920 年建校以来，哈工大一直秉持“规格严格，功夫到家”的校训，培养了大批优秀的工程技术人才。
2.停用词表的定义与作用停用词表是一种列举出一些常见、无意义或对文本分析无用的词汇的列表。
在自然语言处理、信息检索和文本挖掘等领域，停用词表的作用是降低噪音，提高文本分析的准确性和效率。
通过排除这些停用词，可以使算法更加关注文本中的有效信息，从而提升分析结果的质量。
3.哈工大的停用词表内容概述哈工大的停用词表包含了大量中文停用词，如“的”、“了”、“是”、“在”等。
这些词汇在文本中出现频率高，但对于文本分析和信息检索没有实质性意义。
此外，该停用词表还涵盖了一些特定领域的术语，如“哈工大”、“工程”、“机械”等，这些词汇在特定场景下可能具有特定含义，但对于一般性的文本分析，也可以视为停用词。
4.哈工大停用词表的特点及应用哈工大停用词表具有以下特点：（1）全面性：该停用词表包含了大量中文常用停用词，适用于大部分文本分析任务。
（2）专业性：停用词表中涵盖了一些特定领域的术语，适用于相关领域的文本分析。
（3）可扩展性：用户可以根据自己的需求，对该停用词表进行增补和修改。
在实际应用中，哈工大停用词表可以广泛应用于文本分类、情感分析、关键词提取等自然语言处理任务。
通过使用该停用词表，可以有效提高文本分析的准确性和效率，提升分析结果的质量。
5.结语哈工大停用词表作为一种文本预处理工具，对于自然语言处理领域的研究和应用具有重要意义。
用户可以根据自己的需求，灵活运用该停用词表，提高文本分析的效果。
哈工大英语词汇提高Chapter 9 No Joking
Unit 2 Chapter 9 No JokingKey Words1. Warm-up Activity (5 minutes)video activities:audio & video\How to make a phone call?flvaudio & video/hu 's on first communication with Mr. president.wmv2. Students’involvement activities(15 minutes)The students do multiple choice and translation of sample sentences in turn around 10 words in Chapter 9, at the same time teacher may help them to explain some new words or useful expressions.3. Interactive Word Study in Context: (25 minutes)Aim: applying the theory of lexicology in class; give the students very clear clues of certain words and their meanings; teach the students how to learn Englishvocabulary and train them skills of how to memorize the new words.Teaching Steps:(1) perform the activities interactively based on guessing the meaning of the 10words in context, try to make class lively;(2) apply the theory of lexicology to sense relations in the ten words, T mayexplain and enlarge something important.Skills of V ocabulary Learningantonyms in contextsynonyms in contextcommon sense (general knowledge)cultural informationcreate word power on words from example sentence Xcollocationrelated formsword formation on roots and affixationphrases and expressions from example sentencesynonym discrimination1. alter:vt. to make or to become different, change▲：改变；更改The town has altered a lot in the last two years.related forms：alteration: n.alternateness: n.alternately: adv.[词根] alter, altern, ali=other, to change, 表示“其他的，改变状态”alter v. 变更，改变（alter其他的→变成〔其它的〕）alterable a.可改变的（alter+able能…的）alteration n. 改造，改变（alter+ation表名词）alternation n.交互，交错（alternate+ion）alternative a. 二者择一（的）（来自alternate交替，交替选择的方法）同义转换：optional a.可选择的；随意的，任意的；非强制的；选修的。
黑龙江省高中英语重点单词
黑龙江省高中英语重点单词1. abandon - to leave behind or give up onExample: The explorers had to abandon their mission due to bad weather conditions.2. access - the ability or right to enter or use somethingExample: Students have access to the library's extensive collection of books and resources.3. accumulate - to gather or collect over timeExample: Over the years, she has accumulated an impressive collection of vintage coins.4. achievement - something successfully accomplished or completedExample: Winning the championship was a great achievement for the team.5. adequate - sufficient or suitable for a specific purposeExample: The amount of food provided was not adequate for all the guests.6. adjust - to change or adapt to a new situationExample: After moving to a new country, it took some time for her to adjust to the different culture.7. administrate - to manage or oversee the operations of an organization Example: The principal is responsible for administrating the daily activities of the school.8. advocate - to support or promote a cause or ideaExample: She advocates for animal rights and actively participates in related campaigns.9. analyze - to examine in detail in order to understand or explainExample: The scientists analyzed the data collected in the experiment to draw conclusions.10. annual - occurring once every yearExample: The company hosts an annual meeting to discuss its progress andfuture