Barriers to Trade
关于绿色农产品的文献综述
农业经济学期末作业文献综述论文题目：关于绿色农产品封闭供应链问题的文献综述学生姓名：**专业：**学号：**指导教师：**2011 年6 月西南财经大学天府学院关于绿色农产品封闭供应链的文献综述目录摘要 (3)一、前言 (4)二、概念解释 (4)（一）、绿色农产品概念 (4)（二）、封闭供应链概念 (5)（三）、绿色农产品供应链概念 (5)三、绿色农产品供应链研究现状 (5)（一）、国内研究现状 (5)（二）、国外研究现状 (7)四、我国绿色农产品封闭供应链存在的问题探讨 (8)（一）、阻碍绿色农产品封闭供应链构建的因素 (8)（二）、我国目前农产品供应链三种主要组织模式优劣势比较分析 (9)（三）、目标消费群体的消费意愿差距 (10)1、消费意识差距 (10)2、消费需求差距 (10)五、针对我国农产品供应链存在问题的解决方法 (11)（一）、绿色农产品质量安全的问题 (11)（二）、绿色农产品封闭供应链的发展问题 (12)（三）、绿色农产品组织模式的探究问题--构建“公司+合作社+农户”模式 (12)（四）、扩大绿色农产品消费群体的问题 (12)六、小结 (13)参考文献 (14)摘要消费者对农产品品质要求不断提高和农产品安全问题频频出现并产生严重危害的矛盾下，对绿色农产品的供应链的构建就成了一项重要的任务。
绿色农产品供应链，是保证绿色农产品质量安全和销售结果的重要手段，是使整个绿色农产品供应链对环境的负面影响最小、资源利用效率最高的有效方式。
本文通过对绿色农产品封闭供应链的定义、国内外研究现状、当前存在问题、解决方案的文献综述，探索如何完善我国绿色农产品的封闭供应链，提高消费者对绿色农产品的消费意愿。
关键词：绿色农产品封闭供应链现状分析一、前言为了提高我国从事农产品加工、生产和出口企业的技术水平与竞争力，由商业部市场建设司组织的“十一五”国家科技支撑计划课题“绿色农产品供应链技术集成及产业化示范”提出了建立绿色农产品封闭供应链的设想。
绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献
绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献：Title: Green Trade BarriersAbstract: Green trade barriers refer to environmental regulations and standards imposed by countries on imported goods, with the aim of promoting environmental protection and sustainability. While these measures are intended to reduce the negative impacts of international trade on the environment, they can also create barriers to trade, especially for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. This paper examines the concept of green trade barriers, their impact on trade, and the policy options available to address these issues.Introduction: As global environmental concerns continue to grow, countries are increasingly adopting environmental regulations and standards to promote sustainability and protect natural resources. These measures can include a range of policies, such as emissions standards, energy efficiency requirements, and restrictions on hazardous substances. While these policies are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also have unintended consequences for international trade. Specifically, they can act as barriers totrade, particularly for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements.What are Green Trade Barriers? Green trade barriers could be defined as environmental regulations and standards that restrict the trade of goods based on their environmental impact. These measures are intended to promote environmental protection and sustainability, but can also create barriers to trade, especially for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. Examples of green trade barriers include:Emissions standards: These are regulations that limit the amount of pollution that can be produced by a particular product or industry. For example, the European Union has set strict emissions standards for automobiles, which can make it difficult for foreign automakers to sell their products in the EU.Energy efficiency requirements: These are regulations that require products to meet certain energy efficiency standards. For example, the United States has energy efficiency requirements for appliances, which can make it difficult for foreign appliance manufacturers to sell their products in the US.Restrictions on hazardous substances: These are regulations that limit or ban the use of certain hazardous substances in products. For example, the EU has banned the use of lead in certain products, which can make it difficult for foreign manufacturers to sell their products in the EU.Impact of Green Trade Barriers: While green trade barriers are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also have unintended consequences for trade. Specifically, they can act as barriers to trade, particularly for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. This can result in a number of negative impacts, including:Reduced export opportunities: Green trade barriers can limit the export opportunities for developing countries, particularly those that rely heavily on exports for economic growth.Increased costs: Compliance with green trade barriers can be costly, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries that may not have the resources to invest in new technology or processes.Unequal playing field: Green trade barriers can create an unequal playing field for developing countries, particularlythose that may not have the resources to meet the same standards as developed countries.Policy Options: There are a number of policy options available to address the issues of green trade barriers. These include:Capacity building: Developing countries can be supported through capacity building initiatives, such as technology transfer, to help them meet the requirements of green trade barriers.Harmonization of standards: Developing countries can be encouraged to adopt international environmental standards, which can help to harmonize regulations and reduce the potential for trade barriers.Mutual recognition agreements: Countries can enter into mutual recognition agreements, which recognize each other's environmental standards and reduce the potential for trade barriers.Conclusion: While green trade barriers are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also create barriers to trade, particularly for developing countries. There are a number of policy options available to address these issues, including capacity building, harmonization ofstandards, and mutual recognition agreements. By addressing these issues, it is possible to promote both environmental protection and trade, while ensuring that developing countries are not unfairly disadvantaged.。
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)(第二版)课件：Nontariff Barriers
In general, these provisions restrict the purchasing of foreign products by home government agencies.
For example, the “Buy American” Act stipulated that federal government agencies must purchase from home U.S. firms unless the firm’s product price was more than 6 percent above the foreign supplier’s price. This figure was 12 percent for some Department of Defense purchases, and, for a time a 50 percent figure wf import quotas 3.2 Reasons for import quotas
The import quota is a limit on the total quantity of imports allowed into a country each year.
Quality standards do not raise tariff or tax revenues for the importing country’s government. On the contrary, enforcing these rules with border inspections uses up government resources. From the viewpoint of the world as a whole, the quality standards may bring a gain to
2018版高中英语北师大版必修三讲义：Unit 8 Adventure Period Four Lesson 4 Journey to the Antarctic
Period Four Lesson 4Journey to the AntarcticⅠ.重点单词1．n．准备，预备v．准备2．v t.震惊，惊骇adj.令人震惊的，可怕的3．n．志向，抱负adj.雄心勃勃的4．adj.没有希望的n．希望5．adj.愉快的，高兴的v．欢呼，使高兴6．adj.远处的；久远的n．距离7．n．悲哀，忧伤adj.悲伤的8．n．耐心；忍耐力adj.有耐心的9．n．国籍10．n．目标；目的Ⅱ.重点短语1．one’s way在途中2．in preparation 为……做准备3．make 取得进步4．break 损坏，不能运转5．run out 用完，耗尽6．one time曾经，一度7．have difficulty (in) sth.做某事有困难8．carry 继续(做某事)Ⅲ.重点句式1．倒装结构the total darkness of the polar winter.接着漆黑的极地冬夜来临了。
2．have sb./sth. doingHe had teams of dogs (pull) the sledges and all his men were on skis.成队的狗为他拉雪橇，所有人都配有滑雪板。
3．with复合结构Captain Scott and his team members reached the Pole，but with little (celebrate)．斯科特上校和他的队友们到达了南极，但却没有什么可庆祝的。
Ⅰ.根据课文内容判断正(T)、误(F)1．Scott and Amundsen started their journeys in the polar spring.()2．Scott’s use of sledges and horses was a success.()3．Amundsen travelled more quickly than Scott.()4．When they got to the Pole，Scott’s team had a celebration.()5．Captain Oates went for a walk and died in a storm.()6．Scott’s last letter was to his wife.()Ⅱ.课文阅读理解1．Why did Amundsen succeed while Scott not?A．Because Amundsen reached the Pole first.B．Because Scott’s companions died half way.C．Because it was too cold in Antarctic.D．Because Scott’s sledges broke down and his horses disagreed with the cold and the snow there. 2．What did Scott’s team achieve?A．They became rich for the trip.B．They got nothing but pity.C．They became the first to reach the Pole.D．They collected rocks that proved Antarctic had once been covered by plants.3．Why did Scott and his men become heroes?A．They showed great courage all the time.B．They collected valuable rocks.C．They died for the expedition.D．They made great contributions to the world.4．Did Scott and his men survive at last?A．Yes，they did.B．No.They all died a heroic death.C．All died but Scott.D．Only Scott died at last.5．What’s the writer’s attitude towards Captain Scott and his team?A．He is mildly critical.B．He is strongly critical.C．He has full of respect for them.D．His attitude is not clear.重点词汇1．On his way，he received a message from the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen：...在途中，他收到一条来自挪威探险家罗尔德·阿蒙森的信息：……[归纳拓展]on one’s way(＝on the way) 在去……的路上，在途中；正在走向；即将到来in the way挡道by the way顺便说说in a/one way在某种程度上in no way决不[语境助记](1)I called on Mr Smith on my way back.在我回来的路上，我拜访了史密斯先生。
TTIP谈判文本10贸易的技术障碍Technical Barriers to Trade
Chapter [_] Technical Barriers to Trade November 30, 2015[EU: Article 1Objective and Scope1. The objective of this Chapter is to promote convergence in regulatory approaches by reducing or eliminating conflicting technical requirements as well as redundant and burdensome conformity assessment requirements.2. This Chapter applies to the preparation, adoption and application of technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures that may affect trade in goods between the Parties.3. This chapter doe not apply to:(a) purchasing specifications prepared by a governmental body for production or consumptionrequirements of governmental bodies; or(b) sanitary and phytosanitary measures as defined in Annex A of the WTO Agreement on theApplication of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.4. All references in this Chapter to technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures shall be construed to include any amendments thereto and any additions to the rules or the product coverage thereof.][US: Article 1: Scope and Coverage1. This Chapter applies to the preparation, adoption, and application of standards, technical regulations, and conformity assessment procedures of covered bodies that may, directly or indirectly, affect trade in goods between the Parties, including any amendments thereto and any additions to their rules or product coverage, except amendments and additions of an insignificant nature.2. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, this chapter does not apply to: (a) purchasing specifications prepared by governmental bodies for production or consumption requirements of such bodies; or (b) sanitary and phytosanitary measures as defined in Annex A of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.][EU: ArticleDefinitionsP.M.][US:Article2:DefinitionsFor purposes of this Chapter:central government body1, local government body, conformity assessment procedures, standard, and technical regulation have the meanings assigned to those terms in Annex 1 of the TBT Agreement; and1[US: A non-governmental entity that a Party has requested or directed to prepare, adopt, or apply standards, technical regulations, or conformity assessment procedures on its behalf or for use in connection with compliance with the Party's domestic requirements, shall be considered a body subject to the control of a covered body for purposes of this Chapter in respect of such activity.]covered body means a central government body of a Party or a body of the EU, its ministries, and departments or any body subject to its control.proposed technical regulation or conformity assessment procedure means a proposal for a technical regulation or conformity assessment procedure that provides sufficient detail about the likely content of the measure so as to adequately inform persons about whether and how the measure might affect them and,in normal circumstances, includes a draft legal text.][EU:Article 2Incorporation of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade1. The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (hereinafter referred to as “the TBT Agreement”) is hereby incorporated into and made part of this Agreement.2. References to “this Agreement” in the TBT Agreement, as incorporated into this Agreement are to be read, as appropriate, as references to this Agreement (the TTIP).3. The term “Members” in the TBT Agreement, as incorporated into this Agreement, shall have the same meaning in this Agreement as it has in the TBT Agreement.4. Terms referred to in this Agreement, shall have the same meaning in this Agreement as they have in the TBT Agreement.][US: Article 3: Affirmation of the WTO TBT Agreement1. The Parties affirm their rights and obligations with respect to each other under the TBT Agreement.][EU: Article 41. The Parties undertake to co-operate as far as possible to ensure that their technical regulations are compatible with one another.2. If a Party expresses an interest in developing a technical regulation of equivalent scope to one existing in or being prepared by the other Party, that other Party shall on request provide to the interested Party, to the extent practicable, relevant data upon which it has relied in the preparation of the technical regulation, and on request discuss the possibility of developing harmonized or compatible technical regulations. The Parties recognize that it may be necessary to clarify and agree on the scope of a specific request, and that confidential information may be withheld. A Party planning to introduce a technical regulation shall, on request of the other Party, discuss the possibility of the elaboration of compatible technical regulations, or the enhancement of the compatibility of existing technical regulations by the Parties.3.The Parties undertake to co-operate towards global harmonization of technical requirements in the framework of existing or planned international agreements or organizations in which the US and the EU or its Member States participate.4. Each Party shall endeavor to ensure that products originating in the other Party that are subject to technical regulation can be marketed or used across all the territory of each Party on the basis of a single authorization, approval or certificate of conformity ][EU: Article 5Transparency1. In line with Articles2.9.2, 5.6.2 and3.2 of the TBT Agreement, the Parties agree: (I) to notify all relevant draft technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures to the WTO,regardless of the kind or form of the legal act, the level of government (central or local), or the authority adopting them, (ii) to make the draft text publicly available; (iii) in principle,to allow a period of no less than 60 calendar days following notification for the other Party to provide comments in writing to the proposal.2.(a) Each Party shall, upon request of the other Party, provide information regarding the objectives of,legal basis and rationale for, a technical regulation or conformity assessment procedure, that theParty has adopted or is proposing to adopt.(b) Where a Party has received comments on proposed technical regulations or conformityassessment procedures from the other Party, it shall (i) upon request of the other Party, discusswritten comments made by the other Party on such proposed technical regulations or conformityassessment procedures, with the participation of its competent regulatory authority, at a time when they can be taken into account; and (ii) provide written replies to such comments to the other Party no later than the date of publication of the final technical regulation or conformity assessmentprocedure.3.(a) From the date of entry into force of this Agreement, each Party shall make publicly available allnew technical regulations,adopted either at central level or by entities at a lower level than Federal (US) or Union (EU).(b) Within [..] years of the date of entry into force of this Agreement, each Party shall make publiclyavailable a complete registry of all its applicable technical regulations, new or existing, adoptedeither at a central level or by entities at a lower level than Federal (US) or Union (EU).(c) Within [..] years of the date of entry into force of this Agreement, each Party shall make publiclyavailable a complete registry of the titles and references of standards that have been selected forreference in, or use in connection with, technical regulations.(d) The Parties agree to make the information referred to in (a), (b) and (c) of this paragraphaccessible to the pubic through a single information point and to keep it up to date.4. Where a Party detains at a port of entry a good imported from the territory of the other Party on the grounds that the good has failed to comply with a technical regulation, it shall without undue delay notify the importer of the reasons for the detention of the good, and provide an opportunity for the importer to appeal against the decision to detain the good.][US: Article 4: Transparency1. Each Party shall allow persons of the other Party to participate in the development of standards, technical regulations, and conformity assessment procedures.2 Each Party shall permit persons of the other Party to2[US: ² A Party shall comply with this obligation with respect to technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures by complying with the obligations contained in paragraph 6 of this Article. A Party may satisfy this obligation with respect to standards, by, for example, providing persons of the other Party with an opportunity to submit comments on the standard to the body preparing the standard at a point when that body may still revise theparticipate in the development of these measures on terms no less favorable than those it accords to its own persons.2. Each Party shall encourage non-governmental bodies in its territory to observe paragraph 1 in developing standards and voluntary conformity assessment procedures.3. Each Party shall observe the obligations set out in Articles 2.9.1 through 2.9.4 and 5.6.1 through 5.6.4 of the TBT Agreement with respect to proposed technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures that are in accordance with the technical content of relevant international standards, guides, or recommendations.4. For purposes of implementing Articles 2.9 and5.6 of the TBT Agreement and Article 4.3 of this Chapter, each Party shall:(a) comply with the obligation in Article 2.9.2 and 5.6.2 to notify proposed technical regulations andconformity assessment procedures at an early appropriate stage, when amendments can still beintroduced and comments taken into account, by ensuring that it notifies the measure when the body responsible for proposing the measure has sufficient time to review any comments received and is able to revise the measure to take into account such comments;(b) include with its notifications an explanation of the objectives of the proposed technical regulationor conformity assessment procedure and how the measure would address those objectives; and(c) include with its notifications a copy of the proposed technical regulation or conformityassessment procedure or an Internet address where the proposed measure may be viewed.5. For purposes of implementing Articles 2.10 and 5.7 of the TBT Agreement and Article 5.3 of this Chapter, each Party shall include with its notifications a copy of the technical regulation or conformity assessment procedure or an Internet address where the measure may be viewed.6. Where a Party prepares or proposes to adopt a technical regulation or conformity assessment procedure, it shall:(a) publish, in print or electronically, the proposed technical regulation or conformity assessmentprocedure;(b) allow any person to comment in writing on the proposed technical regulation or conformityassessment procedure;(c) publish and allow for comment on the proposed technical regulation or conformity assessmentprocedure in accordance with subparagraphs (a) and (b) when the body proposing the measure has had sufficient time to review any comments received from another Party or any person of a Party and is able to revise the measure to take into account such comments;(d) review and consider comments it receives on the proposed technical regulation or conformityassessment procedure and do so on no less favorable terms with respect to persons of the other Party than it accords its own persons;and[Note: We intend to include a general exception that ensures that nothing in the Agreement requiresa Party to disclose confidential business information](e) publish, in print or electronically, any written comments it receives on the proposed technicalmeasure, and by ensuring that the body takes those comments into account in revising the measure or deciding not to revise the measure.]regulation or conformity assessment procedure.7.Each Party shall publish,in print or electronically,all proposed and final technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures in a single official journal or website.8.No later than the date of publication