首都医科大学眼科学2004年考博真题考博试卷
首都医科大学眼科学2018年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
首都医科大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：眼科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、单选题 1.视功能检查主要是 A.光视觉 B.形视觉 C.D 2.视觉发育的关键期是 3.结膜的血供 4.Honor 综合征的表现 5.抗青光眼药物的作用说法错误的是
二、名词解释 1.假性翼状胬肉 2.Mechasiny 综合征 3.VKH 4.acomdation 5. RAPD 马切山尼综合症（英文）
三、简答题 1.角膜的组织结构 2.动态视野和静态视野 3.铁质沉着症的临床特点 4.后发性白内障的发生机制 5.类固醇的副作用 6.病理性瞳孔阻滞 7.RPE 功能
四、论述题 1.前房角的结构 2 急性闭角型青光眼的分期及诊断标准
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3.视网膜出血的类型和表现 4.ICE 的临床表现和鉴别诊断 5.六条第1页 共1页
2004级博士生英语考试试卷
English Test for Doctoral Candidates(Jan. 16, 2005)Part I Listening Comprehension (20%)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 5 short conversations. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be read only once. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Then mark your answer on your Answer Sheet A.1. A. To be back Tuesday morning.B. To come and see him Wednesday.C. To call him on Thursday.D. To make an appointment for Thursday.2. A. Every day.B. Every day except Thursday.C. Monday, Wednesday and Friday.D. Monday, Tuesday and Friday.3. A. On a train.B. On a boat.C. On a plane.D. On a bus.4. A. It was sold out.B. It was too expensive.C. She didn’t like it.D. It was uninteresting.5. A. Go for a long walk with her friend.B. Rest and take care of herself.C. Stay at home and do her exercises.D. Catch up with her reading.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. The passage will be read only once. At the end of the passage, you will hear 5 questions about what was said. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Passage 16. A. Almost half their money.B. Almost all their money.C. Almost one-third of their money.D. Most of their money.7. A. Right after the food is ready.B. Right after the father makes the cross over the bread with aknife.C. Right after the mother distributes each member a piece of brad.D. Right after the father gives everyone a piece of bread.8. A. The famous French food.B. The French family meal.C. The French family reunion.D. The French gable manners.Passage 29. A. Means for winter traveling.B. Methods of fishing.C. How to hunt large animals.D. Political ways.10. A. Iron tools.B. Building canoes.C. Blazing trails.D. Planting crops.Section C Spot DictationDirections:In this part, you are going to hear a longer passage. The passage is printed below with some words and expressions missing. As you listen, fill in each of the blanks with the words and expressions you have heard.Our sleep time over the past century has been reduced by almost 20 percent.Generally, adults need to sleep one hour for every two hours awake, which means that most need about eight hours of sleep a night. Of course, some people need more and some less. Children and teenagers need an average of about ten hours.The brain keeps an exact (11) ______________ of how much sleep it is owed. My colleagues and I coined the term sleep debt because accumulated lost sleep is like a monetary debt: it must be paid back. If you get an hour less than a full night’s sleep, you carry an hour of sleep debt into the next day—and your (12) ______________ to fall asleep during the daytime becomes stronger.During the five-day workweek, if you get six hours of sleep each night instead of the eight you needed, you would build up a sleep debt of ten hours (five days times two hours). Because sleep debt accumulates in an additive (13) ______________, by day five your brain would tend toward sleep as strongly as if you’d stayed up all night. From this perspective, sleeping until noon on Saturday is not getting enough to pay back the ten lost hours as well as meet your nightly (14) ______________ of eight; you would have to sleep until about 5 p.m. to balance the sleep ledger.But for most people it is difficult to sleep that long because of the alerting mechanism of our (15) ______________ clock.Section D SummaryDirections:Listen to the passage and write a summary in no less than 50 words.Part II Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions:In this section, there are 4 short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C and D, and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.Passage 1However important we may consider school life to be, there is no denying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised (告知) of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing and development mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The informal tea and the many interviews carried on during the year, as well as new ways of reporting pupils’ progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic process night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics, and at the same time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers’ conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children’s misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion for penalties and rewards at home.16. The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that _______.A. home training is more important than school trainingbecause a child spends so many hours with his parentsB. teachers can and should help parents to understand andfurther the objective of the schoolC. there are many ways in which the mathematics program canbe implemented at homeD. parents have a responsibility to help students in doing homework17. The author directly discussed the fact that _______.A. parents drill their children too much in arithmeticB. principals have explained the new art programs to parentsC. a father can have his son help him construct articles at homeD. a parent’s misguided efforts can be properly directed18. It can reasonably be inferred that the author _______.A. is satisfied with present relationships between home and schoolB. feels that schools are woefully lacking in guidance personnelC. believes that the traditional program in mathematics isslightly better than developmental programD. feels that the parent-teacher interviews can be made muchmore constructive than they are at present19. The author implies that _______.A. participation in interesting activities relating to asubject improves one’s achievements in that areaB. school principals do more than their share in interpretingthe curriculum to the parentsC. only a small part of the school day should be set apart fordrilling in arithmeticD. teachers should occasionally make home visit to parents20. We may infer that the writer of the article does not favor _______.A. a father’s helping his son with the latter’s studiesB. written communications to the parent from the teacherC. having the parent observe lessons which the children are being taughtD. principal-parent conferences rather than teacher-parent conferencesPassage 2E-business requires instantaneous decision-making and KM (knowledge management) has a tremendous role to play in achieving this as well as quality feedback. Real-time business without proper knowledge and feedback information quickly turns into real-time unsupervised and valueless chaos. Lack of adequate knowledge flow and coherent real-time views of a situation inevitably lead to disastrous consequences. The infamous Barings Bank operated a real-time futures business without real-time checks and balances, and did not ensure adequate quality of knowledge flows from the trading floor to controllers and managers. Itwas too-much-too-fast coupled with too-little-quality-feedback and insufficient understanding. There was too little real-time knowledge at hand and it turned out a spectacular disaster.The missing link was KM. No serious e-business effort should be undertaken without considering, planning and implementing a strong KM infrastructure. Real-time knowledge must flow from those who have it to those who must be able to make the right move at the right time. And there is no time to spare. E-businesses must be equipped with interactive workflow tools and real-time business intelligences feedback in a clear and understandable format. People involved must have access to all underlying documents at all times at a snap of their fingers. Otherwise they will guess rather than make informed decisions. Or words, in fear of making a huge mistake, people will make no decisions at all.Take a home loan application process for example. You would most likely apply to a number of banks at the same time. They would obviously complete on pricing, but the bank that can make your credit assessment first and most effectively, process the documentation and inform you on the progress every step of the way will get your business. The rest may be stuck with less demanding, more risk-prone customers. This may affect their overall profitability, and ability to complete on price and service in the future. It could put them out of business altogether. So is therea link between e-business and KM? I surely think so.21. According to the passage, in doing e-business, you must _______.A. make quick decisionsB. learn many disciplinesC. work hardD. know how to promote yourself22. As the author puts it, being short of _______ will lead to failure in e-business.A. support from the governmentB. sufficient knowledge flow and accurate views of the situationC. qualified managersD. loan from the bank23. Barings Bank went bankrupt because _______.A. it involved itself in the futures businessB. its manager was not an expertC. it failed to smooth the knowledge flow and the feedback processesD. of its slow decision-making process24. Some managers do not make decisions because _______.A. they are not provided with sufficient informationB. they are slow in thinkingC. they are very democraticD. they have limited rights in the company25. When you apply for a home loan, you tend to choose a band with _______.A. offers the lowest interestB. if located quite near to your houseC. will keep you informed of the on-goings in the processD. is big and famousPassage 3When it comes to leisure activities, Americans aren’t quite the funseekers they’ve been supposed to be. For one out of five, weekends and vacations are consumed by such drudgeries as housecleaning, yardworking, and cooking; only one-third of them enjoy the luxury of relaxing in the sun, going camping, playing sports, or simply relaxing.Americans were asked how they occupy themselves on days they are not at work. According to the poll, older people, the rich, and the well-educated are most apt to spend their spare time doing the things they “want to do” rather than those they “have to”.Overall, high-salaried respondents were more active than those with lower incomes—they reported watching less television and were ore likely to engage in social and cultural activities. Furthermore, those with college degrees were about twice as likely as those with no more than a high school education to spend time playing sports (42 percent compared to 23 percent).On the subject of vacations, the study found that college graduates were more likely than those with only high school degrees to have vacation plans (80 percent versus 60 percent). Of those who did intend to take some time off, 46 percent planned a sightseeing vacation (34 percent in the United States, 12 percent abroad), 34 percent expected to visit friends or relatives, 22 percent headed for the beach or lake, and 12 percent intended to relax at home.People who are divorced, widowed, or separated, the survey concluded, are the least likely of any group to take a vacation—and the least likely to attach any important to it.26. The passage is mainly about _______.A. different ways of spending one’s leisure timeB. active entertainment and passive entertainmentC. factors that affect people’s attitudes towards vacationD. how Americans spend their holidays27. According to a recent study, how many Americans spend theweekends doing housework?A. One fifth of them.B. Four fifths of them.C. One third of them.D. Two thirds of them.28. According to the passage, the most popular type of vacationin the United States is _______.A. relaxing in the sunB. visiting friends or relativesC. playing sportsD. visiting interesting places29. Who are the least likely to take a vacation?A. Businesswomen.B. Factor workers.C. Separated couples.D. Elderly people.30. Which of the following if NOT mentioned as a factor thatinfluences the way people spend their holidays?A. Family income.B. Social position.C. Age.D. Educational background.Passage 4If national health insurance would not cure the problems of the American health-care system, what, then, is responsible for them? Suspicion falls heavily on hospitals, which make up the largest component of the system. In 1988 hospitals accounted for 39 percent of all expenditures—more than doctors, nursing homes, drugs, and home health care combined.Although US hospitals provide outstanding research and frequently excellent care, they also exhibit the classic attributes of inefficient organizaions; increasing costs and decreasing use. The average cost of a hospital stay in 1987—$3,850—was more than double the 1980 cost. A careful government analysis published in 1987 revealed the inflation of hospital costs, over and above general price inflation, as a major factor in their growth, even after allowances were made for increase in the population and in intensity of care. While the rate of increase for hospital costs was 27 percent greater than that of all medical care and 163 percent greater than that for all other goods and services, demand for hospital services fell by 34 percent. But hospitals seemed obvious of the decline: during this period the number of hospital beds shrank only by about three percent, and the number of full-time employees grew by more than 240,000.After yet another unexpectedly high hospital-cost increase last year, one puzzled government analyst asked, “Where’s the money going?” Much of the increase in hospital costs—amounting to $180 billion from 1965 to 1987—went to duplicating medical technology available in nearby hospitals and maintaining excess beds. Modern healthcare, a leading journal in the field, recently noted that “anecdotes of [hospitals] unne cessary spending on technology abound.” Medical technology is veryexpensive. An operating room outfitted to perform open-heart surgery costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. From 1982 to 1989 the number of hospitals with open-heart-surgery facilities grew by 33 percent, and the most rapid growth occurred among smaller and moderate-sized hospitals. This growth was worrisome for reasons of both costs and quality. Underused technology almost inevitably decreases quality of care. In medicine, as in everything else, practice makes perfect. For example, most of the hospitals with the lowest mortality rates for coronary-bypass surgery perform at least fifty to a hundred such procedures annually, and in some cases many more; the majority of those with the highest mortality rates perform fewer than fifty a year.31. According to the passage, the American health-care system _______.A. is working smoothlyB. is the best system in the worldC. is not working efficientlyD. is on the point of collapse32. In 1980, the average cost of a hospital stay was _______.A. $3,850B. less than $1,925C. $1,925D. more than $1,92533. When demand for hospital services fell, hospitals _______.A. took effective measures to reduce their expendituresB. were fully aware of the situation and took some measures accordinglyC. reduced the number of hospital beds sharplyD. continued to take on more full-time medical workers34. According to the passage, hospital costs went up greatlymainly because _______.A. hospitals spent a lot of money unnecessarily on medical technologyB. hospitals bought too much expensive operating equipmentC. hospitals employed too many unskilled medical workersD. hospitals were under poor management35. It is implied in the last paragraph that if a hospital usesits medical technology to the full, _______.A. it will decrease its quality of treatmentB. it will certainly push up its expendituresC. it will have a high mortality rate from surgeryD. it will maintain its good quality of carePart III Translation (20%)Section A Put the following into Chinese:When the war began on January 18th, the authorities believed that the multi-national force was irresistible and that the war would be short and swift. But now, the situation seems quite the reverse; the war is likely to take at least several months before it blows itself out.No matter how long the war lasts, it is undeniably a great tragedy. The region is now bristling with bombers, warships and soldiers. Saddam Hussein has already begun to make random bombing attacks on Israel and Saudi Arabia. He has even brazenly threatened to use missiles charged with biological or chemical warheads.Whether or not the Gulf War is a just war is a hotly debated question. Although most people agree with the deployment of soldiers in the region, a considerable number of people do not want Britain to get involved.Section B Put the following abstract into English:摘要：本文从英文标题、作者署名与工作单位、英文摘要、英文关键词等四个方面阐述了科技论文英文摘要的写作特点、模式及摘要写作中应避免出现的一些问题，同时强调对摘要写作的客观性、学术性和语体风格等问题给予足够的重视。
首都医科大学博士入学考试试题汇总
目录目录 (1)首都医科大学神经解剖博士入学考试试题 (2)2001年 (2)2002年 (3)2003年 (4)首都医科大学大外科解剖博士入学考试试题 (5)2003年 (5)首都医科大学大外科眼科（记忆版）博士入学考试试题 (5)2004年 (5)首都医科大学神经解剖博士入学考试试题2001年一、名词解释（1-7题，5×7=35；2-12题，3×5=15）1、边缘系统2、脊髓灰质板层3、后屈束4、内侧纵束1、攀缘纤维2、下橄榄核3、桥小脑三角4、 phrenic n.5、 celiac plexus10、obturator n.11、locus reculeus12、carvernous sinus二、问答题（10×5=50）1、纹状体① 位置及组成② 纤维联系③ 化学递质环路④ 动脉供应2、网状结构① 定义② 主要核团③ 机能组合3、神经支配① 肾上腺髓质② 斜方肌③ 二腹肌④ 蚓状肌4、解剖基础① 交叉性瘫痪② 屈曲反射③ 翼状肩④ 猿手5、“听新闻记纪录”的解剖学基础2002年简答：被盖中央束阴捕神经黑质蓝斑论述：1脑干的非脑神经节脑干的运动型交叉纤维Wallenberg的解剖基础2副交感神经系统的二级神经元交通支颌部区的立毛肌支配（不知道该题是否准确）３小脑皮质神经元环路海马结构的分层和分区脑室的边界和CSF的循环2003年名词解释1. 肋间壁神经2. 鼻睫神经3. Ⅶ颅神经4. great petrosol N5. confluence of sinuse6. central tegmentrol decussation简答1. 底丘脑的神经纤维联系2. 下肢非意识感觉到大脑的纤维联系3. 如何理解cerebelar glomorulus论述1. 边缘系统组成；PAPEZ环路；Hippocampal分层。
2. 白质通路和灰质通路；牵涉痛；Otic Ganglion。
医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解
2000FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER TWO31.A 32.B 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.B46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.C51.C 52.B 53.D 54.A55.C 56.D 57.D 58.C59.C 60.C 61.D 62.D63.A 64.B 65.D 66.D67.C 68.B 69.C 70.A71.C 72.C 73.C 74.D 75.D2001FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER ONE1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6.A7.C8.A9.D 10.C 11. PAPER TWO1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.D 11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.C 25.C 26.C 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.A31.C 32.A 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.B46.C 47.D 48.B 49.D 50.A51.C 52.A 53.A 54.D55.D 56.C 57.A 58.A59.C 60.C 61.D 62.A63.B 64.D 65.D 66.C67.A 68.A 69.D 70.D71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.A2002FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C 56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A 76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D 86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.D2003FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A16.C 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.D 21.C 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.D31.A 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.A 41.A 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.D 46.B 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.A51.B 52.A 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.B60.A61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.C 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.A70.B71.D 72.A 73.D 74.C 75.D 76.B 77.D 78.C 79.C80.A81.A 82.A 83.D 84.C 85.B 86.B 87.C 88.A 89.D 90.B2004年全国医学考博英语试题答案（仅供参考）1.A2.B3.C4.C5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A21.A 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.D 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.B 30.C31.B 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.C 40.B41.A 42.C 43.B 44.D 45.C 46.D 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.A51.A 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.A 58.A 59.B 60.C61.D 62.C 63.B 64.D 65.C 66.D 67.D 68.C 69.D 70.B71.B 72.D 73.B 74.C 75.B 76.B 77.A 78.D 79.A 80.B81.B 82.D 83.C 84.C 85.A 86.B 87.D 88.A 89.A 90.D2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CACDA6-10CDBCB11-15CADBA16-20DDBCB21-25ABCBD26-30CCDAD31-35CABAA36-40CADAD41-45BACBA46-50ABDCC51-55BACBA56-60ACBCB61-65BCBBC66-70BDABC71-75CACBB76-80CACBB81-85CBACD86-90ADBCC2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案31-40 CDCCB BCBDA41-50 ACACA ACDDB51-60 BCACA AADBC61-70 DDDDA ACABD71-80ACCCC BCAAD81-90DBDBD DDBBC2001part III vocabulary(15%)1.we are all overwhelmed with more facts and information than we can possibly____A.feedB.maintainC.absorbD.consume2.pleasure,or joy, is vital to ____health. vital.生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的A.optimistic pessimistic悲观的B.optional可选择的, 随意的C.optimal最佳的, 最理想的near optimal近似最佳D.operational3.A ____ effort is required to achieve health.mitted 承担义务的；忠于既定立场的；坚定的B.restrictedposed镇静的, 沉着的D.sophisticated诡辩的, 久经世故的4.A person’s belief ____ and colors his experience.A.contradicts vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触contradict a statement驳斥一项声明contradict oneself自相矛盾B.shapes shape the destiny of决定...的命运C.summarizes概述, 总结, 摘要而言D.exchanges交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易.exchange experience 交流经验5.Many professors encourage students to question and ____ their idearsA.convey vt.搬运, 传达, 转让I can't convey my feelings in words.我的情感难以言表。
眼科考博问答题
首都医科大学北京同仁医院眼科09年博士入学考试试题一. 简答30分1.视网膜中央动脉阻塞的急诊处理。
2.高度近视眼的眼科并发症。
3.单纯疱疹病毒角膜炎的致病机制，临床分类和治疗。
4.睫状神经节的组成和部位。
5.来源中胚层的眼组织二. 论述（任选三道做）30分1.青光眼药物的分类，作用机制和副作用2.糖网的国际和国内分期3.常见造成突眼的炎症性眼病分类和临床特征4.糖网新生血管的形成过程、机制、促进和抑制其生长的因子、可能的治疗方法。
32首医考博2008三、简答（5分x5=25分）1、中胚叶发育的眼球组织2、睫状神经节位置和组成3、瞳孔对光反射传导通路4、白瞳症概念可见于哪些疾病5、急性视力下降，不伴有眼前节病变，有哪些疾病四、论述（5选3，10分x3=30分）1、急闭临床表现及治疗原则2、糖网国际分期及国内分期3、角膜内皮细胞功能、特点4、不同部位视网膜出血的特点5、眼科常用分子生物学技术和实验方法首都医科大学2004年博士入学考试眼科试题2、简答题泪膜的组成及功能真菌性角膜炎的感染菌属及临床表现外伤性青光眼性低眼压第机制视觉的种类及简查3、问答题青光眼的分类、详细列举继发青光眼的类型和现代青光眼的治疗Coats病的机制、临床表现糖尿病视网膜病变的分期及治疗首都医科大学2003年眼科学（博士）三、问答题（每题10分，共30分）1 .请解释交感性眼炎的定义；简介其成因和发病机理；描述其临床表现及并发症；并简介其治疗。
