复旦国际贸易英文课件Problem Set 2
国际贸易英文PPT课件第1章
21.06.2021
华中科技大学经济学院 刘海云
14
2019年7月，ASEM会议的亚欧财长会议上，欧洲中央银行总裁德伊森 贝赫(Wim Duisenberg)和欧洲委员会主席普罗迪(Romano Prodi)也加 入了人民币升值论的合唱中。美欧官方的正式介入使得对人民币汇率 问题的争论进一步升温，《经济学家》、《华尔街日报》、《纽约时 报》、《金融时报》等西方主流媒体开始展开争执。国际货币基金组 织(IMF)、世界银行(WB)、以及国际清算银行(BIS)也纷纷发表意见。 包括蒙代尔(Robert Mundell)、克鲁格曼(Paul Krugman)、麦金农 (Ronald McKinnon)在内的一些著名经济学家，或以经济评论、或以专 业论文的形式展开讨论。
华中科技大学经济学院 刘海云
23
国际贸易的分类
按商品移动方向区分
出口贸易：是指把本国生产和加工的商品运往国外市场销售。 进口贸易：是指把外国生产和加工的商品输入国内市场销售。 复出口：是指外国商品输入国内，未经加工改制又再出口。 复进口：是指本国商品输往国外，未经加工改制又再进口。 过境贸易：甲国经过丙国向乙国出口商品，对丙国而言是过境贸易。
进出口统计的境界标 准
采用此标准的国家
国境
日本、英国、加拿大、澳 大利亚、中国、东欧等国
关境
德国、瑞士、意大利、 法国
21.06.2021
华中科技大学经济学院 刘海云
25
国际贸易的分类
按商品生产国和消费国之间有无第三国参与贸易区分
国际贸易的分类
按进出口统计的境界标准区分
总贸易（General Trade）：是指以国境作为进出口统计标准的 贸易，凡进入国境的商品一律列为进口，离开国境的商品一律列 为出口。
国际贸易专业英语 全套课件283页PPT
countries? Do you know what new issues does the Dora Round
5. the Incoterm used to define the terms of delivery (making reference to Incoterms 2000)
6. How is the sale to be agreed, for instance, by letter of credit, open account, cash on delivery and so on?
7. Exporter accepts order.
8. Exporting company processes order and packages goods for export, making sure appropriate marking and labeling is used.
9. carriers and transport arranged for shipment of goods
Unit Eleven
Payment
Unit Twelve
Letter of Credit
Unit Thirteen
Transport and Logistics
1. the points of origin and destination of the cargo
2. The exporter ought to make reference to how the goods are to be packaged and marked for export in order to show the buyer that every precaution is taken to ensure the safe transit of the goods.
Lesson Two International Migration of Labour(国际经贸高级英语复旦大学)解读
Lesson Two International Migration of Labour
for more permanent workers, migrant labour in many countries is treated as a temporary workforce. This has created friction and hardship. The movement of migrant workers involves human beings, and its social aspects have understandably made it a sensitive and visible issue. At present there are about 20 million migrant workers in the world, about 12 million of them from developing countries. An estimated 6 million are in the United States, most of them coming from Mexico -- many illegally. Western Europe's share went up from about 2 million in the early 1960s to 6 million in the 1970s but fell by one million with the post-1973 recession. More than a million of the migrant workers in Europe come from developing countries, mainly Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia,
国际贸易双语教程英文版
国际贸易双语教程英文版IntroductionInternational trade is an essential part of the global economy. It involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. In this bilingual tutorial, we will provide an overview of international trade and explore its various aspects. This tutorial aims to help readers gain a thorough understanding of international trade concepts and terminology in English.1. Understanding International TradeInternational trade refers to the exchange of goods and services across international borders. It allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, ensuring maximum productivity and resource utilization. This leads to increased economic growth and welfare for participating nations.2. Benefits of International TradeInternational trade offers several advantages to participating countries. These benefits include:•Improved Efficiency: Countries can focus on producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, increasing overall productivity.•Access to a Wider Range of Goods: Countries can import goods not produced domestically, allowing consumers access to a broader selection of products.•Expanding Markets: With international trade, businesses can reach new markets abroad, enabling them to grow and expand.•Economic Growth: International trade stimulates economic growth by promoting investment, job creation, and innovation.•Lower Costs: Countries can import goods at a lower cost than producing them domestically, leading to cost savings for consumers andbusinesses.3. Trade BarriersDespite the benefits of international trade, various barriers can hinder smooth trade operations. These barriers include:•Tariffs: Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, increasing their prices and reducing demand.•Quotas: Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, restricting access to foreign markets.•Regulatory Barriers: These include regulations, standards, and certifications that goods must meet to enter a country, creating additional costs and hurdles for exporters.•Currency Barriers: Fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the competitiveness of goods in international markets.•Trade Restrictions: Embargoes, trade sanctions, and trade wars can further hinder international trade.4. International Trade AgreementsTo promote and regulate international trade, countries often engage in the negotiation and formation of trade agreements. These agreements aim to reduce trade barriers and create a more favorable trade environment. Some prominent international trade agreements include:•World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is a global organization that promotes free trade and resolves trade disputes amongmember countries.•Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): FTAs are agreements between countries that eliminate or reduce trade barriers among participating nations.•Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs): RTAs are trade agreements between countries within a specific geographic region.•Bilateral Agreements: Bilateral agreements are trade agreements between two countries, focusing on addressing trade barriers and promoting trade.•Multilateral Agreements: Multilateral agreements involve multiple countries negotiating and establishing trade rules and regulations.5. Trade DocumentationInternational trade involves significant documentation to ensure smooth and legal transactions between parties. Some essential trade documents include: •Commercial Invoice: An invoice that provides detailed information about the goods being sold, including quantity, price, and delivery terms.•Bill of Lading: It is a document issued by a carrier that acknowledges the receipt of goods for shipment.•Packing List: A detailed list of the contents and quantities of a shipment.•Certificate of Origin: It certifies the origin of the goods and is needed to claim preferential treatment under trade agreements.•Insurance Certificate: A document that confirms that goods are insured against loss or damage during transportation.•Customs Declaration: A document that provides information about the goods being imported or exported and helps calculate applicable customs duties and taxes.ConclusionInternational trade plays a crucial role in the global economy, enabling countries to benefit from specialization, economic growth, and improved welfare. This bilingual tutorial aimed to provide an overview of international trade in English, covering its various aspects from understanding the basics to trade barriers, agreements, and documentation. By understanding these concepts, readers can engage in international trade activities more effectively and confidently.。
复旦国际贸易英文课件Answers to Problem Set 1
2) If, instead of the situation given in problem 1), the price of computers was to fall, would landowners or capital owners be better off? Explain. How would the decrease in the price of computers affect labor? Explain. Answer: Similar to the situation given in the problem 1), capital owners would be worse off because the rental on capital would fall by more than the decrease in the computer price. Landowners would be better off as the rental on land rises even without the increase in the price of barley. The effect on labor because of the decrease in the price of computers is also ambiguous. Wages fall, so labor is worse off in terms of barley, but because the drop in wage is less than the percentage decrease in the price of computers, labor gains in terms of computers.
复旦大学国际贸易International Trade课件英文原版(1)
Slide 1-3
Introduction
Huge reductions in transport costs；
Steam power: rail, steamships; Suez Canal 1869; refrigeration.
Improvements in communications
Submarine telegraph cables linking financial markets: English Channel in 1851,
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 1-7
Introduction
The study of international economics has never been
as important as it is now.
• At the beginning of the 21st century, nations are more
The Balance of Payments
• Some countries run large trade surpluses.
Slide 1-9
Introduction
Figure 1-2: Exports and Imports as Percentages of National Income in 1994
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 1-10
What is International Economics About?
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
复旦国际贸易英文课件03
Specific-Factors Model
• Will continue to use two countries: Home and Foreign. • Home Country
W PM MPLM W PA MPLA
Specific-Factors Model
• Since we assume that labor is mobile, the wages in the two industries must be equal. • Relative price of manufacturing equals the opportunity cost of manufacturing (slope of PPF).
w Rising relative prices in the export sector w Falling relative prices in the import sector
• So what we really want to know is how changes in relative prices affect the earnings of factors
w If L continues to move to manufacturing, MPLA rises and MPLM falls so the slope of the PPF gets steeper.
Specific-Factors Model
主题班会-复旦国际贸易英文3课件
• So what we really want to know is how changes in relative prices affect the earnings of factors
Mobile factors (such as labor) can offset losses from changes in relative prices by seeking employment in other sectors.
Specific-Factors Model
• Will continue to use two countries: Home and Foreign.
§ The slope is the opportunity cost of producing one unit of manufacturing.
w If L continues to move to manufacturing, MPLA rises and MPLM falls so the slope of the PPF gets steeper.
• Bolivia’s exporting of natural gas is over $500 million per year, which are the gain from exporting.
Case Study
• Although the export of natural gas clearly generated gains for the foreign-owned and stateowned companies that sold the resources, the indigenous peoples have only begun to share in those gains.
