Three Stages of Mesozoic Bimodal Igneous Rocks and Their Tectonic Implications on the Contin

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产品说明(阿米迪)

一项在299例喘息性或毛细支气管炎患儿中进行的为期8天的研究显示：
• 妥洛特罗贴剂（阿米迪®）治疗6-8天后，患儿症状体征评分显著下降
* * *P<0.05 *
仅供内部培训学习使用
阿米迪®显著改善喘息性或毛细支气管炎患儿的生活质量
一项在299例喘息性或毛细支气管炎患儿中进行的为期8天的研究显示：
口服或静脉给药困难的患者也可使用。
无肝脏首过效应，不增加肝脏负担。适用年龄范围广（半岁以上儿童患者至高龄患者）。
毛细支气管炎
仅供内部培训学习使用
研究设计
• 多中心、随机、开放标签、阳性药物平行对照研究 • 共入299例6个月~5岁喘息性支气管炎或毛细支气管炎患儿：
治疗组： n=140
皮肤 (角质层)
给药中
给药结束
日本药学会（2001年）发表资料
药物结晶储存系统
• 溶解的妥洛特罗分子与均匀分散的妥洛特罗结晶共存于膏
体中，妥洛特罗结晶具有作为药物贮藏槽的功能。
• 伴随着皮肤吸收，减少的妥洛特罗分子从妥洛特罗结晶中逐步得到补充，可保持膏体及接触皮肤表面的妥洛特罗浓度长时间稳定，从而使持续的药物释放成为可能。
使血药浓度达峰时间（Tmax）与“晨降” 的发作时间带相吻合
抑制血药峰浓度（Cmax）过度上升从而减轻全身性副作用
1日只需给药1次，提高患者依从性
浜松CPT研究所中岛光好（浜松医科大学名誉教授）资料（改编）
6
阿米迪®贴剂的构成示意图
有效控制药物持续释放
：妥洛特罗晶体：妥洛特罗分子
支持体给药开始膏体
经皮吸收型长效支气管扩张剂
妥洛特罗贴剂（阿米迪® ）
今晚一贴明朝呼吸舒畅平喘止咳 “剂”高一筹

《变奏的身体法国罗纳－阿尔卑斯大区五大美术馆藏品展》Lecorps

Le corps-image dans les collections des mus€es de Rh•ne-Alpes 展览5月4号至6月1号上海美术馆此次展览的经费由罗那-阿尔卑斯大区，里昂市，以及Sanofi-Pasteur,华协国际珍品运输,法国兴业银行等单位赞助。

并且与法国驻中国大使馆合作. 是上海世界博览会期间的重要文化项目。

Sylvie Ramond里昂美术馆馆长里昂/法国Sylvaine Manuel de Condinguy里昂美术馆Email / 邮件: ******************************Le corps-image dans les collections des mus€es de Rh•ne-Alpes展览说明五月四日至六月一日，里昂美术馆在上海美术馆展出一系列的现代与当代艺术大师杰作，均是来自罗纳-阿尔卑斯大区五大博物馆的藏品。

这几个博物馆机构内容异常丰富的藏品，让我们透过身体的主题，规划出一条从十九世纪到今日，以主要艺术运动史的参观路线。

藉由这次展览，不但见证了罗纳-阿尔卑斯大区与上海市之间良好的关系，两方文化主事者的友谊，也见证了他们对世界的开放态度。

无论是研究对象或丑闻主角、杰作主题，或是最大胆的正式研究的借口，身体的意义在二十世纪改变了。

（研究）对象变成艺术家创作的中心，有时替代意识，重新定义艺术种类与实践。

呈现人体是西方艺术中未曾中断的一项传统，它也在其它文化的艺术引起共鸣，并且身体在今日全球化的艺术中仍是一项主要议题。

这项展览是由里昂美术馆主办，在2010上海世博会期间，于上海美术馆举行。

展览由格勒诺布尔博物馆、里昂当代美术馆，里昂美术馆、圣埃蒂安大都会现代艺术博物馆，以及维勒班当代艺术学院的参与而促成。

罗纳-阿尔卑斯大区的协助催生了这次的企划。

展览另外还获得里昂市政府、法国文化部—罗纳-阿尔卑斯地区文化事务管理局、法国文化协会，以及法兴银行、萨诺非‧巴斯德集团、华协国际珍品货运服务有限公司三家企业的赞助Le corps-image dans les collections des mus€es de Rh•ne-Alpes前言二十四年来，罗纳-阿尔卑斯大区和上海市政府维系著丰富饶沃的友谊，双方大量的合作，灌溉著友好的土地。

直肠癌MRI与临床PPT讲解课件

Th这e d里ec讨isio论n w的he问th题er a是pa：tie直nt w肠ith癌re病cta人l ca，nc是er 只is a能ca选ndi择datTeMforE？ TM还E是on采ly用or 新neo辅ad助juv治ant疗the而rap随y f后oll再ow行edTbyMTEM？E,通is 过maMdeRonI的the fin表di现ngs作on出M决RI定(7)。.
Denonviller‘s Fascia（DVF，邓氏筋膜）
• 向两侧方与直肠系膜相延续 • 向上与腹膜返折处的腹膜相延续 • 向下经盆膈连于会阴中心腱 • 前方附于前列腺、精囊与阴道后壁 • 后方以一层薄的疏松结缔组织与直肠固有筋膜相连
其实，该区域还有另一个解剖结构，但MRI却不能分辨了！
直肠癌：MR分期
Introduction Total mesorectal excision TNM-stage
MR protocol DWI
Location of the tumor Low rectal cancer
T-stage T1 and T2 T3 T3 with MRF involvement T4a - Invasion peritoneal reflection T4b - Invasion surrounding organs Extramural vascular invasion (EMVI)
作者通过仔细地解剖盆脏筋膜，认为直肠和“直肠系膜”一起被完整地包裹在含胶原纤维的袖套样盆脏筋膜中，因此，沿直肠盆脏筋膜外解剖，可以将直肠系膜完整地切除，并且切除后腹下神经和盆丛仍完整地保留在盆腔侧壁上，未受损害。本研究用MRI检测直肠系膜的结果也证实了这一点。
来源：中国临床解剖学杂志2005年第23卷第4期

芬戈莫德研发历程概述

·专家论坛·基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上项目（No.81473110）芬戈莫德研发历程概述钮俊兴，胡立宏（中国科学院上海药物研究所，中药现代化中心，上海201203）摘要：芬戈莫德是以真菌的次级代谢产物ISP -I 为苗头化合物所研发的免疫调节剂，于2010年被FDA 批准上市，用以治疗免疫性疾病多发性硬化症。

与传统的免疫抑制剂不同，它不影响淋巴细胞的活化和增殖，主要作用于细胞表面的1-磷酸鞘氨醇（S1P ）受体来发挥免疫抑制和免疫调控作用。

本文通过梳理芬戈莫德的研发流程，阐述结构优化和改造步骤，为药物化学研究提供经验。

关键词：芬戈莫德；ISP -I ；多发性硬化症免疫调节剂中图分类号：R979.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：2095-5375（2015）12-0683-006专家简介胡立宏，男，中国科学院上海药物研究所研究员、研究组长、博士生导师，研究工作主要涉及“基于中草药资源的药物发现”研究领域。

现任世界中医药学会联合会中药分析专业委员会理事、中国植物学会民族植物学分会理事、上海市药学会天然药化专业委员会委员、上海市口腔医学重点实验室学术委员会委员，以通讯作者身份在Journal of Neuroscience ，Chemistry &Biology ，Journal of Medicinal Chemistry ，Diabetes ，Green Chemistry ，Organic Let-ters 等国际主流刊物上发表研究论文190余篇，获得发明专利授权10余项。

2009年以“天然药物化学”研究方向获得“国家杰出青年基金”资助，并入选“中国科学院百人计划”，2012年获得了“上海市优秀学科带头人”称号。

A research and development overview of FingolimodNIU Jun-xing ，HU Li-hong（Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine ，Shanghai Instituteof Materia Medica ，Chinese Academy of Sciences ，Shanghai 201203，China ）Abstract ：Fingolimod （FTY720），a novel immunomodulator agent ，is developed from ISP -I ，which is a secondary metabolites offungi.It was approved by FDA in 2012for the treatment of autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis.Unlike the traditional immunosup-pressive agents ，fingolimod exerts immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory functions mainly through interaction with shhingosine -1-phosphate （S1P ）receptors on the cell surface without affecting activation and proliferation of lymphocyhtes.This article briefly reviewedthe development process of fingolimod ，elaborate the structural optimization and transformation ，in order to provide experience for chemi-cal rsearch.Key words ：Finglimod ；ISP -I ；Multiple Sclerosis ；Immunomodulator1 背景多发性硬化症（multiple sclerosis ，MS ）是以中枢神经系统蛋白质炎性脱髓鞘病变为主要特点的自身免疫病。

罗马三标准

上腹痛综合征（EPS）的诊断标准*
必须包括以下条件：疼痛或烧灼间断性上腹部，至少中等程度，至少一周1次并且无：
泛发性的或位于其他腹部或胸部等区域排便或排气后可缓解符合胆结石或 Oddi括约肌功能紊乱的标准
支持诊断的依据：疼痛可以为烧灼样但不包括胸骨后;
疼痛可以有进餐诱导或缓解,但可能在在禁食时发生;
Bristol Stool Form Scale 1-7
罗马Ⅲ IBS排便习惯亚型分类
IBS-C IBS-D
IBS-M
块状/硬便＞25%，且糊/水样便＜25%；糊/水样便＞25%，且块状/硬便＜25%
糊/水样便＞25%，且块状/硬便＞25%
IBS-U
排便习惯改变未达到IBS-C、D、M型的要求
消化不良相关症状和进食相关病生理机制
胃排空延迟
消化不良伴恶心，呕吐及餐后饱胀感
胃扩张的高敏感性
消化不良伴腹痛，嗳气及体重下降
容受性舒张受损
消化不良伴早饱，及体重下降
Tack et al,Gastroenterology 2004;127:1239
罗马Ⅲ标准：功能性肠病（C）

肠易激综合征(IBS) 功能性腹胀功能性便秘功能性腹泻非特异性功能性肠病诊断前症状出现≥6个月，最近3个月有典型的症状发作 ≥３天／月
功能性胃肠病的罗马III标准
神经胃肠病学的研究进展使我们对于
FGIDs 的认识发生观念上的突破―――
FGIDs现在被认为是一类独立的临床疾病
Drossman DA. Gastroenterology
2006.130:1377
FGIDs的相关病理机制观念的转变

布里奇特赖利(视幻艺术)

视幻艺术——布里奇特·赖利（Bridget Riley）布里奇特·路易斯·赖利（Bridget Louise Riley 1931—），是一位有创造性的英国女画家。

她是光效应绘画的奠基人之一，也是欧普艺术的杰出代表。

被誉为“欧普艺术”的创始人之一。

代表作《瀑布第三号》（1967，英国国会罗曼美术馆）。

赖利进入欧普艺术时期的原因与儿时居住的乡下饱受阳光直射的经历有关。

在太阳的照射下，所有的景物非常融合，除去形体以外的能量（纯粹的能量），作品均在表达流动。

在赖利的作品中，线条和色彩都表现为一种线条律动的美感，她认为反复是一种扩大器，可以增强这种律动的能量。

孩提时代，赖利对自然现象有着敏捷的反应力，尤其是自然界的光和色。

尽管她成熟时期的作品不来自于自然界的观察，然而却与对自然界的体验紧密相关。

赖利花了二年时间临摹乔治·修拉（Georges Seurat）的绘画，学习其点彩绘画技术和颜色的运用，她描述这个过程为关于颜色的启示。

1966年赖利开始运用颜色达到新的光学效果，通过纯色补色的并置来影响各个颜色被感知的明度，赖利非常小心翼翼严谨的选色配色，以达到她想要的色调和亮度。

她在树胶水彩画的研究中探索到色彩的交互作用，观赏者的视线很自然地随着并置的线条平行移动，并感受到爱抚和安慰，体验摩擦和破裂、滑翔和漂泊。

这种艺术和自然界平行的联系是赖利作品不断发展的有力支撑。

1986年她遇见了后现代主义画家菲利浦·塔菲（Philip Taaffe）和罗丝·布莱克纳（Ross Bleckner），在她的作品中引进了关系元素概念，这增加了她对颜色并置迷恋的另一个维度。