of a final technical regulation or conformity assessment procedures, each Party shall make publicly available, preferably by electronic means:(a) an explanation of the objectives and how the final technical regulation or conformity assessmentprocedure achieves them;(b) a description of alternative approaches that the Party considered in developing the final technicalregulation or conformity assessment procedure, if any, and the merits of the approach that the Party selected;(c) the Party's evaluation of significant issues raised in comments it received from persons of theother Party, or evaluation of the substantive issues presented in those comments; and(d) an explanation of any significant revisions that the Party made to the proposal for a technicalregulation or conformity assessment procedure, including those made in response to comments.9. Paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 and the footnote to paragraph 1 do not apply, for the United States, to any measure of the US Congress or,for the EU,any measure initiated within the European Parliament or a parliament of a Member State.][EU:Article7Conformity Assessment Procedures1. The Parties undertake to co-operate with a view to reducing unnecessary burdens arising from differences in their respective conformity assessment requirements.2. To that end, the Parties undertake to review within [timeline to be discussed] their conformity assessment procedures in order to move progressively towards the least burdensome possible procedures, commensurate with the risk that the underlying technical regulations are intended to address. Priority areas for consideration shall include electrical safety, electro-magnetic compatibility, machinery and telecommunications.3. [Placeholder for referencing specific outcomes on conformity assessment resulting from the negotiations in individual sectors]4. Where Parties require third party conformity assessment of products as a condition of compliance with technical regulations applicable on their respective territories, the Parties undertake to give consideration to mechanisms to facilitate the mutual acceptance of the results of conformity assessment conducted by conformity assessment bodies (CABs) located on the territory of the exporting Party.5.(a) The Parties shall take measures sufficient to avoid actual or potential conflicts of interest betweenconformity assessment bodies and standardization bodies, notably by establishing a clear separation of functions between them in cases where a standard referenced in technical regulations or otherwise allowed to be used to achieve compliance with technical regulations is set by an entity that alsooperates in the conformity assessment market.(b) The Parties shall ensure that standards referenced in technical regulations do not containtechnical requirements that limit the choice of CABs or that refer to specifics CABs.6. The Parties agree that, where a class of products is subject to conformity assessment procedures, and where components or parts of such products are also subject to conformity assessment procedures (and thus constitute products in their own right),CABs approved by the regulator to assess products that include such components or parts shall be obliged by the regulator not to require as a condition of assessing the product as a whole, that such components or parts be re-assessed by th CABs themselves, independently of the final product.7. The Parties shall take appropriate steps to prevent the establishment or abuse of dominant positions by any CAB in the market of its territory for the assessment of a specific product or class of risks.8. In those areas where registration or authorization procedures or similar requirements apply in both Parties, the Parties undertake to co-operate with a view to making such procedures and related requirements as compatible as possible and to identify opportunities for administrative simplification that would alleviate burdens for economic operators and facilitate bilateral trade in the products concerned.][US: Article 5: Conformity Assessment Procedures1. Each Party shall accredit, approve, license, or otherwise recognize conformity assessment bodies in the territory of the other Party on terms no less favorable than those it accords to conformity assessment bodies in its territory.2. In order to ensure that it accords no less favorable treatment pursuant to paragraph 1, each Party shall treat conformity assessment bodies located in the territory of the other Party as follows:(a) No Party shall require a conformity assessment body to be located within its territory as acondition to accredit, approve, license or otherwise recognize the conformity assessment body orimpose requirements on the conformity assessment body that would effectively require it to operate an office in the Party's territory.(b) Each Party shall apply no less favorable procedures, criteria or other conditions to accredit,approve, license or otherwise recognize conformity assessment bodies located in the other Party'sterritory as it applies to accredit, approve, license or otherwise recognize conformity assessmentbodies located in its territory, including by permitting conformity assessment bodies located in the other Party's territory to apply to be accredited, approved, licensed or otherwise recognized by abody located in the Party's territory.(c) Each Party shall permit any conformity assessment body located in the territory of the other Partyto apply to the Party, or any body that it has recognized or approved for this purpose, to beaccredited, approved, licensed or otherwise recognized under any procedures, criteria and otherconditions the Party applies to accredit,approve,license or otherwise recognize conformityassessment bodies.3.For greater certainty,paragraphs1 and 2 shall not preclude a Party from limiting recognition of conformity assessment bodies in relation to specific products to specified government bodies of the Party located within the Party's territory or the territory of the other Party.4. Where a Party does not accept the results of a conformity assessment procedure conducted by a conformity assessment body located in the territory of the other Party, it shall provide the person that submitted the results, and upon request of the other Party, with an explanation of the reasons for notaccepting the results.5.Where a Party refuses to accredit,approve,license,or otherwise recognize a conformity assessment body located in the territory of the other Party, it shall inform the other Party. In addition, the Party shall provide the conformity assessment body, and upon request, the other Party, with an explanation of the reasons for its refusal.Furthermore,the Party shall ensure a procedure exists to review complaints regarding the refusal and to take corrective action when a complaint regarding the refusal is justified.6. In relation to any technical regulation or standard for which a Party requires third-party conformity assessment, each Party shall make publicly available a list of the bodies that it has accredited, approved, licensed or otherwise recognized to perform such conformity assessment and relevant information on the scope of each such body's accreditation, approval, license or recognition.7. Where a Party undertakes conformity assessment in relation to specific products within specified government bodies located in its own territory or the other Party's territory, the Party shall, upon the request of the other Party or the applicant, explain:(a) the order in which conformity assessment procedures are undertaken and completed;(b) how fees for its conformity assessment procedures are calculated;(c) how the information it requires is necessary to assess conformity and determine fees;(d) how the Party ensures that the confidentiality of the information is respected in a manner thatensures the protection of legitimate commercial interests; and(e) the procedure to review complaints concerning the operation of the conformity assessmentprocedure and to take corrective action when a complaint is justified.8. Where a Party requires conformity assessment as a positive assurance that a product conforms with a technical regulation or standard, it shall not prohibit a conformity assessment body from using subcontractors, or refuse to accept the results of conformity assessment on account of the conformity assessment body using subcontractors, to perform testing or inspections in relation to the conformity assessment, including subcontractors located in the territory of the other Party. For greater certainty, nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prohibit a Party from requiring subcontractors to meet the same requirements that the conformity assessment body to which it is contracted would be required to meet in order to perform the contracted tests or inspection itself.9. With respect to an accreditation body located in the territory of the other Party, no Party shall refuse to accept, or take actions which have the effect of, directly or indirectly, requiring or encouraging the refusal of acceptance of conformity assessment results performed by a conformity assessment body in the other Party's territory because the accreditation body that accredited the conformity assessment body:(a) operates in the territory of a Party where there is more than one accreditation body;(b)is a non-governmental body;(c) is domiciled in the territory of a Party that does not maintain a procedure for recognizingaccreditation bodies;(d) does nor operate an office in the Party's territory; or(e) is a for-profit entity.10.Each Party shall ensure that its authorities may adopt,or have the discretion to adopt,procedures to accredit, approve, license or otherwise recognize conformity assessment bodies through international accreditation agreements or arrangements.11. Each Party shall issue guidance to encourage its authorities to rely on international accreditation agreements or arrangements to accredit, approve, license or otherwise recognize conformity assessment bodies where effective and appropriate to fulfill the Party's legitimate objectives.12. Each Party shall ensure where it accredits, or entrusts, or directs a non-governmental body to accredit a conformity assessment body located in its territory to conduct conformity assessment procedures in its territory, it recognizes that accreditation throughout the Party's territory.13. The Parties