复旦国际贸易英语
Unit one一．单词经济体economy/ 架桥，渡过bridge/停滞，迟钝stagnate/ 迄今，至今hitherto/琐细的，价值不高的，微不足道的trivial/ 喷射，冲刺spurt/可销售性marketability /强大的，令人敬畏的，可怕的，艰难的formidable/标签tag/ 分母，命名者denominator/实际知识，技术秘诀，诀窍know-how/ 要求，假定postulate/切实的，可触摸的tangible/ 带头，带领spearhead/潜藏，潜伏，埋伏lurk/逃不掉地，解决不了地，解不开地inextricably/结块lump/ 成分，因素ingredient/诡辩的，久经世故的sophisticated/ 以经验为主地empirically/收缩，使皱缩，缩短shrink/ 干草堆haystack/组成公司的，合成一体的incorporated/ 驳倒，反驳refute/具体表达，使具体化，包含，收录embody/统未加权的，无重负的，不被认为重要的unweighted/夸大的叙述，夸张overstate/ 达到attainment/潜在的，可能的potential/ 扭曲，变形，曲解，失真distortion/协作，通敌collaboration/ 统协方差covariance/实物资本physical capital/ 国内生产总值gross domestic product/总要素生产力，总要素生产率total factor productivity/国别的country-specific/ 决策机构policy-making institution/经济合作与发展组织organisation for economic co-operation and development/大韩民国republic of korea/ 新加坡singapore/罗伯特.M.索洛Robert M.solow/ 加纳Ghana二．短语1.对经济增长必不可少的实物资本的积累The accumulation of physical capital indispensable to economic growth 2.引进国外的先进设备和技术诀窍To import advanced equipment and know-how from abroad3.占世界技术贸易总量90%的许可证贸易License trade accounting for 90 percent of the total volume of the world’s trade of technology4.经济发展中所反映出来的人力资本的匮乏Lack of human capital reflected in economic development5.高科技对产业调整的重大影响The great impact of high technology on the adjustment of industries 6.推动经济增长的关键因素Key factors driving economic growth7.从一个农业国向工业国的转型The transformation from an agricultural nation into an industrial one8.构成全要素生产率增长的有形和无形要素The tangible and intangible factors making up the total factor productivity growth9.隐藏在技术进步之后的教育系统的改善The improvement of educational systems lurking in technological progress10.该产业中资本与劳动力的比率The ratio of capital to labour in this industry11.增加劳动力数量并提高其教育培训程度Expand the labour force and increase its education and training12.研发部门在跨国公司经营中的作用The role of the R&D department in the operations of multinational corporations13.一份对多国技术进步情况进行分析的报告A study report analyzing variations in technical progress across a large number of countries14.把计量和模型结合引入经济分析To incorporate quantity and models into economic analysis15.发达国家和发展中国家在收入上的巨大差距Great gap in incomes between developed and developing nations 三．翻译在信息时代，竞争力的关键是知识，而不是实物资产或资源。
国际贸易专业英语 全套课件共283页文档
countries? Do you know what new issues does the Dora Round
3. the method or methods of transport to be used, for example, by road and sea or by any other recognised means of transport
4. product price and the currency used in the quotation
Another important difference in relation to traditional trade theories is that modern trade theories abandon the assumption of constant returns to scale and replace it with the concept of economies of scale in production. For example, this may mean that as a company produces on a larger scale, average costs fall (internal economies of scale), but also that costs will decline if numerous other businesses are established in the vicinity (external economies of scale), or both.
国际贸易英语第二章讲义教学内容
International Trade TheoriesChapter 2 Modern Trade Theories (1)In Chapter 2 and 3 we have discussed the benefits from trade. In this and the next two chapters, our discussion will be focused on providing the theoretical basis for international trade by introducing the most popular modern trade theories, such as the theories of mercantilism, absolute advantage and comparative advantage, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of factor endowments, the Leontief paradox, the product life-cycle theory and the “Gravity” model of trade by Andrew Rose and some other new trade theories.Mercantilism(1) ConceptMercantilism can be defined in various ways but most popularly it is defined as a sort of economic doctrine seeking to secure a nation’s supremacy over other state s by the accumulation of precious metal (silver and gold) and by exporting the largest possible quantity of products while importing as little as possible.(2) Historical backgroundThis doctrine or theory representing the first stage in the development of modern trade theory, arose during the period 1500-1800 in Europe (mainly in Britain and France) with the decline of feudalism and the rise of capitalism. The quick growth of capitalism called for accumulation of currency and expansion of market.(3) Major view points of mercantilists and criticism of mercantilismAccording to the mercantilists like Thomos Mun (157-1641), the central question was how a country could regulate its domestic and international affairs so as to promote its own interests. The solution lay in a strong foreign trade sector. If a nation could achieve a favorable trade balance (trade surplus or a surplus of exports over imports), it would make a lot of money in the form of gold and silver. Such revenues would contribute to increased spending and a rise in domestic output and employment.To achieve a trade surplus the mercantilists like Thomos Mun advocated governmental regulation of trade. Tariffs, quotas and other commercial policies (even monopolization) were proposed by mercantilists to minimize imports in order to protect a nation’s trade position. In 1630, Thomos Mun —the mercantilist English writer was quoted as saying: “The ordinary means therefore to increase our wealth and treasure is by foreign trade, wherein we must observe the rule: to sell more to strangers yearly than we consume of theirs in value.”By the 18th century, the economic policies of the mercantilists were under strong attack. For example, David Hume expressed his disagreement with mercantilists by saying that a favorable trade balance was possible only in the short run, for over time it would automatically be eliminated. Adam Smith also opposed the theory of mercantilism with the theory of free trade and international division of labor.