赖利的作品是律动的视觉魔术。

她不仅自得其乐的设计着作品，更在其中注入了对人生与命运的思考。

作品多以抽象的几何形及渐变的明暗和色彩不同组合，造成观赏者视觉上的错觉或幻觉效果。

无论是想象的延续，还是存在的延续；无论是看得见的线条还是看不见的线条，从根本上说还是属于构成艺术。

(超完整)step_by_step3000第三册原文及答案-推荐下载

Ms Heuze says she thinks the United Nations and the international community as a whole can play a constructive role in the present situation and in trying to get the Israelis and Palestinians back to the negotiating table. Officials from the UN Human Rights Commission will discuss the agenda toward the meeting on Wednesday.This is only the fifth time the commission has gone into emergency meeting to deal with a crisis situation. Previous sessions dealt with the Bosnian war, the genocide in Rwanda, and the violence in East Timor. Questions:1. How many members are there in the UN Human Rights Commission?2. How many of them voted to hold the emergency meeting?3. How many of them didn't vote?4. Which country cast the dissenting vote?5. Which country abstained?6. When will the meeting begin?7. How long will it last?8. What's the purpose of this meeting?9. How many emergency meetings have been held before this one? What were the three crisis situations that they dealt with?Part III Anti-piracy missionAEU’s Naval Operationtheir skin, but by the content of their character. (Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. 28/08/1963)4. America needs a full-time President and a full-time Congress. Particularly at this time, with problems we face at home and abroad. To continue to fight through the months ahead for my personal vindication would almost totally absorb the time and attention of both the President and the Congress in a period when our entire focus should be on the great issues of peace abroad and prosperity without inflation at home. (Richard M. Nixon 08/08/1974)5. Thank you for opening up your minds and your hearts, for seeing the possibility of what we could do together for our children and for our future here in this state and in our nation. I am profoundly grateful to all of you for giving me the chance to serve you. I will... I will do everything I can to be worthy of your faith and trust and to honor the powerful example of Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan ... I promise you tonight that I will reach across party lines to bring progress for all of New York's families. Today we voted as Democrats and Republicans. Tomorrow we begin again as New Yorkers .... (Hillary Clinton 07/11/2000) Unit 2Earth and EnvironmentPart 1 Warming upA1. ...impact of climate change … damage to crops … worse ...2. ...2000 delegates … northern Brazil … third United Nations Conference on Desertification.3. ...A huge oil spill … Mexico, ...4. Wildfires … Florida … contained … a week ...5. ... Greenland is melting around the edges … 50 cubic kilometers … raise global sea level ...Tapescripts:1. Australia is the world‟s driest continent. There‟s general agreement tha t the country has to use water more efficiently. In many part supplies are i n crisis. At a meeting in Canberra, the Council of Australian Government s has approved national water plan. It attempts to balance environmental c oncerns and the needs of the community. The amount of water taken from rivers for commercial use is to be cut and farmers will be compensated.2. The disappearance and deformity of amphibians such as frogs and sala manders from rain forests and mountain lakes worldwide has attracted wi de-spread scientific attention over the last decade. Now a new study says reptile species including turtles, snakes, and alligators are in even greater tro uble. Twice as many reptiles as amphibians, or some 100 species, are curr ently listed as endangered by the World Conservation Union. The study s ays habitat loss and degradation, pollution, disease, climate change, and o ver-collection for food, pets and drugs are the major threat to reptiles.3. Four regional governors from Columbia, on a visit to Washington, have sharply criticized an American-backed aerial offensive to eradicate thousands of hectares of illegal coke and poppy plantations. At a news conference the governors called for a di fferent approach in the fight against the illegal drugs trade, saying that the herbicides currently being used were harmful to public health and the en vironment.4. Much attention has been devoted to the threatened animal species. But what about plants which are the fundamental bases of life? One in every e ight species of plants is threatened with extinction. Since all food chains b egin in the sphere of plant life, this is bad news for the animals too, includ ing humans who depend on plants not only for food but also for medicine s, building materials, and other vital purposes.5. A new local directory for the environmentally-aware is now available, called the “Boulder County Green Pages.” The R otary Clubs in Boulder County got together with local recycling and environmental specialists to put together this firstever directory. It includes qui ck reference to green products and services for recycling, xeriscaping, ene rgy conservation, and more. The $5 cost helps raise funds for the sponsori ng groups.B1. It attempts to balance environmental concerns and the needs of the community.2. Reptile species are in greater trouble than amphibian species.3. A new approach in the fight against the illegal drugs trade.4. One in every eight species of plants is threatened with extinction.5. A new local directory for the environmentally-aware, called the “Boulder County Green Pages”.Tapescript:An annual study by the Worldwatch Institute here in Washington says wit h the boom in the information economy, Americans have lost sight of the deteriorating health of the planet.State of the World 2000 says the fast growing information economy is aff ecting every aspect of life, from communication, commerce and work, to education and entertainment.Lead author and Worldwatch President Lester Brown says while America ns generally feel a sense of optimism about the economy, the planet‟s hea lth is suffering. He says it is a mistake “to confuse the vibrancy of the virt ual world with the increasingly troubled state of the real world.”“We give the earth an annual physical, and this book is the result of that a nnual physical. We check its vital signs. And almost all those vital signs, whether it‟s the number of species, whether it‟s the stability of climate, w hether it‟s the number of species, whether it‟s the stability of climate, wh ether it‟s the health of coral reefs, all those trends show deterioration.” Lester Brown says other warning signs are rising temperatures, falling wa ter tables, melting glaciers, shrinking forests and collapsing fisheries. He says the major environmental challenges in the 21st century will be to sta bilize both climate and world population growth.Worldwatch Institute President Lester Brown also points out initiatives b y multinational corporations to seek energy alternatives. For example, Da imler-Chrysler and Shell Oil are working with the government of Iceland to tur n that country into the first hydrogen powered economy.Part II News ReportsA...Washington … the information economy … deteriorating health of the planet … information economy … communication … education and entertainment … physical exam … vital signs … species … climate … temperatures … water tables … glaciers … forests … fisheries … to stabilize both climate and world population growthBSummary… the severe shortage of water in some developing nations. … global solutions are found soon.Answers to the questions1. 1502. Monday3. Almost one billion people could suffer from a scarcity of water.4. Middle East, parts of Africa, western Asia, Northeastern China, western and southern India, large parts of Pakistan and Mexico, parts of the Pacific coast of the United States and South America.5. To treat water as a precious resource.6. 5 liters7. 50 liters8. 500 litersTapescript:The UN water experts are warning that a severe water shortage will have what they call catastrophic consequences in some developing nations unless global solutions are found soon. One hundred and fifty experts aro und the world will discuss the water situation at a conference beginning Monday in Geneva.A top official from the World Meteorological Organization Arthur Askew says that by the year 2025, almost 1 billion people could be living in area s suffering from a scarcity of water. He says the number could double by the middle of the next century. Mr Askew says one area with serious wate r problems is the Middle East. But he says officials in the area are already working on ways to deal with the situation.Experts say water shortage problems also could develop in parts of Africa and western Asia as well as northeastern China, western and southern In dia, large parts of Pakistan and Mexico, and parts of the Pacific coast of t he United States and South America. Mr Askew says there‟s a moral obli gation to treat water as a precious resource and a need to realize that large amounts of water are used often wastefully in food production and manuf acturing.“All commodities have used water in their production and you must be a ware therefore that if you‟re importing food from one country to another you are in fact importing part of the water resources of that country.” Mr Askew also says water shortages lead to a conflict between rural and urba n demands.“In many regions of the world, the water crisis is not coming because of human consumption directly for potable water, for drinking, or for sanitar y purposes, it‟s coming for agriculture. And in general about 80 percent o f the water, which is consumed, i. e., is extracted from the rivers or from underground resources and is not returned, is for agriculture. And there‟s considerable pressure now on the agricultural sectors to see if they cannot use that water ore efficiently.Mr Askew says it‟s estimated that a person needs about 5 liters of water a day to survive, and a person needs about 5 liters of water a day to survive, and a person lives comfortably with about 50 liters a day. But he says peo ple in many countries are using 500 liters of water each day. He says way s must be found to reduce such overuse before it‟s too late.Part III City recyclingA a. 2 b. 4 c. 3 d. 1B1.130,000 / 80%2. Plastic / glass / tin cans / newspapers3. Recycle truck pick it up.4. One of community’s recycling centers5. Each weekday6. Conducts tours of the plant7. 3 / 48. Sod to other companies that make them into different products9. Made into new containers10. One of the top five in the USATapescript:The United States is running out of landfill space, places to put its trash. Because of that, more communities are encouraging their residents to rec ycle, to set aside certain materials that won‟t go to the landfill. One area t hat‟s met the recycling challenge head-on, is the southeast City of Charlotte, North Carolina. In just a few years, its recycling program has become one of the country‟s most successful. Catherine Smith lives in one of the 130,000 eligible recycling househol ds in Charlotte, North Carolina. Nearly 80 percent of the households parti cipate in the program. Each week, Smith goes to her front porch and fills her red plastic bin with recyclables. “You‟ve got any plastic containers m arked one or two. You‟ve got any glass. They also recycle tin cans and ne wspapers. So all of that can go in the curbside pick-up bin.”“Well, this is the easy part. Then someone, ah, driving a Charlotte Mec klenburg …Recycle Now‟ truck comes and, usually, at some point—tomorrow or Friday—and they pick it up at curbside. And that‟s it.”From there, Smith‟s cans, bottles, and newspapers are taken to oneof the community‟s recycling centers. The City of Charlotte actually cont racts with a private company to process the recyclables.This plant is operated by a company called FCR. The recycling trucks pull into FCR each weekday morning to drop off the used material. Inside, the processing center at FCR is bustling with activity. One of the first thin gs you notice in the 26,000-square-foot facility is a huge mound of materials called the “commingle area.” B asically, it‟s a big pile of assorted trash. There are forklifts transporting g arbage, and people sorting through it. Paula Hoffman is education coordin ator at FCR. She conducts tours of the plant for more than one thousand p eople a month.“The aluminum cans, the number one and number two plastic container s, the spiral cans, the glass bottles and jars are all mixed together into a hu ge pile. And…we are receiving about 100 tons a day, which is 200,000 po unds, so you can imagine how many bottles and cans are in that pile.”“Can we walk around a little bit?”“As you can see, the bottles and cans are riding up the conveyor belt, a nd they‟ll end up on a sorting station, where there are twelve workers that will hand-sort the bottles and cans and other containers. As you can see, from the sorting station, they drop their material down a chute into a large container below. The sorting station is on a raised platform.” Across from the sor ters and the commingle area is a mound ofnewspaper. Of the material brought to FCR, three quarters of it is newspri nt. It rides a separate conveyor belt, is checked, and is compacted into bal es, 11 to 12 hundred pounds each. Back in the quiet of FCR‟s auditorium, Paula Hoffman describes what happens to the sorted and processed recyc lables the company receives from Catherine Smith and the thousands of o ther area residents. Hoffman says they‟re sold to other companies that the n make them into different products.“Your food and beverage glass containers are always made into new fo od and beverage glass containers. Your aluminum beverage cans are, the biggest percentage of the time, made into new aluminum beverage cans. Twenty five percent of all beverage, Coca-Cola, Pepsi bottles are now made into new Pepsi or Coke bottles. Howeve r, a certain percentage is also made into other products such as the fuzz o n a tennis ball, carpeting…your number two plastic…a lot of it‟s made in to plastic wood.”Charlotte, the surrounding county, and FCR are glad to add new recycl ables to their program as long as there‟s a need for the recycled material.From its high participation rate to the quality end product, Charlotte‟s rec ycling program is considered one of the top five in the nation.But ultimately, the success of the Charlotte area recycling program can be traced to the curbsides of the many individual citizens who, like Catherine Smith, are active participants in program.Unit 3 World News: Economic DevelopmentsPart I Warming upA1. Who have been meeting in Hong Kong today to discuss the outlook for the global economy?Central Bank governors from more than a dozen countries.2. What does UNCTAD say about the worldwide total of foreign investment?It grew by 40% last Year to more than 600 billion dollars.3. Who has approved a cut in income tax rates?The United States House of Representatives.4. Who has announced job cuts after a fall in demand for its products? IntelWhat is its plan?To reduce its workforce by5,000.5. What decisions have been made by EU, the U.S. and Canada after a case of foot-and-mouth disease was confirmed in France?EU has imposed further restrictions on the movement of livestock.The U.S. and Canada have issued temporary bans on the import of animal produce from EU.Tapescript:1. Central Bank governors from more than a dozen countries have been meeting in Hong Kong today. One subject they likely discussed is the outlook for the global economy because of the U. S. slowdown and Japan's struggling recovery. Another topic they may have discussed is how to strengthen financial markets in emerging economies in Asia and elsewhere.2. A United Nations' report says the worldwide total of foreign investment grew by nearly 40% last year to more than 600 billion dollars. The report by the UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD says most of it took place between developed countries as big companies took one another over.3. The United States House of Representatives has approved a cut in income tax rates, the first part of a package of tax cutting measures put forward by President Bush. The income tax reductions will amount to nearly 1 trillion dollars over ten years.4. The world's largest maker of computer chips, Intel, has announced jobcuts after a fall in demand for its products. Intel said it expected its revenue in the first quarter of this year to fall by a quarter than the same period last year. The California-based company plans to reduce its85,000-strong work force by 5,000.5. The European Union has imposed further restrictions on the movement of live-stock after a case of foot-and-mouth disease was confirmed in France. The United States and Canada have issued temporary bans on the import of all animal produce from EU countries.B1.Foreign exchange rates:1 dollar = 1.733 German marks= 126.9 Japanese yen1 pound =1.624 dollarsShare IndexDow Jones (up to) 6,783 (+45)London’s 100 (up to) 4,390 (+20)Nikkie closed2. Share Index:Dow Jones 10,116 (+96)Standrd and Poor’s 500 1,254 (+6)NASDAQ: (-1.5%)3. Share Index:Dow Jones 8,094 ( - 66 )NASDAQ 1,662 (- 3 )FT100 ( -36 )CAC Quarante ( -33, -1% )DAX ( -1% )4. Most active stocks:Cable and Wireless HKT up $ 0.45HSBC down $ 0.50Hutchison down $ 0.50 Shanglongkai Property up $ 2.25China Telecom down $ 1.50Chang Kong down $ 0.25Pacific Century Cyberworlds down $ 0.10CCT Telecom down $ 0.275New World CyberBase down $ 0.075Hanong Holdings down $ 0.25Gold prices:Hong Kong gold: HK$ 2,670London gold: US $ 2895. Earnings:Philips Electronics (last year): $ 2.4 billion ($ 300 million) Royal Dutch Shell (4th quarter): $ 3.6 billionElectronic Data Systems (4th quarter): $ 0.70 per share ( $ 0.02 up)Tapescripts:1. The dollar is trading at one German mark seventy-three point three and at 126.9 Japanese yen. The pound buys one dollar sixty-two point four. In New York, the Dow Share Index closed 45 higher at 6,783. Earlier London's 100 Share Index ended 20 higher at 4,390. In Tokyo, the Nikkei Share Index is closed for a holiday.2. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed up 96 points at 10,116. The Standard and Poor's 500 Index gained 6 points to close at 1,254. But the NASDAQ Index lost 1.5% as high technology and Internet stocks were battered.3. Right now the Dow is down another 66 points at 8,094; the NASDAQ Composite down 3 points at 1,662. Turning to Europe's major markets: London stocks were hit by a wave of profit taking after five straight record closes; the FT 100 Index down 36 points; Paris seeing losses as well, the CAC quarante down 33 points or 1%; and Frankfurt's DAX also fell 1% after briefly moving into record territory.4. The Hang Seng Index closed down 89 points at 3,521. The turnover was 7.71 billion dollars. Now look at the ten most active stocks. Cable and Wireless HKT up 45 cents, HSBC holdings down 50 cents,Hutchison down 50 cents, Shanglongkai Property up $2.25, and China Telecom down $1.50, Chang Kong up 25 cents, Pacific Century Cyberworlds down 10 cents, CCT Telecom down 27.5 cents, New World Cyberspace down 7.5 cents, and Hanong Holdings down 25 cents. The Hang Seng Index future for November and December were all down. Hong Kong gold closed at 2,670 Hong Kong dollars, and London gold is trading at 289 U.S. dollars.5. Consumer electronics maker Philips Electronics reported a lower than expected profit for last year. The company made about $2.4 billion, more than $300 million below estimates. Oil company Royal Dutch Shell posted its earnings. It made roughly a $3.6 billion profit for its fourth quarter. That was essentially in line with Street expectations. Electronic Data Systems also reported its fourth quarter numbers last night. It posted a 70-cent profit per share, two cents better than expectations.Part II News reportsASummary:This news report is about Forbes's "Super 100 Global" list.Answer the questions:1. Which of the following corporations are the top five on Forbes's list? Mark their ranks.2 Citigroup4 HSBC Banking Company-- BP-Amoco5 Daimler-Chrysler1 General Electric Corporationn Microsoft3 Bank of America2. How are the companies ranked?The companies are ranked with a composite formula, which includes total sales, profits, assets and market capitalization, or the total value of their stock.3. How are the 100 companies distributed?46 in the United States, 54 in Europe and Japan.4. Why were none of the Internet-related firms included in the list? Because most of the Internet-related firms have little or no profits so far. Tapescripts:For the second year in a row, the General Electric Corporation is ranked number one in an annual survey of the 100 most powerful corporations in the world.The survey, compiled and published by Forbes business magazine, shows General Electric of the United States ranked number one, followed in second and third place by the U.S. banking and financial services giantsCitigroup and Bank of America. In fourth and fifth place are the British-based HSBC Banking Company and Daimler-Chrysler, the German-American auto-company. The companies are ranked with a composite formula, which includes total sales, profits, assets and market capitalization, or the total value of its (their) stock. What the magazine calls its "Super 100 Global" list are 46 companies based in the United States and 54 in Europe and Japan.Mike Ozanian, the Forbes editor who compiled the list, says there is a growing trend of international mergers and acquisitions, citing companies such as Daimler-Chrysler and BP-Amoco, the Anglo-American Oil Company. Mr. Ozanian says that despite the huge capitalizations of many Internet-related firms, none were included because most have little, if any, profits -- at least not yet.BSummary:This news report gives us a general picture of the U.S. stock market. It also presents some analysts' views on the market.Statements:1. The Dow Jones Industrial Average went up less than one percent, to 10,546.2. An analyst said that sales growth at Intel could be stronger than expected.3. Retail stocks gained on stronger-than-expected sales because of the Thanksgiving holiday shopping season.4. Sales of existing homes fell a steep 3.9% in October, their second monthly decline.5. According to investment strategist Alan Skrainka, this is a very good entry point for a long-term investor to get into the market. Tapescript:U.S. stock prices were mixed on Monday, with the "blue-chips" in a rally mode. But volume was only moderate after a holiday-shortened week last week, showing lingering uncertainty among investors.The Dow Jones Industrial Average went up 75 points, less than one percent, to 10,546. The S & P 500 Index gained 7 points. But the NASDAQ Composite backed off an early rally, taking a loss of almost one percent on weakness in selected technology stocks.The Dow Industrials actually got a boost from their technology components. Shares of Intel traded higher after an analyst said sales growth at the leading computer chip-maker could be stronger than expected. Microsoft stock also edged higher.Retail stocks gained on stronger-than-expected sales over the Thanksgiving weekend, as the holiday shopping season got underway. However, analysts caution the retail picture is still clouded because many stores offered bargains to attract shoppers. Experts worry that higher oilprices and interest rates will make this a less than merry Christmas season for U.S. merchants.The latest on the U.S. economy points to slower growth. Sales of existing homes fell a steep 3.9 percent in October, their second monthly decline. Many analysts think uncertainty over the economy makes it increasingly likely that the major stock averages will close lower for the year. But investment strategist Alan Skrainka says the longer-term looks better. "No one can guess what will happen to the market over the next month. But over the long-term, we think the market looks very good. If you're a long-term investor, this is a very good entry point for getting into the market because this is what you've been waiting for. All the fear and uncertainty in the marketplace is setting us up for some very good values in the market."Part III Voice mail may cost company’s businessAJud Jessup (TakeCare HMO): …personalized service…”high service”…getting a recording…efficient…cost effective……individual problems….Stanley Plogue (Plogue Research): …a fourth…let out…voice mail system…given up…Sandy hale (Pacific Bell):… bottom line…costs…more efficient…customer service operations…a valuable tool.B1. T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. F7. F8. T9. T10. TC3. Five years ago, people were wary of voice-mail.4. TakeCare used a funny voice-mail message in its advertisements.6. Voice-mail decreases contact between customers and companies.7. The problem is not the technology, but the voice-mail menus.Part IV Business jargonA1.…language shorthand….2.…overuse business jargon…a negative effect…3.…a low opinion…management jargon…a third…a lack of confidence…one in five …untrustworthy…cover something up.4.…an effective boss…can easily understand…of management jargon.B1. T2. T3. F4. F5. FC1.blue-sky thinking: imagine new or different ways of doing things2.get our ducks in a row: have everything arranged efficiently3.brain dump: tell everything you know about a particular subject4.think outside the box: be creative in how you think about problems5.the helicopter view: an overview6. a heads up: a warning7.that’s a real no-brainer: that’s simple英语专业学生经典的听力材料Unit 4 World News: Up in SpacePart I Warming upA1. To Mars / March of next year.2. Because of a mechanical problem.3. 5 males and 2 females.4. NASA / At the end of September, 83 days after landing.5. To return home at the Kennedy Space Center after completing repairs on the Hubble Telescope.1. An American spacecraft is traveling to Mars to collect information abo ut the red planet. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter left Cape Canaveral i n Florida on August 12th. The space vehicle is expected to arrive in March of next year. It is to orbit the planet for at least four years.2. The U.S. space shuttle Columbia has returned to Earth after an abbreviated stay in space because of a mechanical problem. The Space Agency o rdered the shuttle back to Earth after one of the three power generators fai led Sunday. The generators called “fuel cells” provide all of shuttle’s elec trical power, and NASA safety rules require the space ship to return to Ea rth if any fuel cell fails.3. US space shuttle Discovery has made a successful lift-off from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, en route to the International S pace Station. The shuttle with 5 male and 2 female astronauts onboard wil l take another section of the half-built International Space Station a little truss, or frame into orbits. It’s sch eduled to come back to earth on December 21.4.The United States Space Agency NASA says it’s given up any real hope of reviving its space probe on Mars. The spacecraft Pathfinder made its last transmission of scientific data from the surface of Mars at the end of September, 83 days after landing.5.The U.S. space shuttle Endeavor is preparing to return home in triumph after completing repairs on the Hubble Telescope. The Endeavor’s schedu led to land Monday at the Kennedy Space Center on Florida’s Atlantic co ast, returning to the site where the mission began eleven days ago.BMir Facts15 years。