plans.11. apparent - clearly seen or understood; obviousExample: The lack of rainfall for months made it apparent that a severedrought was affecting the region.12. approach - to come near or closer toExample: The hiker cautiously approached the edge of the cliff to get a better view.13. approximate - close to the actual, but not exactExample: The approximate time of arrival is estimated to be around 6 PM.14. artificial - made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturallyExample: The flowers in the garden were so beautifully arranged that they almost looked artificial.15. assemble - to gather together or put togetherExample: The team members assembled in the conference room to discuss the project.16. assess - to evaluate or determine the value, nature, or importance of somethingExample: The teacher assessed the students' understanding of the lessonthrough a quiz.17. assign - to allocate or designate something to someoneExample: The professor assigned each student a topic for their research papers.18. assist - to help or support someone in completing a task or achieving a goalExample: The volunteers assisted the elderly residents with their daily chores.19. assume - to believe something to be true without having evidence or proof Example: She assumed that her friend would be at the party, but he didn't show up.20. assure - to guarantee or promise something with confidenceExample: The salesperson assured the customer that the product came with a lifetime warranty.21. attribute - to credit or assign a quality or characteristic to someone or somethingExample: The success of the project can be attributed to the dedication and teamwork of the team members.22. authorize - to give official permission or approval for something Example: The city council authorized the construction of a new park in the neighborhood.23. behalf - acting or speaking on behalf of someone elseExample: The lawyer presented the case on behalf of her client in court.24. beneficial - advantageous or helpful in producing a desired result Example: Regular exercise is beneficial for maintaining good health.25. bias - a prejudice or unfair preference for or against something or someoneExample: The reporter's biased coverage of the event caused controversy and criticism.26. bond - a close connection or relationship between people or things Example: The siblings shared a strong bond despite their occasional disagreements.27. brief - short in duration or lengthExample: The manager gave a brief presentation on the new company policies.28. capable - having the necessary skills or ability to do something Example: With proper training, he is capable of handling complex tasks with ease.29. cease - to stop or bring to an endExample: The rain finally ceased after hours of heavy downpour.30. challenge - a difficult task or situation that requires effort and determination to overcomeExample: Climbing Mount Everest is a significant challenge for even the most experienced mountaineers.31. clarify - to make clear or understandableExample: The teacher clarified the confusing concept by providing additional examples.32. collaborate - to work together on a project or taskExample: The researchers collaborated with international experts to conduct their study.33. commence - to begin or startExample: The ceremony will commence with the national anthem.34. compatible - able to exist or work together without conflictExample: The new software is compatible with both Windows and Mac operating systems.35. competent - having the necessary knowledge or skill to do something successfullyExample: The competent lawyer won the case for his client through his persuasive arguments.36. compile - to gather or collect information or data from various sources Example: She spent weeks compiling research for her thesis