2.请分别说明YAG激光、氩离子激光、氦氖激光以及二氧化碳激光适合治疗哪些眼病？3.请描述甲状腺相关眼眶病的临床体征和检查所见，并简述鉴别诊断要点？不同部位视网膜出血的特点干眼的个体化治疗、治疗进展黄斑水肿发病机制，临床表现及治疗北京大学医学部研究生考试试题（眼科学）三. 问答题（共50分，每题10分）1.试述恶性青光眼的发病机理及临床处理原则。
2.简述糖尿病可能引起致盲的眼部并发症3.急性虹膜睫状体炎是致盲疾患之一，试述其致盲的临床病理过程4.简述急性球后视神经炎，前部缺血性视乳头病变及视乳头水肿的鉴别诊断5.简述眼球的血液供应北京大学医学部（第一附属医院眼科）四. 问答题（50分）1.目前应用于眼科的视觉电生理检查主要有那几种，介绍它们的基本原理和临床应用。
2004年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2004年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：W: I can’t tell if my breast is still there. Have you taken it off?M: No, Mrs. Green. We just took out the lump. So you can see we’ve caught this thing very early and some X-ray therapy should stop spreading.Q: What is the woman suffering from？1．A．Breast cancer.B．Lung cancer.C．Pneumonia.D．Leukemia.正确答案：A解析：通过对话中的breast，lump(肿块)以及X—ray therapy可以推断女士患了乳腺癌。
听力原文：M: My left ankle is still hurting from the fall I had from my bike last week. I wonder if I should visit a doctor.W: To play it safe, you probably should.Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?2．A．Visit his uncle’ s doctor.B．See a doctor.C．Ride more carefully.D．Take it easy.正确答案：B解析：男士觉得自己应当去visit a doctor，女士表示为了安全，确实应当去，也就是建议他去看医生。
首都医科大学眼科学2004年考博真题试卷
Байду номын сангаас
首都医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
首都医科大学
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：眼科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释 1． 视网膜前膜
第1页 共1页
2． 迷离瘤 3． 牵牛花综合征 4． leber氏病 5． 眼球痨 6． 波前相差 7． ICE 8． Berlin水肿 二、简答题 1. 泪膜的组成及功能 2. 真菌性角膜炎的感染菌属及临床表现 3. 外伤性青光眼低眼压的机制 4. 视觉的种类及检查 三、问答题 1. 青光眼的分类、详细列举继发性青光眼的类型和现代青光眼的治疗 2. Coats病的机制、临床表现 3. 糖尿病视网膜病变的分期及治疗
历年考博专业课真题
中科院 2003 生化考博题 1.详述原核与真核生物基因在转录水平表达调控? 2.近年真核生物基因表达调控新进展? 3.四种分析蛋白质纯度方法原理? 4.七种重组体筛选方法,原理? 5.包含体? 6.一支痢疾杆菌和一支小鼠细胞株.如何分离出他们的二氢叶酸还原酶基因. 7.蛋白质一,二,三,四结构?用什么方法测定. 8.从 cDNA 文库中用特定一对引物利用 PCR 扩增一个酶蛋白基因.将该基因重组到一个通 用表达载体上进行表达. 对经过纯化的酶蛋白进行活性测定表明, 重组蛋白具有相应酶活性. 是否可以认为有关蛋白质基因表达纯化工作是否完成?为什么?复旦大学 2002 年试题(金融学) 1,分析发达国家设立政策性金融机构的原因和效果. (20 分) 2,试从投资成本效应和资产结构调整效应,评述我国最近几年降低利率的效果. (30 分) 3,什么叫可维持的国际收支结构,结合它来分析资本账户下货币自由兑换的条件. (20 分) 4, 全面阐述第一代和第二代货币危机模型, 并结合某国实际来比较分析这二代模型的优劣. (30 分)2004 年人大民法考博试题 民法: 1,论请求权 2,人格与人格权的区别以及人格权的民事权利的性质 3,相邻权与地役权的区别 4,论商业秘密权 民事诉讼: 1,论不要证事实 2,论当事人更换 3,论上诉审程序 4,破产申请要件 中国人民大学民商法专业考博试题 民法 93. 1.论合同自由 2.新闻监督与侵害名誉权 3.证券市场的现状与对策 94. 1.试论我国物权制度的建立与完善(40) 2.我国公司法中有限责任公司与股份有限 公司的异同(30) 3.侵权行为责任与不当得利返还责任之间的联系和区别(30)95. 1.论物权分类 2.企业法人与社团法人的关系 3.侵权行为与违约行为的异同 96. 1.评析民法通则 2.物上请求权与侵权行为请求权之间的联系与区别 3.缔约过失责 任与合同责任的联系与区别 4.评析人身保险合同(3,4 选一) 97. 1.论我国社会主义市场经济与我国民商立法 2.行使同时履行抗辩权和行使合同解除 权的区别 3.论典权的性质,典权与抵押,质押,买卖和租赁的法律关系 4.论保险合同中 当事人的基本权利义务 98. 1.国有企业改革中的民法适用问题 2.效力待定行为与可撤销行为之间的区别 3.试 析最高人民法院关于《民法通则》的解释 200 条 4.侵权民事责任与不当得利民事责任之间 的比较 99. 1.我国《民法通则》和其他有关于我国民事权利主体的分类及法律地位 2.用益物权 的种类及逐一评述 3.知识产权及其他财产权的异同,著作权与工业产权的异同 4.有限责 任公司与股份有限公司的异同 2000. 1, WTO 规则对我国民商事立法的影响 2, 论经营权 3, 论合同自愿原则 4, 网 络环境下的知识产权保护 2001. 1.法人有限责任 2.善意取得 3.表见代理 4.代位权行使的要件 2002. 1. 论民事法律行为的发展和完善 2. 论物权请求权 3. 合同成立和效力的关系 4. 知 识产权在民法中的地位 2003 1.论民法典制定中的法人制度的完善 2.评析物权行为理论 3.论信托法律关系中的受托 人的权利性质 4.辨析效力待定合同与无效合同 5.论知识产权的私权本质 2004 1,论民法请求权 2,从人格权和人格的关系论述人格权的民事法律性质 3,论相邻权 和地役权的关系 4,论商业秘密权 民诉 93. 1.论市场经济条件下民事诉讼法的完善. 2.论公示催告程序. 3.诉讼保全与债的 保全的关系 4.民事诉讼法中当事人制度的新的发展. 5.其他组织问题 94. 1. 试析我国民事诉讼法中保护当事人行使诉讼权利的优先及其在民事诉讼法条文中的 体现 2.财产保全与先予执行的异同 3.试述督促程序在适用中的问题及处理方法 4.试论 法院对涉外仲裁裁决执行的审查 95.1. 试析民事审判中重实体轻程序的现象 2. 申请代位执行的根据 3. 公示催告程序 4. 诉 权与起诉权的关系 96. 1.评严格执行民事诉讼法,确保案件公正审理 2.代位申请执行与代位权 3.当事人 查证与法院取证的根据 4.涉外民事诉讼中管辖权冲突的解决途径 97. 1.关于建立我国民事审判模式的理论思考 2.评析新民事诉讼法 3.论举证责任倒置 4.论民事诉讼法与仲裁法的关系 98. 1.建立我国诉讼标的理论 2.调解与审判分离理论 3.启动再审的三种方式间的关系 99. 1.试述程序公正与程序效益价值之间的关系 2.重塑我国再审程序制度的理论思考 3.论执行难及其解决途径 2000. 1.诉权在司法实践中的保护 2,诉讼程序与非讼程序的交叉适用 3,论执行的性质 4,论缺席判决 2001. 1.调解制度的完善 2.执行权性质及与裁判权的区别 3.诚信原则是否适用于民诉 举证责任的分配 2002. 1.评析民诉法关于审前准备的规定 2.法律推定与事实推定的效力 3.判决的形式 确定力与实质确定力 4.执行竞合及其解决 2003 1.论书证的分类及其法律意义 2.论检察机关在民事诉讼中的作用(地位) 3.论当事人能力与民事权利能力的一致与分离 4.辨析代位申请执行和代位权 2004 1,论民事诉讼法中的免予证明事实 2,论当事人变更 3,论二审对一审的裁判 4,论 破产申请提出的条件武汉大学 2004 年医学考博试题 消化内科试题 1 慢性腹泻的发病机制和病因 2 IBD 遗传易感性表现在那些方面 3 肝性胸水的发病机制 4 GERD 的诊断与治疗 5 肝性脑病与亚临床肝性脑病的诊断与治疗 6 NSAID 诱发溃疡的机制病生 试题一,简答题 1 简述凋亡的基本过程 2 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响 3 低钾血症对机体的影响 4 心肌肥大的基本特点 5 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制 6 何为缺血预处理?它有哪些保护作用? 二,论述题 1 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸碱平衡紊乱,为什么? 2 何为自由基?试述它在体内的作用. 2004 年华中科技大学同济医学院骨科考博专业试题 一名解(原题为英文) 1.休克抑制期 2.骨不连 3.骨筋膜室综合征 4.非少尿型肾功衰 5.预存自体回输血二.问答题 1.创伤的检查与诊断方法 2.脑复苏的现代概念及主要治疗方法 3.腰椎间盘的分型 进展及治疗方法 4.周围神经损伤的分类及修复方法 5.股骨头缺血坏死的 FICAT 分期 6.你对骨肉瘤的最新看法 7.骨肿瘤保肢手术的适应征.协和 2003 年分子生物学专业试题(博士) 1, 近年来人们对真核基因调控理论有了深入的认识, 现在大家普遍接受"unified theory" 的理论,请你谈一谈对该理论的理解及其你的观点. 2,用微球菌核酸酶酶解染色质,然后进行电泳,发现 200bp,400bp,600bp,800bp... 的条带,试问从该现象可以得出什么结论?图 1 所示的条带不是非常狭窄,试解释其原因武汉大学 2001 比较文学与世界文学专题试题 一.20 分.AB 任选 A.莎士比亚的《麦克白》是怎样将主人公的内在心理感受和精神状态"外化"为舞台形象 的?表现主义文学(如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》)又是如何系统的运用这类"外化"手法的? B. 以你熟悉的世界文学作品为例, 谈谈你对用喜剧性情节表达悲剧性内涵这一艺术手法的 见解.(说明:不限于戏剧,也可以举小说等为例.) 二.30 分.在你所涉猎的世界文学作品中,你对哪一部印象最深?描述你阅读它事的初始 感受,然后从理论上对你的这些感受进行反思,剖析和评价. 三.20 分.CD 任选 C.结合具体的作家和作品,论述中西诗歌的区别性基本特征. D.从 T.S.艾略特在《批评的功能》中所阐述的文学"总体论"出发,结合其他西方学 者的相关理论,论述民族文学,总体文学与比较文学的相互关系. 四.30 分.古希腊的柏拉图在《伊安篇》中提出了"迷狂说".中国宋代诗学家严羽在《沧 浪诗话.诗辨》中提出了"妙悟说".结合他们的具体论述,以"迷狂说与妙悟说"为题 ,从学说产生的时代与社会环境, 诗任的创作过程, 艺术心理的运动规律等层面进行比较和辨 析第四军医大学一九九二年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题 学科专业: 传染病学 考试科目: 免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 32 分) 1. ICAM-1 2. interleukin 12(IL-12) 3. tumor infiltrating lymphocyte 4. TCR/CD3 complex 5. hematopoietin receptor family 6. individual idiotype(IdI) 7. integrin 8. colony-stimulatory factor (CSF) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 免疫球蛋白重链的基因如何进行类别转换(class switching )? 2. 简述杀伤性 T 细胞(Tc)杀伤病毒感染靶细胞的机理. 3. 生物应答调节剂( biological response modifier,BRM)主要有哪几类?简要介绍在传染 性疾病防治中的作用. 4. 简述抗原提呈细胞(APC)与辅助性 T 细胞(Th)相互作用的关系. 三. 问答题(每题 18 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述干扰素的分类及其生物学作用特点. 主要可以治疗哪些传染性疾病?简述干扰素检测 的方法和原理. 2. 何为基因工程抗体?目前国内外在基因工程抗体研究中有哪些主要进展? 第四军医大学 一九九三年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科 考试科目: 免疫 学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD4 2. T cell receptor(TCR) 3. immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) 4. selectin 5. anti-idiotypic antibody (αId)6. major histocompatibility complex(MHC) 7. immunotolerance 8. biological reponse modifier(BRM) 9. immune reponse gene (Ir gene) 10. reshaped antibody (or reconstituted antibody) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 6(IL-6)主要的生物学活性. 2. 细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞(Tc 或 CTL)与抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒(ADCC)杀伤机理有何不 同? 3. 简述第Ⅳ型(迟发型)变态反应的发生机理. 4. NK 细胞有哪些主要的表面标记?NK 细胞有哪些主要的生物学活性? 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分) 供传染病学专业试题: 1. 机体有哪些免疫细胞和免疫分子参与抗病毒感染?它们是如何发挥病毒免疫作用的? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在病毒学中有哪些主要用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 供消化内科专业试题: 1. 目前体内和体外检测肿瘤患者免疫功能的方法主要有哪些?分别叙述每种方法的原理和 结果测定? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在肿瘤学中有哪些主要的用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 第四军医大学一九九四年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科 考试科目: 免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD8 2. T cell receptor α and β chain (TCRαβ ) 3. immunoglobulin fold(Ig fold) 4. cadherin (Ca-dependent cell adhesion moleculers) 5. idiotype-anti-idiotypic antibody immune network theory 6. HLA class II antigen 7. complementarity-determining region (CDR)8. perforin(or pore-forming protein ,PFP) 9. high affinity IL-2 receptor 10. artificial active immunization 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 2(IL-2)主要的生物学活性及其在临床治疗中的应用. 2. 请比较第Ⅰ型(速发型)超敏反应与第Ⅳ型(迟发型)超敏反应的发病特点. 3. 试述分泌型 IgA(secretory IgA)的结构特点和合成分泌过程. 4. 试比较 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(如表面抗原,表面受体等)的异同点. 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分.请注意:每位考生只能从 1,2 题中选一题,3,4 题中选 一题,共答两题,多答者不计分.) 1. 目前检测细胞因子主要有生物学活性检测法和免疫学 检测法,请举例分别叙述两种方法的实验原理. 2. 为了避免 IgG 抗体 Fc 段非特异性作用,常应用胃蛋白酶水解的 F(ab')2 段,试问如何应 用 SDS-PAGE 方法对 F(ab')2 进行鉴定? 3. 试述抗肿瘤基因工程抗体的研究进展. 4. 试述抗病毒基因工程抗体的研究进展. 第四军医大学一九九五年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业:免疫学,传染病学,消化内科 考试科目:免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. immunoglobulin gene rearrangement 2. the common chain of cytokine receptor (or a cytokine receptor subunit shared by some cytokine receptors) 3. flow cytometry(FCM) 4. carrier effect 5. positive selection of T lymphocytes in thymus 6. mouse TH1(Th1) and TH2(Th2) subsets 7. perforin (pore-forming protein ,PFP) 8. ADCC(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 9. SH-2(src-homology region 2) 10. Ab2β (internal image) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分)1. 近年来在人类白细胞分化抗原(CD)研究领域中有哪些主要进展? 2. 参与活化 T 细胞与活化 B 细胞相互作用的分子主要有哪些?简述其结构和功能? 3. 试述 HLA 在临床上的主要应用. 4. 例举三种从人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中纯化 T 细胞的方法,分别叙述其实验原理和主 要操作步骤. 5. 评价红细胞生成素(EPO),干扰素(IFN)和集落刺激因子(CSF)在临床某些疾病的应用. 三. 选择问答题(每题 10 分,共 20 分.请按报考专业答题,如答非本专业题或多答题均视为 无效.) 免疫学专业: 1. 试述细胞因子受体中,Ig 超家族,造血因子受体超家族,神经生长因子受体超家族以及 趋化因子受体超家族的主要结构特点,每个超家族例举出 2 个成员. 2. 试比较人 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(表面标记)的异同点,它们分别参与哪些主要的 免疫功能? 传染病学专业: 1. 人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染人体后,免疫功能可发生哪些主要的变化?机理是什么?如 何进行相应的免疫学功能检测? 2. 请评述肾综合征出血热病毒(HFRSV)感染后机体免疫学变化的与病理损伤的关系. 消化专业: 1.试述与消化系统有关的肿瘤相关抗原研究的进展. 2.简述粘膜相关淋巴样组织(mucosal assiociated lymphoid tissue,MALT)的组成和功能特 点.分泌型 IgA 是如何进行合成和分泌的? 第四军医大学一九九六年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 免疫学试题 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. Fas(CD95)/FasL 2. common chain of cytokine receptor 3 . TCR/CD3 complex 4. negaive selection of thymocytes 5. artificial active immune 6. anti-idiotypic 7. IgSF 8. Integrin9. chemokine 10. B7/CD28 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 60 分) 1. 比较 MHCⅠ和 MHCⅡ类抗原参与的加工提呈抗原的过程. 2. 比较 CTL 和 NK 杀伤靶细胞时识别和杀伤机制的特点. 3. 比较免疫学检测法和生物学活性检测法检测细胞因子的优缺点. 4. 发现一种新的白细胞分化抗原或肿瘤相关抗原,并制备了单克隆抗体,试设计实验方案 克隆此基因. 5. 选择下述中一个专题,叙述我国在这一研究领域的现状及面临的挑战 src="./images/smilies/sad.gif" border=0 smilieid="2">1)肿瘤免疫;(2)基因治疗; (3)CD 抗原. 第四军医大学一九九七年博士研究生入学考试免疫学试题 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. B7/CD28 2. Th1 subset 3. seven predicated transmembrane domain receptor superfamily(STR superfamily) 4. antibody affinity maturation 5. AP-1 6. single chain variable fragment(ScFv) 7. NK cell receptor 8. Zinkernagel-Doherty phenomenon 9. Ig fold 10. CD40/CD40L 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述胸腺微环境对胸腺细胞的选择作用及其与 T 细胞功能性亚群形成的关系. 2. 试述体液免疫应答的规律,回忆反应和抗体类别转换的机制是什么? 3. 试从结构和功能等角度,阐述白细胞分化抗原(CD),粘附分子(integrin)和免疫球 蛋白超家族(IgSF)三类分子的相互关系.目前在这一领域中主要研究热点是什么? 三. 问答题(24 分,第 1 题为免疫学专业考生试题,第 2 题为血液病学科考生试题,第 3 题为消化内科考生试题,只允许答本专业试题)1. 试比较 TCR 和 BCR 结构及其识别抗原,淋巴细胞活化信号的分子机理. (免疫学专业). 2. 试述白血病免疫学分型理论和方法的研究进展.(血液病学专业). 3. 试述肿瘤疫苗的研究进展.(消化内科专业). 一九九八年博士研究生入学考试试题 (免疫学专业和专业基础) 一.名词解释(每题 3 分,共 45 分) 1.Co-stimulators (or co-stimulating molecules) 2.NK-kB 3.Immunoglobulin superfamily 4.antigen-presenting cell (APC) 5.death domain R and CXCR 7.Lectin (or mitogen) 8.Clusters of differentiation, CD) 9.B7 family 10.Cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL) 11.IL-15 and IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) 12.MHC restriction 13.Affinity-chromatography 14.Cyctosprin A, CsA 15.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC) 二.问答题(每题 10 分,共 30 分) 1.何为 Th1 和 Th2 亚群?如何检测?在临床上有何意义? 2.试述免疫球蛋白(Ig)的结构与功能的关系. 3.试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR/CD3)与 B 细胞受体(BCR)的组成,结构及其识别 抗原的特点. 三.选择问答题(各专业考生只答一道本专业试题,25 分) 免疫学专业: 1.试述 B7/CD28, CTLA-4,CD40/CD40L,LFA-1/ICAM-1,CD2/LFA-3 的结构,分布以及相互 作用后介导的主要生物学功能.消化内科: 2.肿瘤抗原分为哪几类?机体抗肿瘤免疫主要有哪些因素(机制)?简述提高 抗肿瘤免疫研究的略策. 血液病学专业: 3.何为白血病的免疫学分型?何为移植物抗宿主反应(GVHR)?GVHR 发 生的主要原因(条件)是什么? 一九九年九博士生入学考试试题 (专业基础: 免疫学) 一.名词解释(每题 5 分,共 45 分) 1. ADCC(antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 2. 环孢菌素(cyclosporin) 3. KIR(killer cell inhibitory receptor) 4. HLDA(human leucocyte differentiation antigen) 5. Interleukin 18(IL-18) 6. 整合素(integrin) 7. Fas/FasL 8. FcR(免疫球蛋白 Fc 段受体) 9. 细胞间粘附分子(ICAM) 10. Th1/Th2 11. 基因疫苗(DNA 疫苗) 12. chemokines and chemokine receptor 13. 免疫耐受 14. 共刺激分子 15. 死亡结构域(death domain) 二.问答题(第 1,2 题各 18 分,第 3 题 19 分) 1. 试比较杀伤性 T 细胞(CTL)与自然杀伤细胞(NK)在杀伤靶细胞过程中,识别细胞毒及介导 免疫功能有何不同? 2. 70 年代以来,有关 Ig 和体液免疫研究存在以下几项重大发现和突破而获得医学和生物学 诺贝尔奖,请分别阐述它们的理论意义及在医学实践中的应用. (1)1972 年:胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶水解 Ig,获得 Fab,Fc,F(ab')2 等片段 (2)1977 年:放射免疫法 (3)1984 年:淋巴细胞杂交瘤和单克隆抗体(4)1987 年: Ig 基因的结构 3. 近年来在肿瘤免疫研究领域中有哪些重要进展?试述当前 提高机体抗肿瘤免疫的主要策略. 一九九九年博士生入学考试试题(免疫学专业) 问答题(每题 25 分) 1. 试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR),B 细胞受体(BCR)和 NK 细胞受体(NKCR)的组成,识别配 体以及信号转导的异同点. 2. 以胸腺依赖抗原刺激机体产生抗体的免疫应答为例,T 细胞和 B 细胞是如何相互作用? 有哪些粘附分子和共刺激分子参与 T,B 细胞的相互作用? 3. 肾综合征出血热(HFRS)病毒的结构基因已经搞清楚,为了证实 HFRS 病毒感染机体(以 Balb/C 小鼠为例)可产生 HFRS 病毒核衣壳蛋白(NP)特异性 CTL,并在免疫防护中起重要作用, 请应用免疫学理论和方法,设计一系统实验,加以证实. 4. 例举二个近年来细胞和分子免疫 学研究中出现的新的热点,请分别评述其研究意义,发展趋势以及应用前景.中科院动物所博士生入学试题生物化学和高级生物化学 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1996 年博士研究生入学试题 1.蛋白质和蛋白质相互分离时主要根据它们之间的种有差别的 特征,这些差别特征有哪些方面?并举例说明. 2 试述三种粘多糖的名称,在动物体内的 主要分布, 主要构成单糖及其它糖类. 3 试举例说明蛋白质和它的前体的一级结构关系. 4 J. D. Watson 因其证明 DNA 的双螺旋结构,曾与 Crick 共获诺贝尔奖.这位科学泰头在他后 来一体名著中解释 DNA 形状时写过这样一段话:"Does DNAchain fold up into a regular configulation dominated by its regular backbone? If so, the configulation would most likely be a helical one in which all the sugar-phosphate groupl would have identical chemincal environments". 你认为他在这里用 configulation 一词描述 DNA 的三维结构确切吗?为什么? (此段英原文不必译出, 但须回答为什么, 否则无分) 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1998 年博士研究生入学试题一, 填充题 1 DNA 具有的两个重要功能是 , 核糖体的功能是 2 逆 转录酶是一种多功能酶,它兼有 指导的 DNA 聚合酶, 指导的 DNA 聚合酶. 3 能够用来 将外源的 DNA 片段转移到活细胞内部的 , 或 统称为克隆载体. 4 绝大多数真核生物信 使 RNA3'端有 . 5 证明 DNA 是遗传信息携带者的科学家是 . 6 蛋白质可与碱共热而水 解,碱水解引起 , , 和 的破坏. 7 蛋白质的三维构象也称 或 . 8 生物膜主要是由 和 两大类物质组成, 生物膜的基因结构形式是 . 膜两侧的物质和离子转运主要是通过 ,和 等 方式进行. 9 1997 年诺贝尔化学奖授予 , 主要是基于他们阐明了 反应机制分子结构及 酶 的作用机制. 10 脂肪和磷脂的合成主要是来自 和 . 11 糖蛋白的糖链,是由专一性很低 强的 ,从糖核苷酸上把单糖一个一个转移上去而形成的.二,解释名词和英文符号的科学 含义 1 △Gp 2 Q cycle 3ABC 4 Kcat 5 protomnotive force 6 Synonycodon 7 RT-PCR 8 genomic library 9 DNAfinger printing 10 DNAfoot printing 三,问答题 1 热力学第二定律证明任何体 系的它的外围环境必须不断增加它的熵, 然而活的生物体却从比较无序状态的物质不断建立 起高度有序的结构,这是否说明活的生物体不遵守热力学第二定律?为什么? 2 回答下述 问题是对或是错,假若是错请解释为什么? 1) 在底物饱和的条件下,酶的催化反应速率 与酶浓度成比例. 2) 在底物浓度成为反应限速因子是,酶的催化反应速率随反应时间而 下降. 3 举例简述生物体系中的氧化还原反应的重要意义. 4 在静息态的神经细胞中,胞内外的 K 与 Na 浓度的不同分布导致胞膜内侧表现为负电荷较大, 此种浓度梯差和电荷梯差 的总称是什么?假若以△G'代表在这种离子浓度梯差存在时的离子跨膜转运的能量变化, 其 反应表示为请解释上述充应式中的符号参量表示什么?其意义何在? 5 举例简述对细胞中 多种膜系统结构与功能的研究对神经系统疾病的重要性. 6 什么是回文结构(palindrome)? 请举例说明. 7 试述氨基酸顺序与三维结构构象的关系. 8 什么是核蛋白体(nucleoprotein) 比较重要的核蛋白体有那些? 9 举例说明三种糖蛋白的名称, 化学组成及其生理意义. 10 什么是终止密码子,已知的终止密码了有那些? 11 分子杂交是分子生物学重要的研究手 段,在核酸分子杂交中哪些参数是研究人员设计实验时必须考虑的基本参数? 中国科学院 动物研究所高级生物化学 1999 年博士研究生入学试题 一, 填充题 1 主动运输的主要特点 是 , , , , . 2 辅酶中 A 分子中含有 , , , . 3 线粒体 DNA 的复制方式是 , 其复制特点是 . 4 高能磷酸化物可分为 , , , . 5 糖类物质是含 和 化合物;常见 的糖有 和 ,它们分解后可分为 , , , . 6 蛋白质按其分子外型的对称程度可分为 和 蛋白质,按生物功能可分为 , , , , . 7 酶作为生物催化剂的特点是 , , , , . 二,解释基本概念 1 呼吸控制 2 DDRT-PCR 3 装配型质粒 4 翻译阻遏 5 离子载体 6 Seliwanoff 反应 7 茚三酮反应 8 萜类 9 蜡 10 同工酶 三,问答题(任选 7 题) 1 试述 逆转录酶的生物学意义. 2 简要介绍免疫系统中程序化细胞死亡. 3 简述生物膜运送的分 子机理. 4 写出 20 种常见氨基酸的中文名称和三字母符号. 5 分光光度计测定蛋白质含 量的基本原理是什么? 6 简述测定一种酶活力的基本原则. 7 说明磺胺药治病的基本原 理. 8 举例说明激素作用原理的四种不同方式. 9 根据你的生理学,细胞生物学和分子生 物学的知识, 构思一实验方案, 差异筛选和考虑克隆某器官或组织与发育或病理改变相关的 特异功能基因. 中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 一, 解 释基本概念 1 关向异构体 2 甘油三酯 3 花生四烯酸 4 溶菌酶 5 多酶体系 6 别构酶 7 辅酶 I 和辅酶 II 8 叶酸 9 激素 10 G-蛋白 11 叶绿素 12 前列腺素 13 脱氨基作用 14 转 氨酶 15 卟啉 16 密码子 17 质粒 18 基因文库 19 钙调蛋白 20 线粒体 二, 回答问题 (其 中 7,8 两题任选一题) 1 阐述糖蛋白及其生物功能. 2 阐述生物界蛋白质的多样性及其 在生物进化和生物功能中的意义. 3 RNA 在那些类型?比较它们的结构与功能. 4 阐述 生物大分子跨膜运送的方法及其作用机制. 5 试述脂蛋白的种类, 化学组成和生物功能. 6 说明真核生物的 DNA 聚合酶的种类及其生理功能. 7 根据你所掌握的知识阐述细胞质和 细胞核的相互关系.中国科学院发育生物学所博士研究生入学试题 中国科学院发育生物学所分子生物学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 (一,二,三题为必答题,五和六可任选一题) 一, 请解释下列 名词,并写出它们的英文术词: 1 基因家族 2 持家基因 3 同形异位盒 4 基因沉默 5 功 能基因组学 6 信号肽 7 信号传递 8 细胞编程性死亡 二, 限制性内切酶是如何发现的? 限制性内切酶可分成几类?如何使用限制内切酶进行分子生物学的研究? 三, 请分别列出 用于蛋白质和核酸的电泳分析和分离的技术,并说明这些技术与蛋白质和核酸的性质的关 系. 四, 请比较植物和动物基因工程的异同,并在你所熟悉的生物(植物或动物)的范围 内探讨基因工程的前沿和瓶颈问题. 五, 获得一个功能未知的基因克隆后,怎样才能阐明 该基因的功能?请你根据自己熟悉的某种真核生物提出具体的研究方案. 六, 在真核生物 基因的 DNA 序列中,哪些部分的核苷酸序列的变异会影响其编码的蛋白质的结构和功能?。
历年考博真题
8.AS与RA鉴别要点
9.早期胃癌定义、分型
10.门脉高压临床表现？发生机制？
2005年
中医内科
一、名词解释：雷头风、呃逆、寒热往来、疟疾
二、心动悸、脉结代、动态心电图示阵发性室颤，请写出可能出现的中医证型， 治方药。可使用哪些抗心率失常的中药。
三、脉痹的临床表现
四、张仲景关于水肿治疗原则是什么，见于何书，结合临床谈谈你的体会
1．胃癌前病变和疾病有哪些？
2．肺心病加重期的治疗
3．脑血管疾病可干预的危险因素有哪些？4．导致全血细胞下降的疾病有哪些？
5.DM肾病分期
6．溃疡性结肠炎的临床分型
7.引起肺栓塞的疾病有哪些？
8.gout的治疗原则。
9.舒张性心力衰竭如何治疗
10.急性胰腺炎的体征有哪些？当跟哪些疾病鉴别
3.久泄之治法，如何健脾、运脾？
4.白塞病之经典论述，相当于？主要方剂
5.三承气汤之方义、应用、区别
6.理虚元鉴提出的治虚劳之本，如何理解
7.瘿病相当于？病变过程中之病机转化？
8.血管性痴呆的病因、病机
9.六郁的证候特征
10.因虚致痛如何理解
西医内科
1.糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA之治则
2.狼疮肾之病理分型，活动性指标
3.周围性眩晕和中枢性眩晕的鉴别
4.慢性房颤的分型和治疗
5.乙肝抗病毒治疗
6.肾综合并急肾衰的原因
7.腰穿之适应证、禁忌症
8.肺心病中肺A高压的形成机制
9.根据红细胞的形态，贫血的病因和发病机理，贫血分类（2种分类）
10.DIC之诊断标准
2008年
中医内科
1.论述“治未病”思想在肿瘤临床的应用。
眼科学考试试题及答案
眼科学考试试题姓名：学号：分数：一、选择题（A型题，每题1分，共50分）。
1.一般两眼球突出值相差不超过（A）A、2mmB、1.5mmC、2.5mmD、3mm2.不构成眼球壁的组织是（C）A、角膜B、巩膜C、结膜D、视网膜3.眼球中起“暗房”作用的是(D)A、角膜B、巩膜C、结膜D、葡葡膜4.可明视觉和色觉的细胞是(B)A、色素上皮细胞B、视锥细胞C、双极细胞D、视杆细胞5.视盘为生理盲点所对应的部位，主要原因为该处（D）A、无色素上皮B、无双极细胞C、无视网膜D、仅有神经纤维而无视细胞6.角膜分为五层，哪层具有房水屏障功能（E）A、上皮细胞层B、前弹力层C、后弹力层.D、内皮层E、基质层7.角膜的神经来源于（B）A、面神经B、三叉神经眼支C、滑车神经D、动眼神经8.房水引流途径正确的是（A）A、后房→前房→小梁网→Schlemm菅→集液管→房水静脉B、后房→前房→小梁网→集液管→Schlemm菅→房水静脉C、前房→后房→小梁网→集液管→Schlemm 管→房水静脉D、后房→前房→Schlemm 管→小梁网→集液管→房水静脉9.脉络膜含有丰富的血管，血液主要来自（A）A、睫状后短动脉B、睫状体后长动脉C、睫状体前动脉D、睫状体后短动脉和后长动脉10.巩膜最薄处位于（B）A、与角膜连按处B、眼外肌附着处C、涡静脉处D、赤道部11.眼的屈光系统不包括（A）A、瞳孔B、晶状体C、角膜D、玻璃体E、房水12.视神经个长42--50mm，被分为4段，不包括在内的是（D）A、颅内段B、球内段C、管内段D、肌内段E、眼内段13.由外展神经支配的肌肉是（C）A、内直肌B、上直肌C、外直肌D、上斜肌E、下斜肌14.查视力时不正确的操作有（B）A、先右眼后左眼B、隔行检查C、勿眯眼D、勿压迫眼球15.以下对于色盲的说法错误的是（A）A、人体辨别颜色的能力下降B、分先天与后天性两种C、常见者为红绿色盲D、属视网膜锥体细胞功能障碍E、可有全色盲16.视网膜电(ERG)早期诊断最有意义的疾病是（D）A、交感性眼炎B、视乳头水肿C、糖尿病视网膜病变D、视网膜色素变性E、视网膜母细胞瘤17.滴眼药水正确的部位为（B）A、上穹隆部B、下穹隆部C、内眦部D、外眦部18.麦粒肿的最常见病因为（D）A、病毒B、立克次体C、真菌D、细菌E、寄生虫19.有关睑腺炎，错误的是（C）A、是常见的眼睑腺体的急性化脓性细菌感染B、既往又称麦粒肿C、最常见的致病菌为淋球菌D、睫毛毛囊或其附属的皮脂腺或变-态汗腺感染称外睑腺炎E、脸板腺感染为内睑腺炎20.以下哪种元素缺乏会引发眦部脸缘炎（D）A、维生素B1B、维生素AC、维生素ED、维生素B221.眼险最常见的恶性肿痛为（A）A、基底细胞癌B、鳞状上皮细胞癌C、黄色瘤D、皮脂腺腺癌E、险板腺腺癌22.导致先天性上睑下垂的主要原因有（E）A、提上睑肌损伤所致B、动眼神经麻痹所致C、重症肌无力所致D、副交感神经损伤所致E、动眼神经核或提上脸肌发育不全所致23.引起泪溢的眼病不包括（E）A、泪小点闭塞B、下睑外翻C、鼻泪管狭窄D、交感性眼炎24.新生儿泪囊炎最常见的致病菌是（C）A、肺炎双球菌B、链球菌C、流行性感冒嗜血杆菌D、金黄色葡萄球菌E、大肠杆菌25.急性泪囊炎的临床表现（E）A、泪囊区皮肤红肿、压痛B、疼痛可向颈部放射C、可形成脓肿D、结膜充血且有大量分泌物E、以上全是26.下列哪项可导致结膜干燥综合征（C）A、沙眼衣原体感染B、慢性结膜炎C、自身免疫性因素D、维生素A缺乏E、长期的屈光不正未经矫正27.结膜炎最常见的症状是（E）A、疼痛B、畏光C、流泪D、发痒E、异物感28.关于细菌性结膜炎的治疗措施中，哪项不对（A）A、包扎患眼B、结膜囊冲洗C、眼膏涂眼D、局部点眼29.下列哪项是沙眼常见合并症（D）A、眼球粘连B、上睑下垂C、慢性泪囊炎D、睑内翻及倒睫30.流行性角结膜炎的病原体是（A）A、腺病毒B、单纯疱疹病毒C、金黄色葡萄球菌D、肺炎链球菌31.角膜溃疡病灶周围出现“伪足“”卫星灶”，诊治时首先考虑（B）A、细菌性角膜炎B、真菌性角膜C、棘阿米巴角膜炎D、暴露性角膜炎32. 下列何种角膜炎其发病率与致盲率占角膜病首位（A）A、单纯疱疹病毒性结膜炎B、角膜基质炎C、棘阿米巴角膜炎D、真菌性角膜炎E、细菌性角膜33.最常见的白内障类型是（B）A、先天性白内障B、老年性白内障C、中毒性白内障D、代谢性白内障34.糖尿病性白内障的处理原则（D）A、手术治疗B、治疗糖尿病C、先手术治疗，再治疗糖尿病D、先治疗糖尿病，再手术治疗E、药物治疗白内障35.关于眼压的描述下列那种哪种说法不准确（E）A、是眼球内容物作用于眼球壁的压力B、正常人双眼眼压差一般不大于5mmHgC、正常人24小时眼压波动范围不大于8mmHgD、正常人眼压平均值为16mmHg;标准差3mmHpE、正常人的眼压范围绝对在11- 21mmHg之间36.闭角型青光眼急性期临床表现不正确的是（D）A、角膜上皮水肿，角膜后色素沉着B、眼险水肿，混合性充血C、剧烈头痛，眼痛、畏光、流泪、视力下降、眼压升高D、瞳孔缩小E、前房极浅，周边部前房消失37.急性闭角型青光眼发作期的治疗原则是（B）A、立即抗青光眼手术治疗B、药物降低眼压后再手术治疗C、只用药物治疗D、出现视乳-头病理性凹陷后手术治疗E、药物降眼压和手术治疗同时进行38.在高原、雪地因反射的太阳光所致的眼外伤属于( B)A、红外线损伤B、紫外线损伤C、γ射线损伤D、X线损伤39.视野出现典型的双颞侧偏盲，见于哪种疾病（D）A、球后视神经炎B、遗传性视神经萎缩C、缺血性视神经病变D、垂体腺瘤40.视网膜脱离是指（B）之间的脱离A、脉络膜与视网膜B、视网膜神经上皮层与色素上皮层C、全色素膜D、视网膜神经上皮层41.黄斑中心凹分布（B）A、视细胞B、视锥细胞C、节细胞D、视杆细胞42.分泌房水的组织是（A）A、睫状体B、睫状冠C、睫状环D、睫状突43.可以清晰显示视网膜血液循环的检查技术是（B）A、CTB、FFAC、UBMD、MRI44.临床上用于检查色觉的方法不包括（D）A、色盲本B、FM-100色彩试验C、D-15色盘试验D、夜光表45.白内障的首选术式是（B）A、白内障囊外摘除术B、白内障超声乳化术C、白内障囊内摘除术D、白内障针吸术46.眼外伤导致继发性青光眼的原因，不包括下列哪项（E）A、眼内出血B、晶状体位置异常C、房角损伤D、瞳孔缘断裂47.阿托品眼药水不能用于哪种眼病（D）A、虹膜睫状体炎B、继发性青光眼C、玻璃体积血D、急性闭角型青光眼48.单纯疱疹病毒可引起下面哪些角膜疾病（D）A、地图状角膜炎B、树技状角膜炎C、坏死性角膜基质炎D、蚕蚀性角膜炎49.Herbert小凹是（C）A、下睑结膜滤泡发生瘢痕化改变B、上睑结膜滤泡发生瘢痕化改变C、角膜缘滤泡发生瘢痕化改变D、上穹隆部结膜滤泡发生瘢痕化改变E、下穹隆部结膜滤泡发生瘢痕化改变50.重症肌无力所致上睑下垂的临床特点是（B）A、晨重夜轻B、晨轻夜重C、午后低热D、傍晚视物模糊二、选择题（B型题，每题1分，共20分）。
2004年全国医学博士统一考试英语试题及答案(完整)
2004MD医学博士入学考试英语试卷PartⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what issaid.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B.,C and D.Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder.You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What’s the matter the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let's begin with question Number1.1.A.Breast cancer.B.Lung cancer.C.Pneumonia.D.Leukemia.2.A.Visit his uncle's doctor.B.See a doctor.C.Ride more carefully.D.Take it easy.3.A.Six.B.Twenty-four.C.Twelve.D.Three.4.A.Mrs.White.B.Mr.White's father's family.C.Mrs.White's father's family.D.Mr.White.5.A.Monday,Wednesday,and Friday.B.Tuesday and Saturday.C.Tuesday and Thursday.D.Saturday and Sunday.6.A.It's too long.B.It's the dullest.C.It's ridiculous.D.It's too short.7.A.He thinks that there's more depression among users of the internet.B.He doubts there is a correlation between the Internet and depression.C.He is sure that being on the Internet can lead to depression.D.He thinks that depression can make people spend more time on theInternet.8.A.She is full.B.She has trouble digesting pears.C.She thinks there is not enough.D.She just wants a small one.9.A.Take it back to the store.B.Find the warranty.C.Read instructions.D.Call for help.10.A.She bought it at a well-known store.B.It was very expensive.C.She doesn’t consider it gorgeous.D.Someone gave it to her.11.A.She did poorly on physics.B.She got a B in physics.C.She didn’t want to.D.She was an average student.12.A.She has been busy working on her chemistry.B.She hasn’t got a partner yet.C.She prefers biology to chemistry.D.She is sick and tired of biology.13.A.He likes classical music.B.He dislikes classical music a lot.C.He hasn’t learned to appreciate classical music yet.D.He hasn’t listened to any classical music before.14.A.In the clinic.B.In the ward.C.In the drug store.D.In the department store.15.A.His passenger saved him in time.B.He was driving very slowly.C.He was driving a new car.D.He had fastened his seat belt.