2013职称英语卫生A阅读理解完形填空整理
职称英语 卫生类 2013年阅读理解与完型填空
“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning“不要在就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义In what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer. 一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的几率比就餐时饮酒更高。
Luigino Dal Maso和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1，500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3，500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。
After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer. “ Roughly 95 percen t of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn‟t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. 在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50%〜80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。
2013职称英语考试试题
2013职称英语考试试题2013年职称英语考试试题是一项非常重要的考试，对于想要提升职称的人来说至关重要。
在这篇文章中，我们将为您提供2013年职称英语考试试题，帮助您更好地准备这场考试。
第一部分阅读理解阅读下面这篇短文，然后根据短文的内容进行问题回答。
Passage 1It has been accepted that which hair style you choose can make a first impression on others. For example, a headline from USA Today in 2006 said, “How you wear your hair speaks about your politics, work habits and social behavior.”But does that impression carry over to your job performance? According to a survey of 1000 workers by Kellogg School of Management professor Lauren Rivera in 2009, the answer is “yes.” Eighty five percent of the respondents believed unkempt appearances or extreme hair styles can have a negative impact on one’s career.That’s true for Piera Palazzolo, VP of marketing at Dale CarnegieTr aining. “It only takes seconds to make a first impression,” she says. “And it’s hard to change a poor one.”In a survey of 1,500 hiring managers (聘用经理人), 36 percent of them said that for entry-level (起始级别) workers, “too sexy”is no good when it comes to dressing. Less than a fifth of respondents thought the same for top-level executives....Question 1: According to Lauren Rivera, what can influence one’s career negatively?Question 2: According to a survey, what is true for top-level executives in terms of dressing?第二部分完形填空阅读下面这篇短文，然后根据短文的内容从各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出一个最佳选项。
2013年职称英语 综合类 A级阅读理解和完型填空(背诵版)
+第三十四篇T o Have or Have Not逃亡问题答案1、Why did the writer want to leave the hotel?作者为什么想离开旅馆________。
2、What attracted the writer to the shop?是什么吸引作者到那个商店_____________。
3、The writer found the stock in the front of the shop________.作者发现小店前面存放的物品是怎样的________。
4、What was unusual about the way the woman looked at him?那个女人看他的方式有什么不寻常_____________。
5、The writer disliked the back room because________.作者不喜欢后屋的原因是__________1、To have a change of scene.去看看风景2、The light coming from inside.商店里的灯光3、of top quality质量上乘4、She seemed to know him well她看起来认识他5、he saw nothing he really liked没有他喜欢的东西+第三十五篇Going Her Own Way选择她自己的路问题答案1、Maria wanted to attend________.玛丽亚想去个怎样的学校_____________。
2、In those days, most Italian girls________.当时大多数的意大利女孩的选择是__________。
3、Y ou can infer from this passage that________.从这篇文章可以推论得出____________。
4、Maria' s father probably________.玛丽亚的父亲很可能______。
职称英语阅读理解真题及答案(卫生类A级)
职称英语阅读理解真题及答案（卫生类A级）为大家整理了2013年职称英语阅读理解真题及答案（卫生类A级），仅供参考！！2013年职称英语卫生类A级阅读理解真题及答案1DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes. With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins., the complete DNA of each individual is unique.DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing. It is a method of identification that compares bits of DN A. A DAN fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. The sample is then segmented using enzymes, and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black bars—the DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match, the two samples probably came from the same person.DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas: the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique.The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First,because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are “fingerprinted”; a DNA fingerprint may not be unique; large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to false results.DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence.Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.1. According to the essay, we can find chromosomesA. in a fish.B. in a tree.C. in a sheep.D. in a rock.2. DNA fingerprinting is more often used forA. obtaining samples of chromosomes.B. providing evidence in court investigations.C. proving the horse to be a mammal.D. printing books about biology.3. When your brother looks exactly like you, your complete DNA may beA. exactly like his.B. totally different from his.C. unique.D. lost.4. Some people believe that using a DNA fingerprint may not be so reliable becauseA. the accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged.B. no private laboratory follows uniform testing standards or quality controls.C. mistakes are possible when researchers explain what have come of their tests.D. suspects may not have enough money to provide their own DNA to law-courts.5. This essay talks about DNA fingerprinting concerning the following aspects EXCEPTA. legal application of the method.B. the way to obtain a DNA sample.C. work yet to be done about DNA fingerprinting.D. possible danger in drawing a DNA sample from the human body.DNA指纹DNA是所有生物细胞核子发现的基因材料。
2013职称英语卫生类新增阅读和完形填空
第二篇 A Biological ClockEvery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells __1_plants_ when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells __2_insects_ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal __3_affect_ the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur __4_because of_ the number of hours of daylight. In the short __5days__ of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration __6flight__ twice each year. Birds __7_prevented from_ flying become restless when it is time for the trip，__8_but_ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which __9_parts_ of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain __10_seems_ to control the timing of some of our actions. These __11_cells_ tell a person when to __12_awaken_ ，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr. Moorhead is studying __13_how_ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.