on climate change.37. complement - something that completes or goes well with something else Example: His calm demeanor is a perfect complement to her energetic personality.38. concentrate - to focus one's attention or energy on a particular task or activityExample: In order to solve the math problem, she needed to concentrate and eliminate distractions.39. conclude - to bring to an end; to reach a decision or judgmentExample: After careful consideration, the jury concluded that the defendant was guilty.40. conduct - to organize and carry out an activity or eventExample: The school conducted a fundraising campaign for a local charity.41. confine - to restrict or limit within certain boundaries or limits Example: The dog was confined to the backyard to prevent it from wandering off.42. confirm - to verify or make sure of the truth or accuracy of something Example: She called the hotel to confirm her reservation for the weekend.43. consent - to give permission or approvalExample: The parents must provide consent for their underage children to participate in the study.44. considerable - large in size, amount, or extentExample: The project required a considerable amount of time and resources to complete.45. consistent - always following the same rules, methods, or principles; unchangingExample: The company's success is attributed to its consistent high-quality products.46. consult - to seek advice or information from someoneExample: Before making a decision, it is always wise to consult with an expert in the field.47. cope - to deal with or manage successfully, especially in difficult or challenging situationsExample: She had to cope with the loss of her job and find a new source of income.48. core - the central or most important part of somethingExample: Good communication skills are at the core of building strong relationships.49. correspond - to be similar or equivalent to somethingExample: His actions don't correspond with his words, creating confusion.50. crucial - extremely important or necessary for the success or outcome of somethingExample: The safety measures taken during the construction process werecrucial to prevent accidents.51. cumulative - gradually increasing or growing by addition or accumulation Example: The final grade is based on the cumulative scores of all the assignments throughout the semester.52. debate - a formal discussion or argument about a specific topicExample: The politicians engaged in a heated debate over the proposed tax reform.53. decline - to decrease or become less in quantity, quality, or importance Example: The company's profits declined due to a decrease in sales.54. dedicate - to devote time, effort, or energy to a particular purpose or causeExample: She dedicated her life to helping the less fortunate through her charity work.55. demonstrate - to show or make evident by proof or exampleExample: The scientist demonstrated the chemical reaction through a series of experiments.56. denote - to indicate or be a sign of somethingExample: The red traffic light denotes that it is not safe to proceed.57. depict - to represent or portray something in a visual or artistic form Example: The painting beautifully depicts a serene landscape at sunset.58. derive - to obtain or receive something from a specific sourceExample: She derived inspiration for her novel from her personal experiences.59. detect - to discover or notice the presence or existence of something Example: The security system can detect any movement within the premises.60. devastate - to destroy or ruin something completelyExample: The earthquake devastated the entire town, leaving many homeless.61. differentiate - to recognize or point out the difference between two or more thingsExample: The teacher explained how to differentiate between the terms "their," "there," and "they're."62. diminish - to make or become smaller, weaker, or less importantExample: The enthusiasm for the project diminished as the deadline approached.63. disclose - to make known or reveal information that was previously secret or unknownExample: The police officer refused to disclose any details about the ongoing investigation.64. disperse - to scatter or distribute over a wide areaExample: The crowd began to disperse after the concert ended.65. distort - to change or alter the appearance, sound, or meaning of something in an unnatural or exaggerated wayExample: The funhouse mirrors distorted their reflections, making them appear taller or shorter than they actually were.66. diverse - showing a great deal of variety or differenceExample: The university campus is known for its diverse student population from all around the world.67. dominate - to have power, control, or influence over othersExample: The company's product dominates the market due to its superior quality.68. dynamic - characterized by constant change, activity, or progress Example: The business environment is dynamic and requires companies to adapt quickly to stay competitive.69. eager - having strong desire or enthusiasm for somethingExample: The students were eager to participate in the science fair and showcase their projects.70. efficient - performing or functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of time and effortExample: The new manufacturing process is more efficient, resulting in higher productivity and cost savings.71. elaborate - detailed and carefully arranged; involving many parts or aspectsExample: The chef prepared an elaborate seven-course meal for the special occasion.72. eliminate - to remove or get rid of something completelyExample: The company decided to eliminate unnecessary expenses to improve its financial situation.73. emphasize - to give special attention, importance, or prominence to somethingExample: The speaker emphasized the need for environmental conservation in herpresentation.74. enable - to make possible or provide the means for someone to do something Example: The scholarship enabled him to pursue higher education and achievehis career goals.75. enhance - to improve or increase the value, quality, or attractiveness of somethingExample: Regular exercise can enhance both physical and mental well-being.76. ensure - to make certain that something will happen or be the case Example: The safety measures implemented at the construction site ensure the well-being of the workers.77. establish - to set up or create something, typically an organization, system, or ruleExample: The company was established in 1995 and has since become a leader in the industry.78. evaluate - to assess or judge the value, quality, or significance of somethingExample: The teacher evaluated the students' performance based on their understanding of the subject matter.79. evolve - to develop or change gradually over timeExample: Technology has evolved significantly, making our lives moreconvenient and connected.80. exaggerate - to overstate or magnify something, making it appear larger, more important, or more intense than it actually isExample: He tends to exaggerate his accomplishments in order to impress others.81. exceed - to go beyond or be greater in amount, degree, or quality than something elseExample: The price of the product exceeded our expectations, but its superior features justified the cost.82. exclude - to deny access or prevent from being included or considered Example: The exclusive club excludes individuals who don't meet the strict membership criteria.83. exhibit - to show or display something in publicExample: The museum exhibits an impressive collection of ancient artifacts.84. exploit - to take advantage of someone or something