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four Possible answers marker A,B,C,and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on your ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16.A.Nausea.B.Fever.C.A cold.D.Diarrhea.17.A.The stale food he ate.B.The fruit juice he drank.C.Too much food he ate.D.The cold he got.18.A.Porridge.B.Purified wate.C.Pizza.D.Apple juice.19.A.When his stool becomes loose and watery.B.When his diarrhea becomes inconveniently frequent and watery.C.When his lips and mouth are dry.D.When he loses a lot of body fluids.20.A.It is a mild case of diarrhea.B.It is an urgent case of diarrhea.C.It is improving.D.It is deteriorating.Passage Two21.A.Psychosocial effects of breast surgery.B.Life crises of cancer patients.C.Female self-image in society.D.A woman’s perception of her identity.22.A.It may affect a woman’s physical activity.B.It may affect a woman’s self-image as a female.C.It may affect a woman’s perception of idealism.D.It may affect a woman’s breast reconstruction.23.A.Because they can put the woman on medication to aid recovery.B.Because they can help the woman find a job if she is unemployed.C.Because they can help the woman find a new partner and remarry.D.Because they can help the woman get over the physical and psychological blow.24.A.Because they dread that they will have to see a psychiatrist.B.Because they think that anxiety and depression are natural responses.C.Because they can’t recover from the psychological blow of the disease.D.Because they fear that the medications they receive are not effective.25.A.Encouraging her to discuss sexual problems with her partner openly.B.Advising her to see a psychiatrist for further treatment.C.Advising her to reveal the diagnosis of breast cancer to others.D.Advising her to use prosthetic device or undergo breast reconstruction.Passage Three26.A.Learning autonomy.B.American education.C.Respect for professors.D.Guidelines for using the library in the U.S.A.27.A.To know all the answers.B.To know a library works.C.To be completely dependent on their professors.D.To take the initiative and be independent.28.A.Professors in the United States are very busy.B.Professors in the U.S.have some other duties besides teaching.C.Professors in the U.S.enjoy publishing articles and books.D.Professors in the U.S.do not have much time to spend with their students outsideclass.29.A.He should go to the library.B.He should turn to his professor for help during office hours.C.He should set office hours for his professor.D.He should always seek help from his professor in class.30.A.One who is interested in getting good grades in exams.B.One who can finish the assignment on time.C.One who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning.D.One who can spend much time with his professor.Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the sentences are incomplete,beneath each of which are four words or phrases,marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrasethat can best completes the statement and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.31.All the characters in the play are_____.A.imaginableB.imaginaryC.imaginativeD.imagining32.The judge______all the charges against Smith.A.dismissedB.eliminatedC.refusedD.discarded33.The actress____the terms of her contract and was prosecuted by the producer.A.ignoredB.ratifiedC.draftedD.violated34.At this time of the year,university admission offices are_____with inquiries from anxious applicants.A.annoyedB.thrilledC.trampledD.reproached35.When the former President____her candidacy,she knew she had a good chance of being elected.A.enforcedB.endorsedC.followed upD.put forward36.The country’s highest medal was____upon him for heroism.A.earnedB.bestowedC.creditedD.granted37.The local government leaders are making every effort to____the problem of poverty.A.tackleB.taperC.suppressD.tangle38.At the party we found that the shy girl____her mother all the time.A.harmonizing withB.clinging toC.depending onD.adjusting to39.We managed to reach the top of the mountain,and half an hour later we began to ____.A.declineB.ascendC.descendD.plunge40.Losing the job was bad,but even worse was the feeling that I had____my dear wife and children.A.let aloneB.let downC.let offD.let upSection BDirections:In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four other words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part.Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The temperature of the atmosphere becomes colder as elevation increases.A.altitudeB.aptitudetitudeD.longitude42.She was so stubborn that she wouldn’t change her opinions.A.unwillingB.talentedC.obstinateD.determined43.On Christmas Eve,she spent two hours decorating the room with flower chains.A.modifyingB.ornamentingC.disposingD.packing44.Nobody can stand for long agony of a severe toothache.A.sufferanceB.suppurationC.plagueD.torment45.When we recall a story of identical offspring of Adolf Hitler being raised in order to further his horrible work,we are outraged.A.enlightenedB.calmedC.provokedD.moved46.Only native-born citizens are eligible for the U.S.presidency.A.obligedB.intelligiblepetentD.qualified47.Tomorrow’s match has been called off because of the foul weather.A.preventedB.delayedC.cancelledD.forbidden48.Losing his job was a financial catastrophe for his family.A.calamityB.accidentC.frustrationD.depression49.Children were expected to be obedient and contribute to the well-being of the family.A.smartB.efficientC.painstakingD.submissive50.While many applaud the increasing individualism and freedom of children within thefamily,others lament the loss of family responsibility and discipline.A.mournB.delightC.prosecuteD.condemnPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank, there are four choices marked a,b,c,and d list on the right side.Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice on the answer sheet.Robert Spring,a19th century forger,was so good at his profession that he was able to make his living for15years by selling false signatures of famous Americans.Spring was born in England in1813and_51_in Philadelphia in1858to open a bookstore.At first he prospered by selling his small but_52_collection of early U.S.autographs. Discovering his ability at copying handwriting,he began_53_signatures of George Washington and Ben Franklin and writing them on the title pages of old books.To lesson the chance of detection,he sent his forgeries to England and Canada for sale and_54_.Forgers have a hard time selling their produces.A forger can’t approach a_55_ buyer must deal with people who don’t have much knowledge in the field.Forgers have many ways to make their work look real.For example,they buy old books to use the _56_paper of the title page,and they can treat paper and ink with chemicals.In Spring’s time,_57_after the Civil War,Britain was still fond of the Southern state, so Spring_58_a respectable maiden lady known as Miss Fanny Jackson,the only daughter of General“Stonewall”Jackson.For several years Miss Fanny’s__59__ problems forced her to see a great number of letters and manuscripts belonging to herfamous father.Spring had to work very hard to satisfy the demand.All this activity did not prevent Spring from dying in poverty,leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his forgeries from the__60__.51.A.arrived B.migrated C.traveled D.moved52.A.excellent B.genuine C.false D.rare53.A.originating B.innovating C.designing D.imitating54.A.subscription B.retention C.circulation D.accumulation55.A.respectful B.respectable C.respective D.respecting56.A.rough B.fragile C.aged D.preserved57.A.right B.simply C.only te58.A.invented B.discovered C.detected D.locatedwful B.financial C.administrative D.criminal60.A.fakes B.realities C.originals D.duplicatesPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Passage OneAlthough speech and writing are the special means of communicating of humans, the interchange also takes place in many other ways.A person may relay his or her feelings,thoughts,and reactions through body positioning,body contact,body odors, eye contact,responsive actions,habits,attitudes,interests,state of health,dress and grooming,choice of life-style,and use of talents---in fact,through everything the individual says or does.In turn,every person is constantly receiving multitudes of external and internal messages through his or her five senses and personal biorhythm system.An individual screens,selects,regulates,and controls specific aspects of this Information through a process of mental choices.Some of these choices are automatic;some are subconscious because of habit,block,or lack of development;and some are made bya conscious process.The degree to which a person is able to communicate depends upon the extent of his or her conscious awareness,priority of need,and control of this process.The person with a b behavior disorder is shut off from the communicative flow that normally exists among humans.His or her mind is confused,and he or she may feel unable to express personal thoughts,need,and emotions,and unable to make himself or herself understood.Sometimes the person may feel that he or she is communicating clearly but that others cannot or will not understand.Because the person is thus isolated in internal problems,he or she is interested only in these problems and cannot focus attention on the messages of others.The person often projects fears and fantasies onto others,so that no matter what the real content is of the messages that others relay,the messages received are threatening ones.The causes of such communicative shutoffs are blocks in the neural pathways of the person’s processing of information.Sometimes a block is physical,as in deafness,mental retardation,brain tumor,or hardening of the cerebral arteries.However,the most common causes of blocks are injuries to a person’s emotional system.Emotional blocks occur to some degree in all human beings.They usually occurin childhood before good communicative skills are learned,and they are connected to individual symbolism.Unless such a block is removed shortly after happening,it can have profound and complicating effects that will distort emotional and mental growth and arrest the development potential of the individual.Even though a child with blocks will appear to grow and to seem mature in some ways,he or she will show the evidence of emotional blocking in efforts to communicate.61.The concluding phrase of the first paragraph implies that human communication.A.is characterized by two features,form and meaningB.is mainly conducted through speech and writingC.is of two functions,stimulation and responseD.takes two forms,verbal and nonverbal62.In the second paragraph the author is mainly concerned with.municative abilityB.external and internal messagesrmation and mental processingD.conscious and subconscious awareness63.Shut off from the communicative flow,the person with a behavior disorder.A.is unable to focus attention on internal problemsB.is isolated in internal problemsC.relays threatening messagesD.all of the above64.Which of the following is universal according to the passage?.A.Neural blocks.B.Physical blocks.C.Cerebral blocks.D.Emotional blocks.65.The passage ends with.A.the contributing factors to emotional and mental disorderB.the importance of acquiring good communicative skillsC.the significance of eliminating early emotional blocksD.the warning of emotional blocks common in childhoodPassage TwoDepression is a state of low vitality and discontent with life in which the individual withdraws from normal life activities even to the point of considering death as an attractive alternative.Although everyone experiences“the blues”or periods of low spirits when nothing in life seems to go well,when everything seems to be an effort,and when efforts lead to frustration,these periods are usually brief and are likely to occur when the person is tired, hungry,lonely,or sick.Rest,good food,talking with friends,some fun,and/or an end to the sickness are usually enough to cure the blues.But when the low spirits persist,or when there are large swings in mood from elation to desolation,when nothing seems to catch the interest of the person,when relatives or friends cannot cheer the person and heor she continues to withdraw,then the person is depressed.Even such depressions are normal under certain circumstances.Anyone who is faced with a serious and painful illness or the loss of a limb,is exhausted by repeated narrow escapes from death(such as occurs in wartime），has been exposed to a dehumanizing environment（such as occurred with the Jews in Nazi Germany），has had an overwhelming series of stressful setbacks,or has experienced the death of several family members within a short time is expected to be depressed.However,there are many depressed people who seem to the casual observer to have no reason to be depressed.Depression under these circumstances stems from severe behavior disturbance in which the person sees himself or herself as worthless.Such an image is usually the result of the psychosocial conditioning of a childhood deprived of a parental role model of security,love,care,and attention essential for the development of trusting relationships.The depressed person needs to build a new image of himself or herself as a useful and needed person.Psychotherapy is often helpful in restoring natural inner confidence and capacity for meaningful and trusting relationships.The depressed person can find little beauty or fun in.life.His or her talk is filled with gloomy negatives.Doom and anxiety fill his or her mind.Depression is often cyclical,and when the anxiety does lift the person may demonstrate an opposite extreme of carefree irresponsibility.Although it often takes years of psychotherapy for the individual to work through the underlying suspicion and anger of his or her problems,acceptance by another will get through to even the most deeply depressed person if the other is sincere.An attitude of matter-of-fact hopefulness on the part of those around the depressed person can reassure him or her of eventual recovery.The disturbed thoughts of the depressed person cannot be forgotten until they are replaced by other thoughts.Yet,in depression,the person does not see that he or she has choices about what thoughts occupy his or her mind.The person needs to explore alternatives for thoughts and actions and learn to care for himself or herself enough to modify his or her own behavior.66.Unlike others,according to the passage,a depressed person＿·A.is likely to recover in a short period of timeB.does not reveal any underlying causeC.is characteristic of self-hatredD.tends to stay with"the blues"67.From a serious and painful illness to the death of several family members,the author is trying to tell us that.A.depressions can potentially be detrimental to mental healthB.the severity of depressions varies with individualsC.depressions are overwhelmingly prevailingD.depressions are sometimes inescapable68.Those who present no reason to be depressed,according to the passage.A.need protect their self-imagesB.need a parental role model at homeC.can be helped psychologically to be useful and needed personsD.can be helped to restore their trusting relationships with their parents69.The author implies that what the depressed person needs most is.A.sincerityB.acceptanceC.reassuranceD.all of the above70.Under psychotherapy,the depressed person is encouraged.A.to free his or her mind of any thoughtB.to find substitutes for the disturbed thoughtsC.to reassure himself or herself of early recoveryD.to explore as many therapeutic approaches as possiblePassage ThreeSeana lived is the inpatient hospice unit for more than a.month,far longer than anyone would have predicted,sustained only on pain edications and Popsicles.Late March in Chicago is only technically spring.Most of the time it is still cold and overcast.However,this day was warm,60degrees and sunny.It was a Saturday and we planned to go outside after I finished rounds.I found Seana back on the unit sitting in her wheelchair,IV pole and pumps in tow,her winter coat partially covering her hospital gown.Her sister-in-law and Carla,her nurse’s aide,were ready to go.Everyone was in a great mood.We went down the elevator,into the brightly sunlit outdoor,and onto the driveway by the women’s hospital.Though the initial idea was to just sit in the sun a bit,we were drawn toward the sidewalk.There were the usual smokers outside the hospital,and the smell of cigarette smoke was the first thing I noticed.It seemed horrible to come out here, to have that smell be the first thing to greet Seana.Simultaneous with that thought, though,she said,“What a wonderful smell!”I asked her what smell was so wonderful and she said that it smelled like McDonald’s.I was thinking,she really does appreciate everything.We went on to the sidewalk and watched a father pitching a ball to his4-year-old son.The continuity between generations was moving,almost beyond words. As we got to the corner,an inspiration came:we could make it to Lake Michigan,only a few blocks away.Did she want to try?Did everyone want to try?Of course we did!Carla said that it felt like we were cutting school.So off we went,across Sheridan Road,the four of us quite a motley sight:Seana looking like death warmed over in her wheelchair,I wearing my gray hospital coat,the nurse’s aide in an outrageous green leather coat,her sister-in-law in an Ohio State sweatshirt.Car slowed down;we waved.We walked up the road to the beach,cutting through rutted lawns,the wheelchair bumping in the spring mud.Seana didn’t say much,but she seemed translucent in the sun,beaming,lit from within.I imagined it as her farewell tour of the world.I can only fathom the poignant wealth of feelings that were stimulated.For me,it evoked the sense of being a tourist, where everything seems special,a little strange,and very impermanent.I had experienced this same lakefront that way three years before.Then,I had just recovered from my own near death in the form of a myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest and was filled with joy and gratitude that I was still here.The world looked new.I had been Seana’s age.See taught me that awareness of death and appreciation of life go together:to imagine that you are seeing things for the last time has the same intensity as seeing them for the first.70.Upon finishing rounds,the author.A.joined Seana for an outingB.went to the inpatient hospice unitC.managed to get a wheelchair for SeanaD.found the perfect weather for a stroll with Seana72.We can infer that the smell of smoke made the author feel that_______.A.it was a wrong idea to smoke outside of the hospitalB.the sidewalk was a wrong place for smokingC.it had been the right plan to go outD.Seana was at a wrong place73.Outside the hospital,Seana enjoyed everying including________.A.the fast food at McDonald’sB.the smell of smokeC.the generation gapD.all of the above74.The author would say that Seana being wheeled in the sun_______.A.was fascinated by the team’s motley sightB.imagined her farewell tour of the worldC.was emotionally aroused from withinD.was fond of appreciating nature75.During the outing,the author perceived Seana’s appreciation of life______.A.in her hope of recoveryB.in her awareness of deathC.in seeing things for the first timeD.in being a tourist at the lakefrontPassage FourTwo equally brilliant scientists apply for a prestigious research fellowship awarded by a top scientific organization.One is white,the other black.Does the color of their skin matter?Most scientists will already be screaming a resounding“no”.Those who progress in science do so because of their work,not their pigmentation.Science is meritocratic and objective.It must therefore be rigorously color-blind and shun both racial discrimination and affirmative action.Well,let’s think about this.If science really is so meritocratic,where are all the black Nobel prizewinners and fellows of the Royal Society?The black chairs of government scientific panels?The black Richard Dawkinses and Susan Greenfields?When Newsweek magazine recently surveyed Europe’s largest100copanies,it was shocked to unrearth only six board members of non-European racial origin.One shudders to thinks what a similar survey of upper echelons of European science would reveal.Even the usually stick-in-the-mud British government now acknowledges there is a st month it promised new funding for projects designed to combat institutional racism in science education in schools.As measures go it is little and late, but welcome nontheless.Despite starting school as the top achievers,balck British children have long underperformed in science.And there are positive changes afoot higher up the scientific career ladder too.At present,few scientific organizations,funding bodies or labs inEurope bother even to track the racial background of those they hire or fund.As a result the full scale of the under-representation problem is hidden.Not for much longer.Britain’s newly amended Race Relationa Act requires all government bodies,including funding councils,to track the effects of their activities on different ethnic groups and ensure that benefit equally. And next year a European union directive will push all EU employers this way too.But ethnic monitoring alone will not creat the back role models European Science so badly needs.Something else is needed.Funding agencies and influential organizations like the Royal Society must bite the bullet of affirmative action.That means ring-fencing fellowship and grants for applicants from particular racial background.And it mesns seeking out those who have beoken through the barriers of race and giving htem preference over their equally well-qualified white peers for positions of influence and places in the spotlight.Tokenism and fine sentiments will no longer do.With other professions having already leapt ahead in this area,the enduring whiteness of science is more than an embarrassment:it is a barrier to its vey credibility.If a large segment of Euope’s schoolchildren never see a scientist who looks like them,they will continue to think science is not for them.And it scientist don’t reflect the multiracial societies they live in, they’ll find it hard to win the public trust they crave.Does color matter?You bet it does.76.Science is not so meritocratic because.A.it is color-blindB.it is racially discriminativeC.it awards wrong research workersD.it is practiced by the white exclusively77.The embarrassing problem address in the passage.A.was proved by Newsweek magazine’s surveyB.shocked government scientific panelsC.was revealed by the Royal SocietyD.all of the above78.One of the positive changes afoot is.A.funding research instittution or labsB.setting up a scientific career ladderC.hiding the racial discriminationD.belitting racial backgrounds79.To bite the bullet of affirmative action is.A.to set up black role models in EuropeB.to keep up ethnic issues under surveillanceC.to restrict fellowship and grants to the balckD.to balance the distribution of fellowship and grants between the white the black80.The author argues that color matters because it is.A.the nature of scienceB.credibility in scienceC.an embarrassing tokenismD.mutual trust between generationsPassage FiveAbout14,000people will contract HIV today.And tomorrow and the day after that, and every day for the foreseeable future.That’s5million by the end of the year,most of whom will be dead within a decade.Figure like these bring home the devastating impact of AIDS and the Urgent need of for a cheap,effective vaccine.As a stroke,a vaccine could stop the tide of infection and stem the need for more,costly treatment.It could even help people who already have the virus healthy.Back in1990,drugs companies and researchers confidently predicted we’d Have a vaccine against HIV-1within10years.These were rash statement.The virus has turned out to be more cunning and stealthy than anyone expected.And our knowledge of how vaccine boister the immune system hasn’t been good enough.A dozen years on,we still have no clear-cut candidate for a vaccine.So you maight expected the announcement of two large-scale trials of AIDSVaccines to be applauded.Yet they have been criticized as a monumental waste of money.The trials will test almost identical vaccine,neither of which is expected to offer great protection against the virus.What’s more.both are fundedby the US government.One through the national Institute of Health and the other through the Department of Defense.The NIH and the DoD have a long history of rivalry in AIDS reseach.But in this case it seems sensible for the NIH to back down.Although the NIH is under pressure“to be seen to be doing something”,dublicating work of questioable value is itself questioable.Better to join forces with the military for this trail and spend money saved—whith amounts to about$60milliom—elsewhere.There are,after all,reasons for optimism.A new wave of vaccine from industry and academia has nearly completed safety tests.It makes sense to carry out limited trials of all this newcomers,to identify which ones offe the best protection,before committing tens of millions of dollars to larger trials.Such a strategy wounld need the agreement of drugs companies,government Agencies and medical charities–something that’s not as Utopian as it sounds.The NIH has already signed a deal to test a new AIDS vaccine made by the Pharmaceuticals giant Merck.And the international AIDS Vaccine Initiative,a not-for-profit funding organization based in New York,has pioneered new ways to divide up intellectual property rights for successful vaccines.What’s needed is cooperation and coordination,not competition.The important thing is to find the fastest route to an effective vaccine.Every day we forget that,another 14,000people pay the price.81.Today the tide of HIV infection.A.drowns14,000peopleB.calls for a cheap,effective vaccineC.rolls without any countervailing measureD.is curbed with an inexpensive,effective vaccine82.Neither of the vaccine tested in the two large-scale trails.A.is in the right trackB.turned out to be a manufacturer。
眼科考博历年真题答案解析
眼科考博历年真题答案解析近年来，眼科考博成为越来越多医学学子的追求目标。
为了帮助考生更好地备考，本文将对眼科考博历年真题进行解析，帮助考生更好地理解和掌握考试内容。
一、眼科领域真题解析首先，我们来看一道眼科领域的历年真题，并进行解析。
题目如下：题目：白内障手术常见并发症及处理？该题属于眼科手术的基础知识，其中考查了考生对白内障手术并发症的认识和处理策略的掌握情况。
解析：白内障手术是一种常见的眼科手术，但并发症的发生仍然是不可忽视的。
常见的白内障手术并发症包括：术后感染、后囊膜混浊、视网膜脱离等。
对于这些并发症的处理，要根据病情的严重程度和具体病因进行相应的治疗。
术后感染可以使用抗生素进行治疗，后囊膜混浊可以通过激光治疗或手术治疗来解决，视网膜脱离则需要进行手术复位。
二、眼科疾病真题解析除了眼科手术的相关知识外，眼科疾病的诊断和治疗也是考博重点内容。
以下是一道关于眼科疾病的历年真题：题目：糖尿病视网膜病变的病理变化及防治策略？该题考查考生对糖尿病视网膜病变病理变化和防治策略的理解。
解析：糖尿病视网膜病变是糖尿病的常见并发症之一，病理变化主要包括微血管病变和视网膜出血、渗出。
根据不同阶段的病变，治疗策略也不同。
在早期阶段，通过控制血糖、血压、血脂等因素，可以减缓病变进程；在中晚期阶段，需要进行激光光凝治疗或手术治疗，以防止病变进一步恶化。
三、眼科研究方法真题解析眼科考博除了考查医学知识外，还涉及到一定的研究方法。
下面是一道与眼科研究方法相关的历年真题：题目：眼动仪在眼科研究中的应用？该题目考查考生对眼动仪的了解以及其在眼科研究中的应用。
解析：眼动仪是一种专门用于测量眼球运动轨迹的仪器。
在眼科研究中，眼动仪可以被用于研究人眼在不同条件下的注视模式和眼球运动规律。
通过观察和分析眼动仪的数据，可以揭示眼睛对特定刺激的反应和认知过程。
例如，眼动仪可以用于研究青少年近视的发展机制，或者研究眼动过程中注意力的变化等。
打印版考博眼科专业试题8套
1复旦医学院2002年博士入学考试眼科试题名词解释1. Plateau iris2. Pseudohypopyon3. Arteriovenous fistula4. Macular sparing5. Terson`s sydrome6. Band keratopathy7. Axenfeld-Rieger sydrome8. ICR问答题1. 视网膜神经节细胞损伤的发生机制及保护研究进展2. 眼科干细胞的研究进展及其在临床应用3. 试述随年龄增加的晶状体发生的改变4. 葡萄膜损伤后的临床及病理生理改变2山医大眼科2004试题眼科专业一、名词解释（1-4题每题3分，5.6题每题4分，共20分）1. 视神经管2. 对比敏感度3. 泪液膜4. 低视力5. Weiss环6. 房角后退二、问答题（每题15分，共60分）1. 人工角膜手术的适应症及并发症，你所认为的理想的人工角膜是怎样的？2. 青光眼的视神经保护药物3. 视神经病变的鉴别诊断4. 双眼单视形成的条件及功能分级三、论述题（20分）角膜内皮细胞移植术的新近展3天津医科大学2002年博士入学考试眼科试题一.名词解释（每题2分，共20分）1.盲2.偏盲3.老视4.双行睫5.玻璃体液化6.ICGA7.Ocular hypertension8.Angular blepharitis9.Gonioscope10.Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)]二.简答题（每题5分，共40分）1.简述青光眼的分类2.简述眼表的范围3.说明复视与混淆视的区别4.简述甲状腺相关眼病的病理改变5.真菌性角膜炎的临床表现及常见致病菌属6.简述化学眼外伤的急救原则及措施7.Eales`病的主要临床表现及病理改变8.简述Behcet`s病的病因及临床表现三.问答题（共40分）1.“白瞳症”的鉴别诊断（10分）2.青光眼滤过性手术后的常见并发症，判断及处理（10分）3.试述青光眼诊断技术和治疗新进展（20分）4首都医科大学2004年博士入学考试眼科试题１、名词解释视网膜前膜迷离瘤牵牛花综合症leber氏病眼球痨波前相差ICEBerlin水肿２、简答题泪膜的组成及功能真菌性角膜炎的感染菌属及临床表现外伤性青光眼性低眼压第机制视觉的种类及简查３、问答题青光眼的分类、详细列举继发青光眼的类型和现代青光眼的治疗Coats病的机制、临床表现糖尿病视网膜病变的分期及治疗5复旦医学院2002年博士入学考试眼科试题名词解释1. Plateau iris2. Pseudohypopyon3. Arteriovenous fistula4. Macular sparing5. Terson`s sydrome6. Band keratopathy7. Axenfeld-Rieger sydrome8. ICR问答题1. 视网膜神经节细胞损伤的发生机制及保护研究进展2. 眼科干细胞的研究进展及其在临床应用3. 试述随年龄增加的晶状体发生的改变4. 葡萄膜损伤后的临床及病理生理改变6北京大学（一附属）2002年博士入学考试眼科试题一. 名词解释（20分）1. 视角2. 水眼3. 配偶肌4. 后胚胎环5. 黑朦猫眼6. 血影细胞性青光眼7. Duane`s综合征8. 带状角膜变性9. Marfan`s 综合征10. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome二. 填空（20分）1. 黄斑樱桃红点见于----，----，---。
首都医科大学眼科学2012年考博真题试卷
KP的种类和意义，
迷离瘤的定义和举例，
视觉的种类检查，
视路的组成，
肿瘤生成过程中血管的拟态现象
问答：（每题10分）：
急性虹睫炎是怎样损伤视功能的，
青光眼视神经损伤的机制和保护视神经的方法，
设计一个临床试验，比较治疗中浆病的新药物A和安慰剂的治疗效果，
抗VEGF疗法的应用和前景
首都医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
首都医科大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：眼科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
名解：
visual angle,
VKH,RAPD,
发病率，
ciliary ganglion
简答（每题5分）：
眼科博士入学考试题目
07眼科5×6一名词解释1 干眼综合症2 沙眼3 角膜缘移植术4 眼用内镜5 年龄相关性白内障6 视网膜色素变性二问答4×81 眼球的起源和发育过程2 原发性开角型青光眼的诊断和治疗3 眼科滴眼剂必须具备的基本特性4 紫外线对眼的损伤三简答1 老年性黄斑变性的临床治疗现状及其进展2 oct的眼科应用优势及其存在的问题08眼科一名词解释1stardardt病2latanoprost（xalatan）眼液其主要成分为前列腺素F2受体相关的衍生物，主要通过作用于睫状肌和葡萄膜巩膜通道的基质金属蛋白酶，增加细胞外基质的降解，造成肌间隙增宽，从而增加房水经葡萄膜巩膜通道外流而降低眼压，其房水的排出不受巩膜静脉压的影响。
该类药物降低眼压幅度大，点药次数少，安全性高。
不良反应包括点药后短暂性烧灼感、刺痛、痒感和结膜充血；长期点眼可造成虹膜色素增加、睫毛增长、眼周围皮肤色素增加。
3sjogren综合症是一种累及全身多系统的疾病，又称为干燥综合症、分泌抑制综合症，该综合症包括干眼、口干、结缔组织损害(关节炎)，三个症状中两个存在即可诊断。
绝经期妇女多发。
泪腺有淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润，造成泪腺增生，结构功能破坏。
4前房角5蚕蚀性角膜溃疡是一种自发性、慢性、边缘性、进行性、疼痛性角膜溃疡，病因不明，可能与自身免疫功能异常有关。
组织学上，蚕食性角膜溃疡周围角膜组织内含有大量浆细胞、淋巴细胞等炎症细胞。
血清免疫复合物水平高。
研究提示，蚕食性角膜溃疡可能是体液免疫及细胞免疫均参与的自身免疫性疾病。
6眼用内镜7基因治疗将正常基因植入靶细胞代替遗传缺陷的基因或关闭、抑制异常表达的基因，以达到预防和治疗疾病的目的的一种临床治疗技术。
常用的策略有以下几种：基因修复、基因代替、基因抑制或失活、基因增强。
二问答1 简述红绿色弱的形成2 简述基因治疗中的载体3 简述眼后节OCT的原理及其应用4 简述与眼有关的三叉神经及其功能三简答1 从房角平衡的角度阐述眼压升高和控制眼压升高的基本机制及其研究发展趋势2 病毒性、细菌性、过敏性结膜炎在病理、体征、症状、治疗的区别分泌物：细菌性常出现脓性分泌物、过敏性出现黏性分泌物、病毒性出现水样或浆液状分泌物3 OCT在眼科的应用优势及其存在的问题。
2004医学博士英语真题及答案
2004医学博士英语真题及答案2004patr II vocabulary(10%)31.All the characters in the play are_____A.imaginable adj.可想象的, 可能的B.imaginary adj.假想的, 想象的, 虚构的C.imaginative adj. 富于想象力的D.imagining32.The judge _____ all the charges against SmithA.dismissed dismiss a charge驳回指控B.eliminated除去, 排除, 削减(人员)’不予考虑eliminate the false and retain the true去伪存真C.refusedvt.拒绝, 谢绝n.废物, 垃圾D.discardedinto the discard成为无用之物; 被遗忘throw sth. into the discard放弃某事33.The actress _____ the terms of her contract and was prosecuted起诉 by the producer制片人.A.ignored(因证据不足而)驳回诉讼B.ratified ratify an amendment to a constitution批准宪法修正案C.drafted vt.起草D.violated违犯,;扰乱;violate a law犯法violate sleep妨碍睡眠violate sb.'s privacy侵扰某人的安静; 闯入私室34.At this time of the year,university admission offices are_____with inquires from anxious applicants.A.annoyedB.thrilledv.发抖C.trampledn.踩踏, 蹂躏v.践踏, 踩坏, 轻视D.reproached v.责备35.When the former President_____her candidacy候选资格,she had a good chance of being elected.A.enforced强迫, 执行, 坚持, 加强B.endorsed v.在(票据)背面签名, 签注(文件), 认可, 签署C.follow up v.穷追, 把...探究到底, 用继续行动来加强效果D.put forward v.放出, 拿出, 提出, 推举出36.The country’s highest medal was _____upon him for heroism.A.earnedB.bestowed给与, 授, 赠, 赐(on, upon)I do not deserve all the praises bestowed upon me.我不配得到这些赞扬。
北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.doc
北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part One Listening Comprehension （略）Part Two Structure and Written ExpressionDirections: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)41. The beauty of the reflected images in the limpid pool was the poignant beauty of things that are__________, existing only until the sunset.A. equitableB. ephemeralC. euphoniousD. evasive42. Brooding and hopelessness are the__________of Indians in the prairie reservations most of the time.A. occupationsB. promisesC.frustrations D. transactions43. What__________about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that disaster-stricken family.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward44. __________considered the human body aesthetically satisfactory.A. Neither prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manB. Nor prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban manC. No prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manD. Neither prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban man45. Not until the 1980's__________in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens46. The buttocks are__________most other parts in the body.A. likely less to cause fatal damage thanB. likely less causing fatal damage toC. less likely to cause fatal damage thanD. less likey to cause fatal damage to47. The concept of internet,__________has intrigued scientists since the mid-20th century.A. the transmission of images, sounds and messages over distancesB. transmitting of images, sounds and messages along distancesC. to transmit images, sounds and messages on distanceD. the transmissibility of images, sounds and messages for distances48. Because of difficulties in getting a visa, the students had to__________the idea of applying for study in the United States.A. reduce B.yield C. relinquish D. waver49. His request for a day off__________by the manager of the company.A. was turned offB. was turned downC. was put downD. was put away50. The index of industrial production__________last year.A. raised up by 4 per centB. rose up with 4 per centC.arose up with 4 per centD. went up by 4 per cent51. Please__________if you ever come to Sydney.A. look at meB. look me upC. look me outD. look to me52. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered__________yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.A. a sharp set-backB. severe set-backC. a severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up53. By the end of the year 2004, he__________in the army for 40 years.A. will have servedB. will serveC. will be servingD. will be served54. __________there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. Smith__________the invitation to visit that area.A. If he knew, would have declinedB. If he had known, would declineC. Had he known, would declineD. Had he known, would have declined55. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could__________.A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody had been mourning56. The team leader of mountain climbers marked out__________.A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be the best routeD. something that to be the best route57. The scheme was so impracticable that I refused even__________.A. to consider supporting itB. considering to support itC. to considering to support itD. considering supporting it58. Among the first to come and live in North America__________, who later prospered mainly in New England.A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there59. The cargo box has a label__________on it. Please handle it with care.A. “flexible”B.“break” C.“fragile” D. “stiff”60. __________we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD. As well asPart Four Cloze TestDirections: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Flowers for the DeadSince flowers symbolize new life, it may seem inappropriate to have them at funerals. Yet people in many cultures top coffins or caskets with wreaths and garlands and put blossoms on the graves of the (76) __________. This custom is part of a widespread, long-lived pattern. Edwin Daniel Wolff speculated that floral tributes to the dead are an outgrowth of the grave goods of ancient (77)__________. In cultures that firmly believed in an (78)__________, and believed further that thedeparted could enter that afterlife only (79) __________they took with them indications of their worldly status, it was a necessity to bury the dead with material goods: hence the wives and animals that were killed to accompany (80)__________rulers, the riches (81)__________with Egyptian pharaohs, and the coins that Europeans used to place on the departed person's eyes as payment for the Stygian ferryman. In time, as economy modified tradition, the actual (82)__________goods were replaced (83)__________symbolic representations. In China, for example, gold and silver paper became a stand-in (84)__________real money. Eventually even the symbolic significance became obscured. Thus, Wolff said, flowers may be the (85)__________step in “three well-marked stages of offerings to the dead: the actual object, its substitute in various forms, and —finally —mere tributes of respect.”Part Five ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (\) and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (\). Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Examples:e.g.1 (86) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (86) begun begane.g.2 (87) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtains went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (87) (Scarcely) had (they)e.g.3 (88) Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (88) not(86) Homes could start been connected to the Internet through electrical outlets. (87) In this way, consumers and business may find easier to make cheaper telephone calls under new rules that the Federal Communications Commission began preparing on Thursday. (88) Taking together, the new rules could profoundly affect the architecture of the Internet and the services it provides. (89) They also have enormous implications for consumers, the telephone and energy industries, equipment manufacturers. Michael K. Powell, the F. C. C. chairman, and his two Republican colleagues on the five-member commission said that (90) a 4-to-1 vote on Thursday to allow a small company providingcomputer-to-computer phone connections to operate in different rules from ordinary phone companies, would ultimately transform the telecommunications industry and the Internet. (91) “This is a reflecting of the commission's commitment to bring tomorrow's technology to consumers today,” said Mr. Powell. He added that (92)the rules governing the new phone services sought to make them as wide available as e-mail, (93) and possibly much less expensive than traditional phones, and given their lower regulatory costs. At the same time, (94) once while the rules allowing delivery of the Internet through power lines are completed, (95) companies could provide consumers with the ability to plug their modems directly into wall sockets, just like they do with a toaster, or a desk lamp.Part Six WritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises试题详解Part One Listening Comprehension(略）Part Two Structure and Written Expression41. B 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. B 50. D51. B 52. A 53. A 54. D 55. B56. B 57. A 58. C 59. C 60. APart Three Reading ComprehensionⅠ.Passage One61. C 62. C 63. A 64. CPassage Two65. D 66. B 67. APassage Three68. B 69. D 70. BⅡ.(71) If you are seriously ill, it's good for you not to be panic and depressed.(72) Medical researchers, among whom Galen, an ancient Greek doctor, is the first one, have found out that depression can not only result in other illness but also aggravate existing ones.(73) Once they know what illness they've got, they get worse.(74) For most people, it's difficult to accept the terrible fact and remain sensible, but we should at least have confidence in ourselves.(75) Even if you get a HIV diagnosis, it is still possible for you to avoid the outbreak.Part Four Cloze Test(76) dead (77) traditions (78) afterlife (79) if(80) the (81) or(82) grave (83) by (84) for(85)lastPart Five Proofreading(86) been being (87) (finD. it (easier) (88) taking Taken(89) (industries), and (equipment) (90) in under(91) reflecting reflection(92) wide widely (93) and given given (94) while (95) like asPart Six WritingEpidemic Diseases and Public Health CrisesWhen SARS epidemic swept across China and stirred up even the entire globe last year, people finally came to realize the concept of public health crises, which in reality have already affected our life in various ways. Why didn't we recognize this until our life has been endangered? Surely, epidemic diseases as a kind of public health crises, have contributed to people's perception of public health crises.Public health itself is not new, but the term ”public health crises “has been fresh for most people in China. It includes not only outbreaks of diseases, but also water erosion, deforestation, desertification and many other problems which mankind as a whole must face. Ever since the industrial revolution and great economic expansion, people's life has been challenged in one way or another due to lots of irresponsible behaviors of mankind. Most of the time, people have accustomed to their ordinary way of life and do not spare time in comprehending the imminent crises.On the other hand, epidemic outbreaks always take on a very severe outlook and thus pose direct dangers to common people. They affect people's daily activities and even their lives, and that is why they can successfully arouse people's concerns about their own health. To some extent, our awareness of our dining habits and carelessness in protecting the environment can be attributed to the outbreak of some epidemics, like SARS and bird flu.We should all be gratitude for this awareness brought about by some epidemics. As China and the world's economy continue to expand, governments and people are fully aware that some measures have to be taken to fend off any possible danger to public health.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 Americanhildren under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that m ost of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how lo w the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not c lear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those whosee themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “I n comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do nothave secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often calledcapital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking system?A. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin, I was surprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected__67__but there was a suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet__69__, except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did not say__72__. As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night.I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized thata __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door, so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the other bed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself. I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B.motive C.cause D. sake62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiring D. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. isover D. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C.fairly D. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrivedto D. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeing D. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being alone D. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar than D. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C.somewhere D. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. sucha D. such71. A. treat together well B. pass together wellC. get on well togetherD. go by well together72. A. him a single word B. him not one wordC. a single word to himD. not one word to him73. A. up me B. upmyself C. up to myself D. myself up74. A. draft B. voice C.air D. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have toclose D. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. inshutting D. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like thatC. as I did soD. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no oneC. It was anyoneD. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lockC. remind lockingD. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumpedC. must have jumpedD. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing (20%)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be谢谢观赏based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是。
2004全国副高眼科考试题库
)
A．中央部分正常变异小
B．周边部分正常变异大
C．中央 20°以内的暗点多为病理性的
D．视野 25°-30°上下方的暗点常为眼睑遮盖所致
E．孤立一点的阈值改变意义较大
16．检影验光时，90 度方向用-2.00D 柱镜中和，180 度方向用-0.50D
柱
镜
中
和
。
该例验光结果为(
)
A．-1.50DS/-0.50DC×180°
E．在视网膜的有血管区和无血管区之间出现牵引性视网膜脱离
30．棘阿米巴角膜炎的诊断依据不包括(
)
A．角膜接触镜配戴史
B．典型的放射状角膜神经炎或环形角膜基质浸润
C．涂片染色或角膜刮片培养，必要时角膜活检
D．接触镜保存液、清洗液的病原体检查
E．角膜知觉减退
31．有关眼部局部麻醉的叙述中，错误的是(
)
A．球周麻醉达到止动比球后麻醉慢
B．组织学上含有泪腺管上皮及异常的基质成分
C．肿瘤无完整包膜
D．一般单侧受累
E．多见于中年男性
27．白内障手术率（Cataract Surgical Rate，CSR）是指(
)
A．每年每百万人群中所做的白内障手术眼数
B．每年每万人群中所做的白内障手术眼数
C．每年每千人群中所做的白内障手术眼数
D．每年每千白内障患者中所做的白内障手术眼数
B．利多卡因达到止痛作用比布比卡因快
C．利多卡因的作用时间比布比卡因长
D．局部应用地卡因对虹膜的止痛作用不充分
E．球后出血增加了驱逐性出血的危险
32．下列疾病与 HLA 联系的匹配中，错误的是 (
)
A．交感性眼炎 HLA-A11
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攻 读 博 士 学 位 研都医科大学
2004 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：眼科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1． 视网膜前膜 2． 迷离瘤 3． 牵牛花综合征 4． leber 氏病 5． 眼球痨 6． 波前相差 7． ICE 8． Berlin 水肿 二、简答题 1. 泪膜的组成及功能 2. 真菌性角膜炎的感染菌属及临床表现 3. 外伤性青光眼低眼压的机制 4. 视觉的种类及检查 三、问答题 1. 青光眼的分类、详细列举继发性青光眼的类型和现代青光眼的治疗 2. Coats 病的机制、临床表现 3. 糖尿病视网膜病变的分期及治疗