recognize that the choice of conformity assessment procedures in relation to a specific product covered by a technical regulation or standard should include an evaluation of the risks involved, the need to adopt procedures to address those risks, relevant scientific and technical information, incidence of non-compliant products and possible alternative approaches.14. Any conformity assessment fees imposed by a Party shall be limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered.15.Upon the request of an applicant for conformity assessment,each Party shall explain how any fee it imposes fur such conformity assessment are limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered.16.No Party shall apply a new or modified conformity assessment fee until the fee and the method for assessing the fee is published. Each Party shall provide an opportunity for interested persons to comment on its proposed introduction or modification of a conformity assessment fee.17. No Party shall require consular transactions, including related fees and charges, as a condition of marketing, distribution, or sale of the product in the Party's territory.18. No Party shall require that a product be accompanied by a certificate of free sale as a condition of marketing, distribution, or sale of the product in the Party's territory.][EU: Article 6Standardization1. The Parties shall promote closer cooperation between the standardization bodies located within their respective territories with a view to facilitating, inter alia:(a)the exchange of information about their respective activities,(b) the harmonization of standards based on mutual interest and reciprocity, according to modalitiesto be agreed directly by the standardization bodies concerned,(c) the development of common standards, and(d) the identification of suitable areas for such co-operation, in particular in new technologies.]2. The Parties shall use their best endeavors to ensure that standardization bodies located within theirrespective territories (i) provide information in advance on their planned standardization activities that concern the development of new, or the review of existing, standards intended to support public policies, including the scope and purpose of the planned standards,and the prospective timetable procedures for their adoption, and (ii) publish drafts for public comment before finalizing or adopting such standards.3.If a Party intends to select an existing or planned voluntary standard for reference in technical regulations, such selection shall be subject to objective, clear and transparent criteria, which shall be published before the selection is made. Standards for reference in technical regulations applicable on all or part of the territory of the Parties shall be selected following consideration of relevant international standards and other standards developed through an open and transparent process, including standards developed by standardization bodies located within the territory of the other Party.4. The Parties undertake to keep references to standards in support of technical regulations up to date with the latest version of the standard and the latest review of the technical regulation.5. The Parties shall endeavor to ensure that, in using standards to achieve compliance with the requirements of technical regulations or parts thereof, suppliers are free to use standards other than those chosen by domestic regulators for reference in such technical regulations, without prior authorization from the regulator, provided that such suppliers can demonstrate (e.g., through adequate technical documentation) that the applied alternative solution complies with the requirements of the technical regulation, or parts thereof.] [US: Article 6: Standards1. Each Party shall apply the Decision of the TBT Committee on Principles for the Development of the International Standards, Guides and Recommendations with relation to Articles 2, 5 and Annex 3 of the TBT Agreement(the…Committee Decision“),issued by the WTO Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade(G/TBT/1Rev.10) in determining whether an international standard, guide, or recommendation within the meaning of Articles 2 and 5 and Annex 3 of the TBT Agreement or Article 4 of this Chapter exists.2. Each Party shall treat any standard, guide or recommendation that is developed in accordance with the principles set forth in the Committee Decision as an international standard, guide, or recommendation for purposes of Articles 2, 5 and Annex 3 of the TBT Agreement. Accordingly, no Party shall refuse to treat a standard as an international standard based on:(a) the domicile of the body that developed the standard;(b) whether the body that developed the standard is an intergovernmental body; or(c) whether the body that developed the standard provides for participation in its standards activitiesthrough national delegations or limits participation in its standards activities to persons affiliatedwith a government.3.Where a Party requests or directs a body or bodies to prepare a standard with a view to mandating that a product comply with that standard, establishing a generally applicable presumption that a product complies with a technical regulation or conformity assessment procedure if it conforms to that standard, or otherwise allowing the standard to be used as a basis for or in support of compliance with technical regulation or conformity assessment procedure it shall observe, mutatis mutandis, the obligations set out in Articles 2.9.1. through 2.9.4 and 5.6.1 through 5.6.4 of the TBT Agreement and Article 4 of this Chapter.4. For purposes of implementing paragraph 3, a Party shall carry out the steps set out in Articles 2.9.1 through 2.9.4 and5.6.1 through 5.6.4 of the TBT Agreement and Article 4 of this Chapter with respect to any document in which the Party requests or directs a body or bodies to develop the standard and any related。
外贸商务英语试题及答案
外贸商务英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is NOT a typical payment term in international trade?A. FOBB. CIFC. DDPD. COD答案：D2. In international trade, what does "EXW" stand for?A. Ex WorksB. Free CarrierC. Cost and FreightD. Delivered Duty Paid答案：A3. What is the most common mode of transportation for international trade?A. AirB. SeaC. RoadD. Rail答案：B4. Which of the following is not a document required for exporting goods?A. Commercial InvoiceB. Packing ListC. Certificate of OriginD. Birth Certificate答案：D5. What is the primary function of a Letter of Credit in international trade?A. To guarantee paymentB. To provide insuranceC. To offer a discountD. To arrange transportation答案：A6. In which currency is the price of oil typically quoted in international markets?A. USDB. EURC. GBPD. JPY答案：A7. What is the meaning of "T/T" in international trade transactions?A. Telex TransferB. Trust TransferC. Trade TransferD. Telegraphic Transfer答案：D8. Which of the following is a type of non-tariff barrier to trade?A. QuotasB. Import dutiesC. SubsidiesD. Embargoes答案：A9. What is the term used to describe the process of adjusting prices to reflect changes in exchange rates?A. Price adjustmentB. Currency fluctuationC. Exchange rate adjustmentD. Price stabilization答案：C10. What does "MOQ" stand for in the context of international trade?A. Minimum Order QuantityB. Maximum Order QuantityC. Market Order QuantityD. Merchandise Order Quantity答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The ________ is the document that proves the ownership of goods in international trade.答案：Bill of Lading2. When goods are sold on a ________ basis, the seller bears all costs and risks until the goods are delivered to the buyer.答案：DDP3. A ________ is a formal request from a buyer to a sellerfor a specific product or service.答案：Purchase Order4. The ________ is a document that provides details about the goods being exported, including their description, quantity, and price.答案：Commercial Invoice5. In international trade, a ________ is a document that certifies the origin of the goods.答案：Certificate of Origin6. The ________ is a document that lists the types and quantities of goods being shipped, often used for customs clearance.答案：Packing List7. A ________ is a type of insurance that covers the risk of loss or damage to goods during transportation.答案：Marine Insurance8. The ________ is a document that shows the terms and conditions agreed upon by the buyer and seller for the saleof goods.答案：Sales Contract9. In international trade, a ________ is a document thatlists the goods being transported, their weight, and other relevant details.答案：Manifest10. The ________ is a document that provides proof of the quality, quantity, and condition of the goods at the time of shipment.答案：Inspection Certificate三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between FOB and CIF terms in international trade.答案：FOB (Free On Board) means the seller's responsibility ends once the goods are loaded onto the ship, while CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) includes the seller's responsibilityfor the cost of the goods, insurance, and freight until they reach the destination port.2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using aLetter of Credit in international trade?答案：Advantages include security of payment for the seller and assurance of goods for the buyer. Disadvantages include higher bank fees and potential delays in payment due todocumentation issues.3. Describe the process of negotiating a contract in international trade.答案：The process includes initial contact, exchange of information, negotiation of terms, drafting the contract, legal review, and final signing by both parties.4. What are the main factors that influence the choice of transportation mode in international trade?答案：Factors include cost, speed, reliability, cargo type, distance, and infrastructure availability.四、案例分析题（每题20分，共20分）A company has received an order for 1000 units of a product, with the following terms: EXW, payment by T/T, and delivery within 30 days. The company needs。
国际贸易方式词汇及对外贸易常用英语123