for personal gain Example: The company was accused of exploiting its workers by paying them low wages and providing poor working conditions.85. facilitate - to make easier or assist in the completion of a process or taskExample: The new software system facilitates communication within the company by allowing employees to easily share information.86. fluctuate - to rise and fall irregularly in number, amount, or quality Example: The stock prices fluctuated throughout the day, making it difficult for investors to predict the market trends.87. forecast - to predict or estimate a future event or situationExample: The weather forecast predicted heavy rainfall and thunderstorms for the weekend.88. formulate - to create or develop a plan, idea, or strategy in a systematic wayExample: The team formulated a detailed marketing plan to launch the new product successfully.89. foster - to promote the development or growth of somethingExample: The organization works tirelessly to foster positive changes in disadvantaged communities.90. fulfill - to satisfy or meet a requirement, need, or expectation Example: The company strives to fulfill its customers' demands by providing high-quality products and excellent customer service.91. generate - to produce or create something, typically in large quantities Example: The wind turbines generate electricity by harnessing the power of the wind.92. grasp - to understand or comprehend something fullyExample: It took her some time to grasp the concept, but she eventually understood it.93. guarantee - to promise or ensure that something will happen or be of a certain qualityExample: The manufacturer guarantees that the product is free from defects for one year.94. hail - to praise or acclaim enthusiasticallyExample: The movie was hailed as a masterpiece by critics and audiences alike.95. hamper - to hinder or impede the progress, movement, or effectiveness of someone or somethingExample: The heavy traffic hampered their ability to reach the airport on time.96. hence - as a result; thereforeExample: The weather forecast predicted heavy snowfall, hence all flights were canceled.97. hypothesis - a tentative explanation or theory based on limited evidence, used as a starting point for further investigationExample: The scientist proposed a hypothesis to explain the observed phenomenon, which would be tested through experiments.。
哈工程《船舶工程专业英语》翻译(全)
哈工程《船舶工程专业英语》翻译(全)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：2注：红字部分表示翻译可能有问题，有些地方翻译有不足之处，请谢谢大家指出。
第一章船舶设计第一课介绍翻译人员：1.1 定义‘基本设计’是专业术语，它决定船舶主要性能，影响船舶造价和功能。
因此，基本设计包括选择船型尺寸，船体形状，动力设备（数量和类型），初步布置船体机械设备和主要结构。
合适的选择方案能保证达到目标要求，比如良好的耐波性和操纵性，预期航速，续航力，货舱舱容和总载重量。
而且，包括校核使之达到货物装卸能力要求，舱室要求，各项宾馆服务标准，分舱要求，干舷和吨位丈量标准,所有这些都是盈利运输船舶，工业或服务系统用船，所必须考虑的部分因素。
基本设计包括概念设计和初步设计，它决定了船舶主要性能，为价格初步估计做了准备。
在整个设计过程中，基本设计完成后，就要进行合同设计和详细设计。
正如合同设计这名暗示的那样，它为船厂投标和承接合同订单数准备合适的合同计划和规范。
完整的合同计划和规范内容很清晰且足够详细，以避免发生代价高昂的偶发性事件，保护投标方免受模糊不清的描述要求的影响。
详细设计是进一步完善合同方案，它是船厂的责任。
合同方案需要为实际船舶建造准备施工图。
为了能够进行基本设计，每个人都必须了解整个设计流程。
这中的四个步骤用 Ecans 的 1959 年的设计螺旋循环方式图说明了，设计螺旋循环方式是一种含盖从目标需求到详细设计的迭代过程，如图 1.1。
下面将进一步详述这些步骤： a.概念设计。
概念设计是最开始的工作，是讲目标需求转换成造船工程参数。
一般来说，它包含技术可行性研究，来决定目标船舶的基本参数。
例如船厂，船宽，船深，吃水，丰满度，动力能源设备，或一些代用特性，所有这些都是为了满足达到设计航速，航区，货舱舱容和总载重量的要求。
哈工程船舶专业英语中文翻译(最新版)
第一章船舶设计第一课引言1.1定义术语“基本设计”是指对影响造价和性能的船舶主要参数的确定。
因此，基本设计包括船舶主尺度、船体线型、动力（数量和种类）的选取，以及船体、机械设备和主要结构的布置。
恰当的选取可保证达到设计任务书的要求，例如良好的耐波性能，操纵性，预期的速度，续航力，舱容和载重量。
进一步讲，基本设计还包括校核和修改，以满足货物装卸能力，居位舱，客房设施，分舱和稳性标准，干舷和吨位测量，所有这些都是将船舶当成运输、工业化或服务系统的一部分。
基本设计包含概念设计和初步设计，可以确定船舶主要技术参数，为造价初步估计做准备。
再整个设计过程中，基本设计之后紧接着就是合同设计和详细设计。
合同设计，顾名思义，需要做出图纸和详细说明书，以便船厂去投标和签约。
一套良好的合同图纸和详细说明书应当是非常清晰和详细的，以避免高成本的偶然性项目，并使投标者不出现模糊不请的或不充分的描述。
详细设计师船厂进一步完善合同设计的重要任务，以准备施工图用于船舶实际建造。
了解整个设计顺序对任何做基本设计的人都是必要的。
设计的4个阶段用设计螺线图表示，如图1所示，是从任务书要求到详细设计的循环工作过程，这4个阶段在下面作详细叙述a 概念设计概念设计作为整个设计的第一阶段，是将任务书要求转换为船舶建造工程参数。
它基本上包括技术可行性研究，确定船舶的基本参数如船长，船宽，船深，吃水，丰满度，动力，或可供选择的参数方案，所以这些应满足所要求的航速，航程，货舱舱容和载重量。
这包括基于曲线、公式经验而进行的空船重量初步估算。
在这一阶段，通常进过参数分析而进行多方案设计以寻求最经济的设计方案，或者任何其它控制也纳入考虑之中以确定最优方案。
确定下来的概念设计就做为讨论文件以获得近似的建造成本，不论是否启动下一阶段的设计——初步设计。
b 初步设计船舶的初步设计将进一步优化那些影响造价和性能的传播主要参数。
一些控制参数如船长，船宽，功率和载重量，在该阶段完成之后不宜再变更。
哈工程 核电专业英语 全文翻译
这个是哈工程阎昌琪电力版《核电专业英语》的全文翻译（2-13章），是用电脑在线翻译的，所以比较粗糙，但是有助于学习。
第二章辐射2.1放射性一弹；J、-一{放射性是一个普遍的自然现象，它的发现早于40年以上发现核裂变的放射性是活组织有害。
然而，人类和其他动物没有进化出传感器的检测机构危险”。
它是不可见的辐射性质，非常有助于公众的焦虑关于核能。
然而，科学仪器，已开发出对所有类型的辐射，这是广泛用于确保工人和公众不放在核反应过程中的风险。
辐射的性质，是潜在的有害的电离原子的能力我们的身体；1秒，使电子从0111“细胞改变其化学原子性能·在大剂量的辐射可以导致组织死亡。
在较低的水平问题1，如果发生电离在细胞分裂过程中的突变，然后细胞的遗传编程是可能发生的。
在大多数情况下，这也会导致细胞死亡·而且是有风险的，有害的突变细胞能在体内和possiblv生存导致各种癌症。
癌症是一个非常可怕的疾病，这是另一个公众对核能问题的原因。
放射性是自发的，自然的和随机的过程，可以在三个基本的发生形式称为埃法，β和γ衰变。
α辐射是一丛发射从核相当于一个氦原子核的质子和中子两个质子两个神经元）·作为其较大的质量结果，α粒子能带对energn足以对任何生物造成严重损害，大量组织遇到·然而，也为它的体积的后果，这种辐射是很容易blocked.such作为由几厘米的空气或纸的skin.which是相对不敏感。
辐射，还可以作为α辐射的一个障碍，所以外部α辐射源没有特别的危险。
从α辐射真正的风险会发生如果α发射材料被吸入肺或消化系统。
β辐射是非常快速移动的电子。
它的生物的伤害潜力低于α辐射，但其penetrming功率稍大。
β辐射可以用一片玻璃或金属箔屏蔽。
没有这样大量筛选。
β辐射源会担忧。
γ射线是光的一个非常高能量的形式。
不同于其他两种形式辐射是不带电的，它没有质量。
它基本上是一个非常high.energvx-ray.while根本不是生物性损害为α或β辐射。
哈工大英语词汇提高Chapter 15 A Narrow Escape
Unit 3 Chapter 15 A Narrow EscapeKey WordsTeaching Procedures1. Warm-up Activity (5 minutes)dictation: have a dictation on words in Chapter 5,7,8,9.2. Students’involvement activities(15 minutes)The students do multiple choice and translation of sample sentences in turn around 10 words in Chapter 15 , at the same time teacher may help them to explain some new words or useful expressions.3. Interactive Word Study in Context: (25 minutes)Aim: applying the theory of lexicology in class; give students very clear clues of certain words and their meanings; teach them how to learn Englishvocabulary and train them skills of how to memorize the new words.Teaching Steps:(1) perform the activities interactively based on guessing the meaning of the10words in context, try to make class lively;(2) apply the theory of lexicology to sense relations in the ten words, T mayexplain and enlarge something important.Skills of V ocabulary Learning:antonyms in contextsynonyms in contextcommon sense (general knowledge)cultural informationcreate word power on words from example sentence Xcollocationrelated formsword formation on roots and affixationphrases and expressions from example sentencesynonym discrimination:1. elapse: vi. (of time) to slip by or pass away▲: (时光)流逝A month had elapsed since our last meeting.Several hours lapsed before he woke up.[速记]（e加强+lapse→滑出去→时光流出）（时光）流逝[词根] laps=slip,表示“滑，滑走”collapse /kə'læps/ vi.倒坍；崩溃（col共同+lapse→全部滑下+倒塌）[例句]1.A section of the Bay Bridge had collapsed.海湾大桥有一段垮塌了。
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统治的，支配的 占优势的，主要的，突出的
坚强不屈的
domain
domestic
领土，领 地 家里的，本国的，驯养的
sequence 序列，顺序，连续
sequ=follow 跟随，追 sequacious obsequious consequence
subsequent
intersperse interspersion
诽谤 诽谤 散布，点缀 散布，点缀
distort 歪曲，扭曲
tort=twist 扭曲
tortuous torment
弯弯曲曲的，蜿蜒的 折磨
retort
retortion extort
报复 报复 敲诈
盲从的 逢迎的，谄媚的 结果，后果 后来的，并发的
sophisticated 富有经验的，复杂的
soph = wise; wisedom 智慧，聪明 pansophic philosophy sophist、
全知的 哲学，哲理
博学者，诡辩 者 诡辩
sophism
controversy 辩论，争论
chapter 28
索丽娜
贾广超
noun
controversy
verb
disperse
adjectiveLeabharlann dominant
deduction
dimensions
distort
sophisticated
treacherous
sequence
trivial
controversy
deduction （推理所得出）结论
duc(e) = to lead, to bring 引导 educe introduce seduce induce inducement 引出;演绎 引入，介绍 勾引 引诱 引诱物
dominant 统治的
dom = ① house 房屋② tame; rule 统治 dominant predominant indomitable
尺寸
deduction
dimensions disperse
歪曲，扭曲
不忠的，不可信的 顺序，序列
distort
dominant sequence
分散，散开
统治的，占优势的 辩论，争论
sophisticated
treacherous trivial
（推理得出的）结论
富有经验的，复杂的 不重要的，平凡的
vert=turn 转
advertise advertisement
做广告 广告 改变（信仰等），转变 防止，避免
convert
avert
disperse 分散，散开
spers=scatter 散开
dispersion asperse
散布，传播
aspersion