中国的投资与储蓄 英文版
介绍投资的英语小作文
介绍投资的英语小作文投资（Investment）。
Investment is the act of allocating resources, usually money, with the expectation of generating income or profitin the future. It plays a crucial role in both individual financial planning and the broader economy. In this essay, we will explore the concept of investment, its importance, different types of investments, and some key principles to consider when making investment decisions.Firstly, let's delve into why investment is essential. Investment enables individuals and organizations to grow their wealth over time. By putting money into variousassets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, or businesses, investors aim to earn a return on their capital. Thisreturn can come in the form of dividends, interest payments, or capital appreciation. Moreover, investment fuels economic growth by providing funds for businesses to expand, innovate, and create jobs. It also facilitates theefficient allocation of resources in the economy by directing capital to its most productive uses.Now, let's explore the different types of investments available to investors:1. Stocks: Stocks represent ownership in a company. When you buy shares of a company's stock, you become a partial owner of that company. Stockholders may benefit from capital appreciation if the company's value increases over time, as well as from dividend payments if the company distributes profits to its shareholders.2. Bonds: Bonds are debt securities issued by governments or corporations to raise capital. When you buy a bond, you are essentially lending money to the issuer in exchange for periodic interest payments and the return of the bond's face value at maturity.3. Real Estate: Real estate investment involves purchasing properties such as residential homes, commercial buildings, or land with the expectation of earning rentalincome and/or capital appreciation. Real estate can provide diversification to an investment portfolio and serve as a hedge against inflation.4. Mutual Funds: Mutual funds pool money from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets. They are managed by professional fund managers and offer investors access to a diversified investment portfolio with relatively low investment amounts.5. Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs): ETFs are similar to mutual funds but trade on stock exchanges like individual stocks. They typically track a specific index, sector, commodity, or asset class and provide investors with exposure to a diversified portfolio of assets.6. Commodities: Commodities such as gold, silver, oil, and agricultural products can be traded as investment assets. They offer diversification benefits and can serveas a hedge against inflation and currency fluctuations.When making investment decisions, investors shouldconsider several key principles:1. Diversification: Diversifying across different asset classes, industries, and geographic regions can help reduce the risk of investment losses. A well-diversified portfolio is less vulnerable to the performance of any single investment.2. Risk and Return: Investors should understand the relationship between risk and return. Generally, investments with higher potential returns tend to come with higher risk. It's essential to assess your risk tolerance and investment goals before making investment decisions.3. Time Horizon: Your investment time horizon, or the length of time you plan to hold an investment, should align with your financial goals. Longer time horizons may allow you to take on more risk and potentially earn higher returns, while shorter time horizons may necessitate a more conservative investment approach.4. Cost Considerations: Pay attention to investmentcosts such as fees, commissions, and taxes, as they can erode your investment returns over time. Choose low-cost investment options whenever possible to maximize your net returns.In conclusion, investment is a vital tool for growing wealth and achieving financial goals. By understanding the different types of investments available and adhering to key investment principles, investors can make informed decisions to build a successful investment portfolio over time. Remember to conduct thorough research, seek professional advice when needed, and stay disciplined in your investment approach.。
中国外汇储备(英文版演讲用)
The function of foreign exchange reserve
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The growth tendency of foreign exchange reserve
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The problems and costs of high reserves in China
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The s structure
of foreign exchange reserves
The structure of Chinese foreign exchange reserves has not been published now, it belongs to our country’s financial secrets. But according to the report from Bank for International Settlements, Reuters and the currency ratio from Chinese balance of international payments, it is estimated that the proportion in Chinese foreign exchange is about 70% of U.S. dollar assets, the yen is about 10%, about 20% of the euro and the pound.
Second, to adjust the structure of foreign exchange reserves avoid great focused on the U.S. dollar. Because of holding a large number of U.S. dollar assets, in order to avoid this problem, you should increase the currency diversification, reduce the dollar holdings appropriately, instead of euro, yen assets, reducing the exchange rate risk. Furthermore, to increase the lower proportion of gold reserves in China, achieve the hedge of foreign exchange reserves, optimize the structure of reserves.
中国会计科目英文对照表
现金 Cash in hand银行存款 Cash in bank其他货币资金-外埠存款Other monetary assets - cash in other cities其他货币资金-银行本票 Other monetary assets - cashier‘s check其他货币资金-银行汇票 Other monetary assets - bank draft其他货币资金-信用卡 Other monetary assets - credit cards其他货币资金-信用证保证金 Other monetary assets - L/C deposit其他货币资金-存出投资款 Other monetary assets - cash for investment短期投资-股票投资 Investments - Short term - stocks短期投资-债券投资 Investments - Short term - bonds短期投资-基金投资 Investments - Short term - funds短期投资-其他投资 Investments - Short term - others短期投资跌价准备 Provision for short-term investment长期股权投资-股票投资 Long term equity investment - stocks长期股权投资-其他股权投资 Long term equity investment - others长期债券投资-债券投资 Long term securities investemnt - bonds长期债券投资-其他债权投资 Long term securities investment - others长期投资减值准备 Provision for long-term investment应收票据 Notes receivable应收股利 Dividends receivable应收利息 Interest receivable应收帐款 Trade debtors坏帐准备- 应收帐款 Provision for doubtful debts - trade debtors预付帐款 Prepayment应收补贴款 Allowance receivable其他应收款 Other debtors坏帐准备- 其他应收款 Provision for doubtful debts - other debtors其他流动资产 Other current assets物资采购 Purchase原材料 Raw materials包装物 Packing materials低值易耗品 Low value consumbles材料成本差异 Material cost difference自制半成品 Self-manufactured goods库存商品 Finished goods商品进销差价 Difference between purchase & sales of commodities委托加工物资 Consigned processiong material委托代销商品 Consignment-out受托代销商品 Consignment-in分期收款发出商品 Goods on instalment sales存货跌价准备 Provision for obsolete stocks待摊费用 Prepaid expenses待处理流动资产损益 Unsettled G/L on current assets待处理固定资产损益 Unsettled G/L on fixed assets委托贷款-本金 Consignment loan - principle委托贷款-利息 Consignment loan - interest委托贷款-减值准备 Consignment loan - provision固定资产-房屋建筑物 Fixed assets - Buildings固定资产-机器设备 Fixed assets - Plant and machinery固定资产-电子设备、器具及家具 Fixed assets - Electronic Equipment, furniture and fixtures 固定资产-运输设备 Fixed assets - Automobiles累计折旧 Accumulated depreciation固定资产减值准备 Impairment of fixed assets工程物资-专用材料 Project material - specific materials工程物资-专用设备 Project material - specific equipment工程物资-预付大型设备款 Project material - prepaid for equipment工程物资-为生产准备的工具及器具 Project material - tools and facilities for production 在建工程 Construction in progress在建工程减值准备 Impairment of construction in progress固定资产清理 Disposal of fixed assets无形资产-专利权 Intangible assets - patent无形资产-非专利技术 Intangible assets - industrial property and know-how无形资产-商标权 Intangible assets - trademark rights无形资产-土地使用权 Intangible assets - land use rights无形资产-商誉 Intangible assets - goodwill无形资产减值准备 Impairment of intangible assets长期待摊费用 Deferred assets未确认融资费用 Unrecognized finance fees其他长期资产 Other long term assets递延税款借项 Deferred assets debits应付票据 Notes payable应付帐款 Trade creditors预收帐款 Adanvances from customers代销商品款 Consignment-in payables其他应交款 Other payable to government其他应付款 Other creditors应付股利 Proposed dividends待转资产价值 Donated assets预计负债 Accrued liabilities应付短期债券 Short-term debentures payable其他流动负债 Other current liabilities预提费用 Accrued expenses应付工资 Payroll payable应付福利费 Welfare payable短期借款-抵押借款 Bank loans - Short term - pledged短期借款-信用借款 Bank loans - Short term - credit短期借款-担保借款 Bank loans - Short term - guaranteed一年内到期长期借款 Long term loans due within one year一年内到期长期应付款 Long term payable due within one year长期借款 Bank loans - Long term应付债券-债券面值 Bond payable - Par value应付债券-债券溢价 Bond payable - Excess应付债券-债券折价 Bond payable - Discount应付债券-应计利息 Bond payable - Accrued interest长期应付款 Long term payable专项应付款 Specific payable其他长期负债 Other long term liabilities应交税金-所得税 Tax payable - income