stocks 存货，库存量cash sale 现货purchase 购买，进货bulk sale 整批销售，趸售distribution channels 销售渠道wholesale 批发retail trade 零售业hire-purchase 分期付款购买fluctuate in line with market conditions 随行就市unfair competition 不合理竞争dumping 商品倾销dumping profit margin 倾销差价，倾销幅度antidumping 反倾销customs bond 海关担保chain debts 三角债freight forwarder 货运代理trade consultation 贸易磋商mediation of dispute 商业纠纷调解partial shipment 分批装运restraint of trade 贸易管制RTA (Regional Trade Arrangements) 区域贸易安排favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差special preferences 优惠关税bonded warehouse 保税仓库transit trade 转口贸易tariff barrier 关税壁垒tax rebate 出口退税TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) 技术性贸易壁垒，贸易伙伴术语trade partner 贸易伙伴manufacturer 制造商，制造厂middleman 中间商，经纪人dealer 经销商wholesaler 批发商retailer, tradesman 零售商merchant 商人，批发商，零售商concessionaire, licensed dealer 受让人，特许权获得者consumer 消费者，用户client, customer 顾客，客户buyer 买主，买方carrier 承运人consignee 收货人进出口贸易词汇commerce, trade, trading 贸易inland trade, home trade, domestic trade 国内贸易international trade 国际贸易foreign trade, external trade 对外贸易，外贸import, importation 进口importer 进口商export, exportation 出口exporter 出口商import licence 进口许口证export licence 出口许口证commercial transaction 买卖，交易inquiry 询盘delivery 交货order 订货make a complete entry正式/完整申报bad account 坏帐Bill of Lading 提单marine bills of lading 海运提单shipping order 托运单blank endorsed 空白背书endorsed 背书cargo receipt 承运货物收据condemned goods 有问题的货物catalogue 商品目录customs liquidation 清关customs clearance 结关国际贸易英语词汇集锦一贸易价格术语trade term / price term 价格术语world / international market price 国际市场价格FOB (free on board) 离岸价C&F (cost and freight) 成本加运费价CIF (cost, insurance and freight) 到岸价freight 运费wharfage 码头费landing charges 卸货费customs duty 关税port dues 港口税import surcharge 进口附加税import variable duties 进口差价税commission 佣金return commission 回佣，回扣price including commission 含佣价net price 净价wholesale price 批发价discount / allowance 折扣retail price 零售价spot price 现货价格current price 现行价格/ 时价indicative price 参考价格customs valuation 海关估价price list 价目表total value 总值贸易保险术语All Risks 一切险F.P.A. (Free from Particular Average) 平安险W.A. / W.P.A (With Average or With Particular Average) 水渍险War Risk 战争险F.W.R.D. (Fresh Water Rain Damage) 淡水雨淋险Risk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂、玷污险Risk of Leakage 渗漏险Risk of Odor 串味险Risk of Rust 锈蚀险Shortage Risk 短缺险T.P.N.D. ( Theft, Pilferage&Non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险Strikes Risk 罢工险贸易机构词汇WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织CTG (Council for Trade in Goods) 货币贸易理事会EFTA (European Free Trade Association) 欧洲自由贸易联盟AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) 东盟自由贸易区JCCT (China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade) 中美商贸联委会NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) 北美自由贸易区UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易与发展会议GA TT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 关贸总协定对外贸易常用英语(1)They mainly trade with Japanese firms.他们主要和日本商行进行贸易。
国际贸易英语常用词汇
国际贸易英语常用词汇1. Import - 进口2. Export - 出口3. Trade - 贸易4. Customs - 海关5. Tariffs - 关税6. Duties - 关税7. Free trade - 自由贸易8. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差9. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差10. Trade agreement - 贸易协议11. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒12. Trade dispute - 贸易争端13. Trade war - 贸易战争14. Trade policy - 贸易政策15. Trade liberalization - 贸易自由化16. Trade restrictions - 贸易限制17. Trade negotiations - 贸易谈判18. Trade imbalance - 贸易不平衡19. Trade bloc - 贸易集团20. Trade partner - 贸易伙伴21. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差22. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差23. Import quota - 进口配额24. Export quota - 出口配额25. Import duties - 进口关税26. Export duties - 出口关税第1页/共8页27. Import restrictions - 进口限制28. Export restrictions - 出口限制29. Trade balance - 贸易平衡30. Trade organization - 贸易组织31. International trade - 国际贸易32. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差33. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差34. Balance of trade - 贸易差额35. Import/export license - 进出口许可证36. Fair trade - 公平贸易37. Foreign trade - 外贸38. Cross-border trade - 跨境贸易39. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒40. Trade protectionism - 贸易保护主义41. Trade representative - 贸易代表42. Trade mission - 贸易代表团43. Trade commission - 贸易委员会44. Trade associations - 贸易协会45. Trade fair - 贸易博览会46. Global trade - 全球贸易47. Bilateral trade - 双边贸易48. Multilateral trade - 多边贸易49. Trade dispute settlement - 贸易争端解决50. Trade balance sheet - 贸易收支表51. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差52. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差53. Trade finance - 贸易融资54. Trade barriers - 贸易壁垒55. Trade restrictions - 贸易限制56. Trade liberalization - 贸易自由化57. Trade negotiations - 贸易谈判58. Trade agreement - 贸易协议59. Trade route - 贸易路线60. Trade cycle - 贸易周期61. Trade services - 贸易服务62. Trade secrets - 商业秘密63. Trade name - 商标64. Trade mark - 商标65. Trade-in - 以旧换新66. Trade-off - 折中67. Trade surplus - 顺差68. Trade deficit - 逆差69. Trade war - 贸易战70. Trade relationship - 贸易关系71. Trade route - 贸易路线72. Trade center - 贸易中心73. Trade union - 工会74. Trade fair - 商品展览会75. Trade embargo - 贸易禁令76. Trade sanctions - 贸易制裁77. Trade bloc - 贸易集团78. Import/export regulations - 进出口规定79. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差80. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差81. Import duties - 进口关税82. Export duties - 出口关税83. Import restrictions - 进口限制84. Export restrictions - 出口限制85. Export subsidy - 出口补贴第3页/共8页86. Trade imbalance - 贸易不平衡87. Trade war - 贸易战争88. Trade dispute - 贸易争端89. Trade negotiations - 贸易谈判90. Trade agreement - 贸易协议91. International trade - 国际贸易92. Global trade - 全球贸易93. Bilateral trade - 双边贸易94. Multilateral trade - 多边贸易95. Trade union - 工会96. Trade fair - 贸易展97. Trade secret - 商业秘密98. Trade-off - 折衷方案99. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒100. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差101. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差102. Trade finance - 贸易融资103. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒104. Trade restriction - 贸易限制105. Trade liberalization - 贸易自由化106. Trade negotiation - 贸易谈判107. Trade agreement - 贸易协定108. Trade route - 贸易路线109. Trade policy - 贸易政策110. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差111. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差112. Trade relations - 贸易关系113. Trade war - 贸易战争114. Trade dispute - 贸易争端115. Trade sanctions - 贸易制裁116. Trade union - 工会117. Trade fair - 贸易展览会118. Trade secret - 商业秘密119. Trade-off - 折中120. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒121. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差122. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差123. Trade finance - 贸易融资124. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒125. Trade restriction - 贸易限制126. Trade liberalization - 贸易自由化127. Trade negotiation - 贸易谈判128. Trade agreement - 贸易协定129. Trade route - 贸易路线130. Trade policy - 贸易政策131. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差132. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差133. Trade relations - 贸易关系134. Trade war - 贸易战争135. Trade dispute - 贸易争端136. Trade sanctions - 贸易制裁137. Trade union - 工会138. Trade fair - 贸易展览会139. Trade secret - 商业秘密140. Trade-off - 折中141. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒142. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差143. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差144. Trade finance - 贸易融资第5页/共8页145. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒146. Trade restriction - 贸易限制147. Trade liberalization - 贸易自由化148. Trade negotiation - 贸易谈判149. Trade agreement - 贸易协定150. Trade route - 贸易路线151. Trade policy - 贸易政策152. Balance of trade - 贸易差额153. World Trade Organization - 世界贸易组织154. Foreign direct investment - 外国直接投资155. Intellectual property rights - 知识产权156. Dumping - 倾销157. Subsidies - 补贴158. Antidumping - 反倾销159. Countervailing duties - 反补贴关税160. Safeguard measures - 保障措施161. Non-tariff barriers - 非关税壁垒162. Technical barriers to trade - 技术贸易壁垒163. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures - 卫生和植检措施164. Trade facilitation - 贸易便利化165. Rules of origin - 原产地规则166. Most favored nation - 最惠国待遇167. National treatment - 国民待遇168. Tariff escalation - 关税递增169. Tariff peaks - 关税峰值170. Trade in services - 服务贸易171. Trade in goods - 商品贸易172. Trade in agricultural products - 农产品贸易173. Trade in digital products - 数字产品贸易174. Trade in energy - 能源贸易175. Trade in intellectual property - 知识产权贸易176. Trade in pharmaceuticals - 药品贸易177. Trade in textiles - 纺织品贸易178. Trade in services agreement - 服务贸易协议179. Trade in information technology products - 信息技术产品贸易180. Trade in financial services - 金融服务贸易181. Trade in environmental goods - 环境产品贸易182. Trade in cultural products - 文化产品贸易183. Trade in tourism services - 旅游服务贸易184. Trade in education services - 教育服务贸易185. Trade in healthcare services - 医疗保健服务贸易186. Trade in transportation services - 交通运输服务贸易187. Trade in construction services - 建筑服务贸易188. Trade in professional services - 专业服务贸易189. Trade in telecommunication services - 电信服务贸易190. WTO agreements - WTO协议191. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - 关税和贸易总协定192. Agreement on Agriculture - 农业协议193. Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures - 补贴和反补贴措施协议194. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade - 技术贸易壁垒协议195. Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures - 卫生和植检措施协议196. Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights - 与贸易有关的知识产权协议197. Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures - 与贸易有关的投资措施协议198. Agreement on Government Procurement - 政府采购协议199. Agreement on Customs Valuation - 关税估值协议第7页/共8页200. Agreement on Rules of Origin - 原产地规则协议。
Barriers to International Trade
Import quota 进口配额 Subsidy 补贴 Foreign exchange control 外汇管制 Cartels 卡特尔（企业联合） Dumping 倾销
Translation
Tariffs serve two main purposes :to generate tax revenue (revenue tariff) and to imports （protective tariff). A revenue tariff raises money for the government that imposes it. Since the purpose is not to reduce imports of the product on which the tariff is imposed, revenue tariffs are rather low. A protective tariff is designed to discourage foreign business from shipping certain goods into the country. 关税主要服务于两个目的：形成税收收入（收入关税）和阻碍进口（保 护性关税）。收入关税是政府征收的为政府筹集资金的一种关税。当对 进口产品征收关税的目的不是减少进口产品时，收入性关税是十分低的。 保护性关税是政府专为阻碍外国企业向其国内输送某些产品而设置的。
Barriers to International Trade
Trade barriers are obstacles that restrict trade among countries. 贸易壁垒就是阻碍国与国之间贸易的障碍。
Trade barriers include three aspects
公司理财精要版原书第12版英文版最新精品课件Ross_12e_PPT_Ch21
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
EXCHANGE RATES
• The price of one country’s currency in terms of another country’s currency
• Most currency is quoted in terms of dollars.
• Consider the following quote:
▪ Euro
1.1836
0.8449
▪ The first number (1.1836) is how many U.S. dollars it takes to buy 1 Euro.
▪ The second number (0.8449) is how many Euros it takes to buy $1.
