美国文学史-Hawthorne-and-MelvillePPT
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美国文学课件4
3. Hawthorne’s moral vision in short stories (1)―Young Goodman Brown‖ : A young man’s initiation to realize the all-prevailing power of sin among the puritan community and their attempt to hide the sin.
Hawthorne’s Style: (1) Hawthorne’s truth, which is more psychological than theological, is conveyed mainly through allegory and symbol. (2 )ambiguity. Hawthorne seems to imply that polarities of good and bad can not always be reconciled..
Negative Capability in 19th Century American Literature --Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Edgar Allan Poe
I. Relationship with Transcendentalism:
II. Key concept: Negative Capability: 1. the origin of the phrase: negative capability was first used by John Keats. In a letter written in December 1817, Keats defined it as the capability in good poets of including uncertainties and other negative emotions without stretching for reason and without losing reason.
美国文学PPT
在1873年，塞丝和她的女儿丹芙住在辛辛那提附近农村地区124号 的一所房子里。由于塞丝过去的经历和她的孤傲，她们受到当地 人的排斥。自从逃出“甜蜜家园”农场后十八年已经过去了。这 个农场由一个被称之为老师的凶残的男人经营着，这个人一边允 许他的侄子们残害塞丝一边做笔录用以科学地研究黑人。因此， 已经怀孕的塞丝逃跑了，逃跑的路上在一个叫做艾米的白人妇女 的帮助下生下了孩子。此时理应陪在塞丝身边的丈夫却消失了。 带着四个孩子逃往辛辛那提后塞丝只享受了28天的自由便被她的 主人追到，塞丝试图把她的孩子全都杀死而不愿让他们沦为奴隶， 但最后只杀死了其中的一个。她的主人因为认为塞丝已不能继续 当仆人而丢弃了她，而塞丝也免于绞刑继续在124号抚养剩下的三 个孩子。死去孩子的灵魂开始出没于她们居住的房子，两个儿子 霍华德和巴尔格两度遇见灵魂后心惊胆战地离开了。祖母贝比"萨 格斯也因此伤心而患病死去。贝比"萨格斯以前在辛辛那提的黑人 社区有着相当大的影响力，被许多人热奉为鼓舞人心的“圣女”。 自从塞丝出事后她便放弃讲道卧病在床。她死后数年里塞丝和丹 芙孤独地继续生活在小房子里，特别是丹芙，虽然已经十八岁， 但还是不敢离开房子半步。
获奖
此外，莫里森还荣获下列奖项： 1977年 《所罗门之歌》获全国图书评论界奖（National Book Critics Circle Award） 1977年 或美国艺术与文学学院奖（American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Award） 1987-88年 获罗伯特·肯尼迪图书奖（Robert F. Kennedy Book Award） 1988年 《宝贝儿》获美国图书奖（American Book Award） 1988年 《宝贝儿》获安斯非尔德-沃尔夫种族关系图书奖（Anisfield-Wolf Book Award in Race Relations） 1988年 《宝贝儿》获普利策小说奖（Pulitzer Prize for Fiction） 1989年 美国现代语言协会联邦文学奖（MLA Commonwealth Award in Literature） 1993年 获法国艺术及文学司令勋章（Commander of the Arts and Letters ） 1994年 获孔多塞奖章（Condorcet Medal） 1994年 获赛珍珠奖（Pearl Buck Award） 1994年 获雷吉耶姆·朱里文学奖（Rhegium Julii Prize for Literature） 1996年 获全国图书基金美国文学突出贡献奖（National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters） 2000年 获全国人文奖章（National Humanities Medal）
《英美文学霍桑介绍》课件
孤独与创作
筆觸與想像
霍桑通常在独处的环境中创作， 他的写作桌上摆满了他的神秘 玩偶和旧照片。
霍桑的书写风格极富想象力， 他的文字充满了独特的魅力和 意象。
象征主义手法
霍桑善于运用象征主义的手法， 通过象征物和隐喻给作品注入 了深意。
霍桑的影响
霍桑的作品对美国文学和社会产生了深远的影响，他在文学史上扮演着重要的角色。
罪与赎
《红字》中艾丽西亚的遭遇和挣扎展现了罪 与赎的主题。
道德与良知
霍桑通过作品反思了人们的道德选择和内心 的良知。
自由与束缚
《七间小屋》中的人物们经历了自由和束缚 的斗争，展示了社会和个体的内在冲突。
黑暗与光明
霍桑的作品中充满了黑暗和光明之间的对抗 和纠结。
分析霍桑的写作风格
霍桑独特的写作风格使他的作品充满了戏剧性、浪漫主义和内省。
家族关系与影响
霍桑的家族背景以及家人对他 的影响是他创作的重要因素。
原生家庭中的早期经历
霍桑的早年经历和人际关系塑 造了他的个性和写作风格。
霍桑的文学生涯
霍桑的文学生涯充满了辛酸和辉煌，他的作品对美国文学产生了深远的影响。
1
《红字》的成功与转折
2
霍桑通过《红字》一举成名，但这也
为他带来了新的挑战和困扰。
霍桑与后现代主义
霍桑的作品中的主题和技巧 与后现代主义文学的思想紧 密相关。
社会隐喻与当代问 题
霍桑通过作品中的社会隐喻 和问题触及了当代社会和人 们的内心世界。
文学创新与实验
霍桑在文学创作中的创新和 实验影响了现代作家的写作 风格和思考方式。