tax应交税金-增值税 Tax payable - VAT应交税金-营业税 Tax payable - business tax应交税金-消费税 Tax payable - consumable tax应交税金-其他 Tax payable - others递延税款贷项 Deferred taxation credit股本 Share capital已归还投资 Investment returned利润分配-其他转入 Profit appropriation - other transfer in利润分配-提取法定盈余公积 Profit appropriation - statutory surplus reserve利润分配-提取法定公益金 Profit appropriation - statutory welfare reserve利润分配-提取储备基金 Profit appropriation - reserve fund利润分配-提取企业发展基金 Profit appropriation - enterprise development fund利润分配-提取职工奖励及福利基金 Profit appropriation - staff bonus and welfare fund 利润分配-利润归还投资 Profit appropriation - return investment by profit利润分配-应付优先股股利 Profit appropriation - preference shares dividends利润分配-提取任意盈余公积 Profit appropriation - other surplus reserve利润分配-应付普通股股利 Profit appropriation - ordinary shares dividends利润分配-转作股本的普通股股利 Profit appropriation -ordinary shares dividends converted to shares期初未分配利润 Retained earnings, beginning of the year资本公积-股本溢价 Capital surplus - share premium资本公积-接受捐赠非现金资产准备 Capital surplus - donation reserve资本公积-接受现金捐赠 Capital surplus - cash donation资本公积-股权投资准备 Capital surplus - investment reserve资本公积-拨款转入 Capital surplus - subsidiary资本公积-外币资本折算差额 Capital surplus - foreign currency translation资本公积-其他 Capital surplus - others盈余公积-法定盈余公积金 Surplus reserve - statutory surplus reserve盈余公积-任意盈余公积金 Surplus reserve - other surplus reserve盈余公积-法定公益金 Surplus reserve - statutory welfare reserve盈余公积-储备基金 Surplus reserve - reserve fund盈余公积-企业发展基金 Surplus reserve - enterprise development fund盈余公积-利润归还投资 Surplus reserve - reture investment by investment主营业务收入 Sales主营业务成本 Cost of sales主营业务税金及附加 Sales tax营业费用 Operating expenses管理费用 General and administrative expenses财务费用 Financial expenses投资收益 Investment income其他业务收入 Other operating income营业外收入 Non-operating income补贴收入 Subsidy income其他业务支出 Other operating expenses营业外支出 Non-operating expenses所得税 Income tax会计科目中英对照（全）1 资产 assets11~ 12 流动资产 current assets111 现金及约当现金 cash and cash equivalents1111 库存现金 cash on hand1112 零用金/周转金 petty cash/revolving funds1113 银行存款 cash in banks1116 在途现金 cash in transit1117 约当现金 cash equivalents1118 其它现金及约当现金 other cash and cash equivalents112 短期投资 short-term investment1121 短期投资 -股票 short-term investments - stock1122 短期投资 -短期票券 short-term investments - short-term notes and bills1123 短期投资 -政府债券 short-term investments - government bonds1124 短期投资 -受益凭证 short-term investments - beneficiary certificates1125 短期投资 -公司债 short-term investments - corporate bonds1128 短期投资 -其它 short-term investments - other1129 备抵短期投资跌价损失 allowance for reduction of short-term investment to market 113 应收票据 notes receivable1131 应收票据 notes receivable1132 应收票据贴现 discounted notes receivable1137 应收票据 -关系人 notes receivable - related parties1138 其它应收票据 other notes receivable1139 备抵呆帐－应收票据 allowance for uncollec- tible accounts- notes receivable114 应收帐款 accounts receivable1141 应收帐款 accounts receivable1142 应收分期帐款 installment accounts receivable1147 应收帐款 -关系人 accounts receivable - related parties1149 备抵呆帐－应收帐款 allowance for uncollec- tible accounts - accounts receivable 118 其它应收款 other receivables1181 应收出售远汇款 forward exchange contract receivable1182 应收远汇款 -外币 forward exchange contract receivable - foreign currencies1183 买卖远汇折价 discount on forward ex-change contract1184 应收收益 earned revenue receivable1185 应收退税款 income tax refund receivable1187 其它应收款 - 关系人 other receivables - related parties1188 其它应收款 - 其它 other receivables - other1189 备抵呆帐 - 其它应收款 allowance for uncollec- tible accounts - other receivables 121~122 存货 inventories1211 商品存货 merchandise inventory1212 寄销商品 consigned goods1213 在途商品 goods in transit1219 备抵存货跌价损失 allowance for reduction of inventory to market1221 制成品 finished goods1222 寄销制成品 consigned finished goods1223 副产品 by-products1224 在制品 work in process1225 委外加工 work in process - outsourced1226 原料 raw materials1227 物料 supplies1228 在途原物料 materials and supplies in transit1229 备抵存货跌价损失 allowance for reduction of inventory to market125 预付费用 prepaid expenses1251 预付薪资 prepaid payroll1252 预付租金 prepaid rents1253 预付保险费 prepaid insurance1254 用品盘存 office supplies1255 预付所得税 prepaid income tax1258 其它预付费用 other prepaid expenses126 预付款项 prepayments1261 预付货款 prepayment for purchases1268 其它预付款项 other prepayments128~129 其它流动资产 other current assets1281 进项税额 VAT paid ( or input tax)1282 留抵税额 excess VAT paid (or overpaid VAT)1283 暂付款 temporary payments1284 代付款 payment on behalf of others1285 员工借支 advances to employees1286 存出保证金 refundable deposits1287 受限制存款 certificate of deposit-restricted1291 递延所得税资产 deferred income tax assets1292 递延兑换损失 deferred foreign exchange losses1293 业主(股东)往来 owners'(stockholders') current account1294 同业往来 current account with others1298 其它流动资产-其它 other current assets - other13 基金及长期投资 funds and long-term investments131 基金 funds1311 偿债基金 redemption fund (or sinking fund)1312 改良及扩充基金 fund for improvement and expansion1313 意外损失准备基金 contingency fund1314 退休基金 pension fund1318 其它基金 other funds132 长期投资 long-term investments1321 长期股权投资 long-term equity investments1322 长期债券投资 long-term bond investments1323 长期不动产投资 long-term real estate in-vestments1324 人寿保险现金解约价值 cash surrender value of life insurance1328 其它长期投资 other long-term investments1329 备抵长期投资跌价损失 allowance for excess of cost over market value of long-term investments14~ 15 固定资产 property , plant, and equipment141 土地 land1411 土地 land1418 土地-重估增值 land - revaluation increments142 土地改良物 land improvements1421 土地改良物 land improvements1428 土地改良物 -重估增值 land improvements - revaluation increments1429 累积折旧 -土地改良物 accumulated depreciation - land improvements143 房屋及建物 buildings1431 房屋及建物 buildings1438 房屋及建物 -重估增值 buildings -revaluation increments1439 累积折旧 -房屋及建物 accumulated depreciation - buildings144~146 机(器)具及设备 machinery and equipment1441 机(器)具 machinery1448 机(器)具 -重估增值 machinery - revaluation increments1449 累积折旧 -机(器)具 accumulated depreciation - machinery151 租赁资产 leased assets1511 租赁资产 leased assets1519 累积折旧 -租赁资产 accumulated depreciation - leased assets152 租赁权益改良 leasehold improvements1521 租赁权益改良 leasehold improvements1529 累积折旧- 租赁权益改良 accumulated depreciation - leasehold improvements156 未完工程及预付购置设备款 construction in progress and prepayments for equipment 1561 未完工程 construction in progress1562 预付购置设备款 prepayment for equipment158 杂项固定资产 miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment1581 杂项固定资产 miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment1588 杂项固定资产-重估增值 miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment -revaluation increments1589 累积折旧- 杂项固定资产 accumulated depreciation -miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment16 递耗资产 depletable assets161 递耗资产 depletable assets1611 天然资源 natural resources1618 天然资源 -重估增值 natural resources -revaluation increments1619 累积折耗 -天然资源 accumulated depletion - natural resources17 无形资产 intangible assets171 商标权 trademarks1711 商标权 trademarks172 专利权 patents1721 专利权 patents173 特许权 franchise1731 特许权 franchise174 著作权 copyright1741 著作权 copyright175 计算机软件 computer software1751 计算机软件 computer software cost176 商誉 goodwill1761 商誉 goodwill177 开办费 organization costs1771 开办费 organization costs178 其它无形资产 other intangibles1781 递延退休金成本 deferred pension costs1782 租赁权益改良 leasehold improvements1788 其它无形资产-其它 other intangible assets - other18 其它资产 other assets181 递延资产 deferred assets1811 债券发行成本 deferred bond issuance costs1812 长期预付租金 long-term prepaid rent1813 长期预付保险费 long-term prepaid insurance1814 递延所得税资产 deferred income tax assets1815 预付退休金 prepaid pension cost1818 其它递延资产 other deferred assets182 闲置资产 idle assets1821 闲置资产 idle assets184 长期应收票据及款项与催收帐款 long-term notes , accounts and overdue receivables 1841 长期应收票据 long-term notes receivable1842 长期应收帐款 long-term accounts receivable1843 催收帐款 overdue receivables1847 长期应收票据及款项与催收帐款-关系人 long-term notes, accounts and overdue receivables- related parties1848 其它长期应收款项 other long-term receivables1849 备抵呆帐-长期应收票据及款项与催收帐款 allowance for uncollectible accounts - long-term notes, accounts and overdue receivables185 出租资产 assets leased to others1851 出租资产 assets leased to others1858 出租资产 -重估增值 assets leased to others - incremental value from revaluation1859 累积折旧 -出租资产 accumulated depreciation - assets leased to others186 存出保证金 refundable deposit1861 存出保证金 refundable deposits188 杂项资产 miscellaneous assets1881 受限制存款 certificate of deposit - restricted1888 杂项资产 -其它 miscellaneous assets2 负债 liabilities21~ 22 流动负债 current liabilities211 短期借款 short-term borrowings(debt)2111 银行透支 bank overdraft2112 银行借款 bank loan2114 短期借款 -业主 short-term borrowings - owners2115 短期借款 -员工 short-term borrowings - employees2117 短期借款 -关系人 short-term borrowings- related parties2118 短期借款 -其它 short-term borrowings - other212 应付短期票券 short-term notes and bills payable2121 应付商业本票 commercial paper payable2122 银行承兑汇票 bank acceptance2128 其它应付短期票券 other short-term notes and bills payable2129 应付短期票券折价 discount on short-term notes and bills payable213 应付票据 notes payable2131 应付票据 notes payable2137 应付票据 -关系人 notes payable - related parties2138 其它应付票据 other notes payable214 应付帐款 accounts pay able2141 应付帐款 accounts payable2147 应付帐款 -关系人 accounts payable - related parties216 应付所得税 income taxes payable2161 应付所得税 income