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CHAPTER 21
INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE FINANCE
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
• Illustrate the different types of exchange rate risk and ways firms manage exchange rate risk
我国产品遭遇技术性贸易壁垒原因及对策分析3汇总
题目：我国产品遭遇技术性贸易壁垒原因及对策分析目录前言.............................................................................................1. 摘要 (2)ABSTRACT (3)一、文献综述 (4)二、技术性贸易壁垒的现状及影响 (6)（一）我国面临的技术性贸易壁垒 (6)（二）技术性贸易壁垒对我国出口的影响 (8)三、技术性贸易壁垒产生原因分析 (8)（一）标准体系落后 (9)（二）通报信息系统薄弱 (9)（三）企业认证制度和合格评价制度进展缓慢 (9)（四）出口产品技术含量低 (9)四、我国应对TBT的对策 (10)（一）政府应对技术性贸易壁垒的策略 (10)(二) 企业应对技术性贸易壁垒的策略 (11)结束语 (13)致谢 (14)参考文献 (15)前言经济全球化趋势不断加强,为中国经济的全面快速发展提供了难得的机遇,同时也带来了更加严峻的挑战。
随着中国企业广泛、深入地参与国际竞争以及我国外贸快速增长和贸易顺差的持续扩大,我国面临的贸易摩擦形势也越来越严峻。
随着世界经济一体化的发展和贸易自由化趋势的不断加深,在传统的关税和非关税壁垒藩篱不断拆除的同时,也加剧了各国之间经济贸易的竞争。
在这种形势下,一些国家纷纷采取隐蔽性更强、透明度更低、更不易监督和预测的保护性措施———技术性贸易壁垒,以阻止其他国家的产品进入本国市场,从而进行贸易保护。
截至2007 年,我国已连续13 年成为全球遭受反倾销调查最多的国家,同时也是2007 年全球遭受反补贴调查最多的国家。
为了保护本国经济发展,各国“壁垒森严”,尤其是欧美发达国家越来越多地打着维护进出口经营秩序、保护国内消费者利益、保护生态环境、保护知识产权等旗号,频频采用技术性贸易壁垒对中国产品“指手划脚、百般阻挠”, 目前技术性贸易壁垒已成为影响我国产品出口的主要贸易壁垒。
技术性贸易壁垒的概念及特点
一、技术性贸易壁垒的概念及特点（一）技术性贸易壁垒的概念及表现形式1、技术性贸易壁垒的概念技术性贸易壁垒（Technical Barriers to Trade，简称TBT）是贸易壁垒中非关税壁垒的一种，主要是指货物进口国所制定的那些强制性和非强制性的技术法规、标准以及检验商品的合格评定程序所形成的贸易障碍，即一国通过颁布法律、法令、条例、规定，建立技术标准、认证制度、检验检疫制度等方式，对外国进口商品制定苛刻繁琐的技术、卫生检疫、商品包装和标签等标准，从而提高进口产品要求，增加进口难度，最终达到限制进口的目的。
⑪2、技术性贸易壁垒的表现形式(1) 技术法规(Teehniea1 Regulation)技术法规是指规定强制执行的产品特性或相关工艺和生产方法、包括适用管理规定在内的文件。
该文件还可包括或专门关于适用于产品、工艺或生产方法的专门术语、符号、包装、标志或标鉴要求。
①技术法规属于强制性文件，具有强制约束力，其一经颁布就必须强制执行，是国际贸易中很难逾越的技术性贸易壁垒形式。
随着贸易战的加剧，发达国家愈来愈多地打着本国消费者安全和健康的旗号，建立许多有关安全卫生方面的法律，来限制商品的进口。
②例如，美国有《联邦食品、药品和化妆品法》；德国有《仪器与日用消费品的管理法》、《化妆品管理法》等；日本有《肉类制品进口检验法》、《蔬菜水果进口检验法》、《化妆品成分管理法》等。
(2) 技术标准(Standard)技术标准是指由公认的产品，或有关工艺和生产方法、规定规则指南或特性的机构所核准，供共同和反复使用的、不强制要求与其一致的文件，当它们适用于一种产品、工艺或生产方法时，也可包括或仅涉及术语、符号、包装、标志或标签要求。
③虽然技术标准不具有强制性，但许多发达国家利用其科技优势，有意识地利用技术标准作为竞争手段，对许多产品制定了极为严格的技术标准，有一些标准的规定甚至是经过精心策划的，专门用以针对某个国家的出口产品。
Chapter3 Barriers to international trade2
Other non-tariff Barriers
State Monopoly (State trade)
Discriminatory Government Procurement Policy
Customs Procedures Technical Barrier to Trade technical standard health and sanitary regulation packing and labeling regulation
Other non-tariff Barriers
Import License System Open General License --- OGL Specific License ---SL Foreign Exchange control Advanced Deposit Minimum/ Floor Price Internal Taxes
Absolute Quota
Tariff Quota
Country Tariff Quota
The effects of an import quota
Import quotas ---- used by all industrial nations to protect their agriculture ---- used by developing nations to stimulate import substitution of manufactured products and for balance-of-payments reasons.
Protective Tariffs : taxes designed to insulate importcompeting producers from foreign competition. Revenue Tariffs Tariffs：taxes imposed for the purpose of generating tax revenues and may be placed on both exports and imports. Import Tariff： a tax levied on an imported product.
绿色贸易壁垒外文文献翻译
经济管理学院毕业论文（外文文献翻译部分）文献题目：Green Barriers Trade and its Influenceson China's Foreign Trade绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响姓名:学号:专业:国际经济与贸易学院:经济管理学院指导教师:Journal of Economic SurveysGreen Barriers Trade and its Influences on China'sForeign TradeThomas J. SargentABSTRACTIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection.Key words：Green Barriers; products; TradeIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products.1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers"Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment. The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment. From then on, more and more people concern about theenvironmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very strict environmental protection rules under the pressure of public, which forms a barrier to the international trade.Secondly, the differences between countries in technology, environmental standards and investment directly cause the "Green Trade Barriers". As we know, developed countries surpass the developing countries in science and technology. Even if they make very strict environmental standards, their domestic products can reach the requirements of strict environmental standards while such standards may constitute barriers to products from developing countries. In fact, these standards may become discriminations against products from the developing countries and constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between country.Thirdly, the rise of protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green barriers. In modern market economy, competition is more severe than before. The domestic industries are directly facing competition from the products of other countries, and they will urge their governments to take effective measures to protect them from the foreign products. While because of the multilateral negotiations of WTO, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tariff measures has also been restricted. Therefore, many developed countries have to resort to some legal restrictions of importation such as Green barriers to protect their home industries, which gives rise to the increase of Green barriers.2. The main forms of Green barriers tradeIn accordance with the related provisions of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade, the Green barriers are usually in the forms as follows:2.1Green TariffSome developed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harms to the environment. If such measure is abused, it will constitute a Green barrier to trade.2.2Green StandardsGreen standards refer to those compulsory Green standards provided through legislation. With their superiority in economy and technology, developed countries tend to make higher Green standards with no consideration on the interests of the developingcountries. Such high Green standards will in fact constitute a barrier to the products from developing countries which are inferior in technology.2.3 Package RequirementsCertain developed countries stress too much on the protection of environment and require the products should be packed with materials that will have no harm to the environment. If the products are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries. If such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the international trade.2.4 Sanitary and quarantine inspection systemOn the excuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and quarantine inspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect their domestic industries.3. Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign tradeChina has suffered great loss due to the "Green barriers". In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU. Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to "Green barriers trade". China's export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers. Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion: "Green barriers to trade" has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.4. Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countriesAs mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Greenbarriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier. According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries. So, as a developing member of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect her interests. Different from GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members of WTO. So, if our interests are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to settle this dispute and urge other members to change their unfair practices so as to protect our interests. Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to improve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally solve the problem of Green barriers.References[1]John, Smith. 2007, Green trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics ,4,34-56.[2] Anderson, J.L., 2001, The Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356.[3] Gallagher, R., 2003, International Trade in Agricultural Products, Journal of General Management, 3, 1, 43-62.绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响萨金特莱斯大学经济管理学院摘要：近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。
国际贸易英文术语中英对照
⑴FCA (Free Carrier)货交承运人(2)F AS (Free Alongside Ship)装运港船边交货(3)F OB (Free on Board)装运港船上交货(4)C FR (Cost and Freight)本钱加运费(5)C IF (Costjnsurance and Freight)本钱、保险费加运费(6)C PT (Carriage Paid To)运费付至目的地(7)CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To)运费、保险费付至目的地(8)DAF (Delivered At Frontier)边境交货(9)D ES (Delivered Ex Ship)目的港船上交货(10)DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay)目的港码头交货(11)DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid)未完税交货(12)DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)完税后交货主要船务术语简写：(1)O RC (Origen Recevie Charges)本地收货费用(广东省收取)(2)T HC (Terminal Handling Charges)码头操作费(香港收取)(3)B AF (Bunker Adjustment Factor)燃油附加费(4)C AF (Currency Adjustment Factor)货币贬值附加费(5)Y AS (Yard Surcharges)码头附加费(6)E PS (Equipment Position Surcharges)设备位置附加费(7)D DC (Destination Delivery Charges)目的港交货费(8)P SS (Peak Season Sucharges)旺季附加费(9)P CS (Port Congestion Surcharge)港口拥挤附加费(10)DOC (DOcument charges)文件费(11 )O/F (Ocean Freight)海运费(12)B/L (Bill of Lading)海运提单(13)MB/L(Master Bill of Lading)船东单(14)MTD (Multimodal Transport Document)多式联运单据(15)L/C (Letter of Credit)信用证(16)C/O (Certificate of Origin)产地证(17)S/C (Sales Confirmation)销售确认书(Sales Contract)销售合同(18)S/O (Shipping Order)装货指示书(19)W/T (Weight Ton)重量吨(即货物收费以重量计费)(20)M/T (Measurement Ton)尺码吨(即货物收费以尺码计费)(21)W/M(Weight or Measurement ton)即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费(22)CY (Container Yard)集装箱(货柜)堆场(23)FCL (Full Container Load)整箱货(24)LCL (Less than Container Load)拼箱货(散货)(25)CFS (Container Freight Station)集装箱货运站(26)TEU (Twenty-feet Equivalent Units) 20英尺换算单位(用来计算货柜量的多少)(27)AAV (All Water)全水路(主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式)(28)MLB(Mini Land Bridge)迷你大陆桥(主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式)(29)NVOCC(Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier)无船承运人出口国交货的贸易术语三组在进口国交货的贸易术语有五种：一、装运港船上交货价(FOB)英文是：Free on Board.装运港船上交货价是国际贸易中常用的价格术语之一。