结论：霍桑在美国文学中的地位
霍桑是美国文学史上的重要人物，他的作品和思想永远铭刻在美国文化的丰碑上。
《文学美国文学》PPT课件
因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的),
total depravity(人类是完全堕落的，所以
人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到
最好以取悦上帝), limited atonement (有
限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上
帝的拯救)
h
3
American Puritanism
Features of American Puritan
h
8
2. Early American Puritan Writers
• John Smith, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown: His descriptions about the new world became the source of information for the later settlers.
Exercise
Colonial period and Revolutionary period Early Romanticism Transcendentalism Late Romanticism
The age of Realism
Irving Franklin Cooper Emerson Hawthorne Twain James Dreiser Melville Thoreau
himself to writing Amh erican subject
12
2. Evaluation. (Benjamin Franklin1706 – 1790)
1) He was a rare genius in human history. Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace, and he became almost everything: a printer, postmaster, citizen, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, statesman, philosopher, political economist and ambassador.
美国文学 Nathaniel Hawthorne ppt
10
Hawthorne’s Point of View:
1) Evil is at the core of human life.
Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.
The Scarlet Letter
The story is an elaboration of a fact that the author takes out of the life of the Puritan past.
Hester Prynne, who lives before the close of the 17th century, commits some form of adultery with a clergyman Dimmesdale and is punished to have to wear a scarlet letter A on her breast.
房子》
• • • • 3. The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 4. The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》 5. Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》 6. Snow Image and Other Stories
The Scarlet Letter:
• It is a full-length novel . • The theme of the novel is the colonial times two hundred years ago. • It expose the cruelty of Social statute ,the deception of religious and the hypocrisy of moral in 19th century.
Hawthorne’s Point of View:
1) Evil is at the core of human life.
Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.
The Scarlet Letter
The story is an elaboration of a fact that the author takes out of the life of the Puritan past.
Hester Prynne, who lives before the close of the 17th century, commits some form of adultery with a clergyman Dimmesdale and is punished to have to wear a scarlet letter A on her breast.
房子》
• • • • 3. The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 4. The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》 5. Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》 6. Snow Image and Other Stories
The Scarlet Letter:
• It is a full-length novel . • The theme of the novel is the colonial times two hundred years ago. • It expose the cruelty of Social statute ,the deception of religious and the hypocrisy of moral in 19th century.