__14_It_ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said __15_such_ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s p roduction,第九篇The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing __1them__ could become troublesome. A casereleased online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a __2problem__ of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to __3treat__ his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the __4_drug_ ，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials __5_for_ 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly __6marks__ appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are __7_printed_ and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential __8side__ effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. __9Hence__ ，no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will __10_begin_ to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who __11_prescribe_ the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn’t raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note —and won’t leave home __12without__ it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, __13_which_ approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider __14_updating_ its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where __15_does_ it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.第十四篇Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQScoresYoung adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more __1likely__ to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the __2_results_ of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.The study shows a clear link __3_between_ good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for __4_logical_ thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a __5_role_ in the results for the IQ test，and not strength. “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung __6_capacity_ and that your brain gets plenty of __7_oxygen_ ，”says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska Un iversity Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons __8_why_ we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular __9strength__. We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. ”By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been __10_able_ to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a __11_higher_ IQ.“We have also shown that those youngsters who __12_improve_ their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. “This being the case6, physical __13eduction__ is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests __14during__ national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in __15life__. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher。
精品2013年职称英语考试卫生类A级真题及答案
2013年职称英语考试卫生类A级真题及答案一、词汇选项1.The drinking water has became contaminated with lead.A. pollutedB. treatedC. testedD. corrupted2.Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law.A. moralB. regularC. fundamentalD. hard3.The rules are too rigid to allow for human error.A. inflexibleB. generalC. complexD. direct4.She shed a few tears at her daughter’s wedding.A. wipedB. injectedC. producedD. removed5.They didn’t seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.A. existenceB. importanceC. causeD. Situation6.The contract between the two companies will expire soon.A. shortenB. endC. startD. resume7.The proposal was endorsed the majority of members.A. rejectedB. submittedC. consideredD. approved8.The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.A. nakedB. cautiousC. blindD. private9.Many experts remain skeptical about his claims.A. doubtfulB. untouchedC. certainD. silent10.Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.A. sendB. spreadC. hearD. confirm11.Three world-class tennis players came tocontent for this title.A. argueB. claimC. wishD. compete12.The tower remains intact ever after two hundred years.A. unknownB. unusualC. undamagedD. unstable13.The methods of communication used during thewar were primitive.A. simpleB. reliableC. effectiveD. alternativee out, or I’ll bust the door down.A. shutB. setC. breakD. beat15.This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.A. turned deadB. passed byC. carried awayD. become extinct参考答案：ACAAB BDBAB DCACD第2部分：阅读判断(第16-22题，每题1分，共7分)In Your FaceWhy is this man so angry? We don't know the reason, but we can see the emotion in his face. Whateverculture you come from, you can expressing.Forty years ago, psychologist Paul Ekman of the University of California, San Francisco, became interested in how people's faces show their feelings. He took photographs of Americans expressing various emotions. Then he showed them to the Fore people, who live in the jungle in New Guinea. Most of the Fore had never seen foreign faces, but they easily understood Americans' expressions of anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, and surprise.Then Ekman did the same experiment in reverse. He showed pictures of Fore faces to Americans, and the results were similar. Americans had no problemsreading the emotions on the Fore people's faces. Ekman's research gave powerful support to the theory that facial expressions for basic emotions are the same everywhere. He did more research in Japan, Brazil, and Argentina, and got the same results.According to Ekman, these six emotions are universal because they are built into our brains. They developed to help us deal with things quickly that might hurt us. Some emotional triggers are universalas well. When something suddenly comes into sight, people feel fear, because it might be dangerous. But most emotional triggers are learned. For example, two people might smell newly cut grass. One person spent wonderful summers in the country as a child, so the smell makes him happy. The other person remembersworking very hard on a farm and being hungry, so he feels sad.Once we make an emotional asssociation in our brain,it is diffficult,and sometiomes impossible,to change it.”Emotions is the least changeable part of the brain,”says Ekman.But we can learn to manage our emotions better. For instance, we can be more aware of things that make us angry and we can think before we react.There are many differences between cultures, in their languages and customs. But a smile is exactly the same everywhere.16. Paul Ekman studies people's faces in different cultures.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. Ekman did research in several countries and got different results.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. Americans get angry more often than the Fore people from New GuineaA. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Ekman thinks that some basic emotions are the same everywhere.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Two people might feel different emotions about the same thing.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. Fear is the most difficult emotion to change.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. People of different cultures smile when they understand each other.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned参考答案：16. A 17.B 18. C 19. B 20. A 21. C 22. C第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题，每题1分，共8分)下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个选项。