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Regina软件：三维流形拓扑学软件说明书

Introducing Regina,the3-manifold topology softwareBenjamin A.BurtonAuthor’s self-archived versionAvailable from .au/~bab/papers/AbstractAn overview is presented of Regina,a freely available software package for3-manifold topologists.In addition to working with3-manifold triangulations,Regina includes support for normal surfaces and angle structures.The features of the software are described in detail, followed by examples of research projects in which Regina has been used.1IntroductionExperimental work in the study of3-manifold topology has been a historically challenging task.Topological calculations for even simple3-manifold triangulations are often remarkably diﬃcult to perform by hand.Furthermore,triangulations and3-manifolds are diﬃcult to represent and manipulate using standard programming languages.Because of this,relatively little software has been available until recently to assist with these calculations.One prominent exception is SnapPea[Weeks91],under development for over a decade, which provides excellent support for the study of hyperbolic3-manifolds.More recently a number of other tools have become available,many of which are listed at the computational topology website /.Regina is a software package that unites a number of standard3-manifold topology algo-rithms and procedures within a friendly user interface,as well as adding previously unavailable features to the current body of experimental tools.Under development since1999,its growth has to a large extent been guided by its use in a variety of research projects,some of which are noted in Section3.Algorithms that are implemented include triangulation simpliﬁcation, normal surface enumeration,angle structure analysis and the calculation of algebraic and combinatorial invariants.This software is released under the GNU General Public License and is publicly avail-able from /.Both the user interface and the underlying programmer’s interface are thoroughly documented.Regina continues to grow and currently enjoys a new release every few months.Special thanks must go to David Letscher who assisted with the early phases of development.Thanks also to Marc Culler,Nathan Dunﬁeld,William Jaco,Richard Rannard,J.Hyam Rubinstein and JeﬀWeeks for many fruitful discussions.In Section2we present a detailed description of the capabilities of Regina.Section3closes with some examples of research projects that have made use of this software.2FeaturesSince its inception,Regina has been carefully designed for rigour and extensibility.The soft-ware is written primarily in the C++programming language and runs under GNU/Linux and related operating systems.A list of the more noteworthy features of Regina is presented below.2.1TriangulationsThe primary objects with which a user interacts when running Regina are3-manifold tri-angulations.As such,a large part of the software is devoted to the creation,analysis and1manipulation of triangulations.2.1.1CreationThe following methods are supported for creating triangulations.•Manual construction of triangulations by entering individual tetrahedron face identiﬁca-tions by hand;•Automatic generation of standard triangulations such as layered solid tori and layered lens spaces[Jaco and Rubinstein03a,Jaco and Rubinstein06];•Automatic construction of Seifertﬁbred spaces over the2-sphere with up to three ex-ceptionalﬁbres;•Reconstruction of triangulations from dehydration strings[Callahan et al.99];•Importing triangulations saved from SnapPea[Weeks91].2.1.2AnalysisProperties of a triangulation that the software can compute include the following.•Detailed combinatorial information about the skeleton and boundary components,in-cluding vertex links and the shapes formed by the various triangulation faces;•A variety of homology and homotopy groups;•The quantum invariants of Turaev and Viro[Turaev and Viro92];•3-sphere recognition,as well as a complete connected sum decomposition for closed ori-entable triangulations[Jaco and Rubinstein03a];•Triangulation attributes relating to the existence of particular types of normal surface, such as0-eﬃciency[Jaco and Rubinstein03a]and the existence of splitting surfaces(de-scribed in Section2.3.3).Pairs of triangulations can be tested for direct isomorphism,or for whether one trian-gulation is isomorphic to a subcomplex of another.In addition the software contains a variety of recognition routines for detecting particular well-formed structures within a tri-angulation.These routines recognise smaller building blocks that often appear within larger triangulations,such as layered solid tori[Jaco and Rubinstein03a,Jaco and Rubinstein06] and thin I-bundles[Burton07].Furthermore,they can detect complete triangulations be-longing to a number of inﬁnite families described in[Burton03],[Martelli and Petronio01] and[Matveev98].As a result Regina can frequently recognise the underlying3-manifolds for well-structured triangulations that it has not previously encountered.2.1.3ManipulationFor the manipulation of a triangulation,the following procedures are available.•Elementary moves(transformations local to a small number of tetrahedra),such as Pach-ner moves and other transformations described in[Burton07],many of which were sug-gested by Letscher;•Automated simpliﬁcation in which the software attempts to use a combination of these elementary moves to reduce the number of tetrahedra as far as possible,though there is no guarantee that the smallest possible number of tetrahedra will be achieved;•Conversion to a0-eﬃcient triangulation where possible for closed orientable3-manifolds [Jaco and Rubinstein03a];•Barycentric subdivision and the truncation of ideal vertices(vertices whose links are neither2-spheres nor discs);•Conversion of a non-orientable triangulation to an orientable double cover;•Crushing normal surfaces within a triangulation to a point,as described in Section2.3.2.22.2Census CreationRegina can form censuses of all3-manifold triangulations satisfying various sets of constraints.The census algorithm is described in[Burton07]and contains signiﬁcant optimisations forcensuses of closed minimal P2-irreducible triangulations.In particular the face pairing graphresults of[Burton04]are incorporated into the algorithm,as are the more standard resultsrelating to low degree edges[Burton04,Callahan et al.99,Matveev98].Census creation can require signiﬁcant amounts of computing time(months or years in some cases).As a result,support is provided for splitting this process into pieces and distributingthese pieces amongst several machines.In addition to forming new censuses,Regina ships with a number of prepackaged cen-suses including closed3-manifolds[Burton03,Burton07],cusped hyperbolic3-manifolds[Callahan et al.99]and knot and link complements(tabulated by Joe Christy).A censuslookup facility for arbitrary triangulations is provided.2.3Normal SurfacesThe theory of normal surfaces is a powerful tool for the study of3-manifolds and for thedevelopment of algorithms for their analysis.Normal surfaces were introduced by Kneser[Kneser29]and further developed by Haken[Haken61,Haken62]who used them to constructan algorithm for recognising the unknot.Haken furthermore began the construction of analgorithm for solving the homeomorphism problem for a certain large class of3-manifolds.Diﬃculties with the methods of Haken were resolved by Jaco and Oertel and by Hemion[Jaco and Oertel84,Hemion92],leading to aﬁnite time algorithm for determining whethertwo closed irreducible3-manifolds are homeomorphic in the case in which one of these3-manifolds contains an embedded two-sided incompressible surface.Normal surfaces feature in a number of3-manifold decomposition,homeomorphism and recognition algorithms[Jaco et al.02,Jaco and Tollefson95,Rubinstein95,Rubinstein97]as well as in algorithms for the simpliﬁcation of3-manifold triangulations[Jaco and Rubin-stein03a,Jaco and Rubinstein03b].For a more extensive review of normal surface theory,the reader is referred to[Hemion92].2.3.1CreationProviding a computational tool for the study of normal surfaces was in fact the originalmotivation behind this software.As such,Regina is capable of enumerating all vertex normalsurfaces or almost normal surfaces1within a triangulation,an operation required by mosthigh-level topological algorithms that utilise normal surface theory.Regina can perform this vertex enumeration in a variety of coordinate systems.For an n-tetrahedron triangulation this includes the7n standard triangle and quadrilateral coordi-nates,as well as the smaller set of3n quadrilateral-only coordinates introduced by Tollefsonfor algorithmic eﬃciency[Tollefson98].The enumeration can be restricted to embedded nor-mal surfaces or can be expanded to include immersed and singular surfaces.Furthermore,elementary support is present for spun normal surfaces,which are non-compact surfaces withinﬁnitely many discs found in ideal triangulations[Tillmann02].2.3.2AnalysisFor the analysis of normal surfaces,Regina oﬀers the following facilities.•Viewing normal surfaces in a variety of coordinate systems,including the standard andquadrilateral-only coordinates discussed above as well as the edge weight coordinatesintroduced by Casson;•Calculating basic properties of normal surfaces such as Euler characteristic,orientabilityand one-sidedness;•Recognising standard surfaces within a triangulation such as splitting surfaces(see Sec-tion2.3.3below)and vertex and edge links;1Almost normal surfaces are closely related to normal surfaces and are used by Rubinstein in his3-sphere recognition algorithm[Rubinstein95,Rubinstein97].3•Filtering large lists of normal surfaces by various properties such as Euler characteristic, orientability and boundary.In addition the program can crush a normal surface to a point within a triangulation. Crushing is a powerful tool for the analysis of the role played by a surface within a3-manifold, and is used in Jaco and Rubinstein’s0-eﬃciency algorithm[Jaco and Rubinstein03a].2.3.3Splitting SurfacesSplitting surfaces represent a particular class of normal surfaces whose presence can oﬀer insight into the triangulations containing them.A splitting surface contains precisely one quadrilateral disc within each tetrahedron and no other normal or almost normal discs.These surfaces have a number of interesting combinatorial and topological properties,described in detail in[Burton03].As mentioned earlier,Regina can detect whether splitting surfaces occur within a triangu-lation.It also provides support for splitting surface signatures,which are compact text-based representations from which splitting surfaces and their enclosing3-manifold triangulations can be reconstructed.In addition to performing such reconstructions,the software can form censuses of all possible splitting surface signatures of a given size.2.4Angle StructuresAngle structures,studied originally by Casson and then developed by Lackenby and Rivin [Lackenby00a,Lackenby00b,Rivin94,Rivin03],represent a purely algebraic generalisation of hyperbolic structures.An angle structure on an ideal triangulation is formed by assigning an interior dihedral angle to each edge of every tetrahedron in such a way that a variety of linear equations and inequalities are satisﬁed.The formation of angle structures is remarkably similar to the formation of normal surfaces, in which a series of triangle and quadrilateral coordinates are assigned to every tetrahedron with a set of linear equations and inequalities similarly imposed upon them.Thus it has been relatively straightforward to extend the normal surface enumeration code used by Regina in such a way that the software can also enumerate vertex angle structures.Included in the requirements of an angle structure is the condition that each dihedral angle θsatisﬁes0≤θ≤π.In addition to the enumeration of vertex angle structures,Regina can identify whether a triangulation supports any strict angle structures(for which each dihedral angleθsatisﬁes0<θ<π)or any taut angle structures(for which each dihedral angle is precisely0orπ).2.5ScriptingRegina oﬀers the ability to write and run arbitrary scripts in the Python scripting language. These scripts are essentially high-level programs with immediate access to the mathematical core of Regina,and are ideal for performing repetitive tasks over large sets of data.Such tasks might include performing a sequence of tests upon all triangulations in a census,or testing a prototype for a new algorithm.Regina dataﬁles can contain embedded scripts,and diﬀerent ﬁles can share code through the use of external libraries of routines.2.6Interfaces and DocumentationThe usual method of running Regina provides a full graphical interface that a user can easily understand and use.Alternatively,for those requiring immediate access to the mathematical core of the software,an interactive command-line interface is oﬀered from which users can con-trol the program using the Python scripting language described above.A variety of specialised utility programs are also available.Signiﬁcant eﬀort has been spent on documentation for the software.A full reference manual is available for end users to assist them in working with Regina.This reference manual can be read online at /docs/.For users writing Python scripts or for programmers seeking to modify or extend the software,the routines oﬀered by the underlying mathematical core are also fully documented.42.7Data FilesThe dataﬁles used for saving triangulations and other information adhere to a well-organised hierarchical structure.This structure not only allows multiple triangulations,normal surface lists and other topological structures to be stored together in an organised fashion but it also supports the storing of miscellaneous data such as text notes and Python scripts.Theﬁle format is well documented in the reference manual and uses compressed XML2,allowing for the simple transfer of native Regina data to and from other programs.3ApplicationsWe close with some examples of research projects in which Regina has been used with success.•In[Burton07]a census is presented of all closed non-orientable minimal P2-irreducible triangulations formed from≤putational support from Regina was required not only for the formation of the census but also for the detailed combinatorial analysis of the resulting triangulations.A similar census of orientable triangulations appears in[Burton03],again relying upon Regina for much computational support.•Various constraints upon the structures of minimal triangulations are proven in[Bur-ton04].For this research Regina was used to obtain and process data that originally motivated the results,as well as to measure the subsequent improvements to the census algorithm.•Research into the existence of taut angle structures on ideal triangulations is described in[Burton et al.03].Here Regina was used to process large bodies of census data to locate and subsequently analyse triangulations that do not support taut structures.•For the studies of0-eﬃciency and1-eﬃciency described in[Jaco and Rubinstein03a] and[Jaco and Rubinstein03b],Regina has assisted with the construction and analysis of pathological triangulations.AcknowledgementsThe author would like to acknowledge the support of the American Institute of Mathematics, the Australian Research Council and the Grayce B.Kerr Chair at Oklahoma State University. References[Burton03]Benjamin A.Burton.Minimal Triangulations and Normal Surfaces.PhD thesis, University of Melbourne,2003.Available from /.[Burton04]Benjamin A.Burton.“Face pairing graphs and3-manifold enumeration.”J.Knot Theory Ramiﬁcations,13(8):1057–1101,2004.[Burton07]Benjamin A.Burton.“Structures of small closed non-orientable3-manifold tri-angulations.”J.Knot Theory Ramiﬁcations,16(5):545–574,2007.[Burton et al.03]Benjamin A.Burton,Ensil Kang,and J.Hyam Rubinstein.“Triangulations of3-manifolds III:Taut structures in low-census manifolds.”In preparation,2003.[Callahan et al.99]Patrick J.Callahan,Martin V.Hildebrand,and Jeﬀrey R.Weeks.“A census of cusped hyperbolic3-manifolds.”p.,68(225):321–332,1999.[Haken61]Wolfgang Haken.“Theorie der Normalﬂ¨a chen.”Acta Math.,105:245–375,1961.[Haken62]Wolfgang Haken.“¨Uber das Hom¨o omorphieproblem der3-Mannigfaltigkeiten.I.”Math.Z.,80:89–120,1962.[Hemion92]Geoﬀrey Hemion.The Classiﬁcation of Knots and3-Dimensional Spaces.Oxford Science Publications.Oxford University Press,Oxford,1992.2XML is the Extensible Markup Language,an open and widely-supported text-based data format.5[Jaco et al.02]William Jaco,David Letscher,and J.Hyam Rubinstein.“Algorithms for es-sential surfaces in3-manifolds.”In Topology and Geometry:Commemorating SISTAG, number314in Contemporary Mathematics,pages107–124.Amer.Math.Soc.,Provi-dence,RI,2002.[Jaco and Oertel84]William Jaco and Ulrich Oertel.“An algorithm to decide if a3-manifold is a Haken manifold.”Topology,23(2):195–209,1984.[Jaco and Rubinstein03a]William Jaco and J.Hyam Rubinstein.“0-eﬃcient triangulations of3-manifolds.”J.Diﬀerential Geom.,65(1):61–168,2003.[Jaco and Rubinstein03b]William Jaco and J.Hyam Rubinstein.“1-eﬃcient triangulations of3-manifolds.”In preparation,2003.[Jaco and Rubinstein06]William Jaco and J.Hyam Rubinstein.“Layered-triangulations of 3-manifolds.”Preprint,arXiv:math/0603601,March2006.[Jaco and Tollefson95]William Jaco and Jeﬀrey L.Tollefson.“Algorithms for the complete decomposition of a closed3-manifold.”Illinois J.Math.,39(3):358–406,1995. [Kneser29]Hellmuth Kneser.“Geschlossene Fl¨a chen in dreidimensionalen Mannigfaltigkei-ten.”Jahresbericht der Deut.Math.Verein.,38:248–260,1929.[Lackenby00a]Marc Lackenby.“Taut ideal triangulations of3-manifolds.”Geom.Topol.,4: 369–395(electronic),2000.[Lackenby00b]Marc Lackenby.“Word hyperbolic Dehn surgery.”Invent.Math.,140(2): 243–282,2000.[Martelli and Petronio01]Bruno Martelli and Carlo Petronio.“Three-manifolds having com-plexity at most9.”Experiment.Math.,10(2):207–236,2001.[Matveev98]Sergei V.Matveev.“Tables of3-manifolds up to complexity 6.”Max-Planck-Institut f¨u r Mathematik Preprint Series,(67),1998.Available from http://www.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/html/preprints/preprints.html.[Rivin94]Igor Rivin.“Euclidean structures on simplicial surfaces and hyperbolic volume.”Ann.of Math.(2),139(3):553–580,1994.[Rivin03]Igor Rivin.“Combinatorial optimization in geometry.”Adv.in Appl.Math.,31(1): 242–271,2003.[Rubinstein95]J.Hyam Rubinstein.“An algorithm to recognize the3-sphere.”In Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians(Z¨u rich,1994),volume1,pages601–611.Birkh¨a user,Basel,1995.[Rubinstein97]J.Hyam Rubinstein.“Polyhedral minimal surfaces,Heegaard splittings and decision problems for3-dimensional manifolds.”In Geometric Topology(Athens,GA, 1993),volume2of AMS/IP Stud.Adv.Math.,pages1–20.Amer.Math.Soc.,Providence, RI,1997.[Tillmann02]Stephan Tillmann.On character varieties:surfaces associated to mutation& deformation of hyperbolic3-manifolds.PhD thesis,University of Melbourne,2002. [Tollefson98]Jeﬀrey L.Tollefson.“Normal surface Q-theory.”Paciﬁc J.Math.,183(2):359–374,1998.[Turaev and Viro92]Vladimir G.Turaev and Oleg Y.Viro.“State sum invariants of3-manifolds and quantum6j-symbols.”Topology,31(4):865–902,1992.[Weeks91]Jeﬀrey R.Weeks.SnapPea.Hyperbolic3-manifold software,1991–2000.Available from /weeks/index/SnapPea.html.Benjamin A.Burton,Department of Mathematics and Statistics,The University of Melbourne, 3010VIC,Australia(**************)6。

罗米德普司（Istodax）疗法指南说明书

Romidepsin:Istodax®; Romidepsin (liquid)(Intravenous)Last Review Date: 10/01/2021 Date of Origin: 07/29/2014Document Number: IC-0217Dates Reviewed: 07/2014, 07/2015, 10/2016, 10/2017, 11/2018, 11/2019, 09/2020, 10/2021I. Length of AuthorizationCoverage will be provided for 6 months and may be renewed.II. Dosing LimitsA. Quantity Limit (max daily dose) [NDC unit]:• Istodax kit (contains a single-use 10 mg vial): 12 vials every 28 days • Romidepsin 27.5 mg/5.5 mL solution for injection: 4 vials every 28 days •Romidepsin 10 mg/2 mL solution for injection: 1 vial every 28 daysB. Max Units (per dose and over time) [HCPCS Unit]:Maintenance Dose:• 400 billable units on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycleIII. Initial Approval CriteriaCoverage is provided in the following conditions: • Patient is at least 18 years old; AND Universal Criteria• Used as single-agent therapy; AND T-Cell Lymphoma † Ф 1,2,3• Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL) (Non-Cutaneous)(Including: Anaplastic large cell lymphoma; Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified; Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma; Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma; Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma; Nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma with TFH phenotype; Follicular T-cell lymphoma; Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma (nasal type); Hepatosplenic Gamma-Delta T-Cell Lymphoma)oPatient has failed previous therapy; ORo Used as initial palliative intent therapy•Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma (CTCL)(Including: Primary Cutaneous CD30+ T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders [primarycutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma], Mycosis Fungoides/Sezary Syndrome)o Patient has failed prior systemic therapy; ORo Used as primary treatment for Mycosis Fungoides/Sezary Syndrome in patients without stage IA disease with B1 blood involvement ‡† FDA Approved Indication(s); ‡ Compendia Recommended Indication(s); Ф Orphan DrugIV.Renewal CriteriaAuthorizations can be renewed based on the following criteria:•Patient continues to meet universal and other indication-specific relevant criteria such as concomitant therapy requirements (not including prerequisite therapy), performance status,etc. identified in section III; AND•Disease response with treatment as defined by stabilization of disease or decrease in size of tumor or tumor spread; AND•Absence of unacceptable toxicity from the drug. Examples of unacceptable toxicity include the following: hematological abnormalities (e.g., neutropenia, lymphopenia, anemia, leukopenia,thrombocytopenia, etc.), severe infections, severe tumor lysis syndrome, and ECG T-waveand/or ST-segment changes, etc.V.Dosage/AdministrationT-cell lymphomas Recommended dose is 14 mg/m² administered intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15 of a28-day cycle, repeat cycles until disease progression or intolerable toxicity.VI.Billing Code/Availability InformationHCPCS Code:•J9315 – Injection, romidepsin, 1 mg; 1 billable unit = 1 mg (Discontinue use on 10/01/2021) •J9319 – Injection, romidepsin, lyophilized, 0.1 mg; 1 billable unit = 0.1 mg (Effective10/01/2021)•C9065 – Injection, romidepsin, non-lyophylized (e.g. liquid), 1 mg; 1 billable unit = 1 mg(Discontinue use on 10/01/2021)•J9318 – Injection, romidepsin, non-lyophilized, 0.1 mg; 1 billable unit = 0.1 mg (Effective10/01/2021)NDC:−Istodax kit (single-use 10 mg vial): 59572-0984-xx−Romidepsin 27.5 mg/5.5 mL solution for injection: 00703-4004-xx−Romidepsin 10 mg/2 mL solution for injection: 00703-3071-xxVII.References1.Istodax [package insert]. Summit, NJ; Celgene, November 2018. Accessed August 2020.2.Romidepsin [package insert]. North Wales, PA; Teva Pharmaceuticals. March 2020. AccessedAugust 2020.3.Referenced with permission from the NCCN Drugs and Biologics Compendium (NCCNCompendium®) romidepsin. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2020. The NCCNCompendium® is a derivative work of the NCCN Guidelines®. NATIONALCOMPREHENSIVE CANCER NETWORK®, NCCN®, and NCCN GUIDELINES® aretrademarks owned by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. To view the mostrecent and complete version of the Compendium, go online to . Accessed August2019.4.Whittaker SJ, Demierre MF, Kim EJ, et al. Final results from a multicenter, international,pivotal study of romidepsin in refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct10;28(29):4485-91. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.28.9066. Epub 2010 Aug 9.5.Bates SE, Eisch R, Ling A, et al. Romidepsin in peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma:mechanistic implications from clinical and correlative data. Br J Haematol. 2015Jul;170(1):96-109. doi: 10.1111/bjh.13400. Epub 2015 Apr 19.6.Piekarz RL, Frye R, Turner M, et al. Phase II multi-institutional trial of the histonedeacetylase inhibitor romidepsin as monotherapy for patients with cutaneous T-celllymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 10;27(32):5410-7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.21.6150. Epub2009 Oct 13.Appendix 1 – Covered Diagnosis CodesC84.00 Mycosis fungoides, unspecified siteC84.01 Mycosis fungoides, lymph nodes of head, face, and neckC84.02 Mycosis fungoides, intrathoracic lymph nodesC84.03 Mycosis fungoides, intra-abdominal lymph nodesC84.04 Mycosis fungoides, lymph nodes of axilla and upper limbC84.05 Mycosis fungoides, lymph nodes of inguinal region and lower limbC84.06 Mycosis fungoides, intrapelvic lymph nodesC84.07 Mycosis fungoides, spleenC84.08 Mycosis fungoides, lymph nodes of multiple sitesC84.09 Mycosis fungoides, extranodal and solid organ sitesC84.10 Sézary disease, unspecified siteC84.11 Sézary disease, lymph nodes of head, face, and neckC84.12 Sézary disease, intrathoracic lymph nodesC84.13 Sézary disease, intra-abdominal lymph nodesC84.14 Sézary disease, lymph nodes of axilla and upper limbC84.15 Sézary disease, lymph nodes of inguinal region and lower limbC84.16 Sézary disease, intrapelvic lymph nodesC84.17 Sézary disease, spleenC84.18 Sézary disease, lymph nodes of multiple sitesC84.19 Sézary disease, extranodal and solid organ sitesC84.40 Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not classified, unspecified siteC84.41 Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not classified, lymph nodes of head, face, and neckC84.42 Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not classified, intrathoracic lymph nodesC84.43 Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not classified, intra-abdominal lymph nodesC84.44 Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not classified, lymph nodes of axilla and upper limbC84.45 Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not classified, lymph nodes of inguinal region and lower limbC84.46 Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not classified, intrapelvic lymph nodesC84.47 Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not classified, spleenC84.48 Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not classified, lymph nodes of multiple sitesC84.49 Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not classified, extranodal and solid organ sitesC84.60 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive, unspecified siteC84.61 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive, lymph nodes of head, face, and neckC84.62 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive, intrathoracic lymph nodesC84.63 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive, intra-abdominal lymph nodesC84.64 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive, lymph nodes of axilla and upper limbC84.65 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive, lymph nodes of inguinal region and lower limb C84.66 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive, intrapelvic lymph nodesC84.67 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive, spleenC84.68 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive, lymph nodes of multiple sitesC84.69 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive, extranodal and solid organ sitesC84.70 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative, unspecified siteC84.71 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative, lymph nodes of head, face, and neckC84.72 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative, intrathoracic lymph nodesC84.73 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative, intra-abdominal lymph nodesC84.74 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative, lymph nodes of axilla and upper limbC84.75 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative, lymph nodes of inguinal region and lower limb C84.76 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative, intrapelvic lymph nodesC84.77 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative, spleenC84.78 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative, lymph nodes of multiple sitesC84.79 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative, extranodal and solid organ sitesC84.90 Mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, unspecified, unspecified siteC84.91 Mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, unspecified, lymph nodes of head, face, and neckC84.92 Mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, unspecified, intrathoracic lymph nodesC84.93 Mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, unspecified, intra-abdominal lymph nodesC84.94 Mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, unspecified, lymph nodes of axilla and upper limbC84.95 Mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, unspecified, lymph nodes of inguinal region and lower limbC84.96 Mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, unspecified, intrapelvic lymph nodesC84.97 Mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, unspecified, spleenC84.98 Mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, unspecified, lymph nodes of multiple sitesC84.99 Mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, unspecified, extranodal and solid organ sitesC84.Z0 Other mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, unspecified siteC84.Z1 Other mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, lymph nodes of head, face, and neckC84.Z2 Other mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, intrathoracic lymph nodesC84.Z3 Other mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, intra-abdominal lymph nodesC84.Z4 Other mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, lymph nodes of axilla and upper limbC84.Z5 Other mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, lymph nodes of inguinal region and lower limbC84.Z6 Other mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, intrapelvic lymph nodesC84.Z7 Other mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, spleenC84.Z8 Other mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, lymph nodes of multiple sitesC84.Z9 Other mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, extranodal and solid organ sitesC86.0 Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal typeC86.1 Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphomaC86.2 Enteropathy-type (intestinal) T-cell lymphomaC86.5 Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomaC86.6 Primary cutaneous CD30-positive T-cell proliferationsAppendix 2 – Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)Medicare coverage for outpatient (Part B) drugs is outlined in the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual (Pub. 100-2), Chapter 15, §50 Drugs and Biologicals. In addition, National Coverage Determination (NCD), Local Coverage Articles (LCAs) and Local Coverage Determinations (LCDs) may exist and compliance with these policies is required where applicable. They can be found at:/medicare-coverage-database/search/advanced-search.aspx. Additional indications may be covered at the discretion of the health plan.Medicare Part B Covered Diagnosis Codes (applicable to existing NCD/LCA/LCD): N/AJurisdiction Applicable State/US Territory ContractorE (1) CA, HI, NV, AS, GU, CNMI Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLCF (2 & 3) AK, WA, OR, ID, ND, SD, MT, WY, UT, AZ Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLC5KS, NE, IA, MO Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corp (WPS) 6MN, WI, IL National Government Services, Inc. (NGS)H (4 & 7) LA, AR, MS, TX, OK, CO, NM Novitas Solutions, Inc.8MI, IN Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corp (WPS)Jurisdiction Applicable State/US Territory ContractorN (9) FL, PR, VI First Coast Service Options, Inc.J (10) TN, GA, AL Palmetto GBA, LLCM (11) NC, SC, WV, VA (excluding below) Palmetto GBA, LLCNovitas Solutions, Inc.L (12) DE, MD, PA, NJ, DC (includes Arlington &Fairfax counties and the city of Alexandria in VA)K (13 & 14) NY, CT, MA, RI, VT, ME, NH National Government Services, Inc. (NGS) 15 KY, OH CGS Administrators, LLC。

车尔尼作品列表编号记录 Czerny

作品列表作品92号：托卡塔（Toccata）作品139号：简易练习100首作品151号：大的颤动练习Grand Exercice de Trilles Op.151 (Piano solo)作品161号：48首前奏与终止练习曲作品229号：为两架钢琴而用的快速练习曲40首作品239号：二重奏练习曲50首作品244号：大的半音阶练习作品245号：大的三度音阶与双音经过句练习作品261号：基本练习101首作品268号：练习曲式大奏鸣曲作品277号：初级练习10首作品299号：快速练习40首作品335号：连奏和断奏练习作品336号：24首练习作品337号：每日课程40首作品355号：装饰音练习作品359号：初级教程第一课作品365号：演奏家的高级练习曲作品380号：24个大调的三度练习曲作品388号：准备的简易练习曲作品399号：改善左手的1十首大练习曲作品400号：赋格的练习作品409号：50首特性练习曲作品428号：60首初级练习作品433号：准备过程的练习曲作品453号：初步简易练习150首作品481号：初步练习50首作品495号：42首四手练习曲作品499号：两首为少年钢琴家写的练习曲作品553号：6首八度练习曲作品584号：钢琴初级教程作品599号：实用初级练习100首作品613号：表情练习曲集作品632号：12首练习曲作品636号：灵活手指的预备练习作品684号：24首爱尔兰歌调练习作品692号：24首大型沙龙练习曲作品694号：少年练习曲作品699号：右手的艺术作品706号：24首新爱尔兰练习曲作品718号：24首左手简易练习曲作品727号：两架钢琴的12首练习曲作品735号：左手三度练习曲作品737号：40首天天练作品740号：灵活手指的华丽练习50首作品748号：小手用的练习25首作品749号：小手用的练习25首作品750号：基本练习30首作品751号：四手用的音阶练习作品753号：30首华丽练习曲作品755号：特性练习曲25首作品756号：25首大练习曲作品765号：库朗特练习曲作品767号：50首表情练习曲作品777号：五指练习24首作品779号：大的耐力和速度练习曲作品785号：25首大的特性练习曲作品792号：35首为达到钢琴精确技巧的练习曲作品793号：大的琶音练习作品802号：实用练指法作品807号：新的练习曲作品818号：50首手指练习作品819号：曲调和节奏练习曲集作品820号：50首天天练习作品821号：8或16小节的练习160首作品822号：通向颠峰的途径作品823号：初步练习作品824号：四手练习作品825号：儿童钢琴教程作品829号：华丽练习曲作品834号：演奏家练习曲作品835号：儿童的方法作品837号：现代钢琴篇章作品838号：和弦低音练习作品840号：50首旋律练习作品845号：12首轻快练习作品848号：小手新钢琴日课32首作品849号：流畅练习曲作品861号：左手练习曲Works Listed by Opus NumberFor Piano Unless Otherwise Noted1 - 99•Op.1 - Variations Concertantes on a Theme of Krumpholz for Violin & Piano•Op.2 - Brilliant Rondeau on the Cavatine de Carafa for Piano 4-Hands•Op.3 - Brilliant Fantasy and Variations on "Romance of Blangini" for Piano with String Accompaniment•Op.4 - Le Souvenir, Variations•Op.5 - Grand Rondeau No.1 in C Major•Op.6 - Waltz or Exercises•Op.7 - Piano Sonata No.1 in Ab Major•Op.8 - Amicitiae, Andantino with Variations•Op.9 - Variations Brillant & Facile on a Favorite Theme•Op.10 - Brillant Grand Sonata in C minor for Piano 4-Hands•Op.11 - Brilliant Divertissement for Piano 4-Hands•Op.12 - Variations on Schubert's Trauer-Walzer D.365 No.2 (Solo & Duet Versions)•Op.13 - Piano Sonata No.2 in A minor•Op.14 - Brilliant Variations on an Austrian Waltz•Op.15 - Recreation for the Carnival, Brilliant Choice of Waltz and easy: 2 Books•Op.16 - Introduction and Variations on "O cara memoria"•Op.17 - Brilliant Rondo on a favorite Menuet of C. Kreutzer (Alternate Title: Fantaisie deA. Delaseurie sur un Air Suisse)•Op.18 - Brilliant Grande Polonaise•Op.19 - Variations of a Barcarole Favorite•Op.20 - Introduction and Variations on a Marche favorite della Donna del Lago•Op.21 - Introductions and Variations on a Cav. Favorite "Sorte secondami"•Op.22 - Rondino No.1 on "Cara attendimi"•Op.23 - Brillant Rondo No.2 in G Major for Piano 4-Hands•Op.24 - Presto Caratteristico, Duet in A minor•Op.25 - Brilliant Variations on "Ah come nancondere" for Piano 4-Hands•Op.26 - Rondo quasi Capriccio in Eb Major•Op.27 - Fantasy in Bb Major•Op.28 - Piano Concerto in F Major•Op.29 - Rondino No.2 on a Theme de l'Opera Corradino•Op.30 - Rondino No.3 on a Theme de l'Opera Armida•Op.31 - 3 Fugues•Op.32 - New Year's Gifts, 24 Waltzes•Op.33 - La Ricordanza, Variazioni sopra un Tema di Rode•Op.34 - Duet after the 1st Trio of Mayseder for Piano 4-Hands•Op.35 - Waltz di Bravura•Op.36 - Impromptus ou variations brillantes•Op.37 - Fantasy followed by a Romance varied•Op.38 - 1st Grand Potpourri Concerto for 2 Pianos 6-Hands•Op.39 - Rondino No.4 on a Theme by Fesca•Op.40 - Brilliant Variations on Ballet La Danseuse d'Arthere for Piano 4-Hands•Op.41 - Rondino No.5 on a Theme by Beethoven•Op.42 - Rondino No.6 on an original Theme•Op.43 - Brilliant Divertissement No.2 on a Cav. "Aure felice" for Piano 4-Hands •Op.44 - Romance of Beethoven arranged as a Brilliant Rondo for Piano 4-Hands •Op.45 - Charms of Baden, Rondo Pastoral•Op.46 - Variations on a Bohemian Air•Op.47 - Grand Exercise in Bravura in the form of Brilliant Rondo•Op.48 - Die Schiffende, for V oice & Piano with words by Holtz•Op.49 - 2 Brillant Sonatinas•Op.50 - 2 Brillant Sonatinas for Piano 4-Hands•Op.51 - 2 Brilliant Sonatinas for Violin & Piano•Op.52 - Variations in an Easy Style on the Air from Die Fee aus Frankreich•Op.53 - Rondoletto Scherzando in C Major•Op.54 - Brilliant and Characteristic Overture for Piano 4-Hands•Op.55 - Charms of Friendship on a Theme of Beethoven•Op.56 - Introduction and Variations on the 1st Galoppe•Op.57 - Piano Sonata No.3 in F minor•Op.58 - Legerrazza e Bravura, Brilliant Rondo (with Quartet Accompaniment)•Op.59 - Introduction and Brilliant Variations on a Rondo and Marche favorite of Roland •Op.60 - Einleitung, Variations and Rondo on C. M. von Weber's Hunting Chorus from Euryanthe (with Orchestral Accompaniment)•Op.61 - Preludes, Cadences, and a Short Fantasia in a Brilliant Style•Op.62 - Caprice and Variations on "An Alexis" by Himmel•Op.63 - Brilliant and Easy Toccatine on Tarrantelle of the Ballet Die Fee und der Ritter •Op.64 - Fantasy in the Modern Style on Potpourri•Op.65 - Piano Sonata No.4 in G Major•Op.66 - Rondo and Waltz in C Major•Op.67 - Concert Variations followed by a Hunting Rondo on the walk of the Ballet, Barbe Bleu for Piano 4-Hands•Op.68 - Passionate Rondo•Op.69 - Allegretto grazioso on a Theme from the Ballet, Barbe Bleu•Op.70 - Romance in D Major•Op.71 - Brilliant Nocturne after "Das waren mir selige Tage, for Piano 4-Hands•Op.72 - 2 Nice Rondos•Op.73 - Variations on "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" (with Quartet or Orchestral Accompaniment)•Op.74 - Brilliant Rondoletto in Eb Major•Op.75 - 3 Grand Allegros•Op.76 - Piano Sonata No.5 in E Major•Op.77 - Variations on "God Save the King"•Op.78 - Piano Concerto in C Major•Op.79 - 3 Grand Marches (Solo & Duet versions)•Op.80 - Introduction and 7 V ariations, Concerto for Piano & Flute (or Violin)•Op.81 - Variations on Marche Anglais•Op.82 - Grand Exercise in F Major•Op.83 - Romance from W. Scott's "Fraulein vorn See" for Voice & Piano•Op.84 - Grand Potpourri No.2 for 2 Pianos 6-Hands•Op.85 - 3 Polonaises•Op.86 - Variations sur l'hymne Bavarois•Op.87 - Introduction & Variations Faciles on a Waltz of Mr. le Comte de Gallenberg for Piano 4-Hands•Op.88 - Rondino No.7 on a Motif from the Opera "Elisa e Claudio" of Mercadante•Op.89 - Capriccio a la Fuga in E minor•Op.90 - 6 Rondeaux Mignons for Piano 4-Hands•Op.91 - German Air with Variations, "Es Ritten drei Rieter•Op.92 - Toccata or Exercise in C Major•Op.93 - Rondo Espressivo in E Major•Op.94 - 2 Grand Marches for Piano 4-Hands•Op.95 - Notturno Brillant for Piano, Violin, Viola, Cello, Flute, Clarinet, Horn, Bassoon, & Double Bass)•Op.96 - Rondino No.8 on an Original Theme (alla Polacca)•Op.97 - Rondino No.9, "La Chasse"•Op.98 - Rondino No.10 on a Theme of Mozart•Op.99 - Rondino No.11 on a Theme of Haydn100 - 199•Op.100 - Rondino No.12 on a Theme of Cherubini•Op.101 - Grand March composed for the Coronation of the Empress Caroline of Austria for Piano 4-Hands•Op.102 - Rondeau Brillante No.3 for Piano 4-Hands•Op.103 - Variations Brillante sur un Air Militaire Francaise•Op.104 - 3 Sonatines Faciles et Brillantes for Piano with Violin & Cello Accompaniment ad libitum•Op.105 - Piano Trio No.1 in Eb Major•Op.106 - Introduction & Variations on an Original Theme for Piano 4-Hands•Op.107 - Rondeau Brillante dans le Style Francaise in D minor•Op.108 - Caprice in E minor•Op.109 - 5 Unvergangliche Blumchen for V oice & Piano•Op.110 - 1st Decameron Musical, Recueil de Compositions Brillant et Faciles (10 Bks., Solo Piano Version)•Op.111 - 1st Decameron Musical, Recueil de Compositions Brillant et Faciles (10 Bks., Piano 4H Version)•Op.112 - Galoppe Varie No.2•Op.113 - Variations on an Original Theme•Op.114 - Valse Variée•Op.115 - Easy Variations on a Theme from the Farce, Staberl's Reise Abentheuer in Frankfort and Munchen•Op.116 - Impromptu Brillant for Piano 4-Hands•Op.117 - Tendress, Amitie, & Confiance, 3 Rondeaux•Op.118 - Grande Polonaise Brillante (with string quartet ad libitum)•Op.119 - Sonate Militaire et Brillante for Piano 4-Hands•Op.120 - Sonate Sentimentale for Piano 4-Hands•Op.121 - Sonate Pastorale for Piano 4-Hands•Op.122 - Grand Divertissement in the Form of a Rondo Brillante with Orchestral Accompaniment•Op.123 - Variations Brillante sur "Gott Erbalte Franz den Kaiser" for Piano 4-Hands •Op.124 - Piano Sonata No.6 in D minor•Op.125 - Variations Brillantes on a Theme from the Opera 'Il Crociato' for Piano 4-Hands •Op.126 - Grande Serenade Concertante for Clarinet, Horn, Cello, & Piano•Op.127 - Rondino No.13 on a Theme from Auber's Opera "Le maçon", for Piano Quintet •Op.128 - Rondeau Brillant in A Major•Op.129 - Duo concertant in G Major for Flute (or Violin) & Piano•Op.130 - Variations Brillantes on 2 Themes from the Opera 'L'Ultimo Giorno di Pompei' for Piano 4-Hands•Op.131 - Fantasie Elegante (or Potpourri Brillant) on Themes from the Opera 'La Dame Blanche'•Op.132 - Variations Brillantes sur "Depechons Travaillons" de l'Opera 'Le Macon' (Solo & Duet Versions)•Op.133 - Introduction & Variations on the Cavatine from the Opera 'L'Ultimo Giorno di Pompei'•Op.134 - Impromptu (or Variations) on a Theme from the Opera 'Oberon'•Op.135 - Variations on a Theme from teh Opera 'Oberon'•Op.136 - Hommage aux Dames, Repertoire des Nouvelles Compositions Brillantes (3 Bks.)•Op.137 - Allegro Affetuoso for Piano 4-Hands•Op.138 - Variations de Concert on "La Marche des Grecs" de l'opera 'Le Siege de Corinthe'•Op.139 - 100 Progressive Etudes•Op.140 - Introductions & Variations on a Favorite Air from 'Das Madchen aus der Feenwelt'•Op.141 - Variations on the Favorite Duet "Bruderlein Fein" for Piano 4-Hands•Op.142 - Overture for Orchestra in C minor•Op.143 - Piano Sonata No.7 (Grande Fantaisie en forme de Sonate)•Op.144 - Piano Sonata No.8 in Eb Major (Grande Fantaisie en forme de Sonate) •Op.145 - Piano Sonata No.9 (Grande Fantaisie en forme de Sonate)•Op.146 - Funeral March on the Death of Ludwig van Beethoven (Solo & Duet Versions) •Op.147 - Variations a Capriccio on 2 Themes from the Opera 'Oberon' for Piano 4-Hands •Op.148 - Piano Quartet No.1•Op.149 - Rondoletto Concertant in F Major•Op.150 - 3 Polonaises Sentimentales•Op.151 - Grand Exercise on the Shake•Op.152 - Grand Exercise in All the Keys, Major & Minor•Op.153 - Concerto in C Major for Piano 4-Hands & Orchestra•Op.154 - Graduale Pastorale in F Major, "Hodie Christus Natus Est", for 4 V oices, 2 Violins, Viola, 2 Clarinets, 2 Horns, Cello, Double Bass, & Organ•Op.155 - Exsulta filia Sion, Offertorium Pastorale•Op.156 - Belohnung der fleissigen Jugend, 3 Sonatinen for Piano Duet•Op.157 - Fantasia in A Major, Der Brand von Maria-Zell•Op.158 - 3 Rondeaux Faciles &3 Sonatines Faciles Instructives et Doigtees in 4 Bks.(Bk.1 - Rondeaux Piano Solo Version, Bk.2 Rondeaux Duet Version, Bk.3 SonatinesPiano Solo Version, Bk.4 Sonatines Duet V ersion)•Op.159 - Rondeau Brillant di Bravura in A Major with Orchestral Accompaniment•Op.160 - Introduction, Variations, & Polacca after a Theme from Bellini's "Il Pirata", for Piano & Orchestra•Op.161 - 48 Etudes in the Form of Preludes•Op.162 - Fantaisie Brillante on Diverse Themes Suisses & Tiroliens•Op.163 - 6 Easy Sonatinas•Op.164 - Rondino No.14 sur "Ma Quell Amabile" dans 'Il Pirata'•Op.165 - Grand Nocturne Brillant for Piano 4-Hands•Op.166 - Piano Trio No.2 in A Major•Op.167 - Sonatina in A Major•Op.168 - 2 Rondeaux•Op.169 - Rondino No.15 on a Theme of Paganini•Op.170 - Grandes Variations Brillantes on Paganini's "La Campanella"•Op.171 - Fantasia on 3 Themes of Haydn, Mozart, & Beethoven•Op.172 - Grand Capriccio in C minor•Op.173 - Piano Trio No.3 in E Major•Op.174 - Ecossaises Brillantes (or Exercises de Bravura)•Op.175 - Second Decameron Musical, Recueil de Compositions Amusantes (10 Bks., Piano Solo)•Op.176 - Second Decameron Musical, Recueil de Compositions Amusantes (10 Bks., Piano Duet)•Op.177 - Allegro Fugato in Quintetto for Strings•Op.178 - Grand Sonata in F minor for Piano 4-Hands•Op.179 - Introduction, Variations, & Polacca on 2 Favorite Airs from "Der Alpen Konig und der Menschenfried"•Op.180 - Introduction & Variations on a Favorite Air from "Der Alpen Konig und der Menschenfried" (Solo & Duet Versions)Opus Numbers 181-192 are collectively entitled "12 Grand Rondeaux Nationaux Brillants et Caracteristiques"•o Op.181 - Rondeau National Allemando Op.182 - Rondeau Anglais et Ecossaiso Op.183 - Rondeau Bohemeo Op.184 - Rondeau Espagnolo Op.185 - Rondeau Francaiso Op.186 - Rondeau Hongroiso Op.187 - Rondeau Italieno Op.188 - Rondeau Polonoiso Op.189 - Rondeau Russeo Op.190 - Rondeau Suedoiso Op.191 - Rondeau Suisseo Op.192 - Rondeau Turque•Op.193 - Galoppe Variee No.3•Op.194 - Introduction, Variations, & Rondo on 2 Favorite Styrian Alpine Airs (Solo & Duet Versions)•Op.195 - Rondino No.16 sur 'Ah come rapida'•Op.196 - Introduction, Variations, & Rondo on "Or Che Son Vicino a Te" (Solo & Duet Versions)•Op.197 - Fantasie Elegante No.3 sur 'La muette de Portici'•Op.198 - Rondino No.17 on the 2 Barcarolles from 'La Muette de Portici'•Op.199 - Variations sur "Ach! ich Stell" du Falsche Dir (Solo & Duet Versions)200 - 299•Op.200– The Art of Improvisation (or The School of Extemporaneous Performance) •Op.201 - 6 Rondeax d'Amusement•Op.202 - Introduction, Variation Brillantes, et Rondeau de Chasse•Op.203 - Valse Autrichienne•Op.204 - Divertissement de Concert for Piano & Orchestra (or Adagio, variations et rondeau)•Op.205 - Impromptu Brillant on a Theme of Rossini•Op.206 - Theme Russe, variee•Op.207 - Rondoletto sur le Theme Hollandis Favori, "Wien Neelands Bloed in de Aders Vloeit"•Op.208 - Introduction & Variations sur 'La muette de Portici' (Auber)•Op.209 - Divertissement Briallant & Facile•Op.210 - Concertino for Piano with Orchestral Accompaniment in C Major•Op.211 - 2 Trios Brillants for Piano, Violin, & Cello (C Major & A Major)•Op.212 - 6 Grands Potpourris Brillants & Concertants (Versions for Piano, Violin, & Cello or 2 Pianos)•Op.213 - Andante & Rondo with Orchestral Accompaniment in C Major•Op.214 - Piano Concerto No.1 in A minor•Op.215 - Rondoletto Brillant sur Plusiers Motifs tires des Romances Francais•Op.216 - Rondoletto Brillant on 2 Motifs from the Opera 'William Tell'•Op.217 - Rondeau de Chasse on "Quelle Savage Harmonie" from 'William Tell'•Op.218 - Potpourri Brillant on Motifs from the Opera 'Faust'•Op.219 - Introduction & Variations on the Pas de Trois from 'William Tell'•Op.220 - Variations Brillantes on the Tyrolienne from 'William Tell'•Op.221 - 2 Grandes Fantasies on Motifs from 'William Tell' (No.1 E minor, No.2 A Major)•Op.222 - Impromptu Brillant on a Pastorale from 'William Tell'•Op.223 - Variations Brillantes on "Das Wandern ist des Mullers Lust" of Schubert (Solo & Duet Versions)•Op.224 - 2 Piano Quartets Brillantes1. F Major2.G Major•Op.225 - Variations Brillantes on a Romance from Ivanhoe's Opera 'Templar & Judinn' for Piano 4-Hands•Op.226 - Fantasia in F minor for Piano 4-HandsOpus Numbers 227-229 & 295-297 are part of the Collection "Les Pianistes Associes, ou Compositions Brillant et Concertant•o Op.227 - Bk.1, Rondeau Brillant for Piano 6-Handso Op.228 - Bk.2Variations Brillante on a Tyrolien Theme from the Opera 'La Fiancee' for Piano 6-Handso Op.229 - Bk.3Divertissement Militaire for Piano 6-Hands•Op.230 - Concerto for 4 Pianos in C Major•Op.231 - 3 Rondeau Mignons Facile & Brillantes on Favorite Themes (Solo & Duet Versions)•Op.232 - Grand Variations di Bravura on 2 Motifs from the Opera 'Fra Diavolo' (Auber) •Op.233 - Rondo Brillant (For Piano Solo or with Orchestral Accompaniment)•Op.234 - Introduction & Variations Brillantes sur la Marche dans "Gli Arabi nelle Gallie"•Op.235 - Rondino No.18 on a Theme of Auber•Op.236 - Variations Brillantes on the Petit Tambour (For Solo Piano or with Orchestral Accompaniment)•Op.237 - Einzugs Marsch, Performed at the Opening of the Hungarian Diet, Sept. 13, 1830 (Solo & Duet Versions)•Op.238 - March Performed on the Occasion of the Coronation of His Imperial Majesty Ferdinand as King of Hungary, Sept. 28, 1830 (Solo & Duet Versions)•Op.239 - 50 Duett Studies•Op.240 - Fantasy Romantique No.1 on Sir Walter Scott's 'Roman Waverley' for Piano 4-Hands•Op.241 - Fantasy Romantique No.2 on Sir Walter Scott's 'Guy Mannering' for Piano 4-Hands•Op.242 - Fantasy Romantique No.3 on Sir Walter Scott's 'Rob Roy' for Piano 4-Hands •Op.243 - Fantasy Romantique No.4 on Sir Walter Scott's 'Ivanhoe' for Piano 4-Hands•Op.244 - Grand Exercice de la Gamme Chromatique avec toutes les Differentes Maruieres du Doigte•Op.245 - Grand Exercice des Gammes en Tierces & des Passages Doubles•Op.246 - Introduction, Variations, & Finale on a Choeur de l'Opera 'Fra Diavolo' •Op.247 - Souvenirs Teatral (ca.50 Fantasies each with solo & duet versions)•Op.248 - Introduction & Variations Concertant on a Tirolienne in F minor for Piano & Cello•Op.249 - Variations on the Favorite Charmant Waltz by Strauss•Op.250 - Festal March in A Major•Op.251 - 3rd Decameron Musical, 10 Bks. for Piano Solo•Op.252 - 3rd Decameron Musical, 10 Bks. for Piano 4-Hands•Op.253 - Le Golfe de Naples, Tableau Nocturne ou Fanasie Pittoresque•Op.254 - Grand Rondeau Briallant in F Major for Piano 4-Hands•Op.255 - Rondeau a la Barcarolle in A Major•Op.256 - Fantasy Concerto in G Major for Piano, Flute, & Cello•Op.257 - Grand Polonaise in C Major•Op.258 - 2 Themes Original Varies•Op.259 - Grand Rondeau Militaire & Brillante for Piano 4-Hands•Op.260 - Rondo•Op.261 - 101 Progressive Exercises•Op.262 - 3 Piano Quartets Brillantes & non Difficiles (C, EB, & F)•Op.263 - Variations Precede d'une Introduction sur un Motif de 'La Fiancee'•Op.264 - Introduction & Allegro Agitato in G minor for Piano Duet•Op.265 - Rondeau Precede d'une Introduction•Op.266 - Variations Brillantes & non difficiles on a Original Valse for Piano 4-Hands •Op.267 - Allegro & Galop in F Major•Op.268 - Piano Sonata No.10 (Grande Sonate d'Etude)•Op.269 - Introduction & Grand Polonaise Brillante for Piano 4-Hands•Op.270 - 3 Themes Originaux, Varies•Op.271 - La Joyeust et la Sentimentale, 2 Rondos•Op.272 - Rondo Polacca•Op.273 - Variations on a Theme of Paganini•Op.274 - Souvenir de Contemporains, 3 Rondeaux Brillante & Facile sur des Motifs Favoris de Notre Tems (Solo & Duet Versions)•Op.275 - 3 Themes Choisis from the Opera 'Robert le Diable'•Op.276 - Serenade Venetienne, Divertissement Concertant on a Barcarolle for 3 Voices - Accompanied by Variations Brillantes For Piano, Flute, Clarinet, & Cello in A Major •Op.277 - Le Chiron Musical (or Collection des Compositions Instructives) for Piano 4-Hands•Op.278 - Rondo en Bolero in D Major•Op.279 - Rondino No.19 on 2 Favorite Motifs from the Opera 'Zampa'•Op.280 - Variations Brillantes on an English March in E Major•Op.281 - Variations Brillantes on a Theme from the Opera 'Norma' in F Major•Op.282 - Le Cornet de Postillon, Variations on a Theme of Rossini•Op.283 - Grand Rondo Brillante in F Major•Op.284 - Rondino No.20 on Schubert's "Das Ständchen" in C Major•Op.285 - Grandes Variations Concertantes on a Theme from the Opera 'Montechi e Capuleti' in Bb Major for (2 Piano & Piano Solo Versions)•Op.286 - Grand Rondo Brillante in C Major•Op.287 - 3 Ariette Italienne for Tenor V oice & Piano•Op.288 - 6 Divertissements in the Form of a Rondo•Op.289 - Piano Trio No.4 in A minor•Op.290 - La Douceur, Rondo Elegant•Op.291 - Grand Rondo for Piano 4-Hands•Op.292 - Variations Brillantes on an Original Theme in F Major•Op.293 - La Rivalite, Rondo Brillante & Concertant for Piano 4-Hands•Op.294 - Grand Potpourri in A Major for Piano, Flute, Violin, Alto, & CelloOpus Numbers 227-229 & 295-297 are part of the Collection "Les Pianistes Associes, ou Compositions Brillant et Concertant•o Op.295 - Bk.4 - Variations Brillantes on a Theme from the Opera 'Montechi e Capuleti' for Piano 6-Handso Op.296 - Bk.5 - Polonaise for Piano 6-Handso Op.297 - Bk.6 Variations Brillantes on a Theme from the Opera 'Norma' for Piano 6-Hands•Op.298 - Grand Potpourri No.3 for 2 Pianos, 6-Hands•Op.299 - The School of Velocity, 30 Exercises300 - 399•Op.300 - L'Art de Preludier•Op.301 - Variations on a Waltz of Reissenger•Op.302 - Italian Theme & Variations•Op.303 - Introduction & Variations Brillantes on a Theme of Mr. Rudolphe de Vivenot •Op.304 - Variations on a Theme of Lafont in D Major for Violin & Piano•Op.305 - Variations on a Spanish Theme in A Major for Violin & Piano•Op.306 - Souvenir de Jeune Age, Rondo on the Romance from the Opera 'Le Pre aux Clercs' (Herold)•Op.307 - Variations Brillantes on a Theme from the Opera 'Le Serment' for Piano 4-Hands•Op.308 - Variations on an Original Theme•Op.309 - Introduction & Variations in G Major on a Theme from 'Le Pre aux Clercs' for Piano, Violin, & Cello (Herold)•Op.310 - Variations Brillantes on "Dans Cette Belle" from the Opera 'Le Serment'•Op.311 - 2 Rondeaux on Thems from the Opera 'Le Pre aux Clercs' (Herold)•Op.312 - Variations on "A la Fleur du Bel Age" from the Opera 'Le Pre aux Clercs' for Piano 4-Hands (Herold)•Op.313 - The Young Pianist, 2 Sonatines Faciles (C Major, & G Major)•Op.314 - Grand Polonaise Brillante in A Major for Piano & Violin•Op.315 - Cadenzas for Beethoven's Piano Concertos, 2 Bks.•Op.316 - 10 Petit Rondeaux•Op.317 - Variations on an Original Theme in A Major•Op.318 - 6 Graduals for Soprano, Alto, Tenor, & Bass with ad lib Accompaniment for Piano/Organ•Op.319 - Variations•Op.320 - Variations•Op.321 - Rondo in Bb Major for Piano 4-Hands•Op.322 - Rondo in Bb Major for Piano Solo•Op.323 - L'Allegresse, Rondo in Bb Major•Op.324 - Variations Brillantes on a Waltz of Lanner•Op.325 - 3 Fantasies on Themes from Donizetti's Opera 'L'Elisir d'Amore' (Solo & Duet Versions)•Op.326 - 3 Themes Favoris from the Opera 'Zampa'•Op.327 - 3 Fantasies on Donzietti's Opera 'Parisina' (Solo & Duet Versions)•Op.328 - 3 Fantasies on Donizetti's Opera 'Il Furioso all' Isola di St. Domingo' (Solo & Duet Versions)•Op.329 - Variations on a Theme from De Marschner's Opera 'Hans Heiling' for Piano 4-Hands•Op.330 - Tausend Tonblumen•Op.331 - Grande Sonata No.3 in Bb Major for Piano 4-Hands•Op.332 - Variations Brillante on a Theme from the Opera 'Robert le Diable'•Op.333 - Les Elegantes, Variations Brillantes (3 Bks.)o Bk.1 - Sur la Tyrolienne Favorite, Almaliedo Bk.2 - Sur la Sonnambulao Bk.3 - Sur un Valse Favorite•Op.334 - Souvenir de Peste, Variations sur un Valse: Erinnerung an Pest de J. Strauss •Op.335 - Legato & Staccato Exercises, 2 Bks.•Op.336 - Fantasie on Cherubini's Opera 'Ali Baba'•Op.337 - 40 tägliche Studien•Op.338 - Introduction & Variations on an Original Theme in D Major•Op.339 - 3 Brillant Fantasies on Themes of F. Schubert (Several Versions for Different Combinations of Instruments)•Op.340 - Variations of J. Strauss's 'Pfennig Waltz'•Op.341 - Variations Brillantes on a Theme from the Opera 'Hans Heiling'•Op.342 - 3 Fantasies on Bellini's Opera 'Beatrice di Tenda' (Solo & Duet Versions) •Op.343 - 3 Themes from the Opera 'Lestocq' (1.G, 2.F, 3.C)•Op.344 - 3 Rondinos from the Opera 'Lestocq' (1.C, 2.A, 3.B)•Op.345 - Die Ruinen von Neustadt, Fantasia in D minor•Op.346 - Fantasie on the Opera 'Lestocq'•Op.347 - Variations on a Theme from 'Lestocq' in A Major•Op.348 - Grande Exercise in the Form of a Fantasie Improvisee in E minor•Op.349 - 3 Instructive Sonatines•Op.350 - Le Dernier Soupir de Herold, Variations on a Theme of Herold•Op.351 - Neujahrsgeschenk, Fantasia•Op.352 - Souvenir de Boieldieu, Variations in Bb Major•Op.353 - Variations Brillantes on 'Conversations Walzer'•Op.354 - Amusement des Pianistes, Collection de Morceaux Agreables & Brillantes, 8 Bks.•Op.355 - Ecole des Ornamens (The School of Embellishments)•Op.356 - Variations Brillantes on the Theme 'Vien qua Dorina Bella'•Op.357 - 3 Themes Italiens, Variations for Piano 4-Hands•Op.358 - Duo Concertant in Bb Major for 2 Pianos•Op.359 - First Lessons for Beginners, 50 Exercises, Studies, & Preludes, 2 Bks. •Op.360 - Grande Fantasie on the Opera 'Gustave'•Op.361 - Introduction & Variations Brillantes on a Theme from the Opera 'La Medicine sans Medecin'•Op.362 - Rondo Brillante & non Difficile on a Theme from the Opera 'La Medicine sans Medecin'•Op.363 - Introduction & Variations on the Duo "Suoni la Tromba e Intrepido" from the Opera 'I Puritani'•Op.364 - Grand Exercise in A minor•Op.365 - The School of the Virtuoso, 60 Studies on Bravura Playing•Op.366 - Variations Brillantes on a Theme from Lobe's Opera 'La Princesse de Grenade' in C Major•Op.367 - Rondoletto Elegant on a Theme from Lobe's Opera 'La Princesse de Grenade' •Op.368 - 8 Nocturnes•Op.369 - Gran Capriccio di Bravura in F minor•Op.370 - Variations Brillantes on a Theme from the Opera 'I Puritani'•Op.371 - 2 Rondolettos Faciles on Themes from the Opera 'I Puritani' (D & C Major) •Op.372 - 6 Rondeau-Galopes•Op.373 - 10 Rondeaux for Piano 4-Hands•Op.374 - 3 Rondeaux for Piano & Flute•Op.375 - Introduction & Variations Brillantes on a Theme from the Opera 'I Puritani' •Op.376 - Fantasie & Variations on a Theme from the Opera 'I Puritani' for Piano 4-Hands •Op.377 - Fantasie & Variations Brillantes on a Theme of Madame Malibran•Op.378 - Valse Brillante in Ab Major•Op.379 - Flore Theatrale (or Fantasies Brillantes) on Modern Operas•Op.380 - Grand Exercise in 3rds in all the 24 Keys•Op.381 - 3 Serenades on Themes of Rossini•Op.382 - 2 Fantasies Brillantes on Themes from Carafa's Opera 'La Prison d'Edimburg' •Op.383 - 3 Fantaisies on Themes from Donizetti's Opera 'Lucia di Lammermoor' •Op.384 - Grandes Variations on an Air from the Opera 'Le Cheval de Bronze'•Op.385 - 12 Rondeaux Amusantes & Instructives on Favorite Themes。