美国浪漫主义文学 ppt课件
如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点，你
是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进？ • 你所经历的课堂，是讲座式还是讨论式？ • 教师的教鞭 • “不怕太阳晒，也不怕那风雨狂，只怕先生骂我
笨，没有学问无颜见爹娘 ……” • “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
温克尔bracebridgehall1822布雷斯布里奇田庄traveller1824旅客谈christophercolumbus1828哥伦布传granada1829攻克格拉纳达astoria1836阿斯托里亚olivergoldsmith1840revised1849哥尔德斯密斯传hissuccessors1850穆罕默德及其继承者georgewashingtonvolumes18551859华盛顿传18ralphwaldoemerson拉尔夫华尔多爱默生ralphwaldoemersonchiefspokesmannewenglandtranscendentalismwhichunanimouslyagreedromanticperiodamericanliteraturenature1836论自然americanscholar1837论美国学者divinityschooladdress1838神学院演讲oversoul1841selfreliance1841论自立20nathanielhawthorne1804l864纳撒尼尔霍桑julyl804prominentpuritanfamily
2.It tended to be didactic because of Puritan influence;
3.It was both imitative and independent
16
Major writers in The Romantic Period
是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进？ • 你所经历的课堂，是讲座式还是讨论式？ • 教师的教鞭 • “不怕太阳晒，也不怕那风雨狂，只怕先生骂我
笨，没有学问无颜见爹娘 ……” • “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
温克尔bracebridgehall1822布雷斯布里奇田庄traveller1824旅客谈christophercolumbus1828哥伦布传granada1829攻克格拉纳达astoria1836阿斯托里亚olivergoldsmith1840revised1849哥尔德斯密斯传hissuccessors1850穆罕默德及其继承者georgewashingtonvolumes18551859华盛顿传18ralphwaldoemerson拉尔夫华尔多爱默生ralphwaldoemersonchiefspokesmannewenglandtranscendentalismwhichunanimouslyagreedromanticperiodamericanliteraturenature1836论自然americanscholar1837论美国学者divinityschooladdress1838神学院演讲oversoul1841selfreliance1841论自立20nathanielhawthorne1804l864纳撒尼尔霍桑julyl804prominentpuritanfamily
2.It tended to be didactic because of Puritan influence;
3.It was both imitative and independent
16
Major writers in The Romantic Period
美国文学史浪漫主义二
the problem of sin --“Young Goodman Brown” (1835), “Ethan Brand” (1851)
the Puritan Past – The Scarlet Letter (1850) – raises the question of whether Hester and her lover Dimmesdale were really sinful
the psychology of his characters, secret guilt, problem, pride, envy, or the desire for revenge
Nathaniel Hawthorne (18041864)
Mad Scientist story -- “The Birthmark” (1843), “Rappaccini’s Daughter” (1844)
--- Ann Hibbins
Major Works
The Scarlet Letter The House of the Seven Gables The Blithedale Romance The Marble Faun
“Young Goodman Brown” “The Minister’s Black Veil” “The Birth Mark”
Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) and the medieval morality play Everyman.
Salem Witch Trial(1692)
"Examination of a Witch"
“I am no witch. I am innocent. I know nothing of it.”
the Puritan Past – The Scarlet Letter (1850) – raises the question of whether Hester and her lover Dimmesdale were really sinful
the psychology of his characters, secret guilt, problem, pride, envy, or the desire for revenge
Nathaniel Hawthorne (18041864)
Mad Scientist story -- “The Birthmark” (1843), “Rappaccini’s Daughter” (1844)
--- Ann Hibbins
Major Works
The Scarlet Letter The House of the Seven Gables The Blithedale Romance The Marble Faun
“Young Goodman Brown” “The Minister’s Black Veil” “The Birth Mark”
Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) and the medieval morality play Everyman.
Salem Witch Trial(1692)
"Examination of a Witch"
“I am no witch. I am innocent. I know nothing of it.”
HermanMelville美国文学解读精品PPT课件
Moby Dick- Themes
• symbolic work ￡ natural history. • obsession, religion, idealism, • pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, • hierarchical relationships and politics.
Moby -Dick
symbolism
Moby Dick:
❖ To the author, it symbols nature, it is complex, unfathomable and dangerous;
❖ To the captain Ahab, it is evil, is a wall. ❖ To the narrator, Ishmael, it is a mystery. ❖ As a part of the natural world, it represents the
helatersaidwhaleshipmyharvardyalemelville?smajorworkstypee1846omoo1847redburn1849mardi1849玛地政治宗教寓言whitejacket1850白外衣mobydick1851白鲸pierre1852billybudd比利手稿1891未完成
destruction of the environment
Moby -Dick
symbolism
❖ Starbuck: the prime symbol of good ❖ Ahab: with an overwhelming obsession to kill
the whale-evil, but with a baleful fire become himself an evil in his thirst to kill evil. ❖ Its whiteness: a paradoxical color, signifying death and corruption, purity, innocence, and youth.
