Unit 7b-Product Development
国际商务英语写作模板：商业计划书
国际商务英语写作模板：商业计划书篇一：商业计划书模板---英文版精编资料商业计划书模板---英文版BUSINESS PLAN TEMPLATEBUSINESS PLAN[My Company]123 MainStreetAnytown, USA -4567[Your Name][DATE]TABLE OF CONTENTS...商业计划书商业计划书模板---英文版BUSINESS PLAN TEMPLATEBUSINESS PLAN[My Company]123 Main StreetAnytown, USA 10000123-45671[Your Name][DATE]2TABLE OF CONTENTSExecutiveSummary ........................................... ................................................... .. (1)Management ........................................ ................................................... ................................................... . (2)[Company] History ........................................... ................................................... .. (5)[Product/Service] Description ....................................... ................................................... . (7)Objectives......................................... ................................................... ................................................... .. (9)Competitors ....................................... ................................................... ................................................... .. (10)Competitive Advantages ........................................ ................................................... .. (11)Innovation ........................................ ................................................... ................................................... . (13)Pricing ........................................... ................................................... ................................................... (14)Specific Markets ........................................... (15)Growth Strategy .......................................... ................................................... . (16)Market Size and Share ............................................. ................................................... (17)Targeting New Markets ........................................... ................................................... . (18)Location .......................................... ................................................... ................................................... .. (19)Manufacturing Plan .............................................. (20)Research & Development ....................................... ................................................... . (21)Historical Financial Data .............................................. ................................................... .. (22)Proforma Financial Data .............................................. ................................................... .. (23)Proforma Balance Sheet ............................................. ................................................... (26)Cost Control ........................................... ................................................... (27)Effects of Loan or Investment ........................................ ................................................... (28)Attachments ....................................... ................................................... ................................................... . (29)3Executive Summary [My Company] was formed as a [proprietorship, partnership, corporation] in [Month, Year] in [City, State], by [John Doe] in response to the following market conditions:[Startup, growth] opportunities exist in [Product/Service].The need for use of efficient distribution (转载于: 小龙文档网:国际商务英语写作模板：商业计划书)and financial methods in these overlooked markets.[I/We] have several customers who are willing to place large [orders,contracts] within the next three months.Several other prospective [customers/clients] have expressed serious interest in doing business within six months. [I/We] previously owned a company that was active in the widget markets. Over the past few years I spent much time studying ways to improve overall performance and increase profits. This plan is a result of that study. The basic components of this plan are:1. Competitive pricing2. Expand the markets3. Increased advertising4. Lower our unit costs,5. Thereby achieving higher profits.1. Sign contracts2. Increased advertising3. Increase office staffTo this end, [I/we] need investment from private individuals and/or companies. A total of $XXX isbeing raised which will be used to finance working capital, plant and equipment. The company will be incorporated and common stock issued to investors. The company will be run as a [proprietorship, partnership, corporation].Financial Goals Sales Net Income Earnings pershareYear 1 $25,000 .01 Year 2 $250,000 .12 Year 3 $375,000 .141Management[Name] [Title]??[Experience]??Sales growth from zero to $1,000,000 in five years.??Led market in market share - 30%.Formulated advertising budgets & campaigns.Pioneered new distribution channels. Established national sales force.Established national repair & service centers.Brought new and innovative products to the market.Designed point-of-purchase materials.[Education}University of BostonBoston, MA- Computer SciencesPresidentJohn Q. Doe, Chief Executive Officer, and Director since February 1988 and President since January 1990. Mr. Doe was the founder and Chief Executive Officer of the original operating company known as Random Excess, Inc. He has had experience in the widget field with his own firm, John Doe Co., of Oshkosh (Wisconsin), from 1980 to 1987. This firm was sold to FatCat Widgets, Inc. in 1987.篇二：商务英语写作(商业计划书写作格式)商务英语写作:商业计划书写作格式XX-03-24 13:39:08 来源：爱词霸资讯官网封面 (Title page)企业的名称和地址Name and address of business负责人的姓名和地址Name(s) and address(es) of principals企业的性质Nature of business报告机密性的陈述Statement of confidentiality目录 (Table of contents)1. 概述/总结 (Executive summary)2. 行业及市场分析 (Industry analysis)对未来的展望和发展趋势 (Future outlook and trends)竞争者分析 (Analysis of competitors)市场划分 (Market segmentation)行业预测 (Industry forecasts)3. 企业的描述 (The description of the venture)企业的宗旨和目标（Mission statement and objectives）产品或服务的描述 (Description of the product or service)企业的规模 (Size of business)产品的进一步开发(Future potential/product development)竞争优势 (Competitive advantage)办公设备和人员 (Office equipment and personnel)创业者的背景 (Backgrounds of entrepreneurs)4. 生产计划 (Production plan)制造过程/被分包的数量 (Manufacturing process /amount subcontracted)选址 (Location)厂房 (Physical plant）机器和设备 (Machinery and equipment）原材料的供应情况 (Sources of raw materials to be supplied)生产能力和提高的可能性 (Output limitations， if any， and scale-up possibilities）质量控制计划 (Quality control plans)5. 营销计划 (The marketing plan)定价 (Pricing)分销 (Distribution)促销 (Promotion)产品预测 (Product forecasts)预见的涨价 (Anticipated mark-up)竞争对手的反应 (Competitors’ response)市场份额预测 (Market share projection)控制 (Controls)6. 组织计划 (Organizational plan)所有权的形式 (Form of ownership)合作者或主要股权所有人的身份 (Identificationof partners or principal shareholders)负责人的权利 (Authority of principals)管理层成员的背景 (Management team background) 组织成员的角色和责任(Roles and responsibilities of members of organization)7. 风险与对策分析(Assessment of risks)企业弱点的评价 (Evaluate weakness if business)新技术 (New technologies)应急计划 (Contingency plan)8. 财务计划 (Financial plan)各种业绩比率和投资回报 (Summary of performance ratios, ROI etc.)销售预测 (Sales forecasts)财务预测的假设(Assumptions underpinning financial forecasts)损益表(Income statement / Profit and loss statement)预测现金流量表 (Cash flow projections)资产负债预估表 (Pro forma balance sheet)量本利分析 (Break-even analysis)资金来源和运用 (Sources and applications offunds)9. 融资需求 (Financing requirements)融资前的活动小结 (Summary of operations prior to financing)现在的股东和未付债款 (Current shareholders, loans outstanding)资金需要量及时间 (Funds required and timing)投资回报 (The deal on offer)资本负债比率和盈利与利息比率(Anticipated gearing and interest cover)投资者退出方式 (Exit routes for investors)附录 (Appendix)1. 管理人员简历 (Management team biographies)2. 职业咨询人员背景(Names and details of professional advisors)3. 技术参数和图纸 (Technical data and drawings)4. 专利、版权、设计等(Details of patents, copyright, designs）5. 审计的报表 (Audited accounts)6. 信件 (Letters)7. 市场调研数据 (Market research data)8. 租约或合同 (Leaser or contracts)9. 供应商的报价单 (Price lists from suppliers)10. 客户的订单 (Orders from customers)篇三：英文商业计划书模板英语商业计划书（Business Plan）第一讲：概述第二讲：现状分析第三讲：目标确定第四讲：组织结构第五讲：产品分析第六讲：市场分析第七讲：市场策略第八讲：生产分析第九讲：财务分析第十讲：附件第一讲：概述(executive summary)概述是整个商业计划的第一部分，相当于整个商业计划的浓缩，使整个商业计划的精华所在。
公司各部门名称英文对照
杨总：下午好！关于目前认证部和新部门名称建议如下：1、原认证部：①供应商管理部②供应商关系部③供应商评价部④采购管理部。
2、新设立部门（孙庆伟所负责的工作）①项目发展部②项目信息部③政策研究室④项目外联部。
请参考并给出指导总公司Head Office 分公司Branch Office 营业部Business Office 人事部Personnel Department ( 人力资源部)Human ResourcesDepartment 总务部General Affairs Department 财务部GeneralAccounting Department 销售部Sales Department 促销部SalesPromotion Department 国际部International Department 出口部Export Department 进口部Import Department 公共关系PublicRelations Department 广告部Advertising Department 企划部Planning Department 产品开发部Product DevelopmentDepartment 研发部Research and Development Department(R&D) 秘书室Secretarial Pool公司部门组装车间Assembly Shop 总务部General Affairs Department 总经理室General Manager 总经办Office of General Manager 总公司Head Office 分公司Branch Office 自动测试部Division of Auto Testing 中期试验部Division of Pilotscale Testing 质量总监Quality Administration 质量管理部Division of Quality Management 制造总部办公室Office of Manufacturing Headquarter制造总部Department of Manufacturing 制造工程部Division of ManufacturingEngineering 运营商本部Department of Operating Agents Management 营业部Business Office 营销总部Headquater of Marketing & Sales 研发制造本部Departmentof R&D and Manufacturing 研发一本部硬件开发部R&D Department I, HardwareDivision 研发一本部软件开发一部R&D Department I, Software Division I 研发一本部软件开发二部R&D Department I, Software Division II 研发一本部R&D Department I研发三本部硬件开发部R&D Department III, Hardware Division 研发三本部软件开发一部R&D Department III, Software Division I 研发三本部软件开发二部R&D DepartmentIII, Software Division II 研发三本部R&D Department III 研发六本部硬件开发部R&DDepartment VI, Hardware Division 研发六本部软件开发部R&D Department VI,Software Division 研发六本部R&D Department VI 研发二本部硬件开发部R&DDepartment II, Hardware Division 研发二本部软件开发部R&D Department II, SoftwareDivision 研发二本部R&D Department II 研发部Research and DevelopmentDepartment(R&D) 行政总部行政督察部Division of Administration and Supervision 信息实战学院Institute ofInformation Practical Exercise 信息部Division of Information 新产品导入中心NewProducts Intro Center 销售计划部Division of Sales Planning 销售管理部Division ofSales Management 销售部Sales Department 物料供应部Division of MaterialSupplying 物料部Material Control Dept. 