《东方萃梦想》对话翻译--帕秋莉

《东方萃梦想》对话翻译--帕秋莉パチュリーノーレッジStory ModeStage 1 火炉の鼠霧雨魔理沙 1st Day 14:00 図書館Stage 2 金属の猫イラズ十六夜咲夜 1st Day 21:00 図書館Stage 3 水の原型アリス2nd Day 13:00 図書館Stage 4 木霊墓地魂魄妖夢 2nd Day 21:00 墓地Stage 5 土の下で眠れ西行寺幽々子 2nd Day 26:30 白玉楼Stage 6 月の記憶八雲紫 Feast Day 17:00 博麗神社Stage 7 日の国伊吹萃香 Feast Day 19:00 幻想郷Stage 1火炉之鼠 Fire Mouse1st Day 14:00 図書館No.30 珍客 / U2帕裘莉：…………好象还有老鼠在。

记得好象……书架里面还有老鼠药的。

魔理沙：给我等一下，老鼠药对人没用。

帕裘莉：哎呀，黑老鼠居然自己走出来了，连老鼠药也不需要了。

魔理沙：哎，是误会啊，今天不是来偷东西的。

只是稍微来查一下东西。

帕裘莉：都偷偷进来了，还说不是偷东西。

魔理沙：那也稍微不同，只是来偷偷地查东西。

帕裘莉：果然还是需要猫。

No.05 魔女達の舞踏会 / U2魔理沙：猫？帕裘莉：把偷偷潜入的老鼠――、狠狠的赶走的猫。

战斗…………帕裘莉：接下来，我堂堂正正地调查。

老鼠就乖乖地回去吧。

魔理沙：唔-，我想调查这次异变的事啊。

帕裘莉：那个，我正在调查。

魔理沙：可恶，打算一个人独占吗。

帕裘莉：这次的异变，老鼠是解决不了的。

像你这样的调查也是没用的。

Stage 2金属的老鼠药 Silver Knife1st Day 21:00 図書館No.26 あゆのかぜ / NKZ咲夜：怎么了？突然叫我出来。

帕裘莉：明天，有些一定要干的事情要到外面去。

所以我想拜托你看家。

咲夜：哎呀，真少见。

好的，看家的事就请交给我吧。

帕裘莉：关于看家的事……咲夜：有什么事吗？帕裘莉：最近，老鼠又多了。

On a classical risk model with a constant dividend barrier

Nt
Ut := u + ct −
i=1
Xi ,
Then {Ut } is the surplus process in a classical risk model with a single premium rate. The evolution of {Ut∗ } can be intuitively described as follows. {Ut∗ } behaviors like {Ut } between 0 and b. But whenever {Ut∗ } reaches level b it stops growing and keeps it value at b for an exponential time with mean λ−1 until the next claim brings it to under b. Set T ∗ (u) := inf {t ≥ 0 : Ut∗ < 0} and ψ ∗ (u) := P{T ∗ (u) < ∞}. T ∗ (u) is the so–called ruin time, and ψ ∗ (u) is the probability of ever ruin given that the initial surplus is u. For u, δ, y ≥ 0, let W ∗ (u; δ, x, y )dxdy = E[e−δT and W ∗ (u; δ, b, y )dxdy = E[e−δT
∗ (u) ∗ (u)
∗ ∗ ; UT ∗ (u)− ∈ dx, −UT ∗ (u) ∈ dy ], 0 ≤ x < b,
∗ ∗ ; UT ∗ (u)− = b, −UT ∗ (u) ∈ dy ].

欧洲药典7.5版

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 7.5
INDEX
To aid users the index includes a reference to the supplement in which the latest version of a text can be found. For example : Amikacin sulfate...............................................7.5-4579 means the monograph Amikacin sulfate can be found on page 4579 of Supplement 7.5. Note that where no reference to a supplement is made, the text can be found in the principal volume.
English index ........................................................................ 4707
Latin index ................................................................................. 4739
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPபைடு நூலகம்EIA 7.5
Index
Numerics 1. General notices ................................................................... 7.5-4453 2.1.1. Droppers...................

枯枝咏叹调英文名

枯枝咏叹调英文名English Name for "枯枝咏叹调": "Elegy for Withered Branches"Introduction:"Elegy for Withered Branches" is a beautiful and evocative poetic composition that captures the melancholic essence of nature's decay. This elegy encapsulates the profound emotions and reflections inspired by the sight of withered branches, symbolizing the transience of life and the inevitability of mortality. In this article, we will explore the themes and symbolism of "枯枝咏叹调," while also delving into the significance of elegies in English literature.The Themes of "Elegy for Withered Branches":"Elegy for Withered Branches" is an introspective piece that revolves around the themes of transience, decay, and the passage of time. The imagery of withered branches serves as a metaphor for the fragile and ephemeral nature of human existence. Through the observation of nature's decay, the poet contemplates the fleeting nature of life, reminding readers of the inevitability of mortality. This elegy serves as a poignant reminder to appreciate the beauty and significance of life while we can.Symbolism in "Elegy for Withered Branches":Symbolism plays a crucial role in "Elegy for Withered Branches," as the poet employs various elements to convey deeper meanings. The withered branches symbolize the gradual decline and eventual demise of life, reminding us of the impermanence of all things. Additionally, the barren landscape signifies the passing of seasons and the cyclical nature of life, where death and rebirth are intertwined. The elegy's somber tone and introspective mood further emphasize the poet's contemplation of the fragility of existence.The Significance of Elegies in English Literature:Elegies have long held a significant place in English literature, with notable examples including Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" and Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "In Memoriam A.H.H." Elegies provide a space for contemplation, grief, and reflection, allowing poets to express their emotions and thoughts on mortality, loss, and the human condition. These mournful and reflective compositions often offer solace and comfort to readers, allowing them to explore their own feelings of melancholy and find solace in shared experiences."Elegy for Withered Branches" and the Power of Nature:Nature has always been a powerful source of inspiration for poets, and "Elegy for Withered Branches" exemplifies this connection. The poet draws on the beauty and decay of the natural world to evoke a sense of longing, melancholy, and contemplation. The withered branches become a visual representation of the fragility of life and the inevitability of death. Through the power of nature's imagery, the elegy explores the human condition and offers a profound reflection on the transience of existence.Conclusion:"Elegy for Withered Branches," also known as "枯枝咏叹调," is a poignant and introspective elegy that delves into the themes of transience, decay, and the passage of time. Through the symbolism of withered branches, the poet invites readers to contemplate the fragility of life and the inevitability of mortality. This elegy serves as a reminder to appreciate the beauty and significance of existence, while also reflecting on the power of nature to evoke deep emotions and introspection.。