美国文学史总结PPT课件
人之福，也是众人之父“a common blessing and father to them all”
2019/9/12
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John Winthrop
John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”. 1630年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts并开始写日记keep a journal
其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽 刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.
美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.
2019/9/12
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Edward Taylor
清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they
style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。 他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of
2019/9/12
2019/9/12
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John Winthrop
John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”. 1630年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts并开始写日记keep a journal
其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽 刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.
美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.
2019/9/12
10
Edward Taylor
清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they
style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。 他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of
2019/9/12
美国文学史-Hawthorne-and-MelvillePPT优秀课件
Popularity
❖ 1. One of the most modern of writers, Hawthorne is relevant in theme and attitude. According to H. H. Waggoner, Hawthorne's attitudes use irony, ambiguity, and paradox.
2021/5/25
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❖ 3. Hawthorne's use of psychological analysis (pre-Freudian) is of interest today.
❖ 4. In themes and style, Hawthorne's writings look ahead to Henry James, William Faulkner, and Robert Penn Warren.
2021/5/25
Lecture 6
Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville
1
❖ Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804 – 1864)
2021/5/25
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Nathaniel Hawthorne
❖Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1804.
The House of the Seven Gables (1851)
The Blithedale Romance (1852)
The Marble Faun (1860)
Twice-Told Tales (1837, 1851)
Mosses from an Old Manse (1846, 1854)
❖ 1. One of the most modern of writers, Hawthorne is relevant in theme and attitude. According to H. H. Waggoner, Hawthorne's attitudes use irony, ambiguity, and paradox.
2021/5/25
6
❖ 3. Hawthorne's use of psychological analysis (pre-Freudian) is of interest today.
❖ 4. In themes and style, Hawthorne's writings look ahead to Henry James, William Faulkner, and Robert Penn Warren.
2021/5/25
Lecture 6
Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville
1
❖ Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804 – 1864)
2021/5/25
2
Nathaniel Hawthorne
❖Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1804.
The House of the Seven Gables (1851)
The Blithedale Romance (1852)
The Marble Faun (1860)
Twice-Told Tales (1837, 1851)
Mosses from an Old Manse (1846, 1854)
美国文学 霍桑介绍Nathaniel Hawthorne ppt课件
• Education: reading extensively by his midteens and aspired to be a writer; from 1821-1825, he studied at Bowdoin college in Maine.
Early life influences on Hawthorne
Features of his works
• Setting ： Puritan New England • Themes ： Evil & Sin • Idea ： "Black vision" toward human beings
• Technique ： symbolism
Black Vision :
◇ Supernatural
2. Symbolism
◇ Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. •Example in The Scarlet Letter:
Adultery (shame) Ability (sympathy) Angel (admiration)
➢Themes
1. Dark View of Human Nature（人性之“恶”） 2. Morality and Sin（道德 & 罪恶） 3. Human Isolation（人之孤独）
1.Dark View of Human Nature（人性之“恶”）
◇ Human beings are evil-natured and sinful， and this sin and evil is ever present in human heart and will pass on from one generation to another.
Early life influences on Hawthorne
Features of his works
• Setting ： Puritan New England • Themes ： Evil & Sin • Idea ： "Black vision" toward human beings
• Technique ： symbolism
Black Vision :
◇ Supernatural
2. Symbolism
◇ Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. •Example in The Scarlet Letter:
Adultery (shame) Ability (sympathy) Angel (admiration)
➢Themes
1. Dark View of Human Nature（人性之“恶”） 2. Morality and Sin（道德 & 罪恶） 3. Human Isolation（人之孤独）
1.Dark View of Human Nature（人性之“恶”）
◇ Human beings are evil-natured and sinful， and this sin and evil is ever present in human heart and will pass on from one generation to another.
美国文学关于Nathaniel Hawthorne的课件
1.4. Themes of Hawthorne’s writing Hawthorne’
1. Explore the relationship between the past and the present 2. Explore the hidden motivations of his characters. 3. Examine the effect of hidden sin and secret guilt 4. Moral or immoral, right or wrong is the question Hawthorne always talks about in his works.