2013年职称英语(卫生类)A级真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2013年职称英语（卫生类）A级真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 词汇选项 2. 阅读判断 3. 概括大意与完成句子 4. 阅读理解 5. 补全短文6. 完形填空词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。
1．The drinking water has became contaminated with lead.A．treatedB．testedC．corruptedD．polluted正确答案：D解析：题意：饮用水已经被铅污染了。
划线词的原型为动词，意为“污染”。
A项意为“对待，治疗”，例：The nurse always treated the sick and wounded with kindness．这位护士总是以蔼然可亲的态度对待伤病员。
B项意为“测试，测验”，例：The manufacturers warrant that all the machines they supplied arestrictly tested．生产厂家保证他们生产的所有机器都经过严格检验。
C项意为“腐败，堕落”，例：It is my duty to pronounce judgment against that corrupted leader．提出反对那个腐败领导人的意见是我的责任。
D项意为“污染”，如：We love the sea，yet we pollute it．我们热爱大海，然而我们却污染了它。
故选D。
2．Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law.A．moralB．regularC．fundamentalD．hard正确答案：C解析：题意：尊重生命是法律的基本原则。
划线词是形容词，意为“主要的，基本的”。
A项意为“道德的”，例：He lives by a strict moral code．他按照严格的道德准则生活。
2013职称英语完形填空全文
A Life with BirdsFor nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's yeoman（仆人）warders(守卫), （1）b etter known to tourists as beefeaters.（伦敦塔的守卫）David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the (2)top of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. (3)From our bedroom we have a marvellous （奇妙的）view of Tower Bridge and the Thames, " says David. The Tower of London is famous (4)for its ravens（乌鸦）, the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated（着迷）by the birds and when he was (5)offered the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no (6)hesitation in accepting it. "The birds have now become my life and I'm always (7)aware of the fact that I am (8)maintaining a tradition. The legend （传说）says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to (9)make sure this doesn't happen!"David (10)devotes_about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the (11)fact that he lives right next to them is ideal（理想）. "I can (12)keep_a close eye on them all the time, and not just when I'm working." (13)At first, David's wife Mo was not (14)keen on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. "When we look out of our windows, we see history (15)all_ around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories."A Lucky BreakActor Antonio Banderas is used to breaking bones, and it always seems to happen when he's （1）doing sport. In the film Play It to the Bone he (2)play the part of a middleweight boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. (3)During the making of the film Harrelson (4)kept complaining（抱怨）that the fight (5)scene weren't very convincing（令人信服的）, so one day he suggested that he and Banderas should have a fight for real. The Spanish actor wasn't (6)keen on the idea at first, but he was (7)eventually （终于）persuaded by his co-star （联合主演）to put on his gloves and climb into the boxing ring. However, when he realized how seriously his (8)opponent(对手) was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. And then in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas (9)so hard in the face that he actually broke his nose. His wife, actress Melanie Griffith, was furious（狂怒）that he had been playing "silly macho games". "She was right," confesses （承认）Banderas, "and I was a fool to (10)take a risk like that in the middle of a movie."He was (11)reminded of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his native Malaga. He had always (12)dreamed of becoming a soccer star, of performing （表演）in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. "That's when I decided to take （13）up acting; I saw it as (14)another way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football (15)pitch(场地) was, you might say, my first lucky break."Global W armingFew people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate. Many scientists (1)put the blame for （归咎于）recent natural disasters on the increase (2)in the world's temperatures and are convinced（确信）that, more than (3) ever before, the Earth is at (4) risk from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. (5) Acorrding to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, (6)such as hurricanes （飓风） and droughts（旱灾）, even more (7) severe and causing sea levels（海平面）all around the world to (8) rise.Environmental groups（环保团体）are putting (9) pressure on governments to take action to reduce the (10)amount of carbon dioxide which is given (11) off by factories and power plants（发电厂）, thus attacking（攻击）the problem at its source（来源）. They are in (12) favour of （支持）more money being spent on research into solar（太阳能）, wind and wave energy devices（装置）, which could then replace existing（现存的）power (13)station .Some scientists, (14)however believe that even if we stopped releasing （排放）carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere(大气) tomorrow, we would have to wait (15) several hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.A Success StoryAt 19, Ben Way is already a millionaire, and one ofa growing number of teenagers（青少年）who have(1)made Their fortune through the Internet.(2)what makes Ben's story all the more remarkable is that he is dyslexic（诵读困难者）, and was (3)told by teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write (4)properly. "I wanted to prove them(5)wrong", says Ben, creator （创建人）and director of Waysearch, a net search engine which can be used to find goods in online shopping malls.When he was eight, his local authorities（当权者）(6)provided him with a PC to help with school work. Although he was (7)unable to read the manuals（使用指南）, he had a natural ability with the computer, and(8) encouraged by his father, he soon began(9)charging people $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he(10)set up his own computer consultancy（咨询公司）, Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to (11) dovote all his time to business."By this time the company had grown and I needed to take on a (12)couple of employees to help me", says Ben. "That enabled me to start (13)doingbusiness with bigger companies." It was. his ability to consistently (14)overcome difficult challenges that led him to win the Young Entrepreneur (企业家) of the Year award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal (15)worth$25 million with a private investment company, which will finance his search engine.Traffic in Our CitiesThe volum e（大量）of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand（扩大）. This causes many problem s, including serious air pollution, lengthy delays（长时间的拥堵）, and the greater risk(1) of (…的风险)accidents. Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to (2)persuade （说服）people to change their habits and leave their cars at hom e.One possible (3) approach（方法，途径）is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by (4)increasing charges for parking and (5)bringing in(作为…的收益) tougher fines for anyone who (6)break the law. In addition（此外）, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes （路径）at different times of the day. This system, (7) known as "road pricing", is already being introduced in a(8)number of cities, using a special electronic card(9)fixed to the windscreen（洗车挡风玻璃） of the car.Another way of (10)dealing with(处理)the problem is to provide(提供) cheap parking on the (11)outskirt（郊区）of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles（车辆）allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a special bus service for the (12) final stage of their journey.Of course, the most important (13)thing is to provide good public transport.（公共交通）However, to get people to (14)give up the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be reliable（可靠）convenient(便利) and comfortable(舒适), with fares (15)kept at an acceptable(可接受) level.Teaching and learningMany teachers believe that the responsibilities（责任）for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment（任务，作业）is given, instructors（教员）expect students to be familiar with the (1)information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The (2)ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated （刺激）to learn for the sake of (3) learning, not the one interested only in getting high grades （分数）. Sometimes homework is returned(4)with （带着…回来）brief （简短）written comments（评价）but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is (5) responsible（对…负责任）for learning the material （材料）assigned（指定的）. When research is (6)assigned , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with(7) minimum guidance（指导）. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain (8)how a university library works; they expect students(9) particularly（尤其是）graduate students to exhaust （耗尽）the reference（参考书目）(10)sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but (11)prefer that their students should not be(12)too dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties (13) bdsides teaching，such as administrative（行政的，管理的）or research work. Therefore（所以）, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (14) limited. If a student has problems with classroom work , the student should either (15)approach(接近) a professor during office hours or make an appointment（约定）.The Difference between Man and ComputerWhat makes people different from computer programs（电脑程序）? What is the missing element（元素）that our theories don’t yet (1)account for（解释）? (The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about (2) what they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand，don't. In fact，computers don't(3)even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer (4) program is to be a model of story understanding ，it should also read for a "purpose".（用途）Of course ，people have several goals that do not make (5)sense（有道理，合理）to attribute to（归属于）computers. One might read a restaurant guide (6) in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment（娱乐）goals, or to (7) find a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.However ，these physiological（心理学的）and social goals give (8) rise to(引起，导致)several intellectual （聪明的）or cognitive（认识上的）goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find (9) information about the name of a restaurant which (10)serves the desired（渴望的）type of food ，how expensive the restaurant is，the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to (11) acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling (12)learning goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer (13) might"want" to find out the location of a restaurant ，and read a guide in order to do so (14)in the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not (15) arise out of hunger in the case of the computer，it might well arise out of （出现，起立，上升）the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.Look on The Bright SideDo you ever wish you were more optimistic（乐观主义的）, someone who always (1) expected to (期望做)be successful? Having someone around who always (2) fears the worst isn’t r eally a lot of(3) fun（很多乐趣）. We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says ，"It looks ( 4 )like rain. " But if you catch yourself thinking such things，it's important to do something (5) about it.You can change your view of life ，(6) according to psychologists（心理学家）. It only takes a little effort （努力），and you'll find life more rewarding（有益的，值得的）as a (7) rusult.（最后）Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect （自尊）and confidence（信心）but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to(8)offer . Optimists are more (9)like to start new projects（项目）and are generally more prepared to take risks.Upbringing（教养）is obviously very important in forming your (10)attitude to the world. Some people are brought up to (11)depend too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything (12) goes wrong. Most optimists，on the(13 ) other hand, have been brought up not to (14) regard failure as the end of the world—they just (15)get on with（继续）their lives.The First BicycleThe history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791，Count（伯爵）de Sivrac (1) delighted onlookers（观众）in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention ，a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an (2)enlarged version of a children’s toy which had been in (3) use for many years. Sivrac's "celeriferé had a wooden frame（两端都装上了轮子），made in the (4) shape of a horse ，which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it ，you sat on a small seat ，just like a modem bicycle ，and pushed (5)hard against the ground with your legs—there were no pedals（踏板）. It was impossible to steer （驾驶）a celeriferé and it had no brakes（刹车），but despite these problems the invention very much (7)appealed（吸引）to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were (8)holding races（举行比赛）up and down the streets.Minor (9)injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst（爆发）of (10)speed. Controlling the machine was difficult ，as the only way to change (11)diection was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and (12) turn it round while the front wheel was (13) spinning(旋转) in the air. "Celeriferés" were not popular for long ，however ，as the (14) combination of no springs （弹簧），no steering and rough （粗糙）roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so，the wooden celeriferé was the (15) origin of the modem bicycle.Working MothersCarefully conducted（实施）researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems（长期的问题），compared with(与..相比较)children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal (1)view is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not ，there are a (2) number of mothers who just have to work.. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in （建立）a career that they cannot (3) afford to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic (4) necessity. Many mothers are not (5)cut out to be（适合于，天生就是做某事的料）full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant（婴幼儿），they feel trapped（使陷入困境）and isolated（使孤立）.There are a number of options （选择）when it (6)come to （涉及）choosing childcare. These range from（从…变动到）child minders（托儿所）and nannies （保姆）through to Granny or the kind lady (7)across the street. (8) in reality, however ，many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No (9) matter how good the childcare may be ，some children are going to protest（抗议）wildly if they are left. This is a (10) perfectly normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months，but soon after that they start to get a crush（迷恋）on Mum and close family (11) member . Make sure that in the first week you allow (12) plenty of time to help your child settle in（安顿下来）.All children are different. Some are independent （独立的），while others are more (13) attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to (14)do the best for your children ，it's not the quantity（数量）of time you spend with them，it's the (15)quality that matters.。
2013年职称英语卫生类A级答案
2013年职称英语卫生类A级答案卫生A1.many... claims. 答案doubtful2.the ..... town. cautious3. rumors.....problems spread4.the..... years undamaged5.the .....members rejected7.she......wedding wiped8. w fundamental9. the.....soon end10. the .....lead pollutede....down break14 this.... destroyed turned dead15. they.....problem importance完形填空不是新增文章：Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have __ 1 __ a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection __ 2 __ sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases __ 3 __ by disruption to the heart’s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have __ 4 __ suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing __ 5 __ disruption to heart rhythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices __ 6__ a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburg’s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator __ 7 __ of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG. within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of __ 8__ blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders of ECG data __ 9 __ .The overwhelming __ 10 __ of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only __ 11__ into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use __ 12__ a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats asan open and complex system,” Hagen Knaf says, “__ 13 __ changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.”An old study of ECG data, based __ 14__ 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show __ 15 __ the new software evaluates the data considerably better.练习：1.A come up B come up withC come up toD come up against2.A to B forC withD from3.A are caused B causedC are to causeD have been causing4.A easily B readilyC frequentlyD already5.A disease-producing B health-improvingC life-threateningD error-correcting6.A take in B take afterC take onD take from7.A capable B ableC skillfulD skilled8.A chronic B acuteC recurrentD persistent9.A precisely B more preciselyC precisionD more precise10.A maximum B minimumC majorityD minority11.A get B takeC bringD fetch12.A of B withC forD in13.A Similarly B In this mannerC OtherwiseD In this way14.A in B forC uponD with15.A what B whereC thatD when阅读理解DNA Fingerprinting【DNA指纹】DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes. With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins., the complete DNA of each individual is unique.DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing. It is a method of identification that compares bits of DN A. A DAN fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. The sample is then segmented using enzymes, and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black bars—the DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match, the two samples probably came from the same person.DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas: the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique.The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are “fingerprinted”; a DNA fingerprint may not be unique; large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to false results.DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence.Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.词汇：fingerprinting /'firjge.pnntir)/ n.指纹法，指纹术genetic /d3inetik/ adj.遗传的 nucleus /'njuikliss/ (复数 nuclei 或 nucleu?ses) n.核，中心mammal /'maemol/ n. P甫?L动物 chromosome /'kr^umosoum/ n.染色体identification /aiidentifi'keijsn/ n.识另lj,鉴定，证明 fingerprint /'figgoprint/ n.指纹saliva /so'laivQ/ n.唾液segment /'segment/ vt.分割，分裂;n.切片，部分 enzyme /'enzaim/ n,酶 suspect /ss'spekt/ n.嫌疑各E controversial /ikDntro'vaiJsl/ adj.有争议的 uniform/'juinifoim/ adj. 一致的，相同的注释：In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes.哺?L动物的 DNA线被组合为称作染色体的各种结构。
2013年全国职称英语等级考试卫生类A级参考答案及解析
2013年职称英语等级考试(卫生类A级)参考答案与解析第1部分：词汇选项1．【答案】A【题干】尊重生命是法律的一个根本的原则。
A．主要的，基本的B．道德的，精神的C．定期的，有规律的D．硬的，艰难的【解析】考查形容词。
划线词cardinal意为“基本的，主要的”，与fundamental意思一致。
故正确答案为A。
【考点延伸】表示“根本的，基本的”词还有basic(基本的，基础的)，radical(根本的，激进的)，prime(主要的，首要的)2．【答案】B【题干】提案得到了多数成员的赞同。
A．拒绝，排斥B．支持，赞同C．使服从，提交D．考虑，认为【解析】考查动词。
划线词endorse意为“签署，赞同，认可”，与approve为同义词，所以正确答案为B。
【考点延伸】表示“赞同”的词还有consent(同意，赞成)，support(支持，赞同)，sanction(认可，支持；制裁，处罚)，agree(同意，赞成)等3．【答案】D【题干】许多专家对他的声称仍旧持怀疑态度。
A．未受影响的，未改变的B．必然的，无疑的，确定的C．沉默的，寂静的D．怀疑的，不确定的【解析】考查形容词。
划线词skeptical意为“怀疑的”，与doubtful为同义词，故正确答案为D。
【考点延伸】-ful表示形容词，如doubtful(怀疑的)，successful(成功的)，hopeful(有希望的)4．【答案】D【题干】这个物种几乎快灭绝了，因为它的栖息地正受到破坏。
A．死的，变成死的B．经过，逝去C．运走，带走D．灭绝，绝种【解析】考查短语。
划线词die out意为“灭绝，消失”，与become extinct为同义词，故答案为D。
【考点延伸】die off(相继死去)，die of／from(死于)，die away(减弱，消失)5．【答案】C【题干】战争时期所用的交流方法都很简单。
A．可靠的，可信的B．有效的，起作用的C．简单的D．选择性的，交替的【解析】考查形容词。
2013年度全国职称英语等级考试卫生类(A级)试题(三)
第5部分：补全短文(第46-50题，每题2分，共10分)下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