五金区Metal part Block 维修中心Maintenance Center 外观设计部Division of Appearance Design 投资证券部Division ofInvestment Securities 数码制造部Division of Digital ProductsHeadquarter of Administration Manufacturing 数码研发部Division of Digital Products R&D 数码事业部Division of Digital Technologies 售后服务部After-sale Service Department 市场战略委员会Committee of Marketing Strategy 市场研究部Division of Market Research 市场策略部Division of Marketing Strategy市场部Marketing Department 市场本部Department of Marketing 生产一部ProductionDivision I 生产技术本部Department of Production Technologies 生产二部ProductionDivision II 生产部Production Dept. 审计监察部Division of Auditing & Supervision 商务部Division of Business 人事部Personnel Department 人力资源部Human ResourcesDepartment 人力资源部Division of Human Resources 区域营销本部Department ofRegional Marketing & Sales 区域数码营销部Division of Regional Digital Products Sales企划部Planning Department 平面设计部Division of 2D Design 品质检验区Q.C.Inspection 品管部Quality Control Department 品管部Quality Control Dept. 南中国区运营部Division of Operating In Southern China 南商务助理Assistant Business Managerin Southern China 南高级商务经理Senior Business Manager in Southern China 内蒙分厂Branch Factory in Nei Meng Province 秘书室Secretarial Pool 秘书处Secretariat 来料品控部IQC Division 来料检验区Incoming Part Inspection 客户关系部Division ofCustomer Relationship 客户服务部Division of Customer Service 客户服务本部Department of Customer Service 进口部Import Department 结构设计部Division ofStructural Design 技术发展委员会信息课Division of Information, TechnologiesDevelopment Committee 技术发展委员会Committee of R&D 会议室Meeting Room 会计部Division of Accounting 呼叫服务中心Call-in Service Center 黑坯周转区Raw Material Block 国际业务一部Intl. Business Division I 国际业务二部Intl. Business Division II 国际事业本部Headquarter of International Business 国际部International Department广告部Advertising Department 管理部Division of Management 管理本部Department of Management 供应链管理本部Department of Supplier Link Management 公司顾问Consultant 公共关系Public Relations Department 工业设计本部Department of Industrial Design 分公司Subcompany 灯罩区Glass-shade Block 待料区Transition Area 促销部Sales Promotion Department 出口部Export Department 成品区Fininshed Product Area 成品 D 区Block D 成品C区Block C 成品 B 区Block B 成品A 区Block A产品开发部Product Development Department 策略部Division of Strategy Analysis 策略本部Department of Strategy Research 采购部Purchasing(Procurement) Department 财务部General Accounting Department/Financial Dept./Division of Finance 财审总部Headquarter of Financial Auditing 财审部Division of Financial Auditing 品工程部Division of Component Engineering 北中国区运营部Division of Operating In Northern China 北商务助理ASsistant Business Manager in Northern China 北高级商务经理Senior Business Manager in Northern China 包装区Packing Block 包装材料区Packing Material Block 半成品区Half-Product Block / semi-product 办事处OfficePMC 部PMC Division B 拉Section B A 拉Section A 岗位职称董事Director 业务经理Business Manager ( 计算机)硬件工程师Hardware Engineer 安全人员Security Officer 办公室助理Office Assistant 办事处财务负责人Financial Principal in the Office 办事处代主任Subrogating Director of the Office 办事处负责人Principal of the Office 办事处副主任Deputy Director of the Office 办事处客服负责人Principal of the Customer Service in the Office 办事处主任Director of the Office 包装设计师Package Designer 保安人员Securities Custody Clerk 保险公司理赔员Insurance Actuary 报副主编Deputy Chief Editor 本部副总经理Assistant General Manager of the Department 本部总经理General Manager of the Department 本部总经理高级助理Senior Assistant of G.M. of the Department 本部总经理助理Assistant of G.M. of the Department 本部总经理助理Assistant of G.M. of the Department 部长Secretary 部长助理Assistant Secretary 部门负责人Division Principal 部门经理，科长Section Manager 财务报告人Financial Reporter 财务经理Fund Manager 财务主任Financial Controller 财务总监Financial Controller 采购进货员Purchasing Agent 采购员Buyer 采矿工程师Mining Engineer 测量员Surveyor 产品工程师Production Engineer 常务副总经理Administrative Assistant General Manager 厂长Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长Production Manager 乘客票位预订员Passenger Reservation Staff 出纳员Cashier 打字员Clerk Typist/Typist 代部长Subrogating Secretary 导游Tourist Guide 低级文员（低级职员）Junior clerk 地区经理Regional Manger 第一副部长The 1st Deputy Secretary 电传机操作员Telex Operator 电话接线员、话务员Telephonist / Operator 电脑程序设计师Programmer 电气工程师Electrical Engineer 电讯（电信）员Telecommunication Executive 店员、售货员Sales Clerk 董事长Chairman of theBoard 法律顾问Legal Adviser 翻译核对员Translation Checker 翻译员Translator 饭店经理Restaurant Manager 房地产职员Real Estate Staff 分公司财务代经理Subrogating Financial Manager in the Subcompany 分公司财务负责人Financial Principal in the Subcompany 分公司财务经理Financial Manager in the Subcompany 分公司常务副经理Administrative Assistant Manager of the Subcompany 分公司代（副）经理Subrogating Manager of the Subcompany 分公司代总经理Subrogating G.M. of the Subcompany 分公司负责人Principal of the Subcompany 分公司副总经理Assistant G.M. of the Subcompany 分公司经理Manager of the Subcompany 分公司经理助理Assistant of Manager in Subcompany 分公司总经理G.M. of the Subcompany 服务部经理Service Manager 副部长Deputy Secretary 副厂长Assistant Production Manager 副经理Assistant Manager 副经理Sub-Manager 副课长Deputy Setion Chief 副院长Deputy President 副主任Deputy Director 副总工程师Assistant Chief Engineer 副总经理Assistant General Manager 副总经理Deputy General Manager 高级顾问Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级雇员Senior Employee 高级会计Senior Accountant 高级秘书Senior Secretary 高级文员（高级职员）Senior Clerk 高中级管理人员executive 工程技术员Engineering Technician 公关部经理Manager for Public Relations 公司总经理助理Assistant of G.M. of the Company管理顾问Management Consultant 广告工作人员Advertising Staff 广告文字撰稿人Copywriter 国际销售员International Sales Staff 航空公司定座员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司职员Airlines Staff 化学工程师Chemical Engineer 会计部经理Accounting Manager 会计部职员Accounting Stall 会计主管Accounting Supervisor 会计助理Accounting Assistant 机械工程师Mechanical Engineer 计算机处理操作员Processing Operator 计算机工程师Computer Engineer Computer 计算机软件工程师Software Engineer 计算机系统部经理Computer System Manager 计算机资料输入员Computer Data Input Operator 记帐员Accounting Clerk 技术编辑Technical Editor 技术翻译Technical Translator 技术工人Technical Worker 技术员Technician 监管员Supervisor 见习护士Practice Nurse 见习课长Practice Section Chief 建筑师Architect 教务长Dean 接线生（接线员）Receptionist 进口部经理Import Manager 进口联络员Import Liaison Staff 经济助究助理Economic Research Assistant 经理Manager 客服中心代经理Subrogating Manager of Customer Service Center 客服中心副经理Assistant Manager of Customer Service Ceter 客服中心经理Manager of Customer Service Center 课长Section Chief 课负责人Section Leader 口语翻译Interpreter 领班，组长Foreman 买手（商人）Merchandiser 贸易财务主管Trade Finance Executive 秘书Secretary秘书助理Secretarial Assistant 培训部经理Trainee Manager 品质控制员(质量检查员) Quality Controller 区域营销本部副总经理Assistant G.M. of the Department of Regional Marketing & Sales 区域营销本部市场助理Assistant of Marketing & Sales, Department of Regional Marketing & Sales 区域营销本部总经理G.M. of the Department of Regional Marketing & Sales 区域营销本部总经理助理Assistant of G.M. Department of Regional Marketing & Sales 区域助理高级经理Regional Assistant Senior Manager 人事部经理Personnel Manager 人事部职员Personnel Clerk 软件工程师：Software Engineer 审计长General Auditor 生产部经理Product Manager 生产线主管Line Supervisor 生产员工Manufacturing Worker 市场部办公室主任Marketing Officer 市场部经理Marketing Manager 市场部主任Marketing Executive 市场调研部经理Marketing Representative Manager 市场分析员Market Analyst 市场开发部经理Market Development Manager 市场销售部经理Marketing Manager 市场销售员Marketing Staff 市场助理Assistant of Marketing & Sales 熟练技工Skilled Worker 数码大区经理Manager of Major Customer Service in Digital Products 数码营销部经理Manager of Digital Products Marketing & Sales 私人秘书Private Secretary 速记员Stenographer 同声传译员Simultaneous Interpreter 土木工程师Chemical Engineer/ Civil Engineer 推售部经理Promotional Manager 推销员Salesman 外汇部核算员 F.X. Settlement Clerk 外汇部职员 F.X. (Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外贸业务员Export Business Rep.外销部经理Export Sales Manager 外销部职员Export Sales Staff 外销员Export Sales Staff维修工程师Maintenance Engineer 文书打字兼秘书Clerk Typist & Secretary 文字处理操作员Wordprocessor Operator 系统操作员Systems Operator 系统工程师Systems Engineer 系统顾问Systems Adviser 项目策划人员Project Staff 项目经理Project Manager 项目经理助理Assistant of the Project Manager 销售部经理Sales Manager 销售代表Marketing Representative 销售代表Sales Representative 销售代表Seller Representative 销售工程师Sales Engineer 销售计划员Sales and Planning Staff 销售监管Sales Supervisor 销售经理Sales Manager 销售协调人Sales Coordinator 销售员Salesperson 销售主管Marketing Executive 销售主管Sales Executive 销售主任Sales Executive 销售助理Marketing Assistant 销售助理Sales Assistant 校对员Proof-reader 写字楼助理（办事员）Office Assistant 信差（邮递员）Messenger 行政办事员AdministrativeClerk 行政办事员Administrative Clerk 行政董事Executive Director 行政董事Managing Director行政经理Administration Manager 行政秘书Executive Secretary 行政人员Administration Staff 行政主管Administrator 行政助理Administrative Assistant 学徒Apprentice 学校注册主任School Registrar 研究开发工程师Research ＆.Development Engineer 业务经理Business Manager 业务经理Operational Manager业务主任Business Controller 音乐教师Music Teacher 银行高级职员Trust Banking Executive 应用工程师Application Engineer 英语教师English Instructor/Teacher 营业代表Sales Representative 硬件工程师：Hardware Engin 邮政人员Postal Clerk 招聘协调人Recruitment Co-ordinator 证券分析员Bond Analyst 证券交易员Bond Trader 执行副总裁Executive Vice-President 职员/ 接待员Clerk/Receptionist 职员clerk 职员Office Clerk 制造工程师Manufacturing Engineer 质量管理工程师Quality Control Engineer 质量总监Majordomo of Quality Assurance 主管Supervisor 主任Director 主任Manage 助理经理( 副经理)Assistant Manager 专业人员Professional Staff 资本运营总监Majordomo of Capital Operation 总部副总经理Assistant General Manager of the Headquarter 总部副总经理助理Assistant of Vice G.M. of the Headquarter 总部总经理General Manager of the Headquarter 总部总经理助理Assistant of G.M. of the Headquarter 总裁President (Am E.) 总工程师Chief Engineer 总工程师Chief Engineer 总管Supervisor 总会计主任Chief Accountant 总经理General Manager/ President 总经理Executive Manager 总经理办公会秘书Secretary, Office of General Manager 总经理高级秘书Senior Secretary of G.M.