At sunset, Goodman Brown leaves his wife Faith, spends the night in the forest, and at dawn returns a changed man. Within this basic structure, the story further divides into four separate scenes, the first and last of which, that is, the departure from and the return to Salem, are balanced. (to be continued)
2.4. Analysis of the theme
Everyone possesses some evil secret.
2.5. Analysis of t.1. Ambiguity: Whether the events of the night are actual or dreamlike Whether Brown is lost to the devil or saved by Faith
美国文学-惠特曼PPT课件
in American literature
.
4
Whitman • Position
A part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism
He believed the American poets would create both new forms and new subject matter for poetry.
我赞美我自己，歌唱我自己， 我所讲的一切，将对你们也一样适合， 因为属于我的每一个原子，也同样属于你。 我闲游，邀请我的灵魂一起， 我俯首下视，悠闲地观察一片夏天的草叶。
—— Song of myself
.
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My tongue, every atom of my blood,
Form’d from this soil, this air,
10
03
Major Works
.
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Whitman • Works
Leaves of Grass《草叶集》
nine editions，from 95 pages,12 poems to 400 pages,401 poems
the first American genuine epic poems
Worked as an office boy, a printer's apprentice, schoolmaster, printer, editor (of eight successive newspapers ), and journalist.
.
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Whitman • Life Experience
ppt课件1103majorworksppt课件12whitman??works?nineeditionsfrom95pages12poemsto400pages401poems?thefirstamericangenuineepicpoems?acollectionofpoemswrittenmainlyinfreeverse?isnobleforitsfrankdelightinandpraiseofthesenses?mostofthepoemsareaboutmanandnaturepraisethenatureandtheindividaulhumansrolethereinleavesofgrass草叶集ppt课件13whitman??works?grassmeans?theimageofthecommonpeople?asymbolofrisingamerica?anenbodimentofhisidealsaboutdemocracyandfreedomleavesofgrass草叶集ppt课件14whitman??leavesofgrass?1855thefirstedition12poemsdidnotsellwellbutmadeastirontheamericaliteraryscene?1856thesecndedition33poems?1860thethirdedition122poems?1867thefourthedition?1871thefiftheditionbegantoreceiverecognitioninenglandandamerica?1876twovolumesleavesofgrassandtworivulets?1881theseventheditionfirstpublishedbyareputationpublisherbutwasbanned?1889theeighthedition?18911892thedeathbededition400poemshislifetimeendeavorppt课件15whitman??works?songofmyself自我之歌agoodexampleofhisthought?isingthebodyelectric我歌唱带电的肉体?therewasachildwentforth有个小孩走过来?ocaptainmy
.
4
Whitman • Position
A part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism
He believed the American poets would create both new forms and new subject matter for poetry.
我赞美我自己，歌唱我自己， 我所讲的一切，将对你们也一样适合， 因为属于我的每一个原子，也同样属于你。 我闲游，邀请我的灵魂一起， 我俯首下视，悠闲地观察一片夏天的草叶。
—— Song of myself
.
16
My tongue, every atom of my blood,
Form’d from this soil, this air,
10
03
Major Works
.
11
Whitman • Works
Leaves of Grass《草叶集》
nine editions，from 95 pages,12 poems to 400 pages,401 poems
the first American genuine epic poems
Worked as an office boy, a printer's apprentice, schoolmaster, printer, editor (of eight successive newspapers ), and journalist.
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Whitman • Life Experience
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英美文学霍桑介绍-PPT课件
Strange behavior
brother and two sisters
Goody Glover
was arrested and accused of bewitching the children.