tax payable217 应付费用 accrued expenses2171 应付薪工 accrued payroll2172 应付租金 accrued rent payable2173 应付利息 accrued interest payable2174 应付营业税 accrued VAT payable2175 应付税捐 -其它 accrued taxes payable- other2178 其它应付费用 other accrued expenses payable218~219 其它应付款 other payables2181 应付购入远汇款 forward exchange contract payable2182 应付远汇款 -外币 forward exchange contract payable - foreign currencies2183 买卖远汇溢价 premium on forward exchange contract2184 应付土地房屋款 payables on land and building purchased2185 应付设备款 Payables on equipment2187 其它应付款 -关系人 other payables - related parties2191 应付股利 dividend payable2192 应付红利 bonus payable2193 应付董监事酬劳 compensation payable to directors and supervisors2198 其它应付款 -其它 other payables - other226 预收款项advance receipts2261 预收货款 sales revenue received in advance2262 预收收入 revenue received in advance2268 其它预收款 other advance receipts227 一年或一营业周期内到期长期负债 long-term liabilities -current portion2271 一年或一营业周期内到期公司债 corporate bonds payable - current portion2272 一年或一营业周期内到期长期借款 long-term loans payable - current portion2273 一年或一营业周期内到期长期应付票据及款项 long-term notes and accounts payable due within one year or one operating cycle2277 一年或一营业周期内到期长期应付票据及款项-关系人 long-term notes and accounts payables to related parties - current portion2278 其它一年或一营业周期内到期长期负债 other long-term lia- bilities - current portion 228~229 其它流动负债 other current liabilities2281 销项税额 VAT received(or output tax)2283 暂收款 temporary receipts2284 代收款 receipts under custody2285 估计售后服务/保固负债 estimated warranty liabilities2291 递延所得税负债 deferred income tax liabilities2292 递延兑换利益 deferred foreign exchange gain2293 业主(股东)往来 owners' current account2294 同业往来 current account with others2298 其它流动负债-其它 other current liabilities - others23 长期负债 long-term liabilities231 应付公司债 corporate bonds payable2311 应付公司债 corporate bonds payable2319 应付公司债溢(折)价 premium(discount) on corporate bonds payable232 长期借款 long-term loans payable2321 长期银行借款 long-term loans payable - bank2324 长期借款 -业主 long-term loans payable - owners2325 长期借款 -员工 long-term loans payable - employees2327 长期借款 -关系人 long-term loans payable - related parties2328 长期借款 -其它 long-term loans payable - other233 长期应付票据及款项 long-term notes and accounts payable2331 长期应付票据 long-term notes payable2332 长期应付帐款 long-term accounts pay-able2333 长期应付租赁负债 long-term capital lease liabilities2337 长期应付票据及款项 -关系人 Long-term notes and accounts payable - related parties 2338 其它长期应付款项 other long-term payables234 估计应付土地增值税 accrued liabilities for land value increment tax2341 估计应付土地增值税 estimated accrued land value incremental tax pay-able235 应计退休金负债 accrued pension liabilities2351 应计退休金负债 accrued pension liabilities238 其它长期负债 other long-term liabilities2388 其它长期负债-其它 other long-term liabilities - other28 其它负债 other liabilities281 递延负债 deferred liabilities2811 递延收入 deferred revenue2814 递延所得税负债 deferred income tax liabilities2818 其它递延负债 other deferred liabilities286 存入保证金 deposits received2861 存入保证金 guarantee deposit received288 杂项负债 miscellaneous liabilities2888 杂项负债 -其它 miscellaneous liabilities – other3 业主权益 owners' equity31 资本 capital311 资本（或股本） capital3111 普通股股本 capital - common stock3112 特别股股本 capital - preferred stock3113 预收股本 capital collected in advance3114 待分配股票股利 stock dividends to be distributed3115 资本 capital32 资本公积 additional paid-in capital321 股票溢价 paid-in capital in excess of par3211 普通股股票溢价 paid-in capital in excess of par- common stock3212 特别股股票溢价 paid-in capital in excess of par- preferred stock323 资产重估增值准备 capital surplus from assets revaluation3231 资产重估增值准备 capital surplus from assets revaluation324 处分资产溢价公积 capital surplus from gain on disposal of assets3241 处分资产溢价公积 capital surplus from gain on disposal of assets325 合并公积 capital surplus from business combination3251 合并公积 capital surplus from business combination326 受赠公积 donated surplus3261 受赠公积 donated surplus328 其它资本公积 other additional paid-in capital3281 权益法长期股权投资资本公积 additional paid-in capital from investee under equity method3282 资本公积- 库藏股票交易 additional paid-in capital - treasury stock trans-actions 33 保留盈余(或累积亏损) retained earnings (accumulated deficit)331 法定盈余公积 legal reserve3311 法定盈余公积 legal reserve332 特别盈余公积 special reserve3321 意外损失准备 contingency reserve3322 改良扩充准备 improvement and expansion reserve3323 偿债准备 special reserve for redemption of liabilities3328 其它特别盈余公积 other special reserve335 未分配盈余(或累积亏损) retained earnings-unappropriated (or accumulated deficit) 3351 累积盈亏 accumulated profit or loss3352 前期损益调整 prior period adjustments3353 本期损益 net income or loss for current period34 权益调整 equity adjustments341 长期股权投资未实现跌价损失 unrealized loss on market value decline of long-term equity investments3411 长期股权投资未实现跌价损失 unrealized loss on market value decline of long-term equity investments342 累积换算调整数 cumulative translation adjustment3421 累积换算调整数 cumulative translation adjustments343 未认列为退休金成本之净损失 net loss not recognized as pension cost3431 未认列为退休金成本之净损失 net loss not recognized as pension costs35 库藏股 treasury stock351 库藏股 treasury stock3511 库藏股 treasury stock36 少数股权 minority interest361 少数股权 minority interest3611 少数股权 minority interest4 营业收入 operating revenue 41 销货收入 sales revenue 411 销货收入 sales revenue 4111 销货收入 sales revenue 4112 分期付款销货收入 installment sales revenue 417 销货退回 sales return 4171 销货退回 sales return 419 销货折让 sales allowances 4191 销货折让 sales discounts and allowances 46 劳务收入 service revenue 461 劳务收入 service revenue 4611 劳务收入 service revenue 47 业务收入 agency revenue 471 业务收入 agency revenue 4711 业务收入 agency revenue 48 其它营业收入 other operating revenue 488 其它营业收入-其它 other operating revenue 4888 其它营业收入-其它 other operating revenue - other 5 营业成本 operating costs 51 销货成本 cost of goods sold 511 销货成本 cost of goods sold 5111 销货成本 cost of goods sold 5112 分期付款销货成本 installment cost of goods sold 512 进货 purchases 5121 进货 purchases 5122 进货费用 purchase expenses 5123 进货退出 purchase returns 5124 进货折让 charges on purchased merchandise 513 进料 materials purchased 5131 进料 material purchased 5132 进料费用 charges on purchased material 5133 进料退出 material purchase returns 5134 进料折让 material purchase allowances 514 直接人工 direct labor 5141 直接人工 direct labor 515~518 制造费用 manufacturing overhead 5151 间接人工 indirect labor 5152 租金支出 rent expense, rent 5153 文具用品 office supplies (expense) 5154 旅费 travelling expense, travel 5155 运费 shipping expenses, freight 5156 邮电费 postage (expenses) 5157 修缮费 repair(s) and maintenance (expense ) 5158 包装费 packing expenses 5161 水电瓦斯费 utilities (expense) 5162 保险费 insurance (expense) 5163 加工费 manufacturing overhead - outsourced 5166 税捐 taxes 5168 折旧 depreciation expense 5169 各项耗竭及摊提 various amortization 5172 伙食费 meal (expenses) 5173 职工福利 employee benefits/welfare 5176 训练费 training (expense) 5177 间接材料 indirect materials 5188 其它制造费用 other manufacturing expenses 56 劳务成本制 ervice costs 561 劳务成本 service costs 5611 劳务成本 service costs 57 业务成本 gency costs 571 业务成本 agency costs 5711 业务成本 agency costs 58 其它营业成本 other operating costs 588 其它营业成本-其它 other operating costs-other 5888 其它营业成本-其它 other operating costs - other 6 营业费用 operating expenses 61 推销费用 selling expenses 615~618 推销费用 selling expenses 6151 薪资支出 payroll expense 6152 租金支出 rent expense, rent 6153 文具用品 office supplies (expense) 6154 旅费 travelling expense, travel 6155 运费 shipping expenses, freight 6156 邮电费 postage (expenses) 6157 修缮费 repair(s) and maintenance (expense) 6159 广告费 advertisement expense, advertisement 6161 水电瓦斯费 utilities (expense) 6162 保险费 insurance (expense) 6164 交际费 entertainment (expense) 6165 捐赠 donation (expense) 6166 税捐 taxes 6167 呆帐损失 loss on uncollectible accounts 6168 折旧 depreciation expense 6169 各项耗竭及摊提 various amortization 6172 伙食费 meal (expenses) 6173 职工福利 employee benefits/welfare 6175 佣金支出 commission (expense) 6176 训练费 training (expense) 6188 其它推销费用 other selling expenses 62 管理及总务费用 general & administrative expenses 625~628 管理及总务费用 general & administrative expenses 6251 薪资支出 payroll expense 6252 租金支出 rent expense, rent 6253 文具用品 office supplies 6254 旅费 travelling expense, travel 6255 运费 shipping expenses,freight 6256 邮电费 postage (expenses) 6257 修缮费 repair(s) and maintenance (expense) 6259 广告费 advertisement expense, advertisement 6261 水电瓦斯费 utilities (expense) 6262 保险费 insurance (expense) 6264 交际费 entertainment (expense) 6265 捐赠 donation (expense) 6266 税捐 taxes 6267 呆帐损失 loss on uncollectible accounts 6268 折旧 depreciation expense a6269 各项耗竭及摊提 various amortization 6271 外销损失 loss on export sales 6272 伙食费 meal (expenses) 6273 职工福利 employee benefits/welfare 6274 研究发展费用 research and development expense 6275 佣金支出 commission (expense) 6276 训练费 training (expense) 6278 劳务费 professional service fees 6288 其它管理及总务费用 other general and administrative expenses 63 研究发展费用 research and development expenses 635~638 研究发展费用 research and development expenses 6351 薪资支出 payroll expense 6352 租金支出 rent expense, rent 6353 文具用品 office supplies 6354 旅费 travelling expense, travel 6355 运费 shipping expenses, freight 6356 邮电费 postage (expenses) 6357 修缮费 repair(s) and maintenance (expense) 6361 水电瓦斯费 utilities (expense) 6362 保险费 insurance (expense) 6364 交际费 entertainment (expense) 6366 税捐 taxes 6368 折旧 depreciation expense 6369 各项耗竭及摊提 various amortization 6372 伙食费 meal (expenses) 6373 职工福利 employee benefits/welfare 6376 训练费 training (expense) 6378 其它研究发展费用 other research and development expenses营业外收入及费用 non-operating revenue and expenses, other income(expense)71~74 营业外收入 non-operating&nb。
china's investment in human capital全文翻译
china's investment in human capital全文翻译中国在人力资本投资方面扮演着关键的角色。
中国政府秉承“瘦狗爱吃骨头”的理念，重视对人力资本的投资，为促进中国的发展和进入全球经济主流制定了一系列政策。
中国政府认识到，未来发展的关键在于教育、培训和科学研究领域的投资。
随着中国经济的快速增长，政府不断投资教育和研究，因为这是建立可持续发展经济的基础。
经济发展不仅带来财富和机会，而且还带来机遇和资源，为实现更高水平的可持续发展而不断努力。
China plays a crucial role in investment in human capital. The Chinese Government adheres to the idea of "the lean dog loves to eat bone" and attaches great importance to the investment in human capital, making a series of policies for promoting China's development and entering the mainstream of the global economy. The Chinese Government is aware that the key to future development lies in investment in education, training and scientific research. With the rapid growth of the Chinese economy, the government has been continually investing in education and research, as this is the foundation for establishing a sustainable economy. Economic development brings not only wealth and opportunity, but also opportunity and resources, striving continuously for a higher level of sustainable development.。
中国在阿根廷投资英语作文
中国在阿根廷投资英语作文China's investment in Argentina has been steadily increasing in recent years. The two countries have established strong economic ties, with Chinese companies investing in various sectors such as energy, infrastructure, and agriculture.The investment from China has brought about significant benefits for Argentina, including job creation, technology transfer, and economic growth. Chinese companies have also contributed to the development of local communities through corporate social responsibility initiatives.Despite the positive impact of Chinese investment,there have been concerns raised about issues such as environmental sustainability, labor rights, and transparency. Both Chinese and Argentine authorities are working together to address these challenges and ensurethat investments are made in a responsible and sustainable manner.The cultural exchange between China and Argentina has also been growing, with more opportunities for people from both countries to learn about each other's traditions, language, and customs. This cultural exchange has helped to strengthen the relationship between the two nations and promote mutual understanding.Overall, China's investment in Argentina has played a significant role in boosting economic development and fostering closer ties between the two countries. It is important for both sides to continue working together to address challenges and maximize the benefits of this partnership.。
chapter01The Investment Setting(国际投资,英文版)
7
The World’s Bond Market
The World Bond Market, By Regions of the Major Issuers
All other markets 6% U.K. Sterling 3% Euroland 26% U.S. Dollar 50%
Japanese Yen 15%
Global Stock Market Capitalization
Tokyo 13% Asia, Pacific ex. Tokyo 7%
Nasdaq 15%
Europe, Africa, M. East 29% South America 1%
NYSE 32% Rest of N. America 3%
2
Gambling vs. Speculating
Gambling occurs when
– Outcome is determined very quickly (a roll of the dice, for instance) – A source of entertainment – Outcome is not based on an economic endeavor, but, rather, random outcomes – Creates risk without expectation of economic benefit
Francis & Ibbotson Chapter 1: The Investment Setting
5
The World’s Equity Capital
World’s equity capital is concentrated in
中国国际收支平衡表英文版
中国国际收支平衡表英文版China's International Balance of PaymentsChina's international balance of payments is a comprehensive statement that records the country's economic transactions with the rest of the world over a specific period, typically a year. This statement provides a detailed accounting of China's inflows and outflows of financial resources, goods, and services, enabling policymakers and economists to assess the overall health and stability of the nation's external economic position.The international balance of payments is composed of several key components, each reflecting different aspects of China's international economic activities. The current account, for instance, records the country's trade in goods and services, as well as income and current transfers. The capital account, on the other hand, tracks changes in ownership of non-produced, non-financial assets, such as patents and trademarks. Finally, the financial account records the net acquisition and disposal of financial assets and liabilities, including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and other investment activities.One of the most closely watched components of China's international balance of payments is the current account. This account measures the difference between the value of goods and services China exports and the value of goods and services it imports.A surplus in the current account indicates that China is a net lender to the rest of the world, as its exports exceed its imports, while a deficit suggests that China is a net borrower, with imports exceeding exports.In recent years, China has experienced a gradual decline in its current account surplus, which has fallen from a peak of over 10% of its GDP in 2007 to around 1% of GDP in 2021. This trend reflects the country's efforts to rebalance its economy, shifting away from an export-driven growth model toward one that is more reliant on domestic consumption and investment.The capital and financial accounts of China's international balance of payments have also undergone significant changes in recent years. The capital account, which is relatively small, has remained relatively stable, reflecting the country's efforts to maintain control over cross-border capital flows. In contrast, the financial account has become increasingly important, as China has sought to liberalize its capital markets and attract foreign investment.One key feature of China's financial account is the growingimportance of foreign direct investment (FDI). Over the past decade, China has become one of the world's largest recipients of FDI, as multinational corporations have sought to tap into the country's vast consumer market and take advantage of its rapidly developing infrastructure and skilled workforce. At the same time, Chinese companies have also become more active in overseas investment, with Chinese FDI outflows increasing significantly in recent years.Another important component of China's financial account is portfolio investment, which includes the purchase and sale of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, and other securities. In recent years, China has taken steps to open up its capital markets to foreign investors, allowing greater access to its domestic bond and equity markets. This has contributed to an increase in portfolio investment flows, both into and out of China.Beyond the current, capital, and financial accounts, China's international balance of payments also includes a number of other components, such as reserve assets and other investment activities. Reserve assets, which include foreign exchange reserves, gold, and other highly liquid financial assets, play a crucial role in China's external economic position, providing a buffer against potential shocks and serving as a means of intervention in currency markets.Overall, China's international balance of payments reflects thecountry's growing integration into the global economy and the increasing complexity of its external economic relations. As the world's second-largest economy, China's balance of payments has significant implications for the global financial system, and its management and monitoring are of vital importance to policymakers both within China and around the world.。
中国投资前景英文作文
中国投资前景英文作文China's Investment Prospects。
China is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, and its investment prospects are looking bright. The country's economic growth rate has been consistently high over the past few decades, and it is projected to continue growing in the coming years. This growth has been driven by a combination of factors, including government policies, a large and growing middle class, and a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem.One of the key drivers of China's economic growth has been the government's commitment to investing in infrastructure. The country has built an extensive network of highways, railways, and airports, which has helped to facilitate trade and commerce. In addition, the government has invested heavily in renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, which has helped to reduce the country's reliance on fossil fuels.Another factor driving China's economic growth is its large and growing middle class. As more Chinese people move into the middle class, they are demanding higher-quality goods and services, which has created new opportunities for businesses. This has led to a surge in consumer spending, which has helped to fuel economic growth.China's entrepreneurial ecosystem is also thriving, with a growing number of startups and entrepreneurs launching innovative businesses. This has been fueled by a combination of factors, including government support for entrepreneurship, a large pool of talented engineers and scientists, and a culture that values innovation and risk-taking.Despite these positive trends, there are also some challenges that China's economy faces. One of the biggest challenges is the country's aging population, which is expected to put a strain on the country's social welfare system in the coming years. In addition, there are concerns about the country's debt levels, which have been risingrapidly in recent years.Overall, however, the investment prospects for China look bright. The country's strong economic growth, government support for infrastructure and renewable energy, and thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem all point to abright future for investors. While there are certainlyrisks and challenges to be aware of, the opportunities for growth and success in China are too great to ignore.。
中国人理财方法的英语作文
中国人理财方法的英语作文Chinese people have various methods when it comes to managing their finances. Some prefer to save money in banks, while others invest in stocks or real estate. It is common for people to rely on their family and friends forfinancial support, and some even turn to online lending platforms for quick cash. Additionally, many Chinese people have a strong belief in luck and superstition, leading them to engage in activities such as buying lottery tickets or participating in gambling.In China, saving money is considered a traditional and reliable way to manage finances. People often deposit their savings in banks, which offer a safe and stable interest rate. This method allows individuals to accumulate wealth over time and provides a sense of security for the future. Moreover, saving money in banks is seen as a responsibleand practical approach to financial planning.Investing in stocks and real estate is another popularmethod among Chinese people. Many individuals believe that investing in these assets can bring substantial returns. They closely follow the stock market and real estate trends, hoping to make profitable investments. This method requires a certain level of knowledge and risk-taking, but it can also lead to significant financial gains.Chinese people often rely on their family and friendsfor financial support. In times of need, they turn to their loved ones for loans or assistance. This practice is deeply rooted in the Chinese culture, where family and social connections play a crucial role in personal and financial matters. Borrowing money from family and friends is seen as a way to maintain strong relationships and build trust.Online lending platforms have gained popularity in recent years, providing Chinese people with quick and convenient access to cash. These platforms offer loans with low requirements and fast approval processes. While this method can be helpful in emergencies, it also carries risks, such as high interest rates and potential scams. Despitethe risks, many Chinese people find online lendingplatforms to be a viable option for short-term financial needs.Chinese people have a strong belief in luck and superstition, which often influences their financial decisions. Many individuals buy lottery tickets in hopes of winning a large sum of money overnight. Additionally, some people participate in gambling activities, believing that luck will be on their side. While these methods may seem irrational to some, they reflect the cultural values and beliefs deeply ingrained in Chinese society.In conclusion, managing finances in China involves a variety of methods, each with its own characteristics and implications. From saving money in banks to investing in stocks or real estate, Chinese people have diverse approaches to financial planning. Additionally, thereliance on family and friends, the use of online lending platforms, and the belief in luck and superstition further contribute to the complexity of financial management in China.。
投资储蓄英语作文
投资储蓄英语作文In today's fast-paced economic environment, the concepts of investment and savings have become integral parts of personal financial planning. As an individual, understanding the nuances of these financial tools can significantly impact your long-term financial health and stability.Investment: The Growth CatalystInvestment is the process of allocating resources—such as time, money, or effort—into something with the expectation of generating profit or value. It's a proactive approach to personal finance that can lead to substantial returns. Here's a breakdown of why investing is crucial:1. Wealth Creation: Over time, investments can grow your wealth through capital gains and dividends, providing a pathway to financial independence.2. Inflation Hedge: The value of money decreases over time due to inflation. Investments, particularly in assets like stocks and real estate, can help preserve and grow your purchasing power.3. Diversification: Investing allows you to spread your financial risk across different asset classes, reducing the impact of a downturn in any single investment.4. Retirement Planning: A well-thought-out investment strategy is essential for building a retirement fund that can sustain you throughout your non-working years.Savings: The Safety NetWhile investment is about growth, savings are about security. Here's why having a robust savings plan is essential:1. Emergency Fund: Savings act as a financial safety net for unexpected expenses such as medical emergencies or job loss.2. Short-Term Goals: For goals that are one to three years away, like buying a car or a home, savings accounts are typically the best place to keep your funds.3. Liquidity: Savings accounts offer easy access to your money, which is crucial for any immediate financial needs.4. Debt Reduction: Building a savings account can also be a strategic move to pay down high-interest debt faster, thereby reducing your overall financial burden.Balancing Investment and SavingsThe key to successful personal finance is finding the right balance between investment and savings. Here are some strategies to consider:1. Budgeting: Create a monthly budget that includes allocations for both savings and investments.2. Risk Assessment: Understand your risk tolerance to determine the right mix of investments that align with your financial goals and comfort level.3. Financial Goals: Set clear, measurable financial goalsthat outline how much you need to save and invest to achieve them.4. Professional Advice: Consider seeking advice from a financial advisor to help navigate the complexities of investment and savings strategies.In conclusion, investment and savings are two sides of the same coin. While investments aim to grow your wealth, savings provide a secure foundation for your financial future. A balanced approach that considers both elements is the key to achieving financial success and stability.。
全面版的投资分红合约英文版
全面版的投资分红合约英文版Comprehensive Investment Dividend ContractIn the realm of financial transactions, an investment dividend contract serves as a key document outlining the terms and conditions surrounding the distribution of dividends to investors. This comprehensive version of the contract delves into the intricate details of how dividends will be calculated, distributed, and managed throughout the investment period.The contract begins by clearly defining the parties involved, including the investors and the company issuing the dividends. It lays out the specific rights and responsibilities of each party, ensuring a transparent and fair distribution of profits.One of the key components of this contract is the dividend calculation method. It outlines how dividends will be calculated based on the company's profits, ensuring that investors receive their fair shareof the earnings. The contract also details the frequency of dividend payments, whether they will be distributed monthly, quarterly, or annually.Furthermore, the contract includes provisions for any potential changes to the dividend distribution process. It outlines the procedures for amending the contract in case of unforeseen circumstances or changes in the company's financial situation.Another crucial aspect covered in this contract is the allocation of dividends. It specifies how dividends will be distributed among investors based on their shareholdings, ensuring an equitable distribution of profits.Additionally, the contract addresses the tax implications of dividend payments. It outlines how dividends will be taxed and whether any deductions will be made before the distribution of profits to investors.Overall, this comprehensive investment dividend contract is designed to protect the interests of both investors and the company issuing dividends. By clearly outlining the terms and conditions of dividend distribution, this contract provides a solid foundation for a successful investment partnership.。
中美的消费观念和存钱观念 英语作文
中美的消费观念和存钱观念英语作文In recent years, the differences between consumer attitudes and savings habits in China and the United States have become increasingly apparent. These differences are shaped by a variety of factors, including economic conditions, cultural values, and government policies. Understanding these differences can provide valuable insights into the ways in which people in both countries approach spending and saving.One of the key differences between Chinese and American consumer attitudes is the importance placed on saving money. In China, saving is often seen as a necessary and responsible practice, reflecting values such as thrift, frugality, and long-term planning. Many Chinese people prioritize saving for the future, whether that means building up a nest egg for retirement, paying for their children's education, or simply having a financial safety net in case of emergencies. This emphasis on saving is reinforced by government policies that encourage saving and investment, such as the National Social Security Fund and tax incentives for savings accounts.In contrast, consumer attitudes in the United States tend to be more focused on immediate consumption and spending. Americans are more likely to prioritize instant gratification andpersonal enjoyment, leading to a culture of consumption that emphasizes buying new products and experiences. While saving is still important for many Americans, it may not be as central to their financial habits as it is for their Chinese counterparts. This can be seen in the relatively low savings rates in the United States, as well as the high levels of consumer debt that many Americans carry.Another important difference between Chinese and American consumer attitudes is the role of credit and debt in the economy. In China, credit is less widely used than in the United States, with many people preferring to pay for purchases in cash or using debit cards. This reflects a more conservative approach to borrowing and debt, as well as a focus on avoiding financial risk. In contrast, Americans are more likely to use credit cards and other forms of debt to finance their purchases, leading to higher levels of household debt and a greater reliance on credit to maintain their standard of living.These differences in consumer attitudes and savings habits can have wide-ranging implications for the economies of both countries. In China, a strong culture of saving can help to stabilize the economy and promote long-term growth, while in the United States, a culture of consumption can drive economicactivity and support businesses. By understanding these differences and the factors that shape them, policymakers and businesses can tailor their strategies to better meet the needs and preferences of consumers in each country.In conclusion, the differences between Chinese and American consumer attitudes and savings habits reflect a complex interplay of economic, cultural, and social factors. By exploring these differences and understanding the reasons behind them, we can gain valuable insights into the ways in which people in both countries approach spending and saving. This knowledge can help to inform policies and strategies that promote financial stability, economic growth, and individual well-being in both China and the United States.。
文明、现代化、价值投资与中国 英文版
文明、现代化、价值投资与中国英文版全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：China has witnessed rapid and unprecedented economic growth and development in recent decades. As the country continues to modernize and transition into a global economic powerhouse, the importance of civilizational values and the impact of value investing are becoming increasingly significant in shaping the future of China.第二篇示例：China has experienced tremendous growth and modernization in recent decades, transforming from an agrarian society into a global economic powerhouse. This rapid development has brought about significant changes in many aspects of Chinese society, including its culture, values, and investment strategies.第三篇示例：In recent years, China has made remarkable progress in terms of civilization and modernization. With its rapid economicgrowth, the country has become a major player in the global economy and has been able to improve the quality of life for its citizens. As a result, Chinese investors are increasingly looking for opportunities to invest in assets that will not only provide financial returns, but also contribute to the development of the country and the promotion of its traditional values.Value investing, a strategy that involves selecting assets that are undervalued relative to their intrinsic worth, has gained popularity in China in recent years. This approach emphasizes long-term thinking and careful analysis of companies' fundamentals, rather than short-term speculation or market trends. Value investors in China look for companies that have strong management teams, solid financials, and potential for growth, as well as businesses that align with the country's cultural values.One of the key principles of value investing is the idea of investing in companies that have a sustainable business model and a competitive advantage. In China, companies that operate in industries such as technology, healthcare, and renewable energy are particularly attractive to value investors, as these sectors are poised for long-term growth and have the potential to make a positive impact on society.Another important aspect of value investing in China is the emphasis on corporate governance and ethical business practices. Chinese value investors look for companies that are transparent in their operations, have a strong commitment to social responsibility, and are dedicated to creating value for their stakeholders. By investing in companies that uphold these values, Chinese investors are not only supporting businesses that contribute to the country's economic development, but also promoting ethical practices in the corporate world.In addition to financial returns, value investors in China are also looking for investments that have a positive impact on society and contribute to the preservation of traditional Chinese values. This includes supporting companies that promote environmental sustainability, cultural heritage, and social harmony. By investing in assets that align with these values, Chinese investors are not only helping to build a more prosperous and modern society, but also preserving the rich history and cultural heritage of China.Overall, value investing plays a crucial role in the development of China's economy and the promotion of its traditional values. By focusing on long-term growth, ethical business practices, and investments that contribute to society,Chinese value investors are not only able to generate financial returns, but also make a meaningful impact on the country's future. As China continues to modernize and develop, value investing will play an increasingly important role in shaping the country's economic landscape and promoting its cultural heritage.第四篇示例：With the rapid development of China in recent years, the country has made remarkable progress in terms of civilization, modernization, and value investment. These three aspects are closely intertwined and have played a significant role in shaping China's current status on the global stage.。
中国进行投资的英文作文
中国进行投资的英文作文China's Investment in the World。
In recent years, China has become one of the most active investors in the world. With its growing economy and increasing wealth, China has been investing heavily in various countries and regions around the world. This trend has been fueled by China's desire to secure natural resources, expand its global influence, and create new markets for its goods and services.China's investment in the world is diverse and covers a wide range of industries. One of the main areas of investment is natural resources. China has been investing heavily in countries that have large reserves of oil, gas, and minerals. For example, China has invested heavily in Africa, where it has secured access to oil and other resources. China has also invested in countries such as Australia, Canada, and Brazil, where it has acquired mining rights and other resource-related assets.Another area of investment for China is infrastructure. China has been investing in infrastructure projects such as ports, railways, and highways around the world. One notable example is China's investment in the Belt and Road Initiative, which aims to build infrastructure linking China to Europe, Africa, and other parts of Asia. This initiative has been seen as a way for China to expand its global influence and create new markets for its goods and services.China's investment in the world is not limited to natural resources and infrastructure. China has also been investing in technology and innovation. China has been investing heavily in areas such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and biotechnology. This investment has been driven by China's desire to become a global leader in these fields and to create new markets for its innovative products.China's investment in the world has not been without controversy. Some countries have expressed concerns aboutChina's investment practices, including its use of debt to finance projects and its acquisition of strategic assets. Some have also raised concerns about China's influence in countries where it has invested heavily.Despite these concerns, China's investment in the world is likely to continue. With its growing economy and increasing wealth, China has the resources to invest in various countries and regions around the world. As China continues to expand its global influence, its investment in the world is likely to become even more significant.In conclusion, China's investment in the world is diverse and covers a wide range of industries. While there are concerns about China's investment practices, its investment in the world is likely to continue as China seeks to secure natural resources, expand its global influence, and create new markets for its goods and services.。
存钱或投资英语作文初中
Saving money and investing are two essential financial strategies that individuals can adopt to secure their future and improve their financial wellbeing.Both approaches have their own merits and demerits,and the choice between them often depends on an individuals financial goals,risk tolerance,and time horizon.Saving MoneySaving is the act of setting aside a portion of ones income for future use.It is a fundamental step in personal finance that can help individuals build an emergency fund, save for large purchases,or prepare for retirement.Here are some key points to consider when saving money:1.Emergency Fund:It is crucial to have an emergency fund to cover unexpected expenses such as medical bills or car repairs.This fund should ideally cover3to6 months of living expenses.2.GoalSpecific Savings:Setting aside money for specific goals,such as buying a house, funding a childs education,or planning a vacation,can provide a sense of financial security and accomplishment.3.Interest Earning:Placing savings in interestbearing accounts,such as savings accounts or certificates of deposit CDs,can help your money grow over time,albeit at a slower pace than investments.4.Liquidity:Savings are generally more liquid than investments,meaning they can be accessed without penalties or significant loss of value.InvestingInvesting involves putting money into financial assets with the expectation of generating a profit.It is a way to grow wealth over time and can offer higher returns than saving,but it also comes with higher risks.Here are some aspects of investing to consider:1.Diversification:Spreading investments across different types of assets,such as stocks, bonds,and real estate,can reduce risk and increase the potential for returns.2.LongTerm Growth:Investments,especially in the stock market,have historically shown longterm growth trends,making them a powerful tool for wealth accumulation.3.Risk and Return:Higher potential returns usually come with higher risks.Understanding and managing these risks is crucial for successful investing.4.Tax Efficiency:Investments,particularly in retirement accounts like401ks or IRAs, can offer tax advantages that can enhance longterm growth.5.Inflation Protection:Investments can provide a hedge against inflation,preserving the purchasing power of your money over time.Balancing Saving and InvestingA balanced approach to personal finance often involves both saving and investing.Here are some strategies to consider:1.Establish an Emergency Fund:Before investing,ensure you have a solid emergency fund to protect against unforeseen financial hardships.2.Pay Off HighInterest Debt:Highinterest debt,such as credit card balances,can significantly hinder your financial progress.Paying off such debt before investing can bea wise move.3.Set Clear Financial Goals:Define your shortterm and longterm financial goals to determine how much to save and how much to invest.4.Risk Assessment:Understand your risk tolerance and invest accordingly.Younger individuals or those with a higher risk tolerance may opt for more aggressive investments.5.Regular Contributions:Consistently saving and investing,regardless of market conditions,can benefit from the power of compounding.In conclusion,saving and investing are both vital components of a sound financial plan. While saving provides a safety net and immediate liquidity,investing offers the potential for higher returns and longterm wealth creation.By understanding the principles of each and applying them strategically,individuals can achieve their financial aspirations and maintain financial stability.。
关于中国在海外投资的英语作文
关于中国在海外投资的英语作文China's Expanding Overseas Investment: Opportunities and ChallengesChina's economic rise over the past few decades has been nothing short of remarkable. From a largely agrarian economy to the world's second-largest economy, China's transformation has been driven by its strategic focus on industrialization, export-led growth, and more recently, a concerted effort to expand its global reach through overseas investment.As China's domestic economy has matured, the country has increasingly turned its attention to international markets, seeking to secure access to natural resources, acquire advanced technologies, and establish a stronger global presence. This shift has manifested in a significant increase in China's overseas investment, which has grown exponentially in recent years.One of the primary drivers of China's overseas investment is the country's need to secure access to natural resources, such as oil, gas,and minerals, to fuel its continued economic growth. China's rapidly expanding manufacturing and infrastructure sectors require vast quantities of raw materials, and the country has sought to secure these resources through strategic investments in resource-rich regions around the world.For example, China has made significant investments in Africa, where it has established a presence in the mining, energy, and infrastructure sectors. Chinese companies have built dams, railways, and roads across the continent, often in exchange for access to natural resources. This mutually beneficial arrangement has allowed China to secure the resources it needs while also contributing to the development of African economies.In addition to resource-seeking investments, China has also targeted overseas markets as a means of expanding the reach of its domestic companies and brands. By investing in foreign companies and establishing operations abroad, Chinese firms can gain access to new customers, distribution channels, and technological expertise. This strategy has been particularly evident in the technology and automotive sectors, where Chinese companies have made high-profile acquisitions and joint ventures with their international counterparts.One prominent example is the acquisition of the German roboticscompany Kuka by the Chinese appliance manufacturer Midea Group in 2016. This deal not only provided Midea with access to Kuka's advanced automation technology but also allowed the company to expand its global footprint and better compete in the lucrative industrial automation market.However, China's overseas investment activities have not been without their challenges. One of the primary concerns is the potential for these investments to be perceived as a form of "economic colonialism," with China using its financial might to exert undue influence over the economies and political systems of host countries.This perception has been particularly prevalent in Africa, where some have accused China of exploiting the continent's resources and engaging in predatory lending practices that saddle African governments with unsustainable debt. There have also been concerns about the environmental and social impact of some Chinese-funded projects, which have sometimes been criticized for a lack of transparency and disregard for local communities.To address these concerns, China has sought to position its overseas investment as a mutually beneficial partnership, emphasizing the potential for these investments to contribute to the economic development and infrastructure improvement of host countries. Chinese officials have also stressed the importance of "win-win"cooperation and have sought to engage with local communities and stakeholders to address their concerns.Moreover, China has increasingly recognized the need to improve the governance and transparency of its overseas investment activities. In recent years, the Chinese government has implemented a series of policies and regulations aimed at ensuring that its overseas investments adhere to international standards of environmental protection, labor rights, and anti-corruption measures.Despite these challenges, China's overseas investment is likely to continue to grow in the coming years, as the country seeks to secure its position as a global economic powerhouse. As China's influence on the world stage expands, it will be crucial for the country to strike a balance between its own economic interests and the concerns of its international partners, ensuring that its overseas investment activities contribute to sustainable and mutually beneficial outcomes.In conclusion, China's expanding overseas investment represents both opportunities and challenges. While China's strategic focus on securing resources and expanding the reach of its domestic companies has driven a surge in international investment, the country must also navigate the complexities of global politics and address concerns about the impact of its activities. By fostering transparent, responsible, and mutually beneficial partnerships, Chinacan harness the power of its economic might to contribute to global prosperity and development.。
全篇的投资合作协定英文版
全篇的投资合作协定英文版Investment Cooperation AgreementThis document sets out the terms and conditions for an investment cooperation agreement between the parties involved. The agreement aims to establish a mutually beneficial relationship for the purpose of investing in various projects and opportunities.Parties InvolvedThe parties involved in this agreement are referred to as the "Investors." The Investors agree to collaborate and work together in good faith to achieve the common goal of successful investment outcomes.Purpose of the AgreementThe main purpose of this agreement is to outline the responsibilities and obligations of each Investor in the investment projects. It alsodefines the scope of the cooperation and the mechanisms for decision-making and dispute resolution.Investment ProjectsThe agreement covers various investment projects that the Investors may undertake together. These projects may include but are not limited to real estate, stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments. The parties will work together to identify and evaluate potential investment opportunities.Responsibilities of the InvestorsEach Investor agrees to contribute their expertise, resources, and capital to the investment projects as agreed upon. They will also share the risks and rewards of the investments in proportion to their contributions.Decision-Making ProcessDecisions related to the investment projects will be made jointly by the Investors. Unanimous agreement is required for major decisions, while minor decisions may be made by a simple majority. The parties will work together to ensure transparency and accountability in the decision-making process.Dispute ResolutionIn the event of any disputes or disagreements between the Investors, they agree to resolve them amicably through negotiation and mediation. If a resolution cannot be reached, the parties may seek legal recourse as a last resort.Term and TerminationThis agreement will remain in effect for a specified period, unless terminated earlier by mutual agreement or due to breach of the terms. Upon termination, the parties will settle any outstanding obligations and distribute any remaining assets in accordance with the agreed terms.Final ProvisionsThis investment cooperation agreement represents the entire understanding between the parties and supersedes any previous agreements or arrangements. Any modifications or amendments to the agreement must be made in writing and signed by all parties.This document is executed on the date set forth below.[Signature of Investor 1] [Signature of Investor 2]Date: [Date of Signing]。
2019大学英语四级翻译备考练习：投资中国市场
2019大学英语四级翻译备考练习：投资中国市场请将下面这段话翻译成英文：中国已经发展成为一个世界极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。
世界各国和地区很多有远见卓识的企业家，都将目光投向了中国，并从投资活动中获得了丰厚的回报。
我相信，中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。
在中国的投资活动一定能成为沟通世界各国和地区的企业家与中国市场的一座桥梁，促动中国和世界经济共同发展、共同繁荣。
参考译文：China has developed into a big, extremely attractive and realistic market in the global context. Many farsighted entrepreneurs from countries and regions all over the world have paid their attention to China and got generous profitsin return from their investment activities. I believe that, after China's entry into WTO, more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investment activities in China and lager space for their own development. The investment activities in China will surely serve as a bridge connecting entrepreneurs from all the countries and regions in the world and the Chinese market, and promote the common economic development and prosperity of China and the world.。
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INVESTMENT AND SAVING IN CHINA
by Louis Kuijs 1/
Abstract
An analysis of sectoral patterns of investment and saving in China—over time and compared to other countries—sheds light on the factors driving high investment and on how saving is channeled into investment. Key findings include: (i) investment by enterprises distinguishes China from other countries and explains most of the variation over time; (ii) high household saving explains only a part of the large difference in national saving between China and other countries—the majority is explained by high saving of the government and enterprises (through retained earnings); and (iii) currently only about one-third of enterprise investment is financed via the financial sector, a lower share than in the early 1990s. Explanations behind the high saving of the government and enterprises are traced back. There are several policy implications. The identified financing patterns put in perspective the exposure of the financial sector to investmentrelated risks but, against the background of concerns about suboptimal allocation of capital, bring to the fore corporate governance and dividend policy. The findings suggest policy adjustments that would help achieving the government’s goals of improving the quality of growth and increasing the role of consumption. Finally, long term saving prospects, and its implications, are discussed.
To answer these questions, the paper analyses sectoral trends in investment and saving and the resulting sectoral saving-investment balances over time and relates them to cyclical and structural developments, to better interpret current developments. It also compares these trends to those in other countries to identify China’s special features.
This paper does not look into potential problems with data on investment and GDP, reflecting a belief that, in addition to any data problems—most of which are pertinent in other countries too—, there are economic explanations behind the developments on investment and saving in China. 3
Acknowledgements: I thank Bert Hofman for encouragement and comments, and Homi Kharas and Tao Wang for comments on an earlier draft.
The World Bank China Research Paper series disseminates the findings of research on China to encourage discussion and solicit feedback. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in these papers are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent.
1
Introduction
With China’s investment and saving high—in historical context and compared to other countries—questions on investment and saving continue to arouse interest of policymakers and researchers. However, knowledge about the underlying patterns of investment and saving is limited. This paper attempts to answer the following questions. What are the factors driving China’s high investment? How is saving channeled into investment? In particular, how is enterprise investment financed, and what is the role of the domestic banking sector, enterprise saving, and the government?
Answers to these questions are important for several reasons. First, they inform the current debate on the types of risks and policy challenges stemming from China’s high investment, including on what policies are needed to mitigate risks and improve the efficiency of capital allocation. Second, they facilitate the understanding of China’s pattern of growth. High investment and saving are key features of China’s pattern of growth. A better understanding of their determinants could improve the understanding of the pattern of growth; its sustainability; and medium and long-term prospects. Third, they help identifying the policy implications of the projected saving and investment developments, also in light of identified tensions and the intended change in the policy stance, including the planned shift in government spending from investment to social spending and increased role of private consumption.
1 The FoF accounts show for households, enterprises, the government, and the “rest of the world” the sources and uses of financial resources. The “above the line” flows show the composition of income, consumption and saving, physical investment, and the resulting net external financing. The “below the line” flows show how each sector’s net external financial balance is invested and/or financed. 2 The FoF data is only available up until 2001, and, for some parts, 2002. Some estimates are made for 2002 and 2003, but these are meant to be only indicative. For instance, household saving is estimated using the year-on-year change in household saving from the household survey. 3 Data on Fixed Asset Investment in China (FAI) includes land sales. National accounts data on Gross Capital Formation (GCF), which does not include such sales, is better comparable internationally.