总经理秘书Secretary of G.M./ Manager's Secretary商务办公类一楼功能区：1、VIP 休息室VIP lobby2 、水吧water bar3 、桑拿房sauna room4 、恒温泳池constant temperature swimming pool5 、健身房gymnasium二楼功能能区：1 、销售中心sales center2 、智能展示厅aptitude exhibiting hall3 、斯诺克台球区billiards area4 、洽谈区bargaining area 三多功能贵宾厅：休息厅resting room 员工餐厅staff dining room 干蒸dry braising 机房machine room 景观区sight area 蒸湿waterish braising强电室strong electrical room 弱电室feebleness electrica room男更衣室male dressing room 女更衣室Female dressing room 更衣室dressing room 销售部sales department 更衣室Dressing Room 休息厅resting room 员工餐厅staff dining room 客服档案室Customer File Room 监控中心Guard Center 更衣室Dressing Room 值班室Room On Duty 卫生间Toilet 客服中心主任Customer Central Manager 男女卫生间:Men's Room / Women's Room 女更衣室Wome'ms Dressing Room 男更衣室Men's Dressing Room 工具间Tools 'Room 值班室Room On Duty工程档案室Project Records Room 总经理室Manager's Room副总经理室Secondary Manager 's Room人力资源部HR Department阅览室Reading Room茶水间Storeroom策划部Planning Department财务部Finance Department财务档案室Finance Record Room 管理中心Management Center 运行中心Function Center 客服中心Customer Center 组装车间Assembly Shop 总务部General Affairs Department 总经理室General Manager 总经办Office of General Manager 总公司Head Office 分公司Branch Office 自动测试部Division of Auto Testing 中期试验部Division of Pilotscale Testing 质量总监Quality Administration 质量管理部Division of Quality Management 制造总部办公室Office of Manufacturing Headquarter 制造总部Department of Manufacturing 制造工程部Division of Manufacturing Engineering 运营商本部Department of Operating Agents Management 营业部Business Office 营销总部Headquater of Marketing & Sales 研发制造本部Department of R&D and Manufacturing 研发一本部硬件开发部R&D Department I, Hardware Division 研发一本部软件开发一部R&D Department I, Software Division I 研发一本部软件开发二部R&D Department I, Software Division II 研发一本部R&D Department I 研发三本部硬件开发部R&D Department III, Hardware Division 研发三本部软件开发一部R&D Department III, Software Division I 研发三本部软件开发二部R&D Department III, Software Division II 研发三本部R&D Department III 研发六本部硬件开发部R&D Department VI, Hardware Division 研发六本部软件开发部R&D Department VI, Software Division研发六本部R&D Department VI 研发二本部硬件开发部R&D Department II, Hardware Division 研发二本部软件开发部R&D Department II, Software Division 研发二本部R&D Department II 研发部Research and Development Department(R&D) 行政总部行政督察部Division of Administration and Supervision 信息实战学院Institute of Information Practical Exercise 信息部Division of Information 新产品导入中心NewHeadquarter of Administration Products Intro Center 销售计划部Division of Sales Planning 销售管理部Division of Sales Management 销售部Sales Department 物料供应部Division of Material Supplying 物料部Material Control Dept.五金区Metal part Block 维修中心Maintenance Center 外观设计部Division of Appearance Design投资证券部Division of Investment Securities 数码制造部Division of Digital Products Manufacturing数码研发部Division of Digital Products R&D 数码事业部Division of Digital Technologies 售后服务部After-sale Service Department 市场战略委员会Committee of Marketing Strategy 市场研究部Division of Market Research 市场策略部Division of Marketing Strategy 市场部Marketing Department 市场本部Department of Marketing 生产一部Production Division I 生产技术本部Department of Production Technologies 生产二部Production Division II 生产部Production Dept. 审计监察部Division of Auditing & Supervision 商务部Division of Business 人事部Personnel Department 人力资源部Human Resources Department 人力资源部Division of Human Resources区域营销本部Department of Regional Marketing & Sales 区域数码营销部Division of Regional Digital Products Sales 企划部Planning Department 平面设计部Division of 2D Design 品质检验区Q.C. Inspection品管部Quality Control Department品管部Quality Control Dept. 南中国区运营部Division of Operating In Southern China 南商务助理Assistant Business Manager in Southern China 南高级商务经理Senior Business Manager in Southern China 内蒙分厂Branch Factory in Nei Meng Province 秘书室Secretarial Pool 秘书处Secretariat 来料品控部IQC Division 来料检验区Incoming Part Inspection 客户关系部Division of Customer Relationship。
牛津译林版英语七年级下册units5-8期末复习重点知识点总结和试卷
7B期末复习重点知识点总结及试卷一、重点单词及短语1.stop to do sth 停下来去做某事（另一件事）2.stop doing sth 停止做某事（停止正在做的事）3.as usual 照例，像往常一样4.reply to…答复…5.on one’s / the way to…在…的路上6.happen to sb 某人发生某事（常用过去时）7.say to oneself 自言自语8.pick up 拿起，举起，接某人9.surprised 吃惊的，惊讶的（形容人）10.s urprising 吃惊的，惊讶的（形容物）11.w ithout doing sth 介词后跟动名词12.b e afraid to do sth 害怕做某事13.b e afraid of (doing ) sth 害怕做某事14.h ear of 听说，知道15.h ear from 收到…来信16.t he other day/ the day before yesterday（常与一般过去时连用）17.a s +adj./ adv.原形+ as 与…一样…18.pass by 经过19.g et away 逃脱，逃离20.a lone = by oneself 独自，单独21.t hrough 穿过，通过（空间）go through 通过…22.p ut up 搭，竖立23.c entury ----centuries 世纪，百年24.e xcited/exciting 分别形容人和物25.e nough 足够的（放于名词前，形容词后）be enough to do sth26.t oo… to太…而不能…27.d ecide to do sth 决定做某事28.r each sth 伸手（脚）够到29.f ail to do sth 做某事失败30.s end sb sth= send sth to sb 发送…给…31.b e able to do sth= can/could 能/会做某事32.p ay for…为…付款33.r aise sth for sb 为…筹集/募集…34.r aise sth to do sth 募集…做某事35.s ave…from…从…救出…36.b e badly hurt 伤的很重37.p rotect…from doing sth保护…免于….38.p ut it out 把它扑灭（代词放中间）39.i n hospital 住院40.i n the hospital 在医院41.n od—nodded （过去式）点头42.n ews (不可数) 新闻，消息43.b y the way 顺便说说44.n o problem 没问题45.d o/try one’s best to do sth尽某人最大努力做某事46.c areful---careless(反义词)47.d o well in doing=be good at doing sth 擅长做某事48.a t the age of…在…岁的时候49.r ecommend sb for…推荐某人获得…50.t ake part in 参加（节目，游戏，活动）51.l ose one’s way = get lost迷路52.t each sb (代词用宾格)sth 教…（代词用宾格）53.t each sb to do sth 教某人做某事54.b ark at sb 对某人叫/吠55.l ook after…well=take good care of…照顾好…56.h ave trouble doing sth 做某事很困那/麻烦57.a ll the time 一直，总是58.a gree with sb 同意某人的观点agree to do sth 同意做某事59.w eigh up to…重达…60.g row up 成长，长大61.t alk= speech 演讲（可数）62.n oisy---noisily adv. 嘈杂的/地（变y为i加ly）期末复习试卷一、单项选择1. She is 11-year-old girl and enjoys playing chess.A. an; anB. a; theC. an; /D. the; /2. Everybody is too tired. Let's a rest.A. stop havingB. to stop havingC. stop to haveD. stop to have3. He was to hear of the news this morning.A. surprising; surprisedB. surprised; surprisingC. surprised; surprisedD. surprising; surprising4.She met her old friend the other day.A. on her way to homeB. on her way homeC. in my way homeD. in my way to home5.The big fire in Australia was at last.A. put inB. put outC. put upD. put down6.Lots of students couldn’t hear the teacher on Ding ding(钉钉)A. enough clearlyB. clearly enoughC. enough clearD. clear enough7.The sunshine went the window, so the whole room was bright.A. acrossB. overC. throughD. past8.--- I can’t reach the book on the shelf, can you help me?--- .A. Never mindB. No problemC. That's all rightD. That's OK9.He did n’t ___________ his pen-friend and he missed her very much.A. heard fromB. hear ofC. heard ofD. hear from10.Many people have _ to do because of the disease Corona vi(新型冠状病毒).A. everythingB. somethingC. anythingD. nothing11.Doctor Zhong nanshan says it still _______ long time to cure(治愈) the diseaseA. spendB. costC. payD. take12.The Eiffel Tower, a ____________ tower, is 130 years old this year.A. 324 metres tallB. 324-metres-tallC. 324-metre-tallD. 324-metre tall13.She felt very sad because she ___________ in the middle-term exam.A. reachedB. failedC. hitD. entered14.The small giraffe is too short the leaves on the tree.A. to reachingB. to reachC. reachingD. not to reach15. good news! The doctors found the medicine to cure the disease!A. HowB. What aC. WhatD. How a二、完形填空阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A. B. C. D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
译林版7B期中复习(Unit1-4短语词组句型语法)
译林版7B期中复习(Unit1-4短语词组句型语法)7B知识点总结Unit 1 Dream homes一、词汇短语1.dream n/v：dream to do sth 梦想做某事；dream of…梦到…2. next to prep.在…旁边，仅次于=beside=near3. capital n/adj: 大写字母，资本/大写的，顶好的；the capital of …的首都（省会）4. have fun=have a good time=enjoy oneself 玩的开心have fun (in) doing sth5. enjoy a cup of tea 喝杯茶6. in the centre of 在…的中心7. share vt/n 合用，分享;份，份额share sth with sb; a share of 一份…8. ▲own adj/vt自己的; 拥有(owner n 拥有者) of one’s own 属于某人自己的；on one’s own=alone 独自的9. on the seventh floor 在第七层10. look out at 向外眺望；look out=be careful 小心，当心；look out of 从…向外看11. be different from 与…不同be the same as 与…相同12. be full of =be filled with 满是…13. some day 将来有一天，总有一天14. call v/n 打电话，拜访call sb=telephone sb=ring sb；give sb. a call=call sbcall sb back 回电话call on sb拜访某人；call at s.p参观某地15. message n.可数名词“消息，讯息”take a message稍口信leave a message 留口信16. at the foot of 在…脚下17. more than=over 多于…18.在足球场on the football field 在羽毛球场on the badminton court在游泳池里in the swimming pool19. invite vt邀请invite sb. to do sth ；invite sb to +地点/场合invitation n.二、重点句型1. Would you like sth/to do…? 肯定回答Yes,I’d love/like to ;否定回答No,thanks;Yes,I’d like to,but2. 电话用语(1)“电话问候”Hello/Hi; see you/bye/goodbye(2)找人May/Can I speak to…, please?或I’d like to speak to…, please?(3)请问您是哪位？Who’s calling? /Who’s speaking? /Who’s that?(4)自报家门如果你就是对方要找的人，那么你可以说：Speaking./This is…speaking.(5)稍等片刻Hold on,please./Wait a minute, please./One moment, please.(6)转告某人接电话There’s a telephone call for you, Amy./You’re wanted on the phone.(7)找不到接听的人，告知对方I’m afraid he/ she is n ot here at the moment.I’m sorry he/ she is out at the moment.主动相助Can I take a message?3. have an area of 数字+单位=be 数字+单位in size/area 意为“有…面积”三、语法A 基数词-数量(1)21~99之间的各数词，在十位数和个位数之间加连字符“－”。
海大商务英语Unit-7-Product-Presentations
--describe a product; --compare the features of products’ --ask for information about a product; --make a brief product presentation.
Creating a Product Presentation
• camper 露营车
police car 警车
• wrecker 清障车，打捞船
Unit 7 Product Presentations
• A product presentation is an important part of selling a product to prospective customers. An effective presentation is vital to giving a good first impression of your company and your product.
What are the points to consider when creating a product presentation? Before you start building presentation, be sure you know the following information: • Objective---What’s the purpose of your presentation?
New-Product-Development(ppt文档)
Some products…
What is product development all about?
“Product development is the set of activities beginning with the perception of a market opportunity and ending in the production, sale, and delivery of the product”
• Is there a standard development process that will work for every company? • What milestones will be used to divide the overall product development process
– Are the team and firm better able to develop other products?
Challenges of Product Development
• Trade-offs
– Lightweight vs costly
• Dynamics
– Technologies, customer tastes, competition change environment
• Development time
– How quickly did the team complete the effort?
• Development cost
– How much did the firm have to spend to develop the product?
中职英语(高教版)教案：Unit-7-Invention-and-Innovation(全6课时)
A: How about this one? It’s the latest product and
教 is well received by customers
学
内 for good performance and reasonable price. 容 B: What’s the function of it?
The teacher lead the ss to ask and answer:How dbout products?
Step 5 Homework
1. choose your favourite products and make a mind
map about high tech products.
教学
2. Ss can describe some technology products by themselves.
目标
3. ss can introduce some technology products.
重点 Ss can describe the information about technology products.
Be used to do (7) Have a guarantee on... Step 3: Role play. Introduce the technology products for different customers according to the following information 教 on page 95. 学 Customers: 内 - A doctor who needs some help at work
food inside.
B. It’s hard for elderly people to operate the system.
市场营销专业英语单词完整
Marketing Management营销管理New Products Development新产品开发Service Industry Marketing服务业营销Advertising广告Business Negotiation商业谈判International Marketing国际市场营销Sales Channels销售渠道Public Relationship公共关系Consumer Behavior消费者行为Systems of Management Information管理信息系统Marketing Research营销调研accessibility 可进入性accessory equipment markets 附属设备市场account management policies 客户管理策略positioning定位additions to existing product lines 现有产品线的增加administered vertical marketing systems 管理式垂直营销系统market segmentation市场细分sales promotion销售促进advertising feedback 广告反馈advertising frequency 广告频率advertising media 广告媒体advertising reach 广告接受人数advertising message 广告信息advertising source 广告信息来源agent middleman 代理商allowance 折让alteration 退换American Marketing Association 美国营销协会annual marketing plan 年度营销计划assurance 保证attitudes of consumers 消费者态度availability 可获得性/供货能力awareness (产品)知晓度/知名度baby boomers 婴儿潮出生的一代人backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道backward integration 后向垂直一体化banner advertisements 横幅标语广告bar codes 条形码barter 实物交易basic physical needs 基本生理需要BCG Grow-Share Matrix 波士顿增长—份额矩阵before tests 事前测试Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc. 行为扫描信息源公司behavioral analysis 行为分析behavioral hierarchies 行为层级benchmarking 基准benefit clusters 利益群体benefits 利益Benz 奔驰billing 帐单birth rate 出生率blanket purchase order 一揽子采购合同blind-paired comparison testing 双盲比较测试blue collars 蓝领bottom line 底线/盈亏一览结算线brand awareness 品牌意识/认知brand extensions 品牌扩展brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度brand mark 品牌标志brand name 品牌名称brand positioning 品牌定位brand recognition 品牌识别brand strategies 品牌战略brand 品牌branding strategy 品牌化战略branding 品牌化brand’s equity 品牌的价值break—even analysis 盈亏平衡分析break-even volume 盈亏平衡产量breath of product assortment 产品线的宽度breath or diversity of product lines 产品线的宽度或多样性bribery 贿赂British Airways 英国航空公司brokers 经纪人budgeting 预算bundle 捆绑Bureau of Census 人口统计局business strength rating 商业能力评分business plan 商业计划business position 经营地位business sector 商业部门business services markets 商业服务市场business strategies 经营战略business unit strategy 经营单位战略buyback allowances 回购折让buyback arrangements 产品返销buyers’ bargaining power 买方的讨价还价能力buyers 采购者buying behavior 购买行为buying center 采购中心buying inertia 购买惯性buying intention 购买意图buying offices 连锁商店的进货中心buying power index (BPI）购买力指数buying situation 采购情况/类型buying task 采购任务capital gains 资本收益capital invested in product 产品投入资本Carnival 嘉年华cash cows 现金牛类cash discounts 现金折扣catalogue sales 目录销售categorization of perception 感知分类categorization 分门别类centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 变色龙/跟随者channel alternatives 可选择的营销渠道channel conflicts 渠道冲突channel decisions 渠道决策channel functions 渠道功能channel institutions 渠道组织结构channel management 渠道管理channel objectives 渠道目标channel of distribution 分销渠道channel power 渠道权力channel—control strategies 渠道控制战略channel—design decisions 渠道设计决策channel-management decisions 渠道管理决策channels of communication 传播渠道choice criteria 选择标准closing a sale 结束销售clothing retailers 服装零售商co-branding 联合品牌code of ethics （职业)道德标准coercive power 强制权cognitive dissonance 认识的不协调collection of data 数据收集collection 收款co-marketing alliances 联合营销联盟combination compensation plan 结合式薪酬方案commitment 承诺communication channels 传播渠道communication process 传播过程communication 信息交流/沟通communications media 传播媒体company personnel 公司员工comparative advertisements 比较广告comparison of brands 品牌比较compensation deals 补偿处理compensation plan 酬金方案compensation/rewards 酬金/奖励compensatory 补偿性的competition and industry evolution 竞争和行业演变competition-orientated pricing 竞争导向定价法competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive （supply—side) evolution 竞争（供方）演变competitive factors 竞争因素competitive intelligence 竞争情报/信息competitive parity promotion budgeting 竞争均势促销预算法competitive strategy 竞争战略competitive strength 竞争优势/能力competitor analysis 竞争者分析complaint handling 投诉处理component materials and parts markets 组成材料和零部件市场computerized ordering 计算机化的订购conclusive research 确定性研究conditions of demand 需求情况conflict and resolution strategies 冲突和解决战略conformance to specifications 与规格一致conformance 一致性confrontation strategy 对抗战略conjoint measurement 联合测度法conjunctive model 联合模型consumer decision—making 消费者(购买)决策consumer goods channels 消费品分销渠道Consumer Goods Pricing Act, USA 美国消费品定价法案consumer goods 消费品consumer markets 消费品市场consumer needs 消费者需求consumer packaged-goods firms 消费者包装食品公司consumer promotion 消费者促销consumer tests 消费者测试consumer/household market 消费者/家庭市场consumers' perceptions 消费者感知consumption 消费contests 竞赛contingency planning 权变计划contract construction 契约建筑业contract manufacturing 契约制造业contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收缩/战略性撤退战略contractual entry modes 契约式进入模式contractual vertical marketing systems 合约式垂直营销系统contribution margin analysis 边际贡献（贡献毛利）分析contribution margin 边际贡献control strategies 控制战略convenience food stores 便利食品商店convenience goods 便利品convenience 服务的便利性Cool Whip 清凉维普co-operative advertising 合作性广告co—ordination and conflict resolution 协调与冲突解决co-production 合作生产core benefit proposition (CBP) 核心利益方案/提议corollary-data method 推定数据法corporate HQ 公司总部corporate scope 公司（经营)范围corporate strategy 公司战略corporate vertical marketing systems 公司式垂直营销系统corporate/institutional advertising 团体/社会公共机构广告corrective action 矫正行动cost analysis 成本分析cost effectiveness 成本有效性cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略cost of capital 资本成本cost of goods sold （COGS）产品销售成本cost reductions 降低成本产品cost-and-volume relationship 成本—数量关系cost—oriented pricing 成本导向定价法cost—plus/mark—up pricing 成本加成/溢价定价法costs and benefits of marketing functions 营销职能的成本和效益costs of competitors 竞争者成本costs of distribution 分销成本countertrade 对等贸易coupons 优惠券courtesy 礼貌coverage of geographic market 地域性市场的范围coverage of relevant retailers 相关零售商的销售范围credibility 信誉credit terms 信贷条款critical assumptions 关键假设cross—elasticity 交叉弹性customary pricing 习惯性定价法customer analysis 顾客分析customer contact 顾客接触customer demand 顾客需求customer intimacy 顾客亲密度customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度customer need 顾客需要customer organization of sales force 按客户组织销售队伍customer retention 顾客维系/保留customer satisfaction 顾客满意度customer segment pricing 顾客细分市场定价customer service 顾客服务customer—oriented pricing 顾客导向定价法customers' perception 顾客感知customers’ preferences 顾客偏好customers’ price sensitivity 顾客的价格敏感度customizing 定制data collection 数据收集data confidentiality 数据保密data research 数据研究data sources 数据来源dealers 经销商deceptive advertisements 欺骗性广告deciders 决策者declining markets 衰退市场decoding 解码defect rate 缺陷率defender strategy 防御型战略defensive new—product development strategy 防御性新产品开发战略defensive positioning 防御性定位delivery time 交付时间delivery 配送demand characteristics 需求特征demand curve 需求曲线demand-oriented pricing 需求导向定价法demographic environment 人口统计环境department stores 百货商店dependability 可靠性deregulation 放松管制derived demand 衍生需求descriptive research 描述性研究design decisions 设计决策desired percentage mark-up on retail 预期零售利润率desired percentage return 预期回报率determinant attributes 关键属性determinants 决定因素different responses 差别反应differentiated defender strategy 差异化防御战略differentiated marketing 差异化营销differentiation over time 不同时间的差异differentiation strategy 差异化战略differentiation 差异化diffusion of innovation theory 创新扩散理论dimension 因素dimensions of quality 质量维度direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分析direct mail 直接邮寄direct marketing via advertising media 通过广告媒体的直接营销direct marketing 直接营销direct product profitability (DPP）直接产品盈利性/利润率direct selling 直销discount rate 贴现率discount stores 折扣商店discount 折扣discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢价策略discriminate analysis 差异分析法discriminatory adjustments 歧视价格调整discriminatory pricing adjustments 歧视定价调整disjunctive model 分离模型display space 陈列空间disposable income 可支配收入dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和谐-归属层次结构distribution channel designs 分销渠道设计distribution channel objectives 分销渠道的目标distribution channel 分销渠道distribution decisions 分销决策distribution policies 分销策略distribution 分销distributor/store (private labels）brands 分销商/私有品牌distributors 分销商diversification 多元化divest 撤退divest 出让divestment or liquidation 收回投资或清算dividend 红利dogs 瘦狗类domestic target marketing strategies 国内目标市场定位的营销战略dropping products 放弃产品dry cleaning 干洗dual/two channel distribution systems 双重分销系统duplication (媒体)重复DuPont 杜邦公司durability 耐用性early VS late adoption 早期采购与后期采购earnings per share 每股收益economic and technological factors 经济技术因素economic power 经济权economies of scale 规模经济education services 教育服务effectiveness 有效性efficiency 效率emergency goods 急需品emotional appeals 情感诉求empathy 移情作用empirical evidence 经验性实例empowerment 授权encoding 编码end use 最终使用endorsement 赞同engineering （产品）工程设计entrepreneurial strategy 企业家战略entry strategies 进入战略environment and packaging disposal 环境与包装处理environment factors 环境因素environmental scanning 环境扫描/分析environmental strategy 环境战略establishment 机构ethical audit (公司）伦理审计ethics of marketing 营销伦理道德ethnic composition 种族构成European Community 欧共体evaluation and reward systems 评估与奖励体系evaluation and selection of supplier 评估和选择供应商evaluation of alternatives 评估替代品/各种选择evaluation of brands 品牌评估event sponsorship 事件赞助event 活动everyday low-price （EDLP）天天低价evoked set 引发的组合evolution of market 市场演变exchange 交换exclusive dealing 独家销售exclusive distribution 独家分销executive summary 执行摘要exhibition media 展示广告媒体existing market 现有市场exit barriers 退出壁垒expansion path 扩张途径expectation measures （顾客）预期测度expectations of customers 顾客期望expected unit sales 预计产量expected value 期望价值experience curve 经验曲线experimental research 实验性研究expert power 专长权exploratory research 探索性研究export agents 出口代理(商）export jobbers 出口批发商export management company 出口管理公司export merchants 出口贸易商export 出口exporting 出口商品extended use strategy 扩大使用战略extending volume growth 扩大市场份额external data sources 外部数据来源external environment 外部环境extrapolation of past sales trends 过去销售趋势推测法facilitating agencies 辅助/中介机构factor analysis 因素分析法fads 时尚family branding 家族品牌family life cycle 家庭生命周期family structure 家庭结构arm products 农产品fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) 快速变动的消费品fear appeals 恐惧/顾虑诉求features 特征Federal Department Stores 联邦百货商店Federal Trade Code (FTC）联邦贸易法案FedEx (Federal Express) 联邦快递feedback data 反馈数据field test marketing 实地市场测试financing 融资fisheries 渔业fit and finish 结实度与外观fixed costs 固定成本fixed salary 固定工资flanker strategy 侧翼进攻战略flanker/fighting brand 战斗品牌flanking and encirclement strategies 侧翼进攻与围堵战略flat organizational structure 扁平的组织结构FOB origin pricing FOB产地定价法focus strategy 集中战略followers 追随者Ford 福特公司foreign middlemen 国外中间商forestry 林业formalization 形式/规范化formulate 制定fortress/position—defence strategy 防御堡垒战略Fortune 《财富》杂志forward integration 向前一体化franchise systems 特许系统franchising 特许经营free call numbers 免费电话号码free goods 免费商品freight-absorption pricing 免收运费定价法fringe benefits 小额津贴frontal attack strategy 正面进攻战略full costing profitability analysis 全成本盈利性分析full-service wholesalers 全方位服务的批发商functional competencies and resource allocation 职能能力与资源分配functional efficiency 职能效率functional organization of sales force 按销售职能组织销售队伍functional organizational structure 职能型组织结构functional performance 功能性能functional strategy 职能战略games 比赛gap 差距gatekeepers 信息传递者general behavioral descriptors 一般行为变量General Electric (GE）通用电气General Foods Corporation 通用食品general merchandise discount chains 大众商a品折扣连锁店General Motors 通用汽车geodemographics 区域人口统计特征geographic adjustments 地理调整geographic distribution 地理分布geographical organization of sales force 按地区组织销售队伍global adjustments 全球调整global elite consumer segment 全球精英消费品市场global expansion 全球扩张global marketing control 全球营销控制global markets 全球市场global niche strategy 全球机会战略global standardization strategy 全球标准化战略global teenage segment 全球青少年市场globalization 全球化global—market expansion 全球市场扩张goals 总目标going—rate/competitive parity pricing竞争性平价定价法goods producers 产品制造商Goodyear 固特异轮胎government agencies 政府机构government buyers 政府采购者government market 政府市场government regulation 政府管制greenhouse effect 温室效应grey market 灰色市场gross domestic product （GDP）国内生产总值gross margin 毛利gross national product (GNP）国民生产总值gross profit 毛利gross rating points (GRPs）总级别指数group/category product manager 类别产品经理growing markets 成长市场growth rate of market 市场增长率growth stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成长阶段growth—extension strategies 增长扩张战略growth-market strategies for market leaders 市场领导者的市场增长战略growth—market strategy 成长性市场战略growth-market targeting strategy 成长性市场定位战略guarantee/warranty 保证/担保guarantees 保证hard technology 硬技术Harvard Business Review 《哈佛商业评论》harvest 收获harvesting pricing 收获定价法harvesting strategy 收获战略health care 医疗保健health maintenance organizations （HMOs）（美国）卫生保健组织heavy buyer 大客户Heileman Brewing CompanyHeinz 亨氏食品helpfulness 有益性Hertz 赫兹（美国汽车租赁巨头) Hewlett-Packard 惠普公司hierarchy of strategy 战略的层次high margin/low-turnover retailers 高利润/低周转率的零售商high market share global strategy 高市场份额全球战略high—contact service system 高接触服务系统high—involvement product 高参与产品high-involvement purchase 高参与购买hight market share 高市场份额战略Holiday Inns 假日旅馆homogeneous market 同质市场household/family life cycle 家庭生命周期household 家庭hybrid technology 混合技术idea generation 创意的产生/生成ideas for new products 新产品创意/构想idea-screening process 创意筛选过程identification of segments 识别细分市场Illinois Tool Works 伊利诺斯工具厂image pricing 形象定价imitative positioning 模仿定位imitative strategy 模仿战略impact evaluation 影响评估impersonal sources 非个人的信息来源implementation and control of marketing programs 营销计划的执行和控制implementation 实施improvements in or revisions of existing products 现有产品的改良或修正impulse buying 冲动购买impulse goods 冲动购买品incentives 激励income 收入increased penetration strategy 增加渗透战略indirect costing profitability analysis 间接成本盈利性分析individual brand 个别品牌individual value 个人价值industrial goods & services 工业产品和服务industrial goods channels 工业品分销渠道industry attractiveness 行业吸引力industry attractiveness-business position matrix 行业吸引力-业务地位矩阵I ndustry dynamics 产业动态industry evaluation 产业评估industry evolution 产业演变inelastic 缺乏价格弹性influencers 影响者infocommunications industry 信息通信行业infomercials 商业信息广告information age 信息时代information search 信息搜集information technology 信息技术informative 告知性的ingredient 成份in—home personal interview 个人家庭访谈in—house use tests 内部使用测试innovation 创新innovativeness 创新性installation 设施in-store display 店内展示in—store positioning 店内布局in-store promotion 店内促销intangibles 无形integrated marketing communication plan （IMC) 整合营销传播计划integration of perception 感知整合integration 整合Jaquar 美洲豹Jell—O 吉露jobbers 批发商Johnson ＆Johnson 强生joint ventures 合资jury of executive opinion 行政管理人员群体意见法 just noticeable difference (JND) 恰巧注意到的差异just-in—time (JIT）management system 准时制管理体系just—in-time purchasing arrangements 及时采购安排Kao 花王Keiritsu 凯莱通Kellogg 凯洛格公司Kentucky Fried Chicken （KFC）肯德基key account management 主要客户管理key accounts 关键客户key benefits 核心利益key environmental issue identification 确定主要的环境问题key variables 关键变量key/house accounts 关键/机构客户Kmart 凯玛特Kodak 柯达Komatsu 小松公司Kraft 卡芙laboratory tests 实验室测试leapfrog strategy 蛙跳战略learning hierarchy 学习层级结构legal services 法律服务legislation 立法legitimate power 法定权level of compensation 酬金水平level of technical sophistication 技术的复杂程度Levi Strauss 李维·史特劳斯Levi’s 列维斯（全球最大的牛仔服制造商）lexicographic model 词典编纂模型lifestyle 生活方式limited—service wholesalers 有限服务的批发商line extension 产品线扩展line filling 产品线填充line stretching 产品线延伸list price 订价Lloyd’s of London 伦敦劳埃德保险公司localizaiton strategy 本地化战略location pricing 场所定价location 位置lodging 房屋出租logistical alliances 后勤联盟long—term memory 长期记忆lost customer 失去的顾客Louis Vuitton 路易·威登(法国著名时尚品牌）low-contact service system 低接触服务系统low—cost defender 低成本防御型low-cost position 低成本地位low-involvement hierarchy 低参与程度层级结构Lucent Technologies 朗讯科技macro risks 宏观风险macroenvironment 宏观环境macrosegmentation 宏观细分mail-order retailers 邮购零售商maintaining market share 保持市场份额maintenance strategy 保持战略management overhead 管理费mandatory adaptation 强制性适应manufacturer brand 制造商/全国性品牌manufacturers' agents/representatives 生产商的代理商/销售代表manufacturers’export agents (MEA）制造商出口代理manufacturers' sales offices/branches 生产商的销售办事处/分支机构manufacturing process 制造过程manufacturing 制造业market aggregation strategy 整体市场战略market attractiveness factors 市场吸引力因素market attractiveness 市场吸引力market attractiveness/business position matrix市场吸引力/业务地位矩阵market circumstances 市场环境market demorgraphics 市场人口分布/统计特征market dimension 市场量度market entry strategies 市场进入战略market exclusion 市场排斥market expansionstrategy 市场扩张战略market factors 市场因素market followers 市场跟随者market growth rate 市场增长率market hirarchy 市场等级market inclusion 市场纳入market leaders 市场领导者market measurement 市场测量market opportunity analysis 市场机会分析market oriented 以市场为导向的market position factors 市场地位因素market positioning analysis 市场定位分析market potential measurements 市场潜力测度market research 市场研究market segment 细分市场market segmentation 市场细分market share 市场份额market targeting 目标市场选择market 市场marketability 市场开拓能力market—entry strategies 市场进入战略marketing action plan 营销行动计划marketing audit 营销审计marketing channel 营销渠道marketing codes of conduct 营销行为规范marketing communication 营销沟通/传播marketing concept 营销观念marketing control 营销控制marketing decision support systems （MDSS）营销决策支持系统marketing environment audit 营销环境审计marketing flows and functions 营销过程和职能marketing function area audit 营销功能领域的审计marketing implications of 对营销的影响marketing information system 营销信息系统marketing institutions 营销机构marketing management 营销管理marketing message 营销信息marketing mix 营销组合marketing policy 营销策略marketing productivity area audit 营销生产力领域的审计marketing program components 营销计划内容marketing program 营销计划/方案marketing relationship 营销关系marketing research 营销研究marketing strategy 营销战略market-management organizational structure 市场管理组织结构mark-up price 产品/溢价价格Marlboro 万宝路Marriott Hotel 万豪酒店mass-market penetration strategy 大规模市场渗透战略mass-market strategy 大市场战略matrix organizational structure 矩阵组织结构Matsu*＊＊*a 日本松下电子mature conformists 成熟的随大流者mature markets 成熟市场mature stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成熟阶段McDonald’s 麦当劳McDonnell Douglas 麦道公司MCI电讯公司（前世界通信公司）MDSS （Marketing—Decision Support System) 市场决策支持系统measurability 可测度性measure or index 测量指标measurement criteria 计量标准media audiences 媒体受众medical and health services 医疗卫生服务Medico Containment Servicesmemory of consumers 消费者记忆Mercedes-Benz 梅赛德斯-奔驰Mercer Management Consulting 美国美智管理顾问公司merchandising 推销merchant middlemen 国内贸易中间商merchant wholesalers 商业批发商message structure 信息结构Michael Porter 迈克尔—波特micro risks 微观风险microsegmentatioin 微观细分Miller Tyding ACT, USA 米勒·泰丁法案minging 矿业Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company （3M)明尼苏达矿业和制造公司Minolta 美能达miscellaneous sources 多方面来源mission 宗旨missionary selling 推销式销售Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 三菱重工modified rebuy 调整再购monosegment positioning 单一细分市场定位Monsanto 孟山都农业生物技术公司moral appeals 伦理/道德诉求morals 道德Motorola 摩托罗拉multichannel distribution 多渠道分销multidimensional scaling 多维等级法multilevel selling 多级销售multinational coporations (MNCs）跨国公司multiple test markets 多测试市场multiple—brand strategy 多品牌战略multiple—factor index 多因素指数法multisegment positioning 多重细分市场定位mutual trust 相互信任Nabisco Biscuit 纳贝斯克饼干公司national account management 全国性客户管理national market 国内市场National Semiconductor 美国国家半导体公司natural products 天然产品NEC 日本电子net sales 净销售额network computer （NC) 网络计算机new business selling 新业务销售new buy 购入新产品new entrants 新进入者new markets 新市场new materials 新材料New Prod screening model 新普罗德筛选模型new product lines 新产品线new products 新产品new-product development 新产品开发new-product ideas 新产品创意Newsweek 《新闻周刊》new-task buying 全新采购new-to—the-world products 世界性新产品niche penetration strategy 壁龛/机会市场渗透战略niche-market strategy 壁龛市场战略Nike 耐克Nissan 尼桑no—brand brand name 无品牌的品牌名称no—frills product 无虚饰产品noise in communication system 传播系统中的噪音non—financial rewards 非物质性奖励措施non-probability sampling 非概率抽样non-profit organization 非盈利组织non—store retailing 无店铺零售业number of stockouts 迟滞数目object-and-task method of promotion budgeting 目标—任务促销预算法objectives and strategy area audit 目标与战略领域的审计objectives 具体目标observation 观察法occupancy costs 房屋占用成本occupation/position 职业/职位odd pricing 奇/余数定价法OEM (original equipment manufacturer）原始设备制造商oeverall quality 总体质量off-invoice discounts 发票之外的折扣offsets 抵消交易Omega 欧米加on-air testing 广播测试OPEC （Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克（石油输出国组织）opening relationships 建立关系operating supplies 生产供应品operational excellence运作管理水平opinion leaders 意见领导者opportunity cost 机会成本order cycle time 订货周期order processing 订单处理organisational level 组织层次organizaitonal requirement planning 组织需求计划organization area audit组织领域的审计organization buying center 组织采购中心organizational customer 组织顾客organizational direct selling 组织直销organizational markets组织市场organizational purchasing 组织采购organzational structure 组织结构outdoor enthusiasts 户外运动爱好者out—of—home media户外广告媒体overall cost leadership全面成本领先overheads 日常开支overseas direct investment 海外直接投资ownership of new product 新产品所有权parties involved 交换中的各方payment terms 支付条款pay—off control 支出控制penetration pricing 渗透定价Pepsi—Cola 百事可乐perceived customer value 顾客感知价值perceived quality 感知到的质量perceived value 感知到的价值percentage of sales promotion budgeting method销售额百分比促销预算法perceptions of consumers 消费者感知/理解perceptual (product）pisitioning 感知（产品）定位perceptual map 感知图perceptual organization 感知组织perceptual vigilance 感性的警惕performance dimension 业绩标准performance evaluation 业绩评估performance measures表现/业绩测度performance objective绩效目标performance standards 绩效标准performance 功能perishability 非持久性personal selling 人员推销personal sources 个人的信息来源personnel development 人力资源开发persuasive 说服性的pharmaceuticals industry 医药行业physical (product) positioning 物理（产品）定位physical descriptors 物理变量physical distribution 实物分销Pillsbury 皮尔斯博瑞pioneers 先入者Pizza Hut 必胜客place utility 地点效用planning and control system area audit 计划与控制系统领域的审计point of sale information 销售点信息portfolio models for resource allocation 资源配置的资产组合模式position intensity 地位集中程度positioning 定位possession utility 拥有效用post—purchase dissonance 购买后的不协调post—purchase evaluation 购买后评估post—purchase/after-sale service 售后服务potential advantages 潜在优势potential customer 潜在顾客potential market 潜在市场potential target market潜在目标市场power in distribution 分销权力power of buyers 购买者能力power of suppliers 供应商能力predatory pricing 掠夺性定价法pre-empting scarce resources 先占稀缺资源preferential treatment 特惠待遇premiums 额外奖励present competitors 现有的竞争者presenting sales message 提供销售信息price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性price fixing 价格设定price leaders 价格领导者price lining 价格排列定价法price promotion 价格促销price quotation 报价price sensitivity 价格敏感度price structure 价格结构price 价格price/earnings ration 价格/收益比price-off promotions 降价促销price-setting process 定价过程pricing adjustments 定价调整pricing policies 价格策略pricing 定价primary demand 基本需求primary sources 第一类/主要数据print media 印刷媒体private/for—profit organization 私营/盈利性组织PRIZM （Potential Rating Index for Zip Markets）按邮政区划为基础的潜力等级指数proactive new—product development strategy 进取型新产品开发战略probability sampling 概率抽样problem formulation 界定问题problem identificatioin 确定问题process management 过程管理Procter & Gamble （P&G）宝洁公司product line 产品线product availability 产品的可获得性product category 产品类别product class 产品类别product decisions 产品决策product design 产品设计product development 产品开发product dimension or attributes 产品维度/属性product evolution 产品演变product features 产品特征product intent share 产品倾向份额product leadership 产品领导能力product life cycle （PLC) 产品生命周期product life cycle curve 产品生命周期曲线product line 产品线product manager audit 产品经理审计product offering 供应品product organizaiton of salesforce 按产品组织销售队伍product policies 产品策略product positioning 产品定位product quality 产品质量product scope 产品范围product space 产品位置product specifications 产品规格product systems 产品体系product type 产品类型product usage 产品用途product（ion)-oriented organization 产品/生产导向型组织production 生产product—line pricing adjustments 产品线定价调整product—management organizational structure 产品管理组织结构product-market entry control 产品－市场进入控制product-related behavioral descriptors 与产品相关的行为变量product's market characteristics 产品的市场特征product-use testing 产品使用测试pro—environment 环保profit impact of market strategy (PIMS) 市场战略的利润影响profitability analysis 盈利性分析profitability 盈利性/盈利能力profitable survivor strategy 有利可图的生存者战略project—company resource compatibility 项目与公司资源的协调性projected profit—and-loss statement 预计损益表projective tests 投影测试Promotion decisions 促销决策promotion mix 促销组合promotion policies 促销策略promotion 促销promotional allowance 促销折让promotional effort 促销努力promotional pricing 促销定价promptness 及时性propector strategy 探索型战略prospecting for customers 寻找顾客psychographics 心理统计特征psychological cost 心理成本psychological pricing 心理定价法public organization 公共组织public relations 公共关系public utilities 公共设施publicity 公共宣传pull strategy for control of distribution channels分销渠道控制的拉式战略pupil dilation 瞳孔扩张purchase predisposition 购买倾向purchasing agent 采购代理purchasing contract 采购合同purchasing manager/agent 采购经理／代理purchasing power perity （PPP）购买力平价指数push money/spiffs 佣金push stragtegy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的推式战略qualifying prospects 审查潜在顾客资格quality dimensions 质量维度quality 质量quantity discount 数量折扣question marks 问题类questioning 询问法quotas 定额raw materials 原材料。
单词缩写 沃尔沃汽车零部件开发项目
SICM SML SOP SP SPA SPC SPFU SPL SQR SREA SRICA SRSA STA TA TCF TE TIE TMS TO TPD TPL TR TS TT UN UP UPL VCCS VCE VCG VCI VCMS VCPA VCT VIR VLD VPDS VQE VRT VSIM VSIM WCR
Emergency Responce Action ElectroStatic Discharge Engineering Sample Evaluation Report Early Supplier Involvement Engineering Statement of Work Engineering Statement Of Work Field Action Board Field Action Stop Shipment Factory Complete Functions Left In Tiko Final Status Report Full Truck Load Global 8 Diciplines Geometry Assurance Engineer Global Dimensioning Tolerancing Geomtry Engineer Global Product Development System Geometry System Utvecklare Global Terms & Conditions Global Terms & Conditions Global Technology Development System Inbound logistics Interim Containment Action ISO Modular Carton International Material Data System Induvidual Moving Range Intellectual Property International Plant Protection Convention International Standard International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Joined Purchasing Team Knock Down Operations Kontruktions Data Personvagnar Key Performance Indicator Key process Input Variables Key Process Output Variables Lean Deployment Assessment Lean Enterprise Quality Management Logistics Service Provider Ministry of Environmental Protection Materials Management Operations Guideline Logistics Evaluation Multi Party Matrix Milk Run Material Required Date Manufacturing Site Assessment Measurement System Analysis Master Service Agreements Non Disclosure Agreement New Model Launch Normal Weekly Capacity Overall Equipment Effectiveness Operational Management Open To Go Problem Analys
产品创新英语
产品创新英语Product innovation refers to the process of introducing new products or improving existing products to better meet customer needs and preferences. It involves the development and implementation of novel ideas, technologies, and designs to create unique and competitive products in the market.Here are some terms related to product innovation in English:1. Innovation: The act of creating or introducing something new.2. Product development: The process of designing, creating, and testing new products.3. Design thinking: A problem-solving approach that focuses on understanding customer needs and preferences to create innovative solutions.4. Prototype: A preliminary model or version of a product used for testing and evaluation.5. Market research: The collection and analysis of data to understand consumer preferences, market trends, and competitive landscape.6. Consumer insights: Detailed information and understanding of consumer behavior, needs, and preferences.7. Competitive advantage: A unique feature or benefit of a product that sets it apart from competing products in the market.8. Scalability: The ability of a product to handle increasing demand and growth without compromising quality or performance.9. Test market: A small-scale launch of a new product or service ina specific market to evaluate its potential success.10. Commercialization: The process of bringing a new product to market for sale and distribution.Overall, product innovation plays a crucial role in driving business growth and success. It helps companies stay ahead of their competitors, attract and retain customers, and create value in the market.。
商务英语实训教程上册上册 unit 7 Market Share 教师参考共33页文档
13. saddle ['sædl] 例句1：It looks like a saddle.它看起来像一个马鞍。 例句2：Then each of them took off his saddle bag, which seemed to Ali Baba to be full of gold and silver from its weight.然后他们 每一个都拿下了他的鞍囊，阿里巴巴从他们的重量看出每 一个都装满了金子和银子。
市场份额
在行业中，市场份额是最普遍的成功测算方法之一。为了正确 地确定市场份额,公司必须对市场进行清晰定位。拥有大市场中的 小份额和小市场中的大份额可以同样获利。一个生产皮革马鞍的 制造商必须确定他的市场是由马鞍销售，和骑术相关的销售或所 有皮革商品的销售构成的。显而易见，它在马鞍行业中的销售份 额比它在皮革货物市场中的份额要大得多。
Business Terms
1.potential market潜在市场 通常是指客观存在的,由于诸多固素的影响而未显露或
【文本翻译】
市场份额
公司一直都关注他们的产品或服务在潜力市场中所占的 比例,他们实际上所占有的市场比例常常被称之为公司的市场 份额。的比例。用公式表示如下，市场份额=公司的销售 量÷市场总销售量。份额的表现形式或是销售额的比率，或 是销售单位的比率，或是顾客的占有率。最常见的参照是看 销售额的比率。
2. refer to as 例句1：The people we refer to as Net Worms are addicted to the Internet. 所谓网虫，就是上网上瘾的人。 例句2：People who work in offices are usually refer to as “white collar workers”. 那些在办公室工作的人被称 为“白领工人”。
专业英语翻译--新产品开发 New Product Development
New Product Development新产品开发The product definition , an elaboration of the product concept , incorporates judgments about the target market , competitive offerings , and the time and resources for bringing the new product to market . the definition activity includes identification of customer and user needs , technologies , and regulatory requirements . these lead to a choice of product features and functions ,target market segments , and design priorities . research on the implementation of the front-end indicates that an explicit , stable product definition and an understanding of the trade-offs among customer requirements , technology , and resource/cost constraints are important factors for success.该产品的定义，阐述了产品概念，包含判断的目标市场，有竞争力的产品，以及时间和资源，使新产品推向市场。
活动的定义，包括确定客户和用户需求，技术和管理要求。
这些导致一个选择产品的特性和功能，目标细分市场和设计的优先事项。
Unit 7 Textual Development (2)
Topical Highlights 1.Typical Features of Papers of Experimental Nature 2. Process Undertaken in the Experiment: starting with a process introduction, steps taken to complete the experiment, detailed approaches, summing-up or conclusive"ideas of the process 3.Techniology Involved in the Experiment 4.Materials Used in the Experiment 5.Equipment Introduced in the Experiment 6.Conditions Provided in the Experiment 7. Special Attention
1) Starting with a Process Introduction
an introduction can then best be followed by an overall picture of the process indicating the stages in which the process occurs
1. Typical Features of Papers of Experimental Nature papers of experimental nature, as the assays implies center around experiments, investigations or analyses of their results the most important section of this type of paper is that of experimental description.
2013年12月(第2套)真题及答案解析-四级
2013年1 2月四级考试真题（第二套）Part I WritingDirections:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the increasing use of the mobile phone in people’s life and explain the Consequence of overusing it. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.People are crossing the street looking at their cell phones and using walking sticks in order to see.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.1. A) The woman is now working in a kindergarten.B) The woman is going to major in child education.C) The man would like to be a high school teacher.D) The man will soon start a business of his own.2. A) The furniture has to be rearranged. B) The video machine has to be checked.C) The sound equipment has to be set up. D) The conference room has to be cleaned.3. A) She is exhausted. B) She is near-sighted.C) She cannot go straight home. D) She cannot finish work in time.4. A) The woman is too particular about food. B) The woman should order her food quickly.C) He would rather have a meal an hour later. D) He usually prefers ice-cream to sandwiches.5. A) He doesn’t keep his promises. B) He is always ready to offer held to others.C) He is not a good mechanic. D) He spends his spare time doing repairs.6. A) Sam has a big family to support.B) Sam is not interested in traveling.C) The work hours in the travel agency are too long.D) The pay offer by the travel agency is too low.7. A) Financial consulting. B) Product development.C) International trade. D) Domestic retailing.8. A) Take a vacation. B) Go on a business trip.C) Make a ticket reservation. D) Look for a job in Miami.Questions 9 t0 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) It is located on Route 18. B) It is a beautiful little town.C) It lies seven miles east of Newton. D) It has an interesting museum.10. A) They are fifty-five miles apart. B) They are in opposite directions.C) They are quite close to each other. D) They are a long drive from Norwalk.11. A) They are crowded with tourists. B) They are connected by Route 7.C) They have lots of old houses. D) They have many rare plants.Questions 12 t0 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) Bring him up to date on the current situation in Milan.B) Fetch the documents signed by Mr Gartner.C) Inform him of the arrangements for his trip in Italy.D) Accompany Mr Gartner to the Linate airport.13. A) About 8:30. B) About 4:15.C) About 5:30. D) About 6:30.14. A) Gianni Riva at Megastar. B) Mr Gartner from Milan.C) **pany’s sales representative. D) Gavin from the Chamber of Commerce.15. A) Secretary. B) Business manager.C) Saleswoman. D) Travel agent.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 16 t0 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) She needed some overseas experience. B) She wanted to find out more about it.C) She had a desire to help others. D) She was interested in farming.17. A) Carry out a cultural exchange program. B) Work on an agriculture project,C) Teach English. D) Learn Portuguese.18. A) She could not get the country out of her mind.B) She found it di伍cult to secure a job in her own country.C) She wanted to renew her contact with the Peace Corps.D) She was invited to work as an English teacher.19. A) By teaching additional English classes.B) By doing odd jobs for local institutions.C) By working part time for the Peace Corps.D) By writing stories for American newspapers.Passage TwoQuestions 20 t0 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.20. A) Time spent with friends and family. B) Time spent working.C) Time spent exercising. D) Time spent on leisure activities.21. A) Reading. B) Watching TV.C) Surfing the Web. D) Eating out.22. A) Visiting friends. B) Going to the pub.C) Gardening. D) Driving.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 t0 25 are based on the passage you have just heard,23. A) McLaughlin’s carelessness resulted in the collision.B) The car driver was partly responsible for the accident.C) McLaughlin was talking to his manager while driving.D) The car driver was trying to avoid hitting a rabbit.24. A) He did serious damage to a loaded truck.B) He tore down **pany’s main gate.C) He knocked down several mailboxes.D) He crashed into a car parked there.25. A) He will receive retraining. B) He will have to pay damages.C) He will be fined heavily. D) He will lose his job.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, When the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.When Captain Cook asked the chiefs in Tahiti why they always ate 26. ______, they replied, “Because it is right.” If we ask Americans why they eat with knives and forks, or why their men wear pants 27. ______ skirts, or why they may be married to only one person at a time, we are likely to get 28. ______ and very uninformative answers: “Because it’s right.”“Because that’s the way it’s done.”“Because it’s the 29. ______.” Or even “I don’t know.” The reason for these and countless other patterns of social behavior is that they are 30. ______ by social norms – shared rules or guidelines which prescribe the behavior that is appropriate in a given situation. Norms 31. ______ how people “ought” to behave under particular circumstances in a particular society. We conform（遵守）to norms so readily that we are hardly aware they 32. ______. In fact, we are much more likely to notice 33. ______ from norms than conformity to them. You would not besurpnsed if a stranger tried to shake hands when you were introduced, but you might be a little 34. ______ if they bowed, started to stroke you, or kissed you on both 35. ______. Yet each of these other forms of greeting is appropriate in other parts of the world. When we visit another society whose norms are different, we quickly become aware that things we do this way, they do that way.Part III Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.What does it take to be a well-trained nurse? The answer used to be two-year associate’s or four-year bachelor’s degree programs. But as the nursing shortage 36. ______, a growing number of schools and hospitals are establishing “fast-track programs” that enable college graduates with no nursing 37. ______to become registered nurses with only a year or so of 38. ______ training.In 1991, there were only 40 fast-track curricula; now there are more than 200. Typical is Columbia University’s Entry to Practice program. Students earn their bachelor of science in nursing in a year. Those who stay on for an 39. ______ two years can earn a master’s degree that 40. ______ them as nurse practitioners（执业护士）or clinical nurse specialists.Many students are recent 41. ______; others are career switchers. Rudy Guardron, 32, a 2004 graduate of Columbia’s program, was a premedical student in college and then worked for a pharmaceutical（药物的）**pany. At Columbia, he was 42. ______ as a nurse practitio ner, “I saw that nurses were in high 43. ______ and it looked like a really good opportunity,” he says. “Also, I didn’t want to be in school for that long.”The fast-track trend fills a need, but it’s also creating some 44. ______ between newcomers and veterans. “Nurses that are still at the bedside 45. ______ these kids with suspicion,” says Linda Pellico, who has taught nursing at Yale University for 18 years, “They wonder, how can they do it quicker?” The answer is they don’t,A) additional I) promoteB) applied J) qualifiesC)demand K) specializedD) excessive L) tensionE) experience M) trainedF) explores N) viewG) graduates O) worsensH) operationsSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the Paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The rise of the sharing economyA) LAST night 40,000 people rented accommodation from a service that offers 250,000 rooms in 30,000 cities in 192 countries. They chose their rooms and paid for everything online. But their beds were provided by private individuals, rather than a hotel chain. Hosts and guests were matched up by Airbnb, a firm based in San Francisco. Since its launch in 2008 more than 4m people have used it—2.5million of them in 2012 alone. It is the most prominent example of a huge new “sharing economy”, in which people rent b eds, cars, boats and other assets directly from each other, co-ordinated via the internet.B) You might think this is no different from running a bed-and-breakfast（家庭旅店）, owning a timeshare（分时度假房）or participating in a car pool. But technology has reduced transaction costs, making sharing assets cheaper and easier than ever—and therefore possible on a much larger scale. The big change is the availability of more data about people and things, which allows physical assets to be disaggregated and consumed as services. Before the internet, renting a surfboard, a power tool or a parking space from someone else was feasible, but was usually more trouble than it was worth. Now websites such as Airbnb, RelayRides and SnapGoods match up owners and renters; smartphones with GPS let people see where the nearest rentable car is parked; social networks provide a way to check up on people and build trust; and online payment systems handle the billing.What’s mine is yours, for a feeC) Just as peer-to-peer businesses like eBay allow anyone to become a retailer, sharing sites let individuals act as an ad hoc（临时的）taxi service, car-hire firm or boutique hotel（精品酒店）as and when it suits them. Just go online or download an app. The model works for items that are expensive to buy and are widely owned by people who do not make full use of them. Bedrooms and cars are the most obvious examples, but you can also rent camping spaces in Sweden, fields in Australia and washing machines in France. As proponents of the sharing economy like to put it, access trumps（胜过）ownership.D) Rachel Botsman, the author of a book on the subject, says the consumer peer-to-peer rental market alone is worth $26 billion. Broader definitions of the sharing economy include peer-to- peer lending (though cash is hardly a spare fixed asset) or putting a solar panel on your roof and selling power back to the grid (电网). And it is not just individuals: the web makes it easier **panies to rent out spare offices and idle machines, too. But the core of the sharing economy is people renting things from each other.E) Such “collaborative（合作的）consumption” is a good thing for several reasons. Owners make money from underused assets. Airbnb says hosts in San Francisco who rent out their homes do so for an average of 58 nights a year, making $9,300. Car owners who rent their vehicles toothers using RelayRides make an average of $250 a month; some make more than $1,000. Renters, meanwhile, pay less than they would if they bought the item themselves, or turned to a traditional provider such as a hotel or car-hire firm. (It is not surprising that many sharing firms got going during the financial crisis.) And there are environmental benefits, too: renting a car when you need it, rather than owning one, means fewer cars are required and fewer resources must be devoted to making them.F) For sociable souls, meeting new people by staying in their homes is part of the charm. Curmudgeons（倔脾气的人）who imagine that every renter is Norman Bates can still stay at conventional hotels. For others, the web fosters trust. As well as the background checks carried out by platform owners, online reviews and ratings are usually posted by both parties to each transaction, which makes it easy to spot lousy drivers, bathrobe-pilferers and surfboard-wreckers. By using Facebook and other social networks, participants can check each other out and identify friends (or friends of friends) in common. An Airbnb user had her apartment trashed in 2011. But the remarkable thing is how well the system usually works. Peering into the futurePeering into the futureG) The sharing economy is a little like online shopping, which started in America 15 years ago. At first, people were worried about security. But having made a successful purchase from, say, Amazon, they felt safe buying elsewhere. Similarly, using Airbnb or a car-hire service for the first time encourages people to try other offerings. Next, consider eBay. Having started out as a peer-to-peer marketplace, it is now dominated by professional “power sellers” (many of whom started out as ordinary eBay users). The same may happen with the sharing economy, which also provides new opportunities for enterprise. Some people have bought cars solely to rent them out, for example.H) Existing rental businesses are getting involved too. Avis, a car-hire firm, has a share in a sharing rival. So do GM and Daimler, two carmakers. In future, companies may develop hybrid （混合的）models, listing excess capacity (whether vehicles, equipment or office space) on peer-to-peer rental sites. In the past, new ways of doing things online have not displaced the old ways entirely. But they have often changed them. Just as internet shopping forced Walmart and Tesco to adapt, so online sharing will shake up transport, tourism, equipment-hire and more.I) The main worry is regulatory uncertainty (see Technology Quarterly article). Will room-renters be subject to hotel taxes, for example? In Amsterdam officials are using Airbnb listings to track down unlicensed hotels. In some American cities, peer-to-peer taxi services have been banned after lobbying by traditional taxi firms. The danger is that although some rules need to be updated to protect consumers from harm, incumbents will try to **petition. People who rent out rooms should pay tax, of course, but they should not be regulated like a Ritz-Carlton hotel. The lighter rules that typically govern bed-and-breakfasts are more than adequate.J) The sharing economy is the latest example of the internet…s value to consumers. This emerging model is now big and disruptive（颠覆性的）enough for regulators **panies to havewoken up to it. That is a sign of its immense potential. It is time to start caring about sharing.46. Sharing items such as cars does good to the environment.47. Airbnb’s success clearly illustrates the emergence of a huge sharing economy.48. The major concern about the sharing economy is how the government regulates it.49. The most frequently shared items are those expensive to buy but not fully used.50. The sharing economy has a promising future.51. Online sharing will change the way business is done in transportation, travel, rentals, etc.52. Airbnb is a website that enables owners and renters to complete transactions online.53. The sharing economy is likely to go the way of online shopping.54. One advantage of sharing is that owners earn money from renting out items not made full use of.55. Sharing appeals to the sociable in that they can meet new people.