met twice with Glover after her arrest to persuade her to repent her witchcraft
Reverend Cotton Mather
Glover was hanged
In 1692
January 20
Abigail Williams(11) Elizabeth Parris (9)
Strange behavior
Other girls in Salem
Mid-February, 1692:
Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692
The map of Salem (塞勒姆):
Salem was settled in 1629,Massachusetts
In 1688
Goody Glover : a laundress Martha Goodwin: a 13-year-old girl
• Hawthorne did three thing: first, as a surveyor second, Grandfather's Chair ; Famous Old People; the Liberty Tree
third, he invested his savings at Brook Farm
Nathaniel Hawthorne
life
• Hawthorne studied at Bowdoin college in Maine(1821~1825) • • Pot Longfellow and Franklin pierce
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writing a novel." - N. Hawthorne
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Hawthorne and American Romance-II
❖ To create "a theater, a little removed from the highway of ordinary travel, where the creatures of his brain may play their phantasmagoric antics, without exposing them to too close a comparison with the actual events of real lives"
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Boston, MA Setting of The Scarlet Letter
Salem, MA Birthplace of Nathaniel Hawthorne
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Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Scarlet Letter (1850) The House of the Seven Gables (1851)
The Life of Franklin Pierce (1852) "Chiefly About War Matters" (1862) Our Old Home: A Series of English Sketches (1863) The Whole History of Grandfather's Chair (1840) A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys (1852)
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Influences on Hawthorne
❖ 1. Salem - early childhood, later work at the Custom House.
❖ 2. Puritan family background - one of his forefathers was Judge Hawthorne, who presided over the Salem witchcraft trials, 萨 勒姆驱巫案1692. (cf: Arthur Miller:The Crucible 坩埚)
Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature
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Hawthorne and American Romance-I
❖ "I have sometimes produced a singular and not unpleasing effect, so far as my own mind was concerned, by imagining a train of incidents in which the spirit and mechanism of the fairyland should be combined with the characters and manners of familiar life." - N. Hawthorne
Tanglewood Tales (1853) 5
Reasons for Hawthorne's Current Popularity
❖ 1. One of the most modern of writers, Hawthorne is relevant in theme and attitude. According to H. H. Waggoner, Hawthorne's attitudes use irony, ambiguity, and paradox.
❖ 2. Hawthorne rounds off the puritan cycle in American writing - belief in the existence of an active evil (the devil) and in a sense of determinism (the concept of predestination).
The Blithedale Romance (1852) The Marble Faun (1860)
Twice-Told Tales (1837, 1851) Mosses from an Old Manse (1846, 1854) The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales (1852)
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❖ 3. Belief in the existence of the devil. ❖ 4. Belief in determinism.
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Hawthorne as a Literary Artist
❖ 1. First professional writer - college educated, familiar with the great European writers, and influenced by puritan writers like Cotton Mather.
❖ 3. exciting and unexpected chance events;
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❖ 4. travel to faraway settings; ❖ 5. hidden and mistaken identity; ❖ 6. written in an elaborate and elegant style. ---Gilbert Highet, in The Classical Tradition:
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❖ 2. Hawthorne displayed a love for allegory and symbol. He dealt with tensions involving: light versus dark; warmth versus cold; faith versus doubt; heart versus mind; internal versus external worlds.
❖ American romancers' use of the frontier, Indian society, Arcadian communities, Puritan villages, and shipboard societies
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Elements of Classical Romance
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❖ 3. His writing is representative of 19th century, and, thus, in the mainstream due to his use of nature, its primitiveness, and as a source of inspiration; also in his use of the exotic, the gothic, and the antiquarian.
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❖ 7. Allegory - Hawthorne's writing is allegorical, didactic and moralistic.
❖ 8. Other themes include individual vs. society, self-fulfillment vs. accommodation or frustration, hypocrisy vs. integrity, love vs. hate, exploitation vs. hurting, and fate vs. free will.
❖ "When a writer calls his work a romance, he
wishes to claim a certain latitude, both as to its
fashion and material, which he would not have felt
himself entitled to assume had he professed to be
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Romance & American Romanticism
❖ The American Romanticists created a form that, at first glance, seems ancient and traditional; they borrowed from classical romance, adapted pastoral themes, and incorporated Gothic elements
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❖ 3. Problem of Guilt -a character's sense of guilt forced by the puritanical heritage or by society; also guilt vs. innocence.
❖ 4. Pride - Hawthorne treats pride as evil. He illustrates the following aspects of pride in various characters: physical pride (Robin), spiritual pride (Goodman Brown, Ethan Brand), and intellectual pride (Rappaccini).
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❖ 1. Alienation - a character is in a state of isolation because of self-cause, or societal cause, or a combination of both.
❖ 2. Initiation - involves the attempts of an alienated character to get rid of his isolated condition.