技术壁垒对贸易的影响外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处：Yousefi, A., & Liu, M. (2013). The Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: The Cases of Trade Between China, Japan, Korea, and the US. In Innovation in the High-Tech Economy (pp. 23-34). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.译文The Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: The Cases of TradeBetween China, Japan, Korea, and the USAyoub YousefiIntroductionThe technical barrier to trade (TBT) is a relatively new technique raised during the last decades, which has influenced the trade flow worldwide (Bao and Qiu 2011). It is one form of the non-tariff trade barriers (NTBs), which differs from the traditional ones that it mainly includes standards and technical regulations. World Trade Organization (WTO) took it into an effect in the year of 1995. TBT varies from country to country in terms of the magnitude and product coverage. For example, it might come with the form of safety and labeling. In fact, it can be a tool to promote trade but can also be a protection as well. Additionally, the Developing Countries and Developed Countries have different reactions to this measure. This essay is aimed to find out the effects for both types of countries in the manufacturing area with the help of gravity model.T his essay is inspired by the article “How do technical barriers to trade influence trade flows”. Instead of the general trade flows, this study collects data on one industry, which is manufacture and extends the scope of the years to 2011. At the same time, unlike the previous article chosen all members in WTO, China, Japan, Korea and US are chosen as the object countries, because they have strong connections. China and US are the biggest trade partners of each other in terms of manufactured goods. Another reason is that Japan, Korea, and China are very close geographically, and Japan is an important and the most developed country in Asia. With the analysis of the TBT notifications and the trade flows of those countries, therewould be a reasonable conclusion of the impact of TBT on the developing country and the developed countries.Sources of Data and Summary StatisticsAll the data between China and US starts from the year 1984 to the year 2011. For China and Japan, the time range of data is from year 1984 to 2011 as well. For the export from China to Korea, the data is valid from year 1992 to year 2011. Data of Korea exporting to China is valid from year 1989 to year 2011.As the part of TBT notifications, they are collected from the TBT information system of WTO and added on to get the sub number for each year.As the control variable, real GDP (based on year of 2000 in US dollars) for China, Japan, and US are collected from the World Bank.As mentioned above, the manufacturing trade flow of China, Japan, Korea, and U.S. should be included. In that case, the data of the manufacturing trade flow were obtained from the WTO commodity trade statistics and database from the year 1984 to the year 2011 between Japan and China, as well as US and China. The trade value of manufacture from Korea to China is collected from 1989 to 2011 since there is no historical data before 1989. At the same time, the trade value from China exports to Korea is valid from the year of 1992 to the year of 2011.Fig. 1 The trade value from China export to Korea (1992–2010)Table 1 The regression results of China exports to KoreaAs is shown in Fig. 1, from 1992 to 2011, the export value from China to Korea is increasing constantly, especially sharply after year 2000. It does fallen a bit on 2009 possibly because of the global financial crisis, but the value goes up after that (Table 1).From the E-Views regression result showing above, the probability of log(1 +TBT_korea) is 0.0846, which means that it can be 90 % sure that the coefficient is significant, and TBT of Korea can influence the trade flow from China export to Korea. However, it is not reasonable since the coefficient is a positive number. Generally, the TBT would not stimulate other countries’ export.Fig. 2 The trade value from Korea to China (1990–2010)Table 2 The regression results of Korea exports to ChinaHowever, the influence is positive. There are two potential reasons for this. One is that the amount of observations is not big enough, and there might be a bias. The other possible reason is that Korea’s notifications can influence all of the partners that Korea has, and China might did not export the goods that were influenced by these notifications during those years (Fig. 2).The trade value from Korea export to China also has a trend of going up, and also has a small decrease around the year of 2009. However, the absolute value is smaller than the one of China exporting to Korea. The regression table comes asfollowing (Table 2).The Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: The Cases of Trade Between China. . .Fig. 3 The trade value from China export to US (1984–2010) From the results above, the probability of the key variable log (1+TBT_China) is 0.0903, which is smaller than 0.1. This number indicates that we can be 90 % sure that the TBT notification of China would influence the export value of Korea. Since the coefficient is −0.277276, the TBT of China does have a negative effect on the Korea’s export. This result is reasonable. For the variable of the real GDP of Korea, the probability is 0.0164, and we can be 95 % sure that this variable has positive influence on the export value of Korea. However, the GDP of China does not have significant influence on Korea’s export value because the probability 0.5521 is bigger than 0.1. Looking at the adjusted R-squared; it is 0.953275, which argues that the model fits the data well (Fig. 3).The value is increasing slowly before the year of 2000, and goes up quickly after that. Although there is a tiny fall in the year of 2009 because of the financial crisis, the value is increasing very fast in general (Table 3).The probability log(1+TBT_US) is 0.0328 and the coefficient is 0.019259. This shows that there is a slightly positive effect of TBT instead of a negative one in the example of exporting from China to US. This is not supposed to be happen. One ofthe reasonable explanations might be that the number of the variables is not big enough to give sufficient result, and another explanation is that China has trade surplus during these years so that TBTs are not strong enough to influence the trade values. In addition, China joined WTO in the year of 2001, this benefits China exporting manufacture products to its biggest trade partner US as well (Fig. 4, Table 4).Table 3 The regression results of China exports to USFig. 4 The trade value from US export to China (1984–2010) The probability of the log(1+TBT_China) is 0.0349, which means it is 95 % surethat the coefficient −0.382740 is significant. Consequently, the TBT of China has a negative influence on the export of US. The positive economy index of China would stimulate the export from US to China, whereas the US GDP does not have a significant influence. The adjusted R-squared 0.867589 is close to 1, which indicates good fitness of the model to the data (Fig. 5).The Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: The Cases of Trade Between China. . .Table 4 The regression results of US exports to ChinaFig. 5 The trade value from China export to Japan (1984–2010) The export value from China to Japan is increasing slowly before 2002, and is increasing sharply after then with a tiny fall in the year 2009 (Table 5).The probability of the log(1+TBT_Japan) is 0.3209, which shows that the coefficient is not significant. In other words, the TBT of Japan might does not have an influence on the export of China to Japan. A possible explanation is that these two countries are too close geographically and Japan needs the manufacturing goods very much so that the notifications would not be a key factor of the change of the trade value (Fig. 6).Table 5 The regression results of China exports to JapanFig. 6 The trade value from Japan export to China (1984–2010) The value is very small before year 1991 and goes up lightly and fluctuates between the year 1992 and 2002. Then the value goes up quickly except the fall on 2009 because of the financial crisis (Table 6).The probability of the log (1+TBT_China) is 0.0926, which shows that the coefficient is significant. Therefore it is safe to say that the TBT of China has a negative influence on the export of Japan to China. This result is reasonable.Table 6 The regression results of Japan exports to ChinaPolicy ImplicationsAs we can see from the example of US exporting to China, Japan exporting to China, along with Korea exporting to China, the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) has a negative influence on the exporting trade values. As a huge economy playing a crucial part in the bilateral trade of manufacture, China definitely should be care of the policies which it is implementing. There is opposite results too as which have been showed above. The most possible reason for all of them is that the numbers of the variables are not big enough, which can influence the regression result. Additionally, the industry and the countries have been picked are very special. Bilateral trades of manufacturing trades between China and the other three countries are of great importance and particular enough so that the manufacturing industry cannot stand for the other industries. Though we see opposite examples, the opposite results also come with the imperfect fits between the model and the data, which means we should pay more attention on the ones that proving the negative influence on the importing countries’ TBT notifications on its partner. The time period in this paper is not that long, but the long-term effect of the TBT can be somehow predicted from the results. As a consequence, as a non-tariff trade barrier, it should be reduced in rising up in order to avoid more negative on the trade values as well as other potential bad effects for all the governments trading in the international markets. Of course, this paper is byno means complete. Further researches should be extended with more industries and countries along with a longer time period.译文技术贸易壁垒对中国、日本、韩国以及美国之间贸易的影响阿尤布·尤瑟夫引言技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是一种相对较新的技术，在过去的几十年不断被提高，致使它对全球的贸易往来有很大的影响(包和邱2011)。
商务英语名词解释考试重点笔记