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 t0 60 are based on the following passage.In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people’s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they’d seen in front of them—in other words, how much they remembered eating.This disparity (差异) suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.“Hunger isn’t controlled solely by t he physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal,” Brunstrom says. “This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is **plex than we thought.”These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie(卡路里) milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones (荷尔蒙), depending on whether the shake’s label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they’dconsumed a higher-calorie shake.What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says.56. What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake?A) How we perceive the food we eat. B) What ingredients the food contains.C) When we eat our meals. D) How fast we eat our meals.57. What would happen at meal time if you remembered eating a lot in the previous meal?A) You would probably be more picky about food.B) You would not feel like eating the same food.C) You would have a good appetite.D) You would not feel so hungry.58. What do we learn from the 2011 study?A) Food labels may mislead consumers in their purchases.B) Food labels may influence our body’s response to food.C) Hunger levels depend on one’s consumption of calories.D) People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary.59. What does Brunstrom suggest we do to control our appetite?A) Trick ourselves into eating less. B) Choose food with fewer calories.C) Concentrate on food while eating. D) Pick dishes of the right size.60. What is the main idea of the passage?A) Eating distractions often affect our food digestion.B) Psychological factors influence our hunger levels.C) Our food intake is determined by our biological needs.D) Good eating habits will contribute to our health.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.As a society we might want to rethink the time and money spent on education, so that these resources can benefit a greater percentage of the population. Ideally, both high schools and colleges can prepare individuals for the ever-changing roles that are likely to be expected of them.High school degrees offer far less in the way of preparation for work than they might, or than many other nations currently offer, creating a growing skills gap in our economy. We encourage students to go on to college whether they are prepared or not, or have a clear sense of purpose or interest, and now have the highest college dropout rate in the world.We might look to other countries for models of how high schools can offer better training, as well as the development of a work ethic (勤奋工作的美德) and the intellectual skills needed for continued learning and development. I recommend Harvard’s 2011 “Pathways to Prosperity”report for more attention to the “forgotte n half” (those who do not go on to college) and ideas about how to address this issue.Simultaneously, the liberal arts become more important than ever. In a knowledge economywhere professional roles change rapidly and many college students are preparing for positions that may not even exist yet, the skill set needed is one that prepares them for change and continued learning.Learning to express ideas well in both writing and speech, knowing how to find information, and knowing how to do research are all solid background skills for a wide variety of roles, and such training is more important than any particular major in a liberal arts college. We need to continue to value broad preparation in thinking skills that will serve for a lifetime.Students also need to learn to work independently and to make responsible decisions. The lengthening path to adulthood appears exacerbated (恶化) by parental involvement in the college years. Given the rising investment in college education, parental concern is not surprising, but learning where and when to intervene(干预) will help students take more ownership of the outcomes of these increasingly costly educations.61. What kind of education does the author think is ideal?A) It benefits the great majority of the general population.B) It prepares students to meet the future needs of society.C) It encourages students to learn throughout their lives.D) It ensures that students’ expectations are successfully fulfille d.62. What does the author say is the problem with present high school education?A) Ignoring the needs of those who don’t go to college.B) Teaching skills to be used right after graduation only.C) Giving little attention to those having difficulty learning.D) Creating the highest dropout rate in the developed world.63. What characterizes a knowledge economy according to the passage?A) People have to receive higher education to qualify for a professional position.B) Students majoring in liberal arts usually have difficulty securing a job.C) New positions are constantly created that require people to keep learning.D) Colleges find it hard to teach students how to cope with the changing economy.64. What does the author think a liberal arts college should focus on?A) Solid background knowledge in a particular field.B) Practical skills urgently needed in current society.C) Basic skills needed for change and lifelong learning.D) Useful thinking skills for advanced academic research.65. What suggestion does the author offer to parents?A) Rethinking the value of higher education.B) Investing wisely in their children’s education.C) Helping their children to bring their talent into full play.D) Avoiding too much intervention in their children’s education.Part IV TranslationDirections : For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中国结（the Chinese knot）最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。
美世职位评估体系实施与应用【精品专业参考资料】
48 Position Classes
Total point range
Position
Class
Total point range
Position
Class
Total point range
Position
Class
26
-
50
40
426
-
450
❖ 考虑岗位上通常的情景（95％的时间所发生的情况），而非特殊情况
❖ 评估时，不要考虑现有的岗位级别、工资级别、任职人的等级等
❖ 根据定义客观判断，避免对某些岗位可能有的预先的偏见
❖ 评估过程中保持标准尺度一致性原则
❖
职位评估的基础
❖ 评估者对所评估的岗位有全面、准确的了解
❖ 评估者了解所评估岗位所处部门的岗位设置
评估因素概览
因素1 影响
因素2 沟通
沟通情景
贡献度
影响层次
沟通性质
组织规模
因素4 知识
因素3 创新
团队角色
复杂性
知识要求
创新要求
应用宽度
评估体系的构成
IPE系统共分为:
4 Factors 因素
❖ 10 Dimensions 维度
❖ 104 Degrees 刻度
❖
共1225分。评估结果共可以分成48个级别。简单说来，就是
的描述后决定。
该因素主要考虑以下两个维度：
－－职位的沟通方式；
－－组织架构；
因素二：沟通
维度一：沟通性质
❖
沟通情境
沟通性质
在确定此维度时，需要注意：
产品方案部英文
Product Schemes DepartmentThis document outlines the functions and responsibilities of the Product Schemes Department.IntroductionThe Product Schemes Department plays a crucial role in developing and implementing effective product strategies within an organization. This department focuses on creating innovative product solutions to meet customer demands, improve market presence, and drive business growth. In this document, we will discuss the key functions and responsibilities of the Product Schemes Department.FunctionsThe Product Schemes Department is responsible for the following key functions:1. Market Research and AnalysisThe department conducts thorough market research to identify customer needs, market trends, and competitive landscapes. This helps in understanding market gaps and opportunities for product development. The department analyzes market data to make informed decisions regarding the product roadmap.2. Product DevelopmentThe department collaborates with cross-functional teams to develop new products or enhance existing ones. They gather input from various stakeholders such as customers, sales teams, and product managers. This input is used to define product requirements and create a product development plan.3. Pricing and Packaging StrategiesThe Product Schemes Department defines pricing strategies based on factors such as production costs, competition, and customer demand.They also create packaging strategies to effectively showcase the product’s features and benefits. The department ensures that the pricing and packaging strategies align with the overall marketing and sales objectives.4. Product Launch and MarketingThe department is responsible for planning, coordinating, and executing product launches. They collaborate with the marketing and sales teams to create marketing plans, promotional materials, and advertising campgns. The department also tracks the performance of product launches and makes necessary adjustments to optimize results.5. Product Lifecycle ManagementThe Product Schemes Department manages the entire lifecycle of the products, starting from ideation to retirement. They monitor the performance of products in the market, receive customer feedback, and implement necessary changes to meet evolving customer demands. Thisincludes identifying opportunities for product extensions, upgrades, or discontinuations.ResponsibilitiesThe Product Schemes Department has the following key responsibilities:1. Strategy DevelopmentThe department is responsible for developing product strategies that align with the company’s overall business goals. They define target markets, identify competitive advantages, and prioritize product development opportunities.2. Collaborative ManagementThe department collaborates with various teams, including product managers, engineers, designers, marketers, and sales professionals.They ensure effective communication and coordination among these teams to achieve successful product launches and ongoing sales success.3. Cross-functional AlignmentThe department acts as a bridge between different departments within the organization. They ensure that product development aligns with sales and marketing strategies, customer service requirements, and manufacturing capabilities.4. Performance Tracking and AnalysisThe Product Schemes Department monitors the performance of products in the market, gathers customer feedback, and conducts ongoing market analysis. They track key performance indicators such as sales revenue, market share, and customer satisfaction to evaluate the success of product schemes and make data-driven decisions.5. Competitor AnalysisThe department conducts thorough competitor analysis to identify market trends, competitive threats, and potential opportunities. They assess competitor’s products, pricing strategies, and marketing tactics. This analysis plays a vital role in developing effective product strategies to gn a competitive edge.ConclusionThe Product Schemes Department plays a pivotal role in developing and implementing successful product strategies. From market research and product development to pricing strategies and product lifecycle management, this department ensures that products meet customer needs, align with business objectives, and drive overall growth. Efficient collaboration, cross-functional alignment, and proactive performance tracking are key to achieving success in product schemes within an organization.。
产品解决方案工程师英文
产品解决方案工程师英文One of the main responsibilities of a Product Solution Engineer is to analyze the customer's requirements and propose innovative solutions to meet those requirements. They work closely with the product development team to ensure that the proposed solutions are technically feasible and can be implemented within the given timeframe.In addition to designing solutions, Product Solution Engineers also play a key role in testing and debugging the products. They must ensure that the products meet all the required specifications and standards before they are released to the market.To be successful in this role, Product Solution Engineers must have a strong technical background and a good understanding of the product development process. They must also have excellent problem-solving skills and be able to work well under pressure.Product Solution Engineers work with a variety of stakeholders, including customers, product managers, and other engineers. They must have excellent communication skills and be able to explain complex technical concepts to non-technical audiences.One of the key challenges faced by Product Solution Engineers is to always stay up-to-date with the latest technologies and industry trends. This is important to ensure that the solutions they propose are always at the cutting edge of technology.In conclusion, Product Solution Engineers play a critical role in the product development process. They are responsible for designing, developing, testing, and implementing innovative solutions to meet the customer's needs. To be successful in this role, Product Solution Engineers must have a strong technical background, excellent problem-solving skills, and be able to work well with a variety of stakeholders. They must also stay up-to-date with the latest technologies and industry trends to ensure that their solutions are always at the cutting edge of technology.产品解决方案工程师（Product Solution Engineer，PSE）在产品开发过程中起着重要的作用。