Machine Self-Consciousness More Efficient Than Human Self- Consciousness

Tristan CazenaveLIP6, Tour 46-00 2ème étage Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4, place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 Francee-mail: Tristan.Cazenave@lip6.frAbstractAn artificial system that introspects itself andimproves itself has written another systemthat gives better results than systems directlywritten by people that incrementally createsmodel of expertise : cognitive scientists, Ar-tificial Intelligence researchers and expertsof the domain it has been applied to. It hasbeen applied successfully to the game of Go,to multi-agent simulations and to other do-mains. This is an encouraging result for re-searchers working on modeling conscious-ness, it proves that a machine model of con-sciousness can be more efficient in creatingcomplex cognitive models than the con-sciousness of an expert.1IntroductionUsing self-consciousness, human beings can have some knowledge about their own behaviors ; this knowledge is very useful and self-consciousness is more developed in human beings than in any other animals. According to [Pitrat 1990], this is the reason why we overestimate our potential for being self-conscious. The mechanisms of consciousness could be much more powerful. [McCarthy 1996] gives some mechanisms that conscious machines should have. Introspect [Cazenave 1996b] is a system that experi-ments some of these mechanisms for real. The system can observe its own behavior so as to detect its own inefficiencies and repair them. When it detects ineffi-ciencies, it reasons on its reasoning process so as to understand why it has been inefficient. Then it modi-fies itself so as not to be inefficient again in similar situations. Introspect has mainly been used to dis-cover knowledge in the game of Go. It has only been given the rules of the game, by playing the game, it has observed, understood, then modified itself and has discovered a lot of useful expert Go knowledge. It has found by itself more Go knowledge and more useful Go knowledge than some of the best experts of the game of Go associated to computer scientists that have worked during years on the problem. Consciousness is very difficult to explain because we know we are conscious, but we cannot observe how we are conscious. My opinion is that consciousness is the observation of a system (for example short term memory) by another one. But we are limited in the observations by the low capacity of our short term memory. To understand itself, consciousness would have to observe another system, and using the same mechanism, to observe itself observing the subsystem while dynamically changing. This kind of self self-observation may be of limited interest in everyday life (except for Artificial Intelligence researchers and Cognitive Scientists), and would need a much larger short term memory than we have. That may be the reason why we are unaware of how consciousness works in our minds.We know that we are conscious, but it is very diffi-cult, because of our limits, to explain what is con-sciousness, and even to define it. In this paper, we will study consciousness as the ability for a system to observe itself, reason about itself and make appropri-ate changes of itself so as to improve itself. Some attempts to explain consciousness from a cognitive science point of view [Dennett 1991] are interesting for defining useful concepts and tools to understand consciousness, but they lack of experimental founda-tions and of scientific facts for proving their asser-tions. We strongly believe that the best way to under-stand consciousness is to build a model of it, to make it run on a computer, and to incrementally refine it by comparing its behavior to ours (that is the way good computer Go system are made, but we will explain that later in the paper). This is not the easy way, but this is the best way to prove scientific and reproduci-ble facts about consciousness as a property of a com-plex system [Sloman 1996].In section 2, we explain why computer Go is a good domain to study introspection. In section 3, we ex-plain how Go experts and Artificial Intelligence re-searchers build computer models of Go players. Sec-tion 4 describes the Introspect system, an imple-mented model of introspection. Section 5 is oriented toward the logic language used in our model of intro-spection. Section 6 is about the usefulness of uncon-sciousness. Section 7 gives the results of Introspect. Section 8 outlines promising areas for future work.Machine Self-Consciousness More Efficient Than Human Self-Consciousness?2 Computer Go and IntrospectionThis section describes the game of Go. It briefly de-scribes how are made actual Go program and stresses the interest of the game of Go for machine introspec-tion.Go was developed three to four millennia ago in China; it is the oldest and one of the most popular board game in the world. Like chess, it is a determi-nistic, perfect information, zero-sum game of strategy between two players. In spite of the simplicity of its rules, playing the game of Go is a very complex task. [Robson 1983] proved that Go generalized to NxN boards is exponential in time and [Allis 1994] shows that Go is the most complex two persons complete information game. It is impossible to make a brute force search of all the moves in the game of Go, the best Go playing systems rely on a knowledge inten-sive approach. A Go expert uses a large number of rules. Go programmers usually try to enter these rules by hand in a Go program. Creating this large number of rules requires a high level of expertise, a lot of time and a long process of trial and error. Moreover, even the people who are expert in Go and in Com-puter Science find it difficult to design these rules. This phenomenon can be explained by the high level of specialization of these rules: once the expert has acquired them, they become subconscious and it is hard and painful for the expert to explain why he has chosen to consider a move rather than another one. He is not conscious of all the reasons why he has chosen the right move. The difficulty of encoding Go knowledge is the consequence of a well known diffi-culty of expert system development: the knowledge engineering bottleneck. Writing a program that is able to observe itself, to detect its own inefficiencies, to create new knowledge so as to uncover them, and to use the new knowledge efficiently is a nice way to avoid this bottleneck by replacing the knowledge extraction process with an automated learning system based on introspection. Machine introspection and learning enable to get rid of the painful expert knowledge acquisition. Thus, computer Go is an ideal domain to test the efficiency of machine introspection when faced with expert human programmers associ-ated to professional Go players (i.e. human intro-spection).3 How people use introspection tomodel Go playersEvery Go programmer who is also a good Go player (and they usually are) is faced with an introspective problem. They use a lot of knowledge to play Go, but they cannot tell the knowledge they use. It is even worse, they build models of themselves they think to be right, but that are in fact quite wrong. When they write their first system, they give the system what they think is useful Go knowledge. Then they make the program play and are horrified by its play and its obvious lack of very simple Go knowledge. Those who can psychologically survive such a dramatic experience (it is dramatic from the Go player point of view, but it is even more dramatic from the philo-sophical and Socratic point of view : being faced to one’s inability, or at least high difficulty, of knowing itself), begin to look at the problem with less self-confidence. After a lot of trial and errors and three to four complete change of their models and rewriting of their program, they usually come to work on their program as described in Figure 1, incrementally re-fining it.This is what comes out of talks with other authors of good Go programs. This also what comes out from my personal observation of someone creating a com-puter model of a Go player in my laboratory [Bouzy 1995]. As people are only conscious of their short-term memory, they do not have access to their long-term memory, and therefore do not have a direct ac-cess to their knowledge. To access it they have to use it. When the machine tries to solve a problem, it shows the knowledge it has used to solve it. If the machine fails to solve it, and the expert succeed, then the expert can decide to focus its attention on the trace of machine reasoning so as to find the knowl-edge that the machine does not have and give it. So, by observing the machine reasoning, the expert finds the differences with its own reasoning and under-stands what is the missing knowledge. When the expert has discovered the knowledge that is missing to solve that particular problem, he tries to generalize it so that it can apply in many more situations. After generalizing the knowledge, it transforms it into a representation that can be efficiently used. Then it adds the new knowledge to the machine knowledge, and removes the knowledge that is no longer useful due to the incorporation of new and more general knowledge.4 An implemented model of introspec-tionFigure 2 gives a general view of Introspect. When it is compared to Figure 1, one can notice that the hu-man part of the process has been shifted to the ma-chine. It is now the machine that is in charge to in-trospect itself so as to improve itself. We will brieflydescribe how it is done by succinctly explaining theA Go problem is a Go board associated to a move. Go problems comes from books, from recorded games between people and from the games our system has played. When given a Go problem, Introspect does two things. First it deduces everything it can on the board of the problem before the move, and find a lot of anticipated machine solutions to all the problems associated to the board. Then it plays the move and deduces the consequences of the moves, memorizing its deductions into the trace of machine reasoning. It also deduces everything he can on the board after the move. The board after the move is deduced of the board before the move and of the move itself, using the rules of the game of Go represented in first order logic. So it finds a lot of solutions to the problems associated to the board after the move.The system focuses its attention on the trace of its reasoning when it has a surprise after a move. If it did not succeed in solving a problem before the move was played, and if it can solve it after the move was played. Then the move enables to solve a problem, and it did not see it. So it has to focus its attention on the processes that enabled it to solve the problem so as to explain to itself why the move works.The system observes its own reasoning if nothing interesting was found before the move, and something happened to be interesting and true after the move. The system can deduce that it has failed to forecast something interesting. It would be good for it to fore-cast it in similar situations. So it observes its deduc-tions so as to modify itself and be able to forecast it next time in similar situations.Machine understanding is the explanation the system gives to itself of the reasons why the move works. The system creates the explanation by going back-wards in the chain of deductions, replacing facts that describe the board after the move by facts that de-scribe the board before the move (the nonmonotonic-ity of the domain due to the changes of the board between each move is handled by having an explicit representation of time: each move is associated to a given time). Sometimes, multiple explanations are possible to explain why a fact has been deduced. So the explanation of the interest of the move is a tree. The system cuts the tree of explanations by eliminat-ing the explanations that are subsumed by others at the leaves of the tree. An interesting fact can lead to multiple explanations, and then to multiple rules to add to the system knowledge. Machine generalization is made by replacing some constants in the explana-tions by variables. The constants to generalize are appropriately chosen by using the rules of the game represented in first order logic. Machine compilation is the automatic ordering of the conditions of the rules so as to minimize the time to match them [Ca-zenave 1996a].After machine compilation; some new knowledge is available. This new knowledge is added to the sys-tem's knowledge. The system is also able to forget previously learned knowledge if it becomes useless and harmful because it takes time to unify the corre-sponding rules when their conclusions are already deduced by other rules. It verifies that the new rules added is more general than some of the previously learned rules (It does it using unifications between first order rules), if it is the case, it destroys the old specific rules. This is the way it forgets the useless and memory consuming old knowledge. Another forgetting mechanism is a filter that is applied before integration of rules to the system's knowledge. This filter is used to avoid the utility problem of learned rules [Minton 1988]. The filter consists in metarules that tells which rules are harmful. For example, it systematically forgets the rules that conclude on a set of forced moves which has a cardinality greater than five. This is because forced moves are used at AND nodes in the proof trees developed during games, a AND node with more than 5 branches has good chances to fail. The other reasons is that the bigger the list, the more conditions are to be fulfilled, so these rules are the ones that are the most likely to fail and to add match time without being applied. This is why it forgets them.Introspect is able to anticipate the consequences of moves on some goals, to reason about its own knowl-edge and to bootstrap: it uses the knowledge it learns to learn other knowledge. The expansion is stopped by using metarules that enables it to forget rules of low utility. The trace of machine reasoning is equivalent to short term memorization. Our model is consistent with the suggestion of [Minsky 1987], in his chapter on consciousness and memory, he states that self-consciousness concerns our thinking about our recent thoughts. Introspect is equivalent to the "meta-management" layer of the overall architecture for conscious systems described in [Sloman 1997a]. In section 6, when explaining why unconsciousness can be useful, we will briefly describe the equivalent of the deliberative and reactive systems in Gogol (The Go program written by Introspect).5 A language and a metalanguage formachine IntrospectionFollowing the review paper by Barklund [Barklund 1994], a metalanguage is a language that can repre-sent another language, called an object language. Introspect uses a completely declarative logic lan-guage. The order in which the rules of the programs are fired does not change the final result of the pro-gram. Introspect uses true negation, but not negation as failure in its domain theory. Meanwhile, it uses negation as failure to know that some sentence is not a consequence of some knowledge [Konolidge 1988]. An interesting property of our metalanguage is that it can represent itself, this is quite important if a system wants to reason at different metalevels. Self-reference has been studied extensively by [Perlis 1985,1988]. Other logic programming language such as Gödel [Hill & Lloyd 1994] have representations of them-selves. A possible extension of such types of self-representable languages is to have a theory that rep-resents itself, such autoepistemic theories are inter-esting for formalizing agents upon their knowledge or deductive capabilities [Konolidge 1988]. A lot of examples of self references can be found in [Hofstad-ter 1979]. Autoepistemic theories are not yet used by Introspect.As example of some possibilities of Introspect, we give a rule and a metarule taken from our application to the multi-agents simulation. Here is a rule de-scribing the evolution of the simulation:Vision_angle ( ?n 1 ) :- Position_pedestrian ( ?n1 ?x ?y ), Dx_angle ( ?n ?dx ), Dy_angle ( ?n ?dy ) , equal ( ?x1 add ( ?x ?dx ) ), equal ( ?y1 add ( ?y ?dy ) ), Identification_case ( ?n2 ?x1 ?y1 ), not_equal ( ?n2 -1 ), not_equal ( ?n1 ?n2 ).This rule means that the emplacement that is one step ahead of the pedestrian with angle ?n*PI/10 cannot be occupied by the pedestrian (Vision_angle ( ?n 1)). This is due to the fact that the position of the pedes-trian number ?n1 is at location ?x,?y (symbols with question marks are variables), and that a step in the direction of angle ?n*PI/10 would make him move at ?x+?dx,?y+?dy. Unfortunately, the number (?n2) of the emplacement at ?x+?dx,?y+?dy is not empty (not equal to -1) and not already occupied by the pedes-trian (not equal to ?n1).There are sixty rules that calculate all the predicates related to the choice of the orientation of the pedes-trian in the simulation.Example of a metarule about the monovaluation of a predicate:replace_variable ( ?r ?var1 ?var4 ) :- rule ( ?r ), condition ( ?r Identification_case ( ?var1 ?var2 ?var3 ) ), condition ( ?r Identification_case ( ?var4 ?var2 ?var3 ) ), not_the_same ( ?var1 ?var4 ).This rule means that there is only one possible value for each emplacement in the simulation. If the sys-tem creates a rule that contains two different vari-ables for the same emplacement, then it replaces one of the variables by the other one (?r is a variable containing a rule, ?var is a metavariable containing another variable, the metapredicate 'condition' looks for all the conditions in rule ?r that match the given predicate).Metaprogramming in logic is a very useful tool for program manipulation, but also for controlling logic programs, for reasoning about knowledge, reasoning about reasoning. All these abilities are very useful when writing an introspective symbolic program that improves itself by reasoning on its behavior.6 Unconsciousness can be useful Introspect memorizes its mental actions so as to be able to observe itself after. It can transform itself into an unconscious program by compiling itself. The benefit of being unconscious is that it is faster be-cause it does not have to interpret and memorize its behavior. The drawback is that it cannot introspect itself anymore. The unconscious program written by Introspect is named Gogol and consists of 1 000 000 lines of C++.When working in the unconscious mode, Gogol can notice that he failed to solve a problem, but he cannot explain to itself why a move succeeded in solving the problem. However Gogol can use this information to automatically create new interesting problems for Introspect (The knowledge of Gogol is the uncon-scious equivalent of the knowledge of Introspect, so the same moves surprise both of them).Gogol is not completely unconscious, he uses some self monitoring during his tree searches. He develops AND/OR tree searches so as to solve problems in games. While developing the search trees, he dy-namically looks at the shape of the tree so as to choose the leaf to develop. He chooses the leaf of the tree that will prove the problem with the least work, based on the number of leaves in his subtree that still have to be proved, this is based on Proof Number search algorithm [Allis 1994].In Gogol, there is a deliberative level that contains knowledge on search and on strategic decision. There is also a reactive level that use compiled knowledge telling what moves to consider to solve a problem. And finally, the meta-management level is very small and consists in rule that tells which moves are sur-prising, this level is the one that enables to call Intro-spect when appropriate and use a much larger meta-management level. But Introspect is not used when Gogol plays in competitions because Gogol has to answer moves of the opponents in 10 seconds.7 Results7.1 The tactical part of a Go program Introspect has written the tactical part of the Gogol Go program. The tactical part of the program is the most important one. The program written by Intro-spect enables Gogol to select between 0 and 5 moves that can achieve a specific goal. The mean number of legal moves is 250 on a Go board, it is impossible to search by looking at all the moves. So proving that out of these 250 legal moves, only between 0 and 5 are useful dramatically reduces the complexity of the search. When searching at depth n, instead of having 250n boards to evaluate, there are only a n boards to evaluate with 0<a<5. In the game of Go, n is often as high as forty. The compilation in C++ enables the program to run 60 times faster than the logic pro-gram. The Go program plays a move in 10 seconds on a Pentium 133 MHz, for each move it proves about 450 tactical theorems, each theorem requires between 4 and 600 nodes in a search tree to be proved, at each node of each tree, the C++ program written by Intro-spect is called to find the useful moves to try.Gogol competed in the international computer Go tournament held during IJCAI97 together with 40 other participants. It finished as the best program based on academic research, playing better that the other programs directly written by Artificial Intelli-gence researchers and Go professionals. It has out-performed commercial systems that have required more than 10 person*years of work.7.2 Modelization of pedestrian in a real-istic multi-agent simulation Introspect has also been used to rewrite the decision part of a pedestrian in a commercial urban simula-tion. It has written a C++ program that is 5 to 10 times faster than the original C++ program written by the authors of the simulation.Our goal is to create realistic urban simulations in-volving pedestrians, cars, pedestrians crossings and many others urban agents. These simulations help architectural designers in choosing architectural con-figurations. A problem related to this simulation is to create agents that have realistic behaviors and that are also efficient (a simulation may manage thou-sands of agents at the same time, so modeling an agent's behavior has to be rapid). Creating a realistic agent's behavior manually is hard because of the great number of cases and interactions that can take place. Some programmers have worked on program-ming manually agents behaviors during months, but some of the agents still had unrealistic behaviors, leading to unrealistic simulations. Moreover, the model was very sensitive to changes in an agent: a little and apparently unimportant change in an agent could transform a working simulation into an unreal-istic one. Therefore, we have developed a program that automatically improves the agents behaviors given (1) some simple situations to avoid (a car that run over a pedestrian, or a pedestrian that tries to walk on another one) and (2) the rules of the simula-tion. The rules that describes the world and the rules describing the situations to avoid are written using predicate logic. The program that automatically writes the agents is written using metapredicates that manipulates the predicate logic rules describing the simulation. The metarules are in charge of writing all the possible rules that can lead to a situation to avoid in the next steps of the simulation. This enables the agents using these rules to be more realistic. The advantage of creating them automatically is to have a lot of reliable, efficient and quickly designed rules. The creation of all the rules is made by replacing some predicates in the rules that describe the situa-tions to avoid, with their definitions contained in the rules of the simulation. Our approach to automatic agent improvement is efficient and can be used in other contexts.Simulating realistic agents behaviors is time con-suming, especially in simulations containing thou-sands of agents. Another problem is that making agents more complicated and more realistic makes the maintaining of the program harder, and also makes changes in the program difficult to handle. The solution we found to overcome these two prob-lems is to automatically create efficient and realistic agents from a declarative description of their behav-iors. The goal of the method that our system opti-mizes is to find the move of each pedestrian in the simulation. It is called very often and it is a time consuming method.Given the rules presented, our system wrote a C++ method that is much faster than the original method. The rapidity of the synthesized program is one ad-vantage over the traditional programming approach. Another advantage is that it is easier to modify the behavior of an agent when it is written in a declara-tive logic language than when it is directly written in C++. The main reason for the success of this ap-proach is that hand-coded programs have to be maintainable and simple so that the programmer can understand them, whereas our system does not have this limitation. The clarity of an hand-made program is sometime at the price of its efficiency. Our system writes long and unclear (for humans) programs, but they are faster than hand-coded programs because all the specializations that can be made have been made. Thus, our approach enables to write faster agents simulations, and also enables to modify agents be-haviors in an easier way than by directly modifying the C++ code of the agent. It would be interesting to link this application to other work on synthesis of agents [Petta & al. 1997] [Sloman 1997b].7.3 A model with a lot of applications Introspect has been used in many domains (games, pedestrian simulation and management) and has dis-covered, by introspection, knowledge that is more efficient than the knowledge given by experts. The methods used in Introspect, creating efficient pro-gram by self-observation can be applied in many different domains.8 Future workApplying the system to itself has partially being done and has given encouraging results. Learning to learn [Schmidhuber 1994] and its parallel in our system :being conscious of its own consciousness is an excit-ing area of development of our approach. Our current research is about specializing and changing the rep-resentation of the rules of the game by reflecting on the efficiency of its introspective learning.In [Trappl & al. 1997], inductive machine learning and Case-based Reasoning are considered for pre-venting the outbreak of wars or for ending them. We believe that negotiations and compromises between countries can be modeled as an abstract game. Using our learning system for this game seems a promising application. Our system is a kind of deductive learn-ing system, so it would complete well the scope of machine learning methods used on this problem. We want to generalize our approach by applying it to many other domains. The prevention of war domain, and the synthetic agent domain seem to be promising domains of application of introspective learning methods.In [Sloman 1997a], some characteristics that con-scious systems should have are described, we tried to analyze Introspect using these characteristics. What Introspect does : learn things, takes decisions, make plans, consider options, compare things, makes infer-ences, notice processes and relationships, classify things, forget things, feels puzzled, switching atten-tion, can get happy/unhappy or envious (when play-ing Go). What Introspect does not (yet): having new sensory experiences, becoming angry or relieved, rehearsing arguments, reminiscing, forming attach-ment, acquire new tastes, having a new impulse to act or think in a certain way.9 ConclusionIntrospect is a (meta)system that builds better than human systems in complex and well defined domains. Introspect is a first step in the direction of having a more general model of consciousness and learning. It has the merit of being a running system that demon-strate the usefulness and feasibility of a kind of ma-chine self-consciousness. Its great success is to be able to create by introspection, and given the rules of the game, a Go program that is better than some commercial Go program that have required more than 10 person*years of human consciousness and work. Moreover, it is a general system that has given simi-lar results in other domains. Creating implemented models of consciousness is a promising way of rap-idly increasing the intelligence of machines. This work is also a step towards integrating philosophical concepts and AI programs [Sloman 1995]. References[Allis 1994] - L. V. Allis. Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence, Ph.D. Thesis, Vrije Universitat Amsterdam, Maastricht, 1994. [Barklund 1994] - J. Barklund. Metaprogramming in Logic. Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, eds. Allen Kent & James G. Williams, Marcell Dekker, New York, 1994.[Bouzy 1995] - B. Bouzy. Modélisation Cognitive du Joueur de Go. Ph.D. Thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, 1995.[Cazenave 1996a] - T. Cazenave. Automatic Ordering of Predicates by Metarules. Metareasoning and Metaprogramming in Logic Workshop, Bonn, 1996. [Cazenave 1996b] - T. Cazenave. Système d'Appren-tissage par Auto-Observation. Application au Jeu de Go. Ph.D. Thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Cu-rie, Paris 6, 1996.[Dennett 1991] - D. C. Dennett. Consciousness ex-plained. Penguin Press, Allen Lane, 1991.[Hill and Lloyd 1994] - P. M. Hill, J. W. Lloyd. The Gödel Programming Language. MIT Press, Cam-bridge, Mass., 1994.[Hosdtadter 1979] - D. Hofstadter. Gödel, Escher, Bach : an Eternal Golden Braid. The Harvester Press, Hassocks, 1979.[Konolidge 1988] - K. Konolidge. Reasoning by In-trospection. in: P. Maes and D. Nardi (eds.), Meta-Level Architectures and Reflection, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1988.[McCarthy 1996] - J. McCarthy. Making Robots Con-scious of their Mental States, in Muggleton S., editor, Machine Intelligence 15, Oxford University Press, 1996.[Minton 1988] - S. Minton. Quantitative results con-cerning the utility of Explanation-Based Learning, AAAI88, p. 564-569, 1988.[Minsky 1987] - M. L. Minsky. The Society of Mind, William Heinemann Ltd., London, 1987. [Perlis. 1985] - D. Perlis. Languages with Self-References I: Foundations, Artificial Intelligence, 25:301-322, 1985.[Perlis. 1988] - D. Perlis. Languages with Self-References II: Knowledge, Belief and Modality, Artificial Intelligence, 34:179-212, 1988.[Petta & al. 1997] - P. Petta, R. Trappl. Why to Cre-ate Personalities for Synthetic Actors, in : Trappl R., Petta P. (eds) Creating Personalities for Syn-thetic Actors, 1997.[Pitrat 1990] - J. Pitrat. Métaconnaissance, Editions Hermes, Paris 1990.[Robson 1983] - J. M. Robson. The Complexity of Go - Proceedings IFIP - pp. 413-417 - 1983. [Schmidhuber 1994] - J. Schmidhuber . 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韦伯恩《六首管弦乐小品》之三音高组织分析

马建（1988-），男，硕士研究生，泰州学院教师。

谱例2 集合a、d、c的相同音级关系通过谱例1可知，外形上只有第二次由大管奏出的是上行的线条，其他三次均是自上而下的运行方式，似乎暗示a、c、d三个集合最具关联性，但从音高组织的角度看，大管与单簧管的音高最为亲密，两者同属于一个集合族5-16（01347），集合b、a呈T10I移位等同（见谱例2），关系最近；集合c则与集合a、b具有最大音程级相似性R1关系，两者不同的音程级向量是ICV1和ICV2，它们具有互换关系，关系次之；而由钢片琴奏出与单簧管相同形态的下行线条，不管是从音级还是从音程级关系上看，他们却彼此疏远，貌合神离，关系最远。

谱例2显示：分别将集合a作T5移位，集合c作T10移位后，便可清晰地看到，集合d与集合a有两个共同音级，集合d与集合c则有四个共同音级，呈抽象的音级最大相似性Rp关系。

虽然它们是通过移位得出具有抽象的音级相似性关系，但足以说明集合d相较于集合a 或b，与集合c的关系更近。

通过查阅集合族列表可知它们的集合原型分别为：5-16（01347）、5-9（01246）、5-6（01256），因此可以判断出集合a、b、c、d之间的关系具有渐次疏远的线性转换特征。

可见作曲家对这个材料关系是做了精心而又巧妙的设计的，体现出新维也纳乐派倡导的“永恒的展开变化原则”，也彰显了运用音级集合理论分析无调性音乐的优越性。

（二）形散而内聚的音高组织1.主要音高材料初次呈现A段（1-4小节）是这首作品的呈示阶段，核心集合（012）在这部作品中具有非常重要的地位。

集合（012）通过对第三个音高级的半音扩大，通过线性转换可以依次扩容成集合（013）、（014）、（015）、（016），由此形成集合网络，而集合（01）是作为更为基础性的“细胞”构建着这首作品。

（026）则是包含大二度、大三度和三全音的集合，大二度音程与乐曲最初的音级C、D形成呼应，同时也预示着B段中主要音程关系ic1和ic2。

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