what is a comparative literature
what is American literature 什么是美国文学
Literature is fictional
Fiction: the prose that tell a story (fairy tells, short stories, and novels) that set them apart from the context of life Invented material: imaginative e.g. Harry Porter Stylized material: artistic control: through the play of language, selection of details, inclusion of metaphor, irony and imagery: compare: how does a newspaper report and a poet would describe the same event?
What is American Literature
Literature produced in American English by the people living in the United States excluding American expatriates or literature produced in other languages by minorities in the United States such as Native American Literature in Indian Language Primarily about American history, society, life, and people (American Experience)
What Is Literature
• 文学是我们生存的一部分。 • 文学的存在先于文学的本质。 • 文学从根本上说是一种物质现实 ,一种社会 活动 ,一种 “话语实践” 。
总结
• 一 ,作为文学的客观本质属性和特征的文学 性; • 二 ,作为人的一种存在方式的文学性。 • 没有一个抽象的、 永恒的、 客观的文学性 , 只有具体的、 历史的、 实践中的文学性。
• 辅助教材：《英国文学名篇选注》，王佐 良等主编，商务印书馆，1999。
考核方式
• • • • Attendance 10% Classroom Performance 20% Reading Notes 30% Term Paper 40%
文学性
Literariness
何谓文学？
文学在比较中存在 文学在差异中存在
文学导读
于洋
课程内容
• 文学理论导读+文学作品赏析 • 文学理论: 专业化 • 掌握与文学相关的基本概念， • 知晓文学理论的流派，文学理论大师的名字 • • • • 文学作品：鉴赏力 体会各文学题材之特色 辅助理解文学理论 掌握文学分析的基本方法
教、学方式
• • • • • • • • 以月为单位 每月第一周：文学理论 第二周：影音娱乐 第三、四、五周：文学作品赏析 3月：诗歌 4月：散文 5月：小说 6月：戏剧
作为一种话语实践的文学语言
• • • • • 话语和语言：parole vs. language 话语：实践中的语言 指鹿为马：强弱关系的符号 语言是一种行为 ,一种行动 。 语言是一种社会实践。
梵﹒高 《农民鞋》
• “从农鞋磨损的内部那黑洞洞的敞口中，劳动者艰 辛的步履显示出来。这硬邦邦的、沉甸甸的破旧 农鞋里，聚集着她在寒风料峭中迈动在一望无际 永远单调的田垄上步履的坚韧与滞缓。……夜幕 降临，这双鞋底在田野小径上踽踽而行。在这鞋 具里 ,回响着大地无声的召唤 ,显示着大地对成熟 的谷物的宁静的馈赠 ,表征着大地在冬闲的荒芜田 野里朦胧的冬冥。这器具聚集着对面包稳固性无 怨无艾的焦虑，以及那再次战胜了贫穷的无言的 喜悦，隐含着分娩时阵痛的哆嗦和死亡逼近时的 战栗。”（海德格尔 《艺术作品的本源》）
什么是世界文学(What is world literature)
The need to engaБайду номын сангаасe translations
• Even with a major improvement in the breadth of language study, and even with a substantial increase in collaborative projects, it will be necessary to make active scholarly use of translation if we are not to continue cutting our topics down to the size of whatever linguistic bed is available to us at a given moment.
台灣文學與文化翻譯 week 1
邱貴芬
What is world literature?
• David Damrosch: • 1. world literature is an elliptical refraction of national literatures. • 2. world literature is writing that gains in translation. • 3. world literature is not a set canon of texts but a mode of reading: a form of detached engagement with worlds beyond our own place and time
The use of translations
• To use translations means to accept the reality that texts come to us mediated by existing frameworks of reception and interpretation. We necessarily work in collaboration with others who have shaped what we read and how we read it. 298 • Benjamin” The task of the translator”, p.71
The Name and Nature of Comparative Literature -
But this was a private letter not published till 1895, and "comparative" means here hardly more than "comparable." In English the decisive use was that of Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett, an Irish barrister who later became Professor of Classics and English Literature at University College, Auckland, New Zealand, who put the term on the title of his book in 1886.
The Name and Nature of Comparative Literature （Part I）
Rene Wellek
The term "comparative literature" has given rise to so much discussion, has been interpreted so differently and misinterpreted so frequently, that it might be useful to examine its history and to attempt to distinguish its meanings in the main languages.
Posnett, in an article, “The Science of Comparative Literature," claimed "to have first stated and illustrated the method and principles of the new science, and to have been the first to do so not only in the British Empire but in the world.''Obviously this is preposterous, even if we limit "comparative literature" to the specific meaning Posnett gave to it. The English term cannot be discussed in isolation from analogous terms in France and Germany.
比较文学 comparative literature
比较文学comparative literature
运用比较方法研究不同民族、不同国家、不同语言之间文学关系，以及文学与其他艺术形式、意识形态之间关系的学科。
它的任务包括一种文学对另一种文学乃至对另一国家社会带来的影响的研究，对另国译者、文学翻译史、文学翻译理论的研究等。
目的在于寻求文学发展的共同规律，并为一个国家或民族提供文学发展的横向借鉴。
作为一门独立学科的确立，以1886年英国波斯奈特《比较文学》一书的出版为标志。
之后，欧美许多国家开始了比较文学的研究。
1937年，法国学者梵·第根出版《比较文学论》一书，全面而系统地论述了比较文学的原理和有关的研究方法，很快形成了世界上第一个比较文学学派——法国学派。
此后，在比较文学的发展过程中，由于研究的重点不同而形成了不同的学派，主要有：法国学派，即“影响学派”；美国学派，即“平行学派”；苏联学派，即着重“类型学”研究的学派。
20世纪70年代以后，比较文学研究逐渐摆脱了“欧洲中心论”和“苏联中心论”的局限，引起了亚、非研究者的重视。
20世纪70年代末开始，我国掀起了研究比较文学的热潮。
在90年代，国内外比较文学界呈现出文学比较研究转向文化比较研究的一种明显趋势，而翻译研究也向文化研究靠拢，两者正好合拍。
其中，翻译文学恰好为跨文化系统研究提供了最理想的研究园地。
比较文学绪论
绪论一、导论：无所不在的比较“文学如果不是比较的，是什么？”（What is Literature If Not Comparative? 美国比较文学学者哈利·列文语。
）文学的比较几乎无所不在，随处可见。
类似的感受，我们许多人都会有。
在全球化趋势愈演愈烈的今天，东西方文化与文明的交流与交融更加频繁，中西文化与文学的比较也更加明显和迫切。
实际上，我们每个人都已自觉不自觉地陷入了这个中西交汇的大潮之中，也都必然在中西文化与文明的交汇与比较中生活着。
我们大学生的文学学习与研究，自然也不可能脱离这一东西方文化与文明交汇这一大潮，东西方文学的比较几乎无处不在。
但是，并不是每个人都清楚地了解和知晓这一状况的。
1、例如，一些讲授和研究中国古代文学的人认为，我只研究中国古代的东西，只研究《诗经》、《楚辞》、唐诗、宋词、元曲、明清小说，与比较文学毫无关系，殊不知许多人在讲古代文学时，往往讲的是《诗经》的现实主义，《楚辞》的浪漫主义，杜甫诗歌的现实主义精神，李白诗中的浪漫主义风格，此中的“现实主义”、“浪漫主义”并不是中国古代文论原有的术语范畴，而是西方文论观念。
实际上，西方文论话语早已渗入中国古代文学研究之中。
这种用西方文论来阐发中国文学的做法，已被台湾学者总结为中国比较文学研究的“阐发研究”。
当然，实际上，其中更多的是“套用”。
然而究竟怎样才能避免生硬套用，就需要比较文学学科理论来加以指导。
2、翻译过程中会出现的文化过滤。
如：He made you for a highway to my bed: But, I, a maid, die maiden-widowed. 译文一：他要借着你做牵引相思的桥梁，可是我却要做一个独守空阁的怨女而死去。
（朱生豪）译文二：他本想借你做捷径，登上我的床。
可怜我这个处女，活守寡，到死是处女。
（方平）朱生豪对这两行莎剧的翻译，一直受到译评家的赞许。
主要是考虑到中国传统的“性忌讳”，朱氏采取从中国才子佳人戏里信手取来的办法，将上我的床（to my bed）译成“相思”，将“活守寡，到死是处女”(die maiden-widowed)译成“做一个独守空阁的怨女而死去”。
a review of literature
a review of literature全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：文学评论是一种对文学作品、文学现象和文学理论进行系统性评价和探讨的文学批评形式。
文学评论的发展历史悠久，早在古希腊、古罗马时期就有文学评论的雏形，如亚里士多德的《诗学》。
随着社会文化的不断发展，文学评论也逐渐完善和丰富起来，成为文学研究领域中的一个重要分支。
文学评论的形式多种多样，包括评论性论文、文学评论杂志、文学评论节目等。
文学评论的内容也涵盖了广泛的领域，包括文学创作、文学理论、文学批评等。
文学评论既可以对文学作品进行评价和分析，也可以从不同角度探讨文学现象和文学理论，为文学研究提供了更加立体和多元的视角。
文学评论在文学领域中的作用不可忽视。
文学评论可以帮助读者更好地理解和解读文学作品。
通过文学评论的解读和分析，读者可以深入到作品的内涵和深层意义，拓展了对作品的认识和理解。
文学评论可以促进文学研究的发展。
通过对文学作品、文学现象和文学理论的评价和探讨，文学评论为文学研究提供了丰富的研究素材和思想启示，推动了文学研究领域的进步。
文学评论的发展也面临一些挑战和困难。
在信息爆炸的时代，面对海量的文学作品和文学评论，读者往往难以区分优劣和真伪，需要具备一定的文学素养和批评能力才能进行有效的辨别。
文学评论往往受到一些主观因素的影响，如作者背景、文化观念等，使得评论内容存在一定的局限性和片面性，不具备客观性和全面性。
要促进文学评论的发展，我们可以采取一些措施。
加强文学素养和批评能力的培养，提高读者对文学评论的辨别和理解能力，使之能够更好地理解和欣赏文学作品。
拓展文学评论的领域和内容，从不同角度探讨文学现象和文学理论，丰富评论内容和视角，提高文学评论的质量和深度。
注重对文学评论的监督和评估，加强对文学评论的规范和引导，促进文学评论的健康发展。
文学评论作为文学研究领域的一个重要分支，对文学作品、文学现象和文学理论进行系统性评价和探讨，具有重要的理论和实践意义。
我对文学性质的理解英语作文
我对文学性质的理解英语作文英文回答：Literature encompasses a vast and diverse realm of thought, emotion, and expression. It embodies the human experience in all its complexity and glory, transcending temporal and cultural boundaries to connect us to our collective past, present, and future. Literature encompasses both written and oral forms, ranging from poetry, drama, and fiction to essays, speeches, and other prose genres.The nature of literature is multifaceted, encompassing both subjective and objective elements. On the one hand, literature is a form of creative expression, shaped by the unique perspectives and imagination of its creators. As such, it is deeply personal and reflects the intimate concerns, experiences, and aspirations of the individual author. On the other hand, literature is a form of communication, intended to engage with an audience andelicit a response. It is shaped by social and cultural contexts, reflecting the collective experiences, beliefs, and values of a particular time and place.The subjective nature of literature is evident in its use of language. Language is the medium through which literature communicates its message, but it is also a flexible and malleable tool that can be molded to create infinite possibilities of meaning. Authors use language creatively, employing metaphors, similes, and otherliterary devices to evoke vivid imagery, create suspense, and convey complex emotions. In doing so, they invite readers to participate in the creative process, tointerpret and respond to the text in their own unique way.The objective nature of literature is reflected in its ability to transcend personal experiences and connect with readers on a universal level. Literature explores fundamental questions about human nature, morality, and the meaning of life. It often depicts characters and situations that are recognizable and relatable, allowing readers to identify with the struggles, joys, and aspirations ofothers. Through literature, we can gain insights into ourselves and the world around us, developing empathy, understanding, and a broader perspective on the human condition.Literature also plays a vital role in shaping our cultural identity and collective memory. Literary works preserve and transmit cultural traditions and values from one generation to the next. They reflect the social and historical context in which they were created, providing a valuable window into past ways of life and thought. By studying literature, we can learn about our own history, culture, and the experiences of those who came before us.Furthermore, literature has an inherent educational value. It exposes us to different perspectives, challenges our assumptions, and expands our knowledge of the world. Through literature, we can learn about history, science, philosophy, and other disciplines in a way that is engaging and memorable. Literature fosters critical thinking skills, develops our imagination, and cultivates an appreciationfor beauty and expression.In conclusion, the nature of literature is both subjective and objective, encompassing both creative expression and communication. It uses language in creative and innovative ways to evoke vivid imagery, create suspense, and convey complex emotions. Literature transcends personal experiences to connect with readers on a universal leveland plays a vital role in shaping our cultural identity and collective memory. It has an inherent educational value and fosters critical thinking skills, imagination, and an appreciation for beauty and expression.中文回答：文学的本质是一个博大精深的领域，涉及思想、情感和表达。
Comparative Literature(Croce)
读Croce，Benedetto的Comparative Literature：引言部分是对作者克罗齐的简要介绍，他是意大利新黑格尔主义哲学家、历史学家、政治家。
1866年2月25日生于阿圭拉省佩斯卡塞洛里，1952年11月20日卒于那不勒斯。
他在罗马大学学习时期，受拉布里奥拉的影响，研究过马克思主义，但很快就离开了马克思主义，而成为它的反对者。
他的世界观是在那不勒斯黑格尔学派的影响下形成的。
他是意大利资产阶级自由派的著名代表。
克罗齐称他的哲学为精神哲学。
其主要论点为：决不存在什么似乎不属于精神表现的东西；精神是以不断交替的形式发展的，单纯的自然对精神来说决不存在；除了精神，就没有任何其他现实东西，除了精神哲学，就没有任何其他哲学；只有精神科学才具有价值和意义，精神哲学的完成就是历史哲学，真正的自然科学是不存在的。
他认为一门独立学科的形成，其标志是发现自己特有的研究对象，形成明确的学科目的和独到的研究方法。
然而本世纪初，处在草创时期的比较文学却远远没有真正找到自己，没有完成自己的学科定位。
这突出表现为研究对象混乱，学科目的悖谬，方法论不健全，基本内容多所谬误等等。
在克罗齐看来，如果认定比较文学是文学研究，那它就不是民俗学、神话学、翻译学或思想史。
科赫、巴里等人所推崇的研究，只不过“是博学的标志，不适于对文学做有机的解释”；其目的不是“要人们理解文学作品，不是要人们把握艺术创作的核心”，也不是要确定“文学作品的审美发生原理”或者真正的“创作契机”，而是要讨论“已经完成的文学作品的外在历史（文学丑闻、译作、仿作等），或者与发生学（文学传统）有关的‘题材’。
克罗齐认为，只有在一种情况下，比较文学才可能有意义，那就是把比较文学当作世界文学史，当作对文学所做的历史的美学的阐释。
而文学史本质上只是在历史中延续的文学批评。
克罗齐持有一种他所特有的“文学批评与文学史同一”的思想。
因此，无论文学史，还是文学批评，都只限于文学研究范畴。
acomparativestud...
时都可能存在，在跨文化交际中，消除障碍的最有效的方法就是了解身
势语的含义。
然而即使我们对常用的身势语有所了解，我们仍然面临着一些困难，身
势语含义千变万化，即使同一身势语在不同的文化背景都有不同的含义
。错误地用身势语不仅会使我们在跨文化交际中失败，而且会造成和外
国朋友之间的冲突，所以怎Leabharlann 正确地使用身势语，怎样理解身势语的差
异都非常重要，该篇论文中作者在学习前人成果的基础上分析了各种身
势语在中西方不同文化背景下的用法和功能。
关键词：身势语；非语言交际；跨文化交际；文化差异
Contents
Ⅰ.Introduction………………………………..……………….………1 II. The Functions of Body Language………….………...….…….…..2
Ⅳ. Conclusion……………………………...…………………………11 Work Cited……………………………………………………………13
I. Introduction
People can communicate with one another not only by verbal communication but also by nonverbal communication. Moreover, the latter plays an essential role. Body language is one of the most important parts of the nonverbal communication, and thus this paper intends to present its meaning and talks about it briefly so that people can improve their communicative skills and abilities by understanding it well.
What is literature 什么是文学 ppt课件
literature prevailed in the early and
mid-20th century among AngloAmerican New Critics, many of whom are represented in my lecture.
And Poe concludes that “ the death of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world.” Poe is opposed to “the heresy of the didactic” and calls for “pure” poetry. What he seems to be saying is that art does not lie in its message; poetry does not have to inculcate a moral; the artistry of the poem lies not so much in what is being said as in the way it says it.
比如说，英美新批评注重文学性语言和有机整体性， 洛 伊丝·泰森如是说：
在新批评看来，文学文本形式因素的重要性源于文学性语 言迥异于科学性语言和日常语言的特质。科学性语言及很大 一部分日常语言依赖语词的指称意义（本义），即单词和它 所表征的客体及概念之间的一一对应关系。科学性语言不优 美，不煽情，不试图引人注目。它的使命不是自我指涉，而 是指称它试图描述与解释的语言外物质世界。与此形成对比 的是，文学性语言依赖语词的内涵意义：隐含意义、联想意 义、暗示意义、引申意义和细微意义（比如说“父亲”这个词 的本义指双亲中的男性，内涵意义泛指权威、庇护和责任感 ）。此外，文学性语言富于表现力：它传达语调、态度和情 感。虽然日常语言也富于表现力且内涵意义丰富，一般来说 却并非常常有意而为之，因为它的主要目的是实用性的。日 常语言旨在完成交际使命。文学性语言将语言资源组合成一 特殊复杂统一体，其目的在于确立一个自足的引发审美体验 的世界。
What is literature 什么是文学 ppt课件
The theory first emerged during the 19th century when poets such as Edgar Allan Poe and Gerard Manley Hopkins started exploring, sometimes, extravagantly, the constituent materials of literature (especially sound effects), turning away from the notion of literature as simply a reliable recorder of nature or source of morality.
In our ordinary understanding, literature represents life; it holds up, as it were, a mirror to nature and is thus “mimetic.” The expressive theory of literature, which regards literature as stemming from the author’s inner being, similarly depends on a notion of mirroring, though here literature reflects the inner soul rather than the external world of the writer.
The didactic theory, which sees literature as a source of knowledge, insight, wisdom, and perhaps prophecy, is compatible with both the mimetic and expressive theory: literature can depict external and internal realities while at the same time disseminating valuable knowledge and clarifying emotions.
L1_what is literature
柏拉图的写作形式与意图 柏拉图的“诗”——对话（戏剧） 对话的两种读法：哲学式与文学式读法 对话的文学形式：时间、地点、人物、情节、 论题等
“苏格拉底对话”——柏拉图的“苏格拉底问题”
阿里斯托芬、色诺芬、柏拉图、亚里斯多德笔 下的苏格拉底 阿里斯托芬的《云》——苏格拉底形象：自然 哲人和智术师（智者）
义：文学，才不过二百年。1800年之前， literature这个词和它在欧洲语言中相似的词指的 是‘著作’或者‘书本知识’。”
英语中literature一词最早出现在14世纪，源于拉 丁文litteratura和littevae。它最初的含义是泛指 一切文本材料而非文学。
Literature
在欧洲，直到18世纪末，文学一词都还只 是文献之意，随后逐渐过渡到专指有关古 典文献的特别知识和研究。 1900年前后形成了现代的文学观念，即专 门指涉具有审美想像性的那一类特殊文本。
（二）中文“文学”的含义
A、文献、文化知识 “文学”一词，首见于《论语·先进》 《论语•先进》：“德行：颜渊、闵子骞、冉伯牛、仲弓。言 语：宰我、子贡。政事：冉有、季路。文学：子游、子夏。” 杨伯峻《论语译注》：文学“指古代文献，即孔子所传的 《诗》《书》《易》等。”实泛指学术文化。 《荀子•大略》：“人之于文学也，犹玉之于琢磨也。”
（《理想国》第六卷268－271）
诗与哲学——谁代表了真理？
《理想国》第10卷——诗的缺陷：
最高的是永恒不变的‚善‛（ The （Idea）或‚理式‛（Form）；
Good ）、‚理念‛
其次才是反映了理式的，自然的或人为的现实世界； 最次的是对第二个的反映，诸如水中和镜中的影象 或艺术之类。
比较文学 百度百科
比较文学1概述比较文学指的是跨文化与跨学科的文学研究。
比较文学是一种文学研究，它首先要求研究在不同文化和不同学科中人与人通过文学进行沟通的种种历史、现状和可能。
它致力于不同文化之间的相互理解并希望相互怀有真诚的尊重和宽容。
[1]比较文学（comparative literature）一词最早出现于法国学者诺埃尔和拉普拉斯合编的《比较文学教程》（1816）中，但该著作未涉及它的方法与理论。
使这一术语得以流行的，是法国著名的历史学家和文学批评家维尔曼（1790～1870）。
他于1827年在巴黎大学开设了“18世纪法国作家对外国文学和欧洲思想的影响”的讲座，并于两年后将讲稿整理，以《18世纪法国文学综览》的书名出版。
在讲课和著述中，维尔曼多次使用“比较文学”、“比较历史”等词语，并从理论和实践上为比较文学提供了范例。
1838年，他在出版其讲稿的第三卷序言中正式使用了“比较文学”这个专门术语，后人因此尊他为“比较文学之父”。
2发展19 世纪70年代后，比较文学在欧美各国有了很大发展，其中心在法国。
1931年法国保罗·梵·第根的著作《比较文学论》，第一次全面总结了近百年来比较文学发展的理论和历史，主张把文学研究划分为国别文学、比较文学、总体文学三大范畴。
第二次世界大战以后，美国成为比较文学研究的中心。
1952 年《比较文学与总体文学年鉴》在美国创刊，按年总结比较文学发展的成绩与问题。
3分类比较文学研究，不同国家的学者强调的侧重点各有不同：以第根、伽列等为代表的法国学者强调不同民族文学的影响研究，以韦勒克为代表的美国学者强调不同民族文学的平行研究，以阿历克谢耶夫和日尔蒙斯基为代表的俄罗斯学者则认为影响研究和平行研究不可分，应该同时并重。
在中国，鲁迅、茅盾、郭沫若等曾广泛比较研究过各国文学的发展，如鲁迅的《摩罗诗力说》、茅盾的《俄国近代文学杂谈》等。
20世纪30年代中国开始介绍外国比较文学的历史和理论。
文学需要我们一生去解读英语作文150词
文学需要我们一生去解读英语作文150词 Literature, the vast and profound realm of words and ideas, is a lifelong journey of discovery and interpretation. It is not merely a collection of stories or poems, but a mirror reflecting the complexities of human existence and a toolbox for understanding the world. Each literary work, whether a novel, poem, or play, is a unique world teeming with characters, themes, and symbols waiting to be explored.From the earliest childhood tales that captivate our imaginations to the complex novels of adulthood that challenge our understanding of the world, literature accompanies us throughout our lives, offering insights and perspectives that shape our view of the universe. The beauty of literature lies in its ability to speak to us in a language that transcends the boundaries of culture, language, and time.The process of interpreting literature is as much an intellectual exercise as it is an emotional journey. It requires a deep understanding of the author's intentions, the historical and cultural context, and the subtextualmeanings embedded within the text. It also involves a personal connection with the characters and their stories, an empathy that allows us to feel their joys and sorrows, their triumphs and failures.As we grow and evolve as individuals, our interpretations of literary works also evolve. We may read the same novel at different stages of our lives and find new meanings, insights, and resonances that were not apparent before. This is the beauty of literature: it is ever-evolving, ever-renewing, and always ready to reveal new truths and perspectives.In conclusion, literature is not just a collection of stories; it is a way of life, a continuous quest for meaning and understanding. It is a lifelong pursuit that challenges, inspires, and transforms us in ways that are both profound and subtle. As such, it deserves our utmost respect, attention, and dedication. Let us embark on this lifelong journey of exploring and interpreting the rich and diverse world of literature.**文学的魅力：一生的探索与解读**文学，这个由文字和思想构成的庞大而深邃的领域，是一场终生的发现与解读之旅。
Comparative Literature
• The Butterfly Lovers is a folk based on some real stories .We can easily find the shadow of the feudal society. For example, the feudal marital system, the system of social etiquette and norms and the social customs and habits.
the1920s ---a field of study at National Tsinghua University (Beijing) the mid-1930s---an academic subject and a mode of cross-cultural inquiry the 1930s to the1950s ----the most formative time the late 1970s to the early 1990s ---another active period Now---still developing
Comparative Literature ---Butterfly Lover VS Romeo and Juliet
By : Heather Della Pan xixi Liu yuanyuan Liu shuang
Comparative literature is an academic field dealing with the literature of two or more different linguistic, cultural or national groups.
Comparative Literature in China
literature的意思用法大全
literature的意思用法大全literature有文学,文学作品,文献,著作的意思。
那你们想知道literature的用法吗?今天给大家带来了literature的用法,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。
literature的意思n. 文学,文学作品,文献,著作literature用法literature可以用作名词literature的基本意思是“文学,文学作品”,是抽象名词,表示“多种语言的文学”时可用复数形式。
literature作“(某一学科的)文献,著作”解时,用作单数形式,其前可加不定冠词a。
literature用作名词的用法例句She is fond of polite literature.她喜爱风雅文学。
He destroyed feudal ideas in literature.他摧毁了文学中的封建思想。
The principal literature comes from zoology.主要文献都来自动物学。
literature用法例句1、He was well acquainted with the literature of France, Germany and Holland.他对于法国、德国和荷兰的文学了如指掌。
2、Her literary criticism focuses on the way great literature suggests ideas.她的文学批评集中关注的是伟大的文学作品表达思想的方式。
3、Some companies have toned down the claims on their promotional literature.一些公司已降低了宣传资料中标榜之词的调门。
literature词组| 习惯用语literature review 文献回顾;文献综述;文献评论literature and art 文艺;文学与艺术english literature 英国文学;英语文化contemporary literature n. 现代文学comparative literature 比较文学classical literature 古典文学ancient literature 古代文学medical literature 医学文献foreign literature 外国文学;国外文献world literature 世界文学literature search 文献检索;文献研究childrens literature 儿童文学history of chinese literature 中国文学史popular literature n. 大众文学，通俗文学ancient chinese literature 中国古代文学scientific literature 科学文献literature survey 文献调查;文学调研classical chinese literature 中国古典文学technical literature 技术文献promotional literature 宣传刊物literature英语例句库1.The book hardly belongs to literature proper.这本书不好说是纯文学书。
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• Moreover, the comparatist must possess special skills. Wellek and Warren in their Theory of Literature, a book that was enormously significant in comparative literature when it first appeared in 1949, suggest that:
• Comparative literature as a term seems to arouse strong passions, both for and against. As early as 1903, Benedetto Croce argued that comparative literature was a non-subject, contemptuously dismissing the suggestion that it might be seen as a separate discipline.
• But other scholars made grandiose claims for comparative literature. Charles Mills Gayley, one of the founders of North American comparative literature, proclaimed that the working premise of the student of comparative literature was:
What is Comparative Literature？
Comparative Literature as a Discipline: its definitions and scope
Preface
• It can almost be argued that anyone who has an interest in books embarks on the road towards what might be termed comparative literature: reading Chaucer, we come across Boccaccio; we can trace Shakespeare's source materials through Latin, French Spanish and Italian; we can study the ways in which Romanticism developed across Europe at a similar moment in time, follow the process through which Baudelaire's fascination with Edgar Allan Poe enriched his own writing, consider how many English novelists learned from the great nineteenth-century Russian writers (in translation, of course), compare how James Joyce borrowed from Italo Svevo.
• Critics at the end of the twentieth century, in the age of post-modernism, still wrestle with the same questions that were posed more than a century ago: What is the object of study in comparative literature? How can comparison be the object of anything? If individual literatures have a canon, what might a comparative canon be? How does the comparatist select what to compare? Is comparative literature a discipline? Or is it simply a field of study?
• But if we shift perspective slightly and look again at the term ―Comparative literature‖, what we find instead is a history of violent debate that goes right back to the earliest usage of the term at the beginning of the nineteenth century and continues still today.
• At this juncture, one could be forgiven for assuming that comparative literature is nothing more than common sense, an inevitable stage reading, made increasingly easier by international marketing of books and by the availability of translations.
• When we read Clarice Lispector (Brazilian writer) we are reminded of Jean Rhys (Dominican writer), who in turn recalls Djuna Barnes (American writer) and Anaï Nin (French s writer). There is no limit to the list of examples we could devise. Once we begin to read we move across frontiers, making associations and connections, no longer reading within a single literature but within the great open space of Literature with a capital L.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
• The comparatist is here depicted as someone with a vocation, as a kind of international ambassador working in the comparative literatures of united nations.
• Comparative Literature...will make high demands on the linguistic proficiencies of our scholars. It asks for a widening of perspectives, a suppression of local and provincial sentiments, not easy to achieve.
• literature as a distinct and integral medium of thought, a common institutional expression of humanity; differentiated, to be sure, by the social conditions of the individual, by racial, historical, cultural and linguistic influences, opportunities, and restrictions, but, irrespective of age or guise, prompted by the common needs and aspiration of man, sprung from common faculties, psychological and physiological, and obeying common laws of material and mode, of the individual and social humanity.
• Remarkably similar sentiments were expressed in 1974 by Franç Jost, when ois he claimed that ―national literature‖ cannot constitute an intelligible field of study because of its ―arbitrarily limited perspective‖, and that comparative literature:
• He discussed the definition of comparative literature as the exploration of ―the vicissitudes, alterations, developments and reciprocal differences‖ of themes and literary ideas across literatures, and concluded that ―there is no study more arid than researches of this sort‖. This kind of work, Croce maintained, is to be classified ―in the category of erudition purely and simply‖.