Non -tariff barriers ：非关税壁垒 Durable equipment :耐用设备 Creditor country :债权国 Dual -Ministerial Meeting :双部长会议Board of directors ：董事会 European commission :欧盟委员会 The parent MNE :多国公司母公司 National economic welfare :国家经济利益 self -sufficient :自给自足的 The legal jurisdiction :法律管理范围 perfect competition :完全竞争 output per many -year of labor :人均年产量 Cost advantage ：成本优势 Production capability ：生产能力Consumption preference ：消费偏好 Large -scale production ：大规模生产 Tariff barrier ：关税壁垒 Internationa l chamber of commerce :国际商会Incoterms :国际贸易术语解释通则 Binding obligation :有约束力的义务 International trunk call :国际长途 Cross -border contract :进出口合同 Clearing system :清算系统；清算制度 Leverage : 杠杆作用Auction 拍卖 Trade credit account : 贸易信贷往来账户 Hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀 Centrally planned economy :中央计划经济 Net positions 实际寸头Counter trade 对销贸易、反向贸易 Cross -border contract 进出口合同 Protectionism 贸易保护注意Clearing system 清算系统（制度） Compensation trade 补偿贸易Trade credit accounts 贸易信贷往来账户Consignment 寄售Processing trade 加工贸易Centrally planned economies 中央计划经济国家Trade fair :交易会competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值Leasing trade 租赁贸易Securities market 有价证券市场 Stock Exchange 证券交易所Foreign exchange market 外汇市场 Trade credit accounts 贸易信贷往来账户Poliy objective 政策目标 Foreign exchange shortages 外汇短缺Financial standing 财务状况= fin ancial status = financial strength Credit worthiness 资信可靠状况 Periodic payments 分阶段付款Reimburse 偿付Unit price 单价 Partial shipment 分批装运The uniform customs and practice of documentary credits 跟单信用证统一惯例Open account 记账交易 The carrying vessel 载货船只 Non -trade settlement 非贸易结算 Leading /Prime/First rate 主要银行 A particular transaction 一笔特定的交易Capital turnover 资金周转 Documents 单据Consignee 收货人 Documentation 单据的制作或使用 Commission 佣金Consignor 托运人 Bill of lading 提（货）单 Notify party 到货通知人、被通知人 Airway bill 空运（提）单 Insurance policy 保险单（大保单） Insurance certificate 保险单（小保单） Cargo receipt 铁路运单、货运收据 Commercial invoice 商业发票: Customs /Consular invoice 海关/领事发票Railway bill 收货单（铁路） Shipping advice 装船通知Certificate of quality 品质证书Certificate of weight 重量证书Certificate of quantity 数量证书Certificate of health 健康证书 Certificate of disinfection 消毒证书 Certificate of origin 产地证书 Veterinary certificate 兽医证书 Port of shipment 发货港、装运港、起运港Packing list 装箱单Finished products 制成品Cost economies 节约成本成本节约 Intermediate products 中间产品、成品Production approach Natural product province 领域Shipper 托运人= Consigner Inventory 存货、库存Broker Logistics 物流Transshipment 转运 Just -in -time inventory system 存Known premium 已知的保险费 Private carrier 自有承运人Representative carriers 载工具Destination port :目的港Transportation and freight tation 运输和货物运输: Consignee 收货人Voidable 无效的 Margin 保证金Client 客户，主顾Jeopardy 危险，风险Literature 说明书Underwriter 保险公司 Values exposed to loss 损失的价值Release of funds 腾出资金Terms of sale 价格条件、买卖条款 All Risks 全险、一切险、综合险Forwarding charges 转运费Adversely affected 受到负面影响 Reserve currency 储备货币 Clean float 清洁浮动、自由浮动 Dirty float 肮脏浮动、管理浮动 Idle funds 游资、热钱、闲置资金 Par value 平价（货币的票面价格）Foreign exchange control 外汇管制 Fixed exchange rate / Flexible hange rate 固定汇率/浮动汇率Financial resources 资金Private or 私营经济Equity investment 投资Grace period 优惠期、宽限期 Capital infrastructure 基础建设资金Economic restructuring 整Investment returns 投资收益 Voting power 投票权Borrowingpower 借款权Gold tranche 额Gold reserve 黄金储备 Standby arrangement 安排Customer mobility 客户流动 Tax holiday 免税期Joint venture 资企业Jobber 股票买卖经纪人 The strategic alliance 战略联合Discount rate 贴现率 Securities 有价证券Pro rata 按比例Stock exchange 证券（股票）Secondary capital market 市场Great Depression 大萧条 Primary capital raising 初级/本市场Long -term capital 长期资本Market floor =trading floor 厅Market maker 买和销售的公司Listed market 挂牌证券交易市场Gilt -edged stocks / securities 债券Cost -effective 划算的Public Sector Borrowing Requirement 公共部门借贷需求Listed company / corporation 公司= the list companyThe gilt -edged market 场The traded options market 交易市场Money market 货币市场The foreign equities market 票市场Discount market 贴现市场ecurities market 证券市场Foreign exchange market 外汇市场Escape clauses 免责条款、Non -discrimination principle (ple of non -discrimination t )无差别待遇New international onomic order 国际经济新秩序 Differential treatment 差别待遇 Preferential customs tariffs 特惠税 Transfer of technology 技术转让 Non -discriminate principle 则Tariff concession 关税减让 Contracting party 缔约国、缔约方 Tariff quota 关税限额制、关税配额Counter -veiling measures。
马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定(英汉对照)
Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World TradeOrganization马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定（英汉对照）The Parties to this Agreement,本协议各成员Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand, and expanding the production of and trade in goods and services, while allowing for the optimal use of the world’s resources in accordance with t he objective of sustainable development, seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development, 承认其贸易和经济关系的发展，应旨在提高生活水平，保证充分就业和大幅度稳步提高实际收入和有效需求，扩大货物与服务的生产和贸易，为持续发展之目的扩大对世界资源的充分利用，保护和维护环境，并以符合不同经济发展水平下各自需要的方式，加强采取各种相应的措施；Recognizing further that there is need for positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries, and especially the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development,进一步承认有必要作出积极的努力，以确保发展中国家，尤其是最不发达国家，在国际贸易增长中获得与其经济发展相应的份额；Being desirous of contributing to these objectives by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangements directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international trade relations,期望通过达成互惠互利的安排，切实降低关税和其它贸易壁垒，在国际贸易关系中消除歧视待遇，为实现上述目标作出贡献；Resolved, therefore, to develop an integrated, more viable and durable multilateral trading system encompassing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the results of past trade liberalization efforts, and all of the results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations,从而决心建立一个完整的、更有活力的和持久的多边贸易体系，以包括关税与贸易总协定、以往贸易自由化努力的成果和乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判的所有成果；Determined to preserve the basic principles and to further the objectives underlying this multilateral trading system,决心保持该多边贸易体制的基本原则和加强该体制的目标；Agree as follows:协议如下：Article I Establishment of the Organization第一条组织的建立The World Trade Organization (hereinafter referred to as “the WTO”) is hereby established.建立世界贸易组织（以下简称WTO）Article II Scope of the WTO第二条 WTO的范围1. The WTO shall provide the common institutional framework for the conduct of trade relations among its Members in matters related to the agreements and associated legal instruments included in the Annexes to this Agreement.1．WTO应为其成员从事与本协议各附件中的协议及其法律文件有关的贸易关系，提供共同的体制框架。
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Transparency principle: tariffs are to be
• International Regulations
– Treaties between U.S. and other nations.
– Tariffs are taxes charged on imported goods.
– Enforcement problems, as with piracy
grants a tariff concession to couቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱtry B, the same concession automatically applies to all other countries that are members of WTO
Reciprocity principle: each member country will
ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES
• Infrastructure: Basic systems of communication, transportation, energy facilities, and financial systems. • Currency Conversion and Shifts: Fluctuating values can make pricing in local currencies difficult and affect decisions about market desirability and investment opportunities.
Reducing Barriers to International Trade
The world is moving toward more free trade.
There are many communities and groups that monitor and
promote trade
Protectionism X is a government’s establishment of economic policies that systematically restrict imports in order to protect domestic industries. It is the opposite of free trade.
• Poisoned or defective goods • Political reasons
CONT…
• EXCHANGE CONTROLS through central
banks or government agencies regulate the buying and selling of currency to shape foreign exchange in accordance with national policy.
Rules make life easier for all organizations to follow System encourages good government
Benefits
WTO Fundamental Principles
Most favored nation principle: when country A
International Economic Communities reduce trade barriers
and promote regional economic cooperation.
or trade restrictions.
Free-trade area: Members trade freely among selves without tariffs Customs union: Establishes a uniform tariff structure for members’
WTO
WTO Came into existence on 1-1-1995 with the conclusion of Uruguay Round Multilateral Trade Negotiations at Marrakesh on 15th April 1994, to : Transparent, free and rule-based trading system • Provide common institutional framework for conduct of trade relations among members • Facilitate the implementation, administration and operation of Multilateral Trade Agreements • Rules and Procedures Governing Dispute Settlement • Trade Policy Review Mechanism • Concern on Non-trade issues such as Food Security, environment, health, etc.
readily visible to all countries
NAFTA- NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
Created a free trade zone among Canada, Mexico, and United States
removed and reduced barriers to trade, such as tariffs, quotas, and licenses increased trade tightened intellectual property right protection
to buy locally made goods.
Ad Valorem Duty
An import duty levied as a percentage of the invoice value
of imported goods
Specific Duty
A fixed sum levied on a physical unit of an imported good
NON TARIFF BARRIERS
An IMPORT QUOTA limits either the quantity or the monetary value of a product that may be imported. These help local business compete with foreign companies. An EMBARGO is a total ban on specific goods coming into and leaving a country. An embargo can be imposed for different reasons:
•
Represents 149 negotiated trade agreements among countries Key Functions Cooperating with other International Organizations
Providing a forum for trade negotiations Handling trade disputes between nations
POLITICAL AND LEGAL DIFFERENCES
• Political Climate
– Stability is a key consideration.
• Legal Environment
– U.S. law
– International regulations
– Country’s law – Climate of corruption. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act forbids U.S. companies from bribing foreign officials, candidates, or government representatives.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS
• Language: Potential problems include mistranslation, inappropriate messaging, lack of understanding of local customs and differences in taste. • Values and Religious Attitudes: Differing values about business efficiency, employment levels, importance of regional differences, and religious practices, holidays, and values about issues such as interest-bearing loans.
Figure 9.6 Types of Barriers to International Trade
©2004 Prentice Hall
9-6
TARIFFS
A tariff is a tax on imports. Tarrifs come in two different types: