Improved Crude Oil Price Forecasting With Statistical Learning Methods

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英语资讯：油价下跌将显著提振世界经济

The world economy will receive a significant boost from lower oil prices this year despite fears of deflation and persistently weak spending, leading economists attending the World Economic Forum told the Financial Times.Ahead of the gathering at the Swiss resort, which begins today, most economists had a more optimistic outlook than the International Monetary Fund, although they recognised that the recovery remained uneven and were less optimistic than a year ago.But there were specific worries that advanced economies had lost the ability to share the proceeds of growth more widely across their populations, which could undermine future prospects.In response to divergent prospects for the economies of the US and eurozone, the European Central Bank is tomorrow expected to unveil an ambitious programme of quantitative easing, while the US Federal Reserve is forecast to tighten monetary policy this year. However, a majority of economists, including four Nobel Prize winners, believed markets would take these potentially destabilising moves in their stride.Since crude prices began to slide last year, most economists and policy makers have expected growth to accelerate because the boost cheaper energy would give to consumption in oil-importing countries would outweigh the negative impact on oil producing nations.Yesterday, the IMF confounded some of these hopes, cutting its global growth forecasts for both 2015 and 2016 by 0.3 percentage points. The fund said deep underlying problems with the recovery would outweigh the “shot in the arm” from cheaper oil.But many of the economists attending Davos are optimistic that, despite its troubles, the global economy can overcome these difficulties.Michael Spence, economics professor at the Stern School of Business, New York University, agreed there were problems in parts of the global economy, but cheaper energy would boost economies with demand problems.“With China still growing and the US improving . . . I doubt the [oil] price decline could be attributed to a sharply negative view of the global economy,” the 2001 Nobel laureate said.Another Nobel winner, Professor Chris Pissarides from London School of Economics, was unconcerned about yesterday’s fall in China’s growth. “The slowdown was bound to happen and the Chinese are prepared for it,” he said.Ian Goldin, professor of globalisation and development at Oxford university, said: “Global prospects of aggregate growth above 3 per cent remain good by hi storical standards.” The IMF’s forecasts still predicted 3.5 per cent growth in 2015, rising to 3.7 per cent in 2016.Some economists, however, thought the boost would be modest and the bigger effect would be a redistribution of income from oil producers to consumers.“The distributional effects may come to dominate the news,” said Ricardo Hausmann, director of the Harvard Center for International Development at the Kennedy School of Government. “We may see financial disruptions triggered by overleveraged oil exporting countries and corporations that could then spread in unanticipated ways.”Meanwhile Edmund Phelps, director of the Center on Capitalism and Society at Columbia University, gave a gloomy assessment. “Europe has been imploding and Asia needs time to build a more innovative economy, so I do not expect appreciable global growth in the next couple of years,” he said. “The US may have got ahead of itself in the past year.”In general, there was confidence that markets could cope with an expected loosening of monetary policy at the ECB at the same time as the Fed prepared to raise rates for the first time since 2006.Lord Turner, former head of the UK financial regulator and now senior fellow at the Institute for New Economic Thinking, said there was “no reason why 2.5 per cent interest rates in the US and zero per cent in the eurozone would necessarily produce huge instability”.Robert Shiller, professor of Economics at Yale University, who won the Nobel Prize in 2013, said there might not be that much divergence in wider financial markets even with the two central banks moving in opposite directions. “Despite anticipation of tightening, long-term US interest rates have been declining for the past year, to really low levels,” he said.One area of widespread concern, however, was how advanced economies had found it difficult to ensure the benefits of growth were widely shared. The exception was Kenneth Rogoff, of Harvard University. “As the recovery continues in places such as the US and UK, wages should begin to strengthen notably in 2015,” he said.But other economists said rising inequality was perhaps the biggest challenge facing industrialised economies.更多英语学习方法：企业英语培训/。

(双语)原油价格下跌未能撼动美国汽油价格

原油价格下跌未能撼动美国汽油价格（双语）U.S. benchmark oil prices have tumbled since early May, but drivers -- and the economy -- have yet to feel the full benefit.5月上旬以来，美国基准油价已经大幅下跌，但驾车人──以及整个经济──尚未充分感受到油价下降带来的好处。

While crude-oil futures on the New York Mercantile Exchange are down 38%, ending last week at $82.26 a barrel, the average price of gas at the pump is down just 9% in that time.纽约商品交易所（New York Mercantile Exchange）原油期货价格下跌了38%，上周收于每桶82.26美元。

但在同一时期，加油站汽油均价仅下降9%。

That suggests that some forecasts for an easing of pressure on the U.S. economy may be optimistic, for now. Economists estimate that a $10 drop in oil prices translates to an increase of a few tenths of a percent in gross-domestic product growth. But that is largely dependent on the decline in prices flowing through to consumers. With financial markets tumbling due to fears of a second recession in the U.S. and debt contagion in Europe, dropping fuel costs would be a welcome relief for household budgets and business balance sheets.这说明，一些人预计美国经济承受的压力会得到缓解，这种看法目前来看可能是过于乐观了。

四级真题oil price

四级真题oil pricePassage TwoQuestions 5l to 55 are based on the following passage.In the past，falling oil prices have given a boost to the world economy，but recent forecasts forglobal growth have been toned down.even as oil prices sink lower and lower.Does that mean the linkbetween lower oil prices and growth has weakened?Some experts say there are still good reasons to believe cheap oil should heat up the worldeconomy.Consumers have more money in their pockets when they’re paying less at the pump.Theyspend that money off other things，which stimulates the economy.The biggest gains go to countries that import most of their oil like China.Japan.and India.Butdoesn't the extra money in the pockets of those countries' consumers mean an equal loss inoil-producing countries, cancelling out the gains? Not necessarily, say economic researcher SaraJohnson. "Many oil producers built up huge reserve funds when prices were high, so when prices fallthey will draw on their reserves to support government spending and subsidies (补贴) for theirconsumers.But not all oil producers have big reserves. In Venezuela, collapsing oil prices have sent itseconomy into free-fall.Economist Carl Weinberg believes the negative effects of plunging oil prices are overwhelming thepositive effects of cheaper oil. The implication is a sharp decline in global trade, which has plungedpartly because oil-producing nations can't afford to import as much as they used to.Sara Johnson acknowledges that the global economic benefit from a fall in oil prices today is likelylower than it was in the past. One reason is that more countries are big oil producers now, so thenations suffering from the price drop account for a larger share of the global economy.Consumers, in the U.S. at least, are acting cautiously with the savings they're getting at the gaspump, as the memory of the recent great recession is still fresh in their mind. And a number ofoil-producing countries are trimming their gasoline subsidies and raising taxes, so the net savings forglobal consumers is not as big as the oil price plunge might suggest.51. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage?A. The reasons behind the plunge of oil prices.B. Possible ways to stimulate the global economy.C. The impact of chape oil on global economic growth.D. The effect of falling oil prices on consumer spending.52. Why do some experts believe cheap oil will stimulatethe global economy?A. Manufacturers can produce consumer goods at a much lower cost.B. Lower oil prices have always given a big boost to the global economy.C. Oil prices may rise or fall but economic laws are not subject to change.D. Consumers will spend their savings from cheap oil on other commodities.53. What happens in many oil-exporting countries when oil prices go down?A. They suspend import of necessities from overseas.B. They reduce production drastically to boost oil prices.C. They use their money reserves to back up consumption.D. They try to stop their economy from going into free-fall.54. How does Carl Weinberg view the current oil price plunge?A. It is one that has seen no parallel in economic history.B. Its negative effects more than cancel out its positive effects.C. It still has a chance to give rise to a boom in the global economy.D. Its effects on the global economy go against existing economic laws.55. Why haven't falling oil prices boosted the global economy as they did before?A. People are not spending all the money they save on gas.B. The global economy is likely to undergo another recession.C. Oil importers account for a larger portion of the global economy.D. People the world over are afraid of a further plunge in oil prices.。

食品石油价格变化的英语作文200字

食品石油价格变化的英语作文200字全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1With the rapid changes in global oil prices, the cost of food production and transportation has been significantly affected. The fluctuations in oil prices can have a direct impact on the prices of food items, making them more expensive for consumers.When oil prices increase, the cost of producing food also goes up. This is because oil is used in various stages of the food production process, from planting and harvesting crops to processing and transporting them to markets. Farmers rely on oil for fueling tractors and other machinery, as well as for powering irrigation systems. Additionally, oil is used in the production of fertilizers and pesticides, which are essential for maximizing crop yields.The rise in oil prices also affects the transportation of food products from farms to markets. Trucks, trains, and ships that carry food items all rely on oil as a fuel source. When oil pricesare high, transportation costs increase, leading to higher prices for consumers at the grocery store.On the other hand, when oil prices decrease, the cost of producing and transporting food can go down. This can lead to lower prices for consumers, making food more affordable and accessible.Overall, the relationship between oil prices and food prices is complex and multifaceted. Fluctuations in oil prices can have a ripple effect on the entire food supply chain, impacting farmers, producers, and consumers alike. It is important for policymakers and stakeholders to monitor oil price trends and their implications for the food industry to ensure a stable and sustainable food supply for all.篇2The fluctuation of food and petroleum prices has a significant impact on the global economy. Both food and petroleum are essential commodities that play a crucial role in people's daily lives. The prices of these two commodities are closely interlinked and are subject to various factors such as supply and demand, geopolitical issues, and government policies.The relationship between food and petroleum prices is complex. Petroleum is used in the production and transportation of food, so any changes in the price of petroleum can have a direct impact on the cost of food production. For example, an increase in the price of crude oil can lead to higher transportation costs, which in turn can drive up the price of food. On the other hand, fluctuations in food prices can also affect the demand for petroleum. For instance, a decrease in food prices can lead to lower consumer spending, which can result in a reduction in the demand for petroleum products.Geopolitical issues also play a significant role in the volatility of food and petroleum prices. Political instability inoil-producing countries can lead to disruptions in the supply of crude oil, which can cause prices to spike. Similarly, conflicts in food-producing regions can result in food shortages, leading to an increase in food prices. Government policies, such as subsidies and trade restrictions, can also impact the prices of food and petroleum. Subsidies can artificially lower the prices of these commodities, while trade restrictions can lead to price increases due to limited supply.In recent years, the world has witnessed several instances of sharp fluctuations in food and petroleum prices. The rise in crudeoil prices in 2008, for example, led to a global food crisis as the cost of production and transportation of food increased. In response, many countries implemented measures such as food subsidies and export restrictions to mitigate the impact of high food prices on their populations.To address the issue of price volatility in food and petroleum markets, governments and international organizations need to collaborate and implement policies that promote stability and sustainability. Increasing investment in renewable energy sources can help reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate the impact of fluctuations in petroleum prices. Additionally, policies that promote food security, such as agricultural subsidies and improved infrastructure, can help stabilize food prices and ensure access to affordable and nutritious food for all.In conclusion, the fluctuation of food and petroleum prices is a complex issue that requires a multi-faceted approach to address. By understanding the interconnected nature of these commodities and implementing effective policies, we can work towards a more stable and sustainable global economy.篇3Changes in food and oil prices play a crucial role in the global economy. The fluctuations in these prices can impact the cost of living, inflation rates, and even international relations. Let's take a closer look at how the price changes in food and oil are interrelated and their effects on the global economy.Firstly, the price of oil has a significant impact on the cost of producing and transporting food. As oil prices increase, the cost of fuel for farming machinery, transportation, and processing also rise. This leads to higher production costs for farmers and food manufacturers, which are often passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices for food products.Secondly, the price of oil directly affects the cost of fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture. These products are made from petroleum derivatives, so when oil prices rise, the cost of these inputs also increases. This can lead to reduced crop yields and higher food prices, as farmers struggle to maintain profitability in the face of rising production costs.On the other hand, changes in food prices can also impact the price of oil. For example, a surge in demand for biofuels made from crops such as corn or soybeans can put pressure on food prices. This can lead to higher prices for agricultural commodities, which in turn can increase demand for oil asfarmers and agricultural companies use more fuel to meet the growing demand for food.Moreover, the relationship between food and oil prices is not just limited to production costs. Fluctuations in food prices can also affect consumer behavior, leading to changes in demand for oil. For example, when food prices rise, consumers may cut back on spending in other areas, including transportation and travel. This can lead to a decrease in demand for oil and a drop in oil prices.In conclusion, the relationship between food and oil prices is complex and multifaceted. Changes in one commodity can have far-reaching effects on the other, shaping global economic trends and influencing the daily lives of people around the world. It is essential for policymakers, businesses, and consumers to be aware of these interconnections and to consider their implications when making decisions that impact the economy.。

原油价格与石油产品价格外文翻译文献中英文最新

原油价格与石油产品价格外文文献翻译中英文（节选重点翻译）英文A review of the evidence on the relation between crude oil prices andpetroleum product pricesLouis Ederington, Chitru FernandoAbstractWe review a large body of the empirical literature focusing on the relation between petroleum product prices and oil prices and discuss the evidence on the direction of causality between crude oil prices and petroleum product prices. In addition, we survey the literature on the much-debated question of whether petroleum product prices respond differently to increases versus decreases in oil prices, which Bacon (1991) labeled the “rockets and feathers” phenomenon.Keywords: Oil prices, Petroleum product prices, Energy economics, Commodities1. IntroductionThis survey is the first of a two-part series that reviews the extant empirical evidence regarding the behavior of petroleum productfutures prices. Herein we review the literature focusing on the relation between petroleum product prices and oil prices. In the companion review (Ederington et al., 2018a), we turn to the general distributionalcharacteristics of petroleum product prices, the influence of fundamental factors such as refinery outages and weather on product prices, the way that price discovery occurs for petroleum product prices, the predictive accuracy of petroleum product futures prices for future spot prices, and the impact of speculation on petroleum product prices.Crude oil is the “main ingredient” in refined petroleum products. Two primary hypotheses regarding the causal relation between oil prices and petroleum product prices have been presented in the literature. The first argues that the primary causal relation runs from oil prices to product prices (see the survey of Frey and Manera, 2007; U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2014) and rests on the hypothesis that the marginal price of a barrel of a petroleum product should, in principle, be determined by the highest marginal cost of oil used. An alternative is that causality runs in the opposite direction (Verleger, 1982, 2011; Baumeister et al., 2018). The direction of causality has important implications for the regulation and organization of these markets and the facilitation of trade. Numerous authors investigating the links between oil price changes and product price changes have taken the direction of causation as a given and assumed that the dominant channel is from oil prices to product prices. However, recent evidence suggests that causality may run from product prices to oil prices. Whether there is a causal link running from product prices to oil prices has receivedlimited although increasing attention (Asche et al., 2003; Kaufmann et al., 2009; Kilian, 2010; Bilgin and Ellwanger, 2017; Baumeister et al., 2018). The evidence supporting the first hypothesis rests generally on the analysis of data measured at a monthly or weekly frequency, whereas support for the alternative hypothesis rests generally on the behavior of data measured at a quarterly or longer frequency.One important part of the dialogue about the short-term connection between oil prices and petroleum product prices is the speed and magnitude of product prices' response to changes in oil prices. This response is often referred to as the “rockets and feathers” phenomenon, a phrase coined by Bacon (1991) to describe the fast rise response in gasoline prices to increases in oil prices and the slow fall as oil prices decline. This question forms the basis of a long, ongoing debate about whether gasoline prices (and other product prices) respond more strongly and quickly to oil price increases than to oil price decreases. Prices of refined petroleum products such as gasoline and heating oil have long been a focal point of interest to individual consumers, industrial producers and consumers, as well as public policy makers and academics. When gasoline prices are rising, there is much popular consternation. Allegations of collusion on the part of retail sellers as well as predatory pricing are common. For instance, hearings conducted by the U.S. Senate Comm ittee on Energy and Natural Resources emphasized the mission “Toexplore the effects of ongoing changes in domestic oil production, refining and distribution on U.S. gasoline and fuel prices.” No doubt as a consequence of the regulatory and antitrust attention focused on this industry, a large empirical literature studying gasoline prices has developed.Herein we review the evidence regarding causality and the ways that petroleum product prices respond to increases or decreases in oil prices. As part of our review, we also examine the empirical evidence on which market-determined oil price serves as the principal benchmark for product prices.2. Petroleum product prices2.1. Crude oil prices and product pricesHeating oil, gasoline, and fuel oil are all refined from crude oil. The prices of petroleum products are inextricably linked to the price of crude oil by the technology and economics of refining. Propane is a byproduct of the refining process and is also extracted from natural gas or oil wellhead gas at processing plants.Crude oil is traded in a global market, as is gasoline (Kaminski, 2012; Zavaleta et al., 2015). Indeed, Zavaleta et al. (2015) conclude that “Econometric evidence supports the hypothesis that the U.S. and European markets for oil and re fined products are integrated” (p. 206). A question that has surfaced in recent years is “which oil price is theprimary world benchmark price?” The two benchmark oil prices which receive the most attention are: West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Brent Blend. In this section, we discuss the empirical evidence regarding the connection between oil prices and product prices, and the evidence regarding whether the WTI or Brent price has the greater influence on product prices, with special emphasis on U.S. gasoline prices.The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that, in 2017, the cost of crude oil contributed 50% to the retail cost of a gallon of gasoline in the United States, down from 57% in December 2014. The remaining cost includes 19% taxes, 17% distribution and marketing costs, and 14% refining costs. The corresponding figures for diesel are 45% crude oil, 20% taxes, 17% distribution and marketing costs, and 18% refining costs. State-imposed fuel taxes differ, contributing to differential prices across states.Of course, changes in any of the contributing factors mentioned in the prior paragraph could potentially change gasoline or other product prices. Aside from the crude oil price, several additional factors could cause movements at the state level. Inventories are one factor. The theory of storage (Kaldor, 1939; Working, 1949) predicts that price volatility and price level are inversely related to inventory levels. State and federal requirements can vary regarding blending of reformulated gasoline with ethanol and/or fuels with different levels of low Reid VaporPressure (RVP). These requirements have the potential to create supply bottlenecks. For instance, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) imposes specific renewable fuel blending standards which increase over time.5 This increase can also cause bottlenecks. A separate but related issue is the cost of ethanol relative to conventional gasoline and reformulated gasoline. Irwin and Good (2014) point out that “The recent drop in gasoline prices has been large enough to potentially threaten the competitiveness of ethanol in gasoline blends.”Another potentially important factor that could affect product prices is the incidence of regional refinery utilization and outages. Planned and unplanned outages can affect supply and cause price disruptions. The data suggest that refiners build inventory in anticipation of planned outages to avoid supply disruptions. Antitrust law prohibits refiners from communicating (and coordinating) outages. However, Section 804 of the EISA required the EIA to prepare a semi-annual analysis of planned refinery outages and their impact on petroleum product supply and price. The EISA further stipulates as follows: “On a determination by the Secretary, based on a report or alert under paragraph (3) or (4) of subsection (b), that a refinery outage may affect the price or supply of a refined petroleum product, the Secretary shall make available to refinery operators information on planned refinery outages to encourage reductions of the quantity of refinery capacity that is out of service at anytime.” Finally, supply can be affected by pipeline disruptions due to natural disasters such as weather-related events. An extreme example followed Hurricane Katrina when the Colonial Pipeline, which includes 5500 miles of pipeline delivering products such as gasoline, heating oil, and aviation fuel, was taken offline because electricity was not available to power pumps. We discuss the empirical evidence about these issues in Part 2 of this survey (Ederington et al., 2018a).A large part of the empirical literature on product prices focuses on gasoline prices and the response of retail or wholesale gasoline prices to oil price changes. Additionally, a segment of the literature has attempted to address geographical variation in gasoline prices and the impact of competition.Although the price series displayed in the figures appear to move together, some authors have presented evidence that movements in product prices follow movements in oil prices when the periodicity of data observations are measured over short horizons (days or weeks), whereas long measurement horizons support the reverse, that product demand drives oil prices. On the short horizon front, many researchers have presented evidence suggesting that the response size and adjustment speed of product prices to changes in oil prices depends upon whether the oil price has increased or decreased. Some have argued that faster product price adjustment in response to oil price increases than to oil pricedecreases is evidence in favor of the so-called “rockets and feathers” (asymmetric response) phenomenon originally studied by Bacon (1991). focuses on whether product price changes (in particular gasoline price changes) follow oil price changes, and whether those prices respond symmetrically to increases versus decreases in oil prices.An alternative hypothesis is that the demand for petroleum products and the resulting prices drive the price of oil. Verleger (1982) has argued that spot market prices for petroleum products are the primary determinants of crude oil prices. Baumeister et al. (2018)describe the economic dynamics as follows: “A common view is that refiners view themselves as price takers in product markets and cut their volume of production when they cannot find crude oil at a price commensurate with product prices. In time, this reduction in the demand for crude oil will lower the price of crude oil and the corresponding reduction in the supply of products will boost product prices (see Verleger, 2011)” (p. 1). In essence, this hypothesis posits that refiners wish to maintain profit margins and therefore adjust their demand for oil in response to changes