Toads are Arthritic and in PainArthritis (关节炎)is an illness that can cause pain and swelling in your bones. Toads (蟾蜍),a big problem in the north of Australia, are suffering from painful arthritis in their legs and backbone, a new study has shown. The toads that jump the fastest are more likely to be larger and to have longer legs. _____________ (46)The large yellow toads, native to South and Central America, were introduced into thenorth-eastern Australian state of Queensland in 1935 in an attempt to stop beetles and other insects from destroying sugarcane crops. Now up to 200 million of the poisonous toads exist in the country, and they are rapidly spreading through the state of Northern Territory at a rate of up to 60 km a year. The toads can now be found across more than one million square kilometres.________(47) A Venezuelan poison virus was tried in the 1990s but had to be abandoned after it was found to also kill native frog species.The toads have severely affected ecosystems in Australia. Animals, and sometimes pets, that eat the toads die immediately from their poison, and the toads themselves eat anything they can fit inside their mouth. ______________(48)A co-author of the new study, Rick Shine, a professor at the University of Sydney, says that little attention has been given to the problems that toads face. Rick and his colleagues studied nearly 500 toads from Queensland and the Northern Territory and found that those in the latter state were very different. They were active, sprinting down roads and breeding quickly.According to the results of the study, the fastest toads travel nearly one kilometre a night_____________ (49) But speed and strength come at a price-arthritis of the legs and backbone due to constant pressure placed on them.In laboratory tests, the researchers found that after about 15 minutes of hopping, arthritic toads would travel less distance with each hop (跳跃)._____________ (50) These toads are so programmed to move, apparently, that even when in pain the toads travelled as fast and as far as the healthy ones, continuing their constant march across the landscape.A. Furthermore, they soon take over the natural habitats of Australia's native species.B. Toads are not built to be road runners — they are built to sit around ponds and wet areas.C. But this advantage also has a big drawback — up to 10% of the biggest toads suffer fromarthritis.D. But arthriti s didn’t slow down toads outside the laboratory, the researchers found.E. The task now facing the country is how to remove the toads.F. Toads with longer legs move faster and travel longer distances，while the others are being left behind.第6部分：完形填空（第51-65题，每题1分，共15分）下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空自确定1个最佳选项。
2013年职称英语卫生A类阅读理解背诵版
2013年职称英语（卫生A 类）阅读理解中英文背诵模板 第三十四篇 （新增）Who Wants to Live Forever文章名称 问题 答案Who Wants to Live Forever? 37. Who Wants to Live Forever? （卫A ） 1) Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might enable an individual to do? 2) Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph? 3) All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPT 4) An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is that 5) Which of the following best describes Callahan's attitude to anti-ageing technology?37. Who Wants to Live Forever? （卫A ） 1) Having more education. 2) Marriages in the US today are quite unstable. 3) More money would be used by employees in payment of their employees. 4) it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new 5) Reserved. 谁想永生 37. 谁想永生（卫A ） ①人活的长可以单独去做的事情，下面没提及的是_____。
2013职称英语卫生A阅读理解完形填空整理
2013职称英语卫⽣A阅读理解完形填空整理卫⽣A级：阅读理解：第三⼗九篇Sauna第三⼗四篇Who Wants to Live Forever?第四⼗⼆篇More about Alzheimer?s Disease第五⼗篇15 Million Americans Suffer from Social Anxiety Disorder第四⼗六篇Malnutrition完形填空：第⼗四篇Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores第⼗五篇Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years第⼗三篇Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack第⼗⼀篇Migrant Workers第三⼗九篇Sauna 桑拿浴仪式性的沐浴已经有⼏千年的历史，并S有多种形式，其中的⼀种就是桑拿浴。
芬兰⼈完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。
它可以在⼀个封闭的房间⾥将⽔浇在滚烫的⽯头上，或是⼀种⼲热浴。
⽇本⼈、希腊⼈、⼟⽿其⼈、俄国⼈以及美洲⼟著⼈在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这⼀形式。
⽤⼲热浴发汗的⽅式是古罗马优先使⽤的，⽽哥伦布发现美洲⼤陆前的美洲⼈则使⽤发汗⼩屋。
最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下⼭洞⾥。
由于当时还没有掌握烟?技术，⼭洞⾥总是充满着⽕焰引起的。
⼈们在⽕槽⾥⽣⽕，加热⼭洞的四壁。
当墙壁达到⼀定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持⼏个⼩时的⾼温。
今天，有⼀些⼈认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”，才是真正的桑拿体验，⽽所有的桑拿浴都应该⾄少有烟熏或烟味⼉的背景。
现在，尽管煤油炉和烧⽊头的⽕炉仍然可以使⽤，⼤多数的桑拿浴都是⽤电妒。
桑拿浴能使⼈放松并消除压⼒。
肌⾁疼痛或关节炎都可以利⽤桑拿浴的热⽓减轻疼痛和炎症。
热⽓还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。
桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加快康复的速度。
职称英语真题《卫生A》完形填空
职称英语真题《卫生A》完形填空精选职称英语真题《卫生A》完形填空精选完形填空作为一种传统题型，在职称英语考试中也占有重要的地位。
以下是网的关于职称英语真题《卫生A》完形填空精选，供大家备考。
German researchers have e up with a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater 51 from sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually52 a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart's rhythm. Those most at53 are patients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in54life-threatening disruption to heart rhythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices 55 on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker (起搏器) .Heart specialists at Freiburg's University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with animplanteddefibrillator56 of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated system allows 57 diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in 58 for the first time this year. Meanwhile,researchers at theFraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new puter software that59 the evaluation of ECG data more precise.The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this60 undergo regular ECGs. "Many of the current programs only get into61 a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, malting use in a non-linear process62reveals the chaotic patternsof heart beats as an open and plex system," Hagen Knaf says, "In this way changes in the heart63 over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into aount." An old study of ECG data, based upon 600 patients who had 64 a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to pare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the65 considerably better.51. A. serviceB. discountC. protectionD. advice52. A. forB. asC. withD. in53. A. lastB. allD. risk54. A. leadingB. causingC. diagnosingD. repeating55. A. putB. goC. takeD. keep56. A. worthyB. fullC. proudD. capable57. A. finalB. differentialC. usualD. early58. A. doctorsB. researchersC. patientsD. nurses59. A. carriesB. hasC. requires60. A. reasonB. purposeC. treatmentD. chance61. A. aountB. troubleC. confusionD. effort62. A. whatB. thatC. sinceD. it63. A. beatsB. failuresC. attacksD. shapes64. A. sufferedB. launchedC. avoidedD. started65. A. optionB. methodC. proposalD. data51.c。
XX职称英语《卫生A》完形填空专项试题与答案