(4) Is mercantilism dead?The answer is no. It is still living and working in developed countries.Some trade experts say Japan is a neo-mercantilist nation because its government, while publicly supporting free trade, simultaneously seeks to protect certain segments of its economy from more efficient foreign competition. This example shows the theory of mercantilism remain inpractice today. But modern version of mercantilism differs from the original in that today the accumulation of convertible currency instead of gold and silver is often the goal of governments.Absolute AdvantageThe second modern theory explaining why nations trade is Adam Smith’s absolute advantage. This theory of absolute advantage also represents the first stage in the development of modern trade theories.(1) DefinitionWhen country A can produce a unit of a good with less labor than country B we say that country A has an absolute advantage in producing that good.(2) Major views of this theoryAdam Smith (1723-1790), one of the most influential classical economists was a leading advocate of free trade on the grounds that it promoted the international division of labor. According to his theory of absolute advantage, nations could concentrate their production on goods they could make most cheaply, with all the consequent benefits of the division of labor.In further explaining his principle of absolute advantage he used some suppositions. “In a two-country two-product world”, he said, international trade and specialization will be beneficial when one country has an absolute cost advantage (that is, it can produce a good using fewer resources) in the production of one product, whereas the other country has about cost advantage in the other product. For nations to benefit from the international division of labor, each nation must have a kind of goods that it is absolutely more efficient in producing than its trading partner.Smith felt it was far better for a country to import goods that could be produced overseas more efficiently than to manufacture them itself. Countries would import goods in the production of which they had an absolute disadvantage against the exporting country. They would export goods in the production of which they had an absolute advantage over the importing country.More of his theory of absolute advantage can be found in his landmark book The wealth of Nations written in 1776 in which Adam Smith attacked the mercantilist assumption that trade was a zero-sum game. In Smith’s opinion each nation had some sort of absolute advantage in the production of certain goods. If it could specialize in the production of them and then exchange the goods with each other, every country would receive a benefit.(3) Illustration of the theory of absolute advantageSuppose there it’s a two-country, two-product world in which Ghana produces cocoa and South Korea rice. Assume that Ghana and South Korea both have 200 units of resources and that these resources can be used to produce either. Further imagine that in Ghana (due to its favorable climate, goods soil and ready access to world shipping routes) it takes 10 units of resources to produce one ton of cocoa and 20 units of resources to produce one ton of rice. Thus, Ghana could produce 20 tons of cocoa and no rice, 10 tons of rice and no cocoa, or some combination of rice and cocoa in between the two extremes.Similarly imagine that in South Korea it takes 40 units of resources to produce one ton of cocoa and 10 units of resources to produce one ton of rice. Thus, South Korea could produce 5tons of cocoa and no rice, 20 tons of rice and no cocoa, or some combination between the two extremes. Clearly, Ghana has an absolute advantage in the production of cocoa and South Korea has an absolute advantage in the production of rice as shown in the following figure.So it is mutually beneficial for Ghana and South Korea to sell the product in the production of which they have absolute advantage.Comparative Advantage(1) DefinitionComparative advantage can be defined in the following two ways:a. According to the theory of comparative advantage, it makes sense for a country to specialize in the production of those goods it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods that it produces less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself.b. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other good is lower in that country than it is in other countries.(2) Chief points of viewIn explaining why nations trade, David Ricardo (1772-1823) developed the trade principle of comparative advantage. According to this principle, even if a nation has an absolute disadvantage in the production of both goods relative to its trading partner, a basis for mutually beneficial trade may still exist. The less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient (where its absolute disadvantage is least). The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is comparatively more efficient (where its absolute advantage is greatest). Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo. The Ricardian model or principle of comparative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.(3) Illustration of the principle of comparative advantageThe operation of comparative advantage principle can be shown by the following figure:Assume that Ghana is more efficient in the production of both cocoa and rice, that Ghana hasan absolute advantage in the production of both goods. And that in Ghana it takes 10 units of resources to produce one ton of cocoa and 3113 units of resources to produce one ton of rice. Thus, given its 200 units of resources, Ghana can produce 20 tons of cocoa and no rice, 15 tons of rice and no cocoa, or any combination between on its PPF.In South Korea ittakes 40 units of resources to produce one ton of cocoa and 20 units of resources to produce one ton of rice. Thus, South Korea can produce 5 tons of cocoa and no rice,10 tons of rice and no cocoa or any combination on its PPF.Again assume that without trade each country uses half of its resources to produce rice and half to produce cocoa. Thus, without trade, Ghana will produce 10 tons of cocoa and 7.5 tons of rice, while South Korea will produce 2.5 tons of cocoa and 5 tons of rice. In light of Ghana’s absolute advantage in the production of both cocoa and rice why should it trade with South Korea? The answer is: Although Ghana has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods, it has comparative advantage only in the production of cocoa. In other words Ghana can produce 4 times as much cocoa as South Korea, but only 1.5 times as much rice. Ghana is comparatively more efficient at producing cocoa than it is at producing rice. In such a case when Ghana specializes in the production of cocoa and sell it in exchange for South Kore a’s rice which it is more efficient at producing, there is still mutually beneficial trade.(4) Comparison between the theory of absolute advantage and the theory of comparative advantageAfter comparison we’ll find Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantag e is more advanced than Smith’s theory of absolute advantage. According to Smith’s view, the product exported by a country must be a good which the exporting country has absolute advantage to produce and the cost of producing it must be absolutely lower than the same good of another country. But David Ricardo took Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage one step further. In his opinion not necessarily every country has to produce all sorts of goods. What a nation should do is to concentrate its efforts and resources on producing those goods high can generate more advantage and bring about less disadvantages. Under such conditions international trade would result in international division of labor and specialization beneficial to all countries. In addition, Ricardo particularly stressed labor productivity and argued that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage.Despite the differences between the two theories they have something in common. Both Smith and Ricardo emphasized the supply side of the market and the fact that the immediate basis for trade stemmed from cost differences. Actually Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was developed on the basis of Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.New Words1.doctrine 学说，理论2. feudalism 封建主义3. to regulate （依法）管理4. interests 利益（单数interest表示“利息”）5. to advocate 拥护，提倡6. to observe 遵守7. segment 部门8.version 说法，看法9. convertible 可兑换的10. to underlie 构成（理论、政策等）的基础11. monopolization 垄断Useful Phrases and Idiomatic Expressions1. to provide a basis for 为……提供根据2. to secure supremacy over sb. 获得超过某人的霸权3. to call for 要求，需要4. to contribute to 对……起一分作用5. t o be quoted as saying“……” 被引述时这样说道“……”6. to consume of sth. 消费某物7. under strong attack 受到强有力的打击8. to express disagreement with sb. 表示对某人的不同意9. in the short run 在短期内（＝in the short term）10. relative to 与……相比较11. in light of 按照，根据12. to take sth. One step further 比……高出一筹13. to concentrate sth. on sth. else 将某事集中于某事ExercisesI. Answer the following Questions:1. What is meant by the theory of absolute advantage?2. Can you give a good illustration of comparative advantage?3. Why is comparative-advantage theory more popular advantage?4. What is mercantilism? What are its main view points?5. In what way is the modern version of mercantilism different from the original one?6. What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the theory of absolute advantage and thetheory of comparative advantage?II. Translate the following into English”1.李嘉图认为每个国家不一定要生产各种商品，而应集中力量生产那些利益较大或不利较小的商品然后通过国际贸易互相获益。
国际贸易实务英文版第二版ppt周瑞琪1.Gerneralintroduction
SEIB OF GDUFS
15
1.4.1 The preparation of a transaction
Studying creditability of the partner
Credit reference from
the local bank or correspondent bank
business range and annual sales volume sales literature and pricelists major customers business culture
SEIB OF GDUFS
6
1.3 Classification of international trade
From the direction of cargo flow
Export trade
domestic market →international market for sale
Import trade
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
PRACTICE
By Zhou Ruiqi Wang Xiaoou Xuyuefang
of School of English for International Business
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Chapter One
SEIB OF GDUFS
10
1.3 Classification of international trade
From settlement instrument involved
Barter trade
Exchange of goods or services without an intervening medium of exchange or money
国际贸易英文讲义
Chapter 1 An Overview of International Trade1.1 International Trade1.1.1 Definition of International Trade1 International TradeInternational Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between nations. It is also known as foreign trade or overseas trade.2 Difference between international trade and domestic tradeThe fundamental characteristic making international trade different from domestic trade is that international trade involves transactions that take place across national borders. Special problems may arise in international trade, which are not normally experienced in domestic trade.These problems are listed as follows:·International trade usually has to be conducted in foreign languages and under foreign laws and regulations.·It is difficult to obtain information about the credit and financial standing of the possible dealing partners.·It is often unavoidable to use foreign currency in international trade and exchange rate variations can be risky to international traders.·Numerous culture differences may have to be taken into account in international trade.·Risks levels might be higher in foreign market. The risks include political risks, commercial risks, financial risks and transportation risks.1.1.2 Why Nations TradeAlmost every nation of the world export goods to other countries. Likewise, almost every nation import goods from other nations. Why do countries of the world engage in international trade? Why are thy not self-sufficient, capable of living exclusively on the goods and services produced within their own borders? Various answers can be cited. In general, the reasons for international trade can be classified as resource reasons, economic reasons, and political reasons.Resources ReasonsSome nations of the world have certain conditions or resources that provide them with a basisfor international trade. Illustrations include the following:·Favorable climate conditions and terrain. For example, Colombia and Brazil have just the right climate for growing coffee beans.·Natural resources. If a country has an abundance of natural resources, it is common to find some of these resources being exported. Tin from Bolivia and oil from the Middle East countries are examples. On the other hand, among highly industrialized nations, the raw materials are often sold in finished form. For example, the United States sells its own iron ore in the form of steal products.·Skilled workers. If a nation has a great many skilled workers, it can produce sophisticated equipment and machinery such as computers, jet aircraft, electric generators, etc.·Capital resources, Another important factor in international trade is that of capital resources. These include things such as plant, machinery, and equipment. Poor countries, of course, lack these capital resources and must rely heavily on manual labor in making goods for both domestic consumption and international trade.·Favorable geographic location and transportation costs. Nations located near each other tend to do more trading than those located thousands of miles apart.Economic ReasonsAnother reason why nations engage in international trade is to secure some kind of economic benefit. However, this gain will be obtained only if they produce and sell the right goods. In determining which goods these are, the business people of the country must understand two important principles: 1) absolute advantage, and 2) comparative advantage, which will be discussed in chapter 2 trade theories.Political ReasonsSome nations of the world trade with others for basically political reasons. For example, the former Soviet Union had trade with Cuba for two decades. Why? Because the Soviet wanted to support a government in the country that was in basic agreement with their political doctrine. The United States has traded with South Korea for a long time for similar reasons. In both cases, political objectives have outweighed economic consideration. The reverse is also true: nations often refuse to trade with others because of political disagreements.1.1.3 History of International TradeTrade between the peoples and countries of the world is as old as human history．Land and sea routes connected the first civilizations in Mesopotamia and around the Mediterranean：and thePhoenicians of the eastern Mediterranean traded metals，cedar wood，cloth，and animals across the sea as early as 3,000 BC．One of the most important land routes was the Silk Road, connecting China in the east with the Roman Empire in the west．Silks，gemstones，perfumes，and other luxury goods were carried along this route from 300 BC onwards，providing a direct link between two of the major civilizations of the world．The European end of this route was controlled first by Constantinople (Istanbul) and then by the cities of northern Italy，particularly Venice，which grew rich on the proceeds of this trade．In the 15th and 16th centuries，the development of sea-going vessels and advances in navigation by the Portuguese and Spanish led to a vast increase in world trade, as European merchants sought out new markets in Africa and Asia and brought back rare spices and other exotic goods．All of the major European nations set up trading posts around the world which grew into colonies and eventually，between the 16th and 19th centuries，developed into land-based empires many times the size of their parent countries．During the 18th and 19th centuries，the Industrial Revolution transformed the British economy into the richest in the world．New factories manufacturing cotton and other goods sprung up throughout the country，requiring raw materials from overseas to keep them supplied．This led to a vast increase in world trade and established Britain as the world’S largest trading nation．The development of railways and steam ships enabled goods to be transported around the world in a fraction of the time achieved by sailing ships．A century later，most of Europe and North America were industrialized，leading to the dominance of the world economy by a few key nations．Until the mid-20th century，trade was mainly in primary products，but today it is dominated by the import and export of secondary and tertiary products between industrialized nations．The pattern of world trade has shifted in the 20th century as developed nations have set up their own manufacturing plants in developing countries，where labor and manufacturing costs are much cheaper．This situation can be both helpful and harmful to the developing country．For example，the new industry can create employment for the people living there，develop the infrastructure，and boost the economy．However，such a set-up can also be seen as explorative because wages are often very low，the majority of profits go to the manufacturer，and the situation often prevents the host country from developing its own manufacturing base，thereby increasing its reliance on expensive imports．Today，tourism is all increasingly important service industry in developing nations whose economies would otherwise be solely dependent on one or two primary products．As these poorer countries become more profitable，they will have more money to invest in their own industries，and so the balance of trade will shift again，as it continues to reflect the fluctuating fortunes and needs of the nations of the world．1.2 Basic Concepts of International Trade1.2.1 International Trade Classification1. Import vs. exportAs everyone knows, there are imports and exports in international trade, classified by the directions of the movement of commodity traded. Buy in commodities from another country is import and sell out commodities to another country is export. Normally, every nation's foreign trade comprises both imports and exports.2. Tangible trade vs. intangible tradeInternational trade could be classified into the two types of tangible trade and intangible trade by nature of the commodity traded.1) Tangible tradeTangible trade, also referred to as visible trade, is the international exchange of tangible goods. There are many varieties of goods being traded internationally. According to SITC (Standard International Trade Classification), the international trade commodities could be classified into 10 categories as follows: food stuffs ( 0 ) ; beverages and tobacco ( 1 ) ; non-food items ( not including fuels ) ( 2 ) ; mineral fuel, lubricating oil and related raw material (3) ; animal and vegetable oils and fats and wax (4) ; chemical industrial products and related products (5) ; finished products classified by raw materials (6) ; machinery and transportation equipment (7) ; other products (8) ; items of unclassified commodities (9).When we import/export the above goods, we have to carry out importing/exporting customs formalities and the goods should be checked by the customs. Therefore, such transactions are observable, i.e. visible. These tangible commodities have to be shipped from the exporting country to the importing country.In the history of international trade, the tangible trade has taken the dominate role for a long time. Nowadays, tangible trade still represents a major share in international trade.2) Intangible tradeIntangible trade is the international exchange of intangible goods, such as service and intellectual property right. Such transactions can not be observed and recorded by the customs, which is the reason why they are also termed invisible trade. Intangible trade is far more complicated than tangible trade and very much different from it.General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) defines the trade in services as: (1) services supplied from the territory of one party to the territory of another (for example, TV shows); (2) services supplied in the territory of one party to the consumers of any other ( for example, tourism) ; (3) services provided through the presence of service providing entities of one party inthe territory of any other ( for example, banking) ; (4) services provided by nationals of one party in the territory of any other ( for example, construction projects or consultancies) Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) defines the scope of the intellectual property rights as follows: copyright, trademark/service mark, patent, trade secret and know-how, geographical indication, industrial design, layout design of integrated circuit, etc.3. Direct trade vs. indirect tradeDirect trade means that the producing country sells the goods directly to the consuming country. To the producing country, it exports the goods directly and to the consuming country it imports directly. However, the goods may be shipped directly or indirectly from the producing country to the consuming country. If the goods are shipped through a third country, the third country is referred to as a transit country. To the transit country, such a transaction is transit trade and may be imposed a transit duty. In practice, transit trade will exist when inland countries trade with non-adjoining countries, for example, Mongolia trades with the United States.Indirect trade means that the producing country sell the goods to a third country first and then the third country resells them to the consuming country. Respectively, to the producing country and the consuming country, such a transaction is indirect export and indirect import. To the third country, this is entrepot trade. Entrepot trade is usually carried out by a middleman in the third country but the goods are shipped directly from the producing country to the consuming country in normal cases.1.2.2 Important Terms about International Trade1. Favorable balance of trade vs. unfavorable balance of tradeWhen a country exports more than it imports within a certain period (normally a year), it is said to have a favourable balance of trade (trade surplus). On the contrary, when it imports more than it exports, an unfavourable balance of trade (trade deficit) exists. Generally, most nations hope to have favourable balances of trade.Balance of trade is one of the most important compositions of current account of a nation’s balance of payment.2. General trade system vs. special trade systemThere are two systems of recording merchandise exports and imports in common use. They are referred to as general trade system and special trade system.General trade system is a system under which statistic figures are collected based on the country territory. It covers all types of inward and outward movements of goods cross the country border.Special trade system is a system under which statistic figures are collected based on the customs territory. It covers all types of inward and outward movements of goods through the customs territory.The two systems differ because of the difference between the country territory and the customs territory. Normally, the two territories are the same. But sometimes, the former may be larger than the latter. Many countries set up bonded warehouses and free trade zones which are in the country territory but out of the customs territory. Thus the customs territory is not as large as the country territory. In other special cases, the country territory may be smaller than the customs territory. For instance, as to the members of EU, such as France, German, Italy, and etc, they all have the uniform customs territory of EU which is much larger than their individual country territories.At present, more than 90 countries or regions adopt the general system, including Japan, Britain, Canada, USA, Australia, China, etc. About 83countries or regions adopt the special system, including Germany, Italy, France, etc.3. Value of international trade vs. quantum of international tradeValue of international trade refers to the sum of the exports based on FOB prices of all nations within a certain period, and sometimes it may be also called the value of world trade. It shall be distinguished from the term "value of foreign trade" which means the total amount of the import and export of a nation within a certain period.Quantum of international trade is the value of international trade without the influence of the factor of price fluctuations. It is calculated on the basis of the value of international trade within the same period by a statistical method. For example: in 1997, the value of international trade is $ 5,450 billion. Take 1990 as the base period, the price index in 1997 is 200%. Then the quantum of international trade is 5440/200% = $ 2720 billion.In the same way, the quantum of foreign trade is to be calculated on the basis of the value of foreign trade of the certain nation.4. The commodity composition of international tradeThe commodity composition of international trade is the constitution of all kinds of goods in world trade. As for an individual nation, the constitution of all kinds of goods in its foreign trade is termed "the commodity composition of foreign trade''. Here, generally speaking, the traded goods shall be classified according to SITC.5. The geographical composition of international tradeThe geographical composition of international trade indicates that which country is the biggest trader in the world and which is the second and so on. As far as an individual nation is concerned, the term "geographical composition of foreign trade'' shows that which country is its most important trade partner.6. The degree of dependence on foreign tradeThe degree of dependence on foreign trade indicates the role of foreign trade in a nation's economy. It is the ratio of the total value of foreign trade to the GDP.The following two indices are also used commonly ~ the degree of dependence on import (ratio of the total amount of import to the GDP) and the degree of dependence on export ( ratio of the total amount of export to the GDP).For the purpose of promoting economic development, all the three ratios should be at a moderate level, not be too big or too small.。
国际贸易PPT课件
绪 论
A
思考问题： 什么是国内贸易？请举例说明。 对外贸易和国际贸易是一回事吗？
B
1、国际贸易（International Trade）是指不同国家（和/或地区）之间的商品和劳务的交换活动。国际贸易是商品和劳务的国际转移。国际贸易也叫世界贸易。 国际贸易由进口贸易（Import Trade）和出口贸易(Export Trade)两部分组成，故有时也称为进出口贸易。 2、国际贸易（International Trade） 国际贸易是人类社会发展到一定历史阶段的产物，是指世界各国（地区）之间进行的商品交换。它既包括有形商品（ 实物商品 ）交换，也包括无形商品（劳务、技术、教育、咨询等）交换。这种交换活动，从一个国家（地区）的角度看，称为该国（ 地区 ）的对外贸易；从世界范围看，世界各国（地区）对外贸易的总和构成了国际贸易，也称世界贸易。
03
在规定的时间后结束，各组统计活动结果并进行反思（填入发下的表格）。
04
2、要求：
公告一：
商品名称
规格
单价
16K纸
10元/张
圆形
直径8厘米
30元/个
半圆形
直径8厘米
20元/个
矩形
8×4厘米
20元/个
直角三角形
8×4厘米
15元/个
活动一段时间(6分钟)后，各组统计赢利状况，并进行自我反思
公告二（信息变化了）：
商品名称
规格
单价
变动前
16K纸
20元/张
10元/张
圆形
直径8厘米
30元/个
30元/个
半圆形
直径8厘米
10元/个
20元/个
矩形
8×4厘米
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Problem Set2
1.Suppose Indonesia and Canada trade in sarongs and e the following data for Canada to answer the questions:
Sarongs:Sales revenue P S×Q S=80
Payments to labor W×L S=80
Payments to capital R×K S=40
Percentage increase in the price△P S/P S=25%
Beer:Sales revenue P B×Q B=80
Payments to labor W×L B=30
Payments to capital R×K B=60
Percentage increase in the price△P B/P B=0%
a.Which industry is labor intensive?
pute the percentage change in the rental on capital.
pare the magnitude of the percentage change in the rental on capital in part(b)with that of labor.
d.Identify the factor that benefits from trade in real terms.Which factor loses?
2.Suppose two countries,France and Germany,use only capital and labor for production.France has2,050units of capital and916units of labor and Germany has816units of capital and270 units of labor.Both countries produce two goods,cars and wine.In Germany,there are366units of capital and135units of labor employed in the wine industry.In France,there are926units of capital and618units of labor employed in the wine industry.
a.Which country is labor-abundant?Which country is capital-abundant?
b.Which industry is labor-intensive in Germany?Which industry is capital-intensive in Germany?
c.Suppose that France and Germany do not engage in international trade.Assuming the countries have identical preferences,which country would have the cheaper relative price of wine?
d.Now,suppose the two countries trade with one another.What will happen to the relative price of wine in France?In Germany?
e.What is the effect of free trade on labor in France?On capital owners in France?
f.What are the effects of free trade on wage and rental on capital in Germany?
g.With the opening of trade,what is most likely to occur in terms of the production of cars in France?In Germany?
3.Assume that Mexico receives an inflow of FDI.Suppose two factors(labor and capital)are used in the production in two industries(food and televisions).Further assume that televisions are capital intensive as compared with e the long run model to answer the following questions.
a.Show the impact of the inflow of FDI on Mexico’s production of both goods.
b.How has wage changed in terms of food and televisions?
4.Suppose a country has two specific factors,land and nd is an input in the production
of corn.Capital is used only in the production of rockets.A third factor,labor,is mobile between the two sectors.Holding all else constant,what is the effect of an increase in the amount of available capital
a.on the real return on capital?
b.on the real return of the mobile factor of production?
c.on the output of corn and rockets?
5.Portland and Aleland are two identical countries.Beer manufacturers in each country compete under monopolistic competition.
a.Suppose the two countries engage in trade.Determine the impact of free trade on consumers in Portland.
b.What are the two channels that free trade affects the consumers?How are they realized?
e the simplified offshoring model with two activities and the information below to answer the following questions.
Two countries:Techland and Prodland
Two activities:Assembly,which is low-skilled-labor intensive,and product development,which is high-skilled-labor intensive.
Final good:JPod
Prodland:W L P=1,000,W S P=5,000
Techland:W L T=30,000,W S T=90,000
The costs of capital and trade are uniform across production activities.
a.Which country has the higher relative wage of low-skilled labor?
b.Suppose the two countries engage in trade.Which activity will Techland outsource?Explain.
c.Suppose the cost of capital in Prodland decreases.What do you expect will happen to the relative wage in each country?。