XX职称英语《卫生A》完形填空专项试题与答案xx职称英语《卫生A》完形填空专项试题与答案Sunday was World Heart Day. The World Heart Federation and its member groups in morethan one hundred countries organized the celebrations. The World Health Organization and other United Nations agencies provided support for the 1World Heart Day was first observed six years 2. Organizers proposed the event as a way to help reduce the spread of heart disease. The World Heart Federation says heart 3 kills seventeen million people each year.The group urges people to be active and have a good, healthy diet. It also warns 4 activities known to increase a person's risk of heart attack or stroke.Some of the warnings are directed at children. The World Heart Federation says about twenty-two million boys and girls under the age of five are obese-severely overweight.Children are normally energetic and active. 5 , two thirds of all children are not active enough. Such children greatly 6 their risk of being obese. They also increase their 7 of developing heart disease or other disorders.One message of World Heart Day is to eat right. Children 8 eat a healthy and balanced diet. Also, limit sugary drinks, sweets and eating between meals.The World Heart Federation urges parents to keep their children 9. It says physical exercise helps to decrease the risk of obesity and 10 a child healthy. Obese children often bee obese adults. 11 you believe your child is too heavy, talk with a health care provider.The World Heart Federation is also concerned about the effects of tobao on young people. It says the younger someone begins to smoke, the 12 the chance of a health problem tied to smoking. Half of the young people who continue to smoke are. 13 to die later in life from a smoking-related disease.The group says almost half of all children live with a smoker. It says children who live with a 14 can breathe an amount of tobao equal to more than two thousand cigarettes. And that is by the time they are five years old.The World Heart Federation also says parents should warn children not to be 15 by tobao panies. And it says parents who smoke should try to stop.1. A. groupB. eventC. organizationD. agency2. A. earlierB. beforeC. agoD. past3. A. aidentB. healthC. diseaseD. beating4. A. againstB. towardC. uponD. onto5. A. ThereforeB. HoweverC. HenceD. But6. A. manageB. lowerC. meetD. increase7. A. moodB. desireC. ageD. risk8. A. mayB. mightC. shouldD. willB. happyC. earlyD. active10. A. maintainsB. protectsC. keepsD. helps11. A. IfB. AlthoughC. AfterD. Because12. A. greaterB. harderC. slimmerD. lesser13. A. supposedB. possibleC. likelyD. lucky14. A. patientB. relativeC. parentD. smoker15. A. influencedC. employedD. troubled。
2013职称英语卫生类新增阅读和完形填空
2013职称英语卫生类新增阅读和完型填空（含译文）阅读理解第十六篇Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, but it’s not much fun —and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindler’s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old —equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,”says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There’s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,”he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isn’t sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they’re hungry,”he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it’s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ‘I can only eat half of that,. ”Spindler hopes we soon won’t need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.参考译文第十六篇为生存而食粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣——很有可能也没必要。
【2013职称英语】卫生类2013教材完形填空MigrantWorkers
Migrant W orkersIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. __ 1 __ some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East,1 __ 2 __ increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to __ 3 __ outsiders to improve local facilities. __ 4 __ the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, __ 5 __ South Korea and Japan.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, 2 it is not __ 6 __ that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least __7__ money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 3 This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. __ 8__, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other __ 9 __ safety and comfort. __ 10 __, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly__ 11 __ the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions __ 12 __ problems rather than do routine work in their home country.One major problem which __ 13 __ migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. __ 14 __, migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the __ 15 __ financial benefits which they receive.词汇：migrant／adj.移民的compensate／v．补偿allied／adj．与此相关的routine／adj．日常的taxation／n．税，税款注释：1．This is particularly the case in the Middle East…：中东地区的情况尤为如此……2．In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East…：由于中东地区艰苦的生活和工作条件……in view of是个短语，表示原因或理由。
职称英语真题《卫生A》完形填空题
职称英语真题《卫生A》完形填空精选题职称英语真题《卫生A》完形填空精选题不少考生开始备考xx年，为了帮助大家更好地备考，以下是网的关于职称英语真题《卫生A》完形填空精选题，希望大家好好练习。
Fall down as you e onstage. That's an odd trick. Not remended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman whenhe was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic, Mr. Feltsman said, "All my frightwas 51. I already fell. What else could happen?"Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that 52 with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to 53 stage fright and its symptoms:icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out, 54 mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don't 55 that you're jittery, they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some 56 for the moments before performance,"Take two deep abdominal breaths,open up your shoulders, then smile," she says. "And not one of these 'please don't kill me' smiles. Then 57 three friendly faces in the audience, people you would municate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them."She doesn't want performers to think of the audience 58 a judge.Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the 59 of stage fright, says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.When Lynn Harrell was 20, he became the principalcellist of the Cleveland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. "There were times when I got so 60 I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a 61 where I thought,'If I have to go through this to play music, I think I'm going to look for another job."Recovery, he said, involved developing humility- recognizing that 62 his talent, he was fallible, and thatan imperfect concert was not a disaster.It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz's nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. "Theyhad to push him on stage," Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.63, suess can make things worse. "In the beginning of your career, when you're scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they don't have any 64," Soprano June Anderson said. "There's 65 to lose. Later on, when you're known, people are ing to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose."Anderson added, "I never stop being nervous until I've sung my last note."51. A. savedB. assessedC. observedD. gone52. A. dealB. workC. enrollD. municate53. A. explainB. understandC. fightD. analyze54. A. ofB. atC. forD. to55. A. tellC. confirmD. argue56. A. strategiesB. reasonsC. supportsD. demands57. A. chooseB. watchC. drawD. recognize58. A. likeB. byC. asD. on59. A. timeB. rootC. rateD. beginning60. A. decisiveB. nervousC. excitedD. grateful61. A. roomB. pointD. er62. A. whateverB. wheneverC. whereverD. however63. A. ActuallyB. CorrespondinglyC. CertainlyD. Similarly64. A. sensationsB. expectationsC. appreciationsD. contributions65. A. lessB. muchC. someD. more。
职称英语历年真题《卫生A》完形填空
职称英语历年真题《卫生A》完形填空精选职称英语历年真题《卫生A》完形填空精选完形填空是一项综合性的测试，它不仅考查考生对词汇、语法的掌握程度，更重要的是考查考生对语言的准确理解程度和综合运用能力。
为了大家更好的攻克xx年完形填空，以下是网的关于职称英语历年真题《卫生A》完形填空精选，供大家备考。
Scientists have developed skin tests that may be usedin the future to identify people with Alzheimer's diseasel and may ultimately allow physicians to predict 51 is atrisk of getting this neurological disorder.The only current means of 52 the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia."Since Alois Alzheimer described the 53 nearly acentury .ago, people have been trying to find a way to 54 diagnose it in its early stages, " said Patricia Grady, acting director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland. "This discovery, if 55 , could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease. "Alzheimer's is the single greatest 56 of mental deterioration in older people, affecting between 2.5million and 4 million people in the United States 57. The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and theability to function, and eventually causes death. There is currently no known 58 for the disease.Researches 59 that the skin cells of Alzheimer's patients have defects that interfere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells. The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that Alzheimer's 60 from physiological changes throughout the body, and that dementia may be the first noticeable 61 of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain, scientists said.The flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation. The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells' supply of calcium, another 62 element.One test developed by researches calls 63 growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that 64 the flow of potassium are open. Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Association said thatif the validity of the diagnostic test can be proven it would be an important 65, but cautioned that other promising tests for Aizheimer's have been disappointing.51. A. whatB. oneC. itD. who52. A. fightingB. carryingC. transmittingD. diagnosing53. A. answerB. effectC. diseaseD. study.54. A. slowlyB. auratelyC. newlyD. incorrectly55. A. designedB. announcedC. confirmedD. reported56. A. causeB. factorC. focusD. exception57. A. finallyB. lonelyC. yetD. alone58. A. examinationB. evidenceC. treatmentD. fact59. A. discoveredB. predictedC. expectedD. warned60. A. keepsB. breaksC. resultsD. translates61. A. affectB. removeC. collectD. form62. A. steadyB. naturalC. continuousD. critical63. A. atB. outC. forD. of64. A. startB. getC. followD. govern65. A. chanceB. conceptC. developmentD. decision。
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卫生A级：阅读理解：第三十九篇Sauna第三十四篇Who Wants to Live Forever?第四十二篇More about Alzheimer‟s Disease第五十篇15 Million Americans Suffer from Social Anxiety Disorder第四十六篇Malnutrition完形填空：第十四篇Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores第十五篇Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years第十三篇Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack第十一篇Migrant Workers第三十九篇Sauna 桑拿浴仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并S有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。
芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。
它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。
日本人、希腊人、土耳其人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。
用干热浴发汗的方式是古罗马优先使用的，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。
最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。
由于当时还没有掌握烟®技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的。
人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。
当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。
今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”，才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。
现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都是用电妒。
桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。
肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。
热气还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。
桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加快康复的速度。
在蒸桑拿浴时，人体温度通常会上升1~2摄氏度，就像发低烧一样的感觉。
因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话：“伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。
”定期蒸桑拿浴可以在第一时间预防感冒的发生。
蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处，它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。
在这个过程中，成年人一般每小时要蒸发2磅的水。
出汗可以清除毛孔中:的污垢Y使皮肤变得光洁。
失水只是暂时性的，人体机能能够很快补充合适的水量。
在热气交换的过程中，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得到了锻炼。
蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72下增加到每分钟100 -150下。
健康的心脏可以承受这种变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该征求医生的建议。
同样的，老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。
孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是在怀孕的头三个月。
其实，每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。
Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath，or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and' pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion arid speed recovery time. The body‟s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying “feed a cold，starve a fever' The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of waterper hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body's physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor's advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.练习：1. Ceremonial bathing _________.A) is called the sauna by FinnsB) is equivalent to the steam bathC) has various formsD) is held in an enclosed room2. What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?A) Saunas in underground caves.B) Saunas with smoke.C) Saunas using wood burning stoves.D) Saunas using electric stoves.3. According to the third paragraph, saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT .A) reducing the chance of getting coldB) speeding recoveryC) relieving stressD) curing asthma4. According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because_________.A) pores are cleaned by sweatB) water is lost by sweatingC) blood moves to the surface for heat exchangeD) the heart pumps harder and faster5. Who are advised not to take a sauna?A) Elderly people.B) Pregnant women.C) People with heart trouble.D) All of the above.+第三十四篇Who Want to Live Forever?Who Wants to Live Forever谁想永生？如果你的医生能给你一种药，这个药能让你健康的活两倍长的时间，你会服用吗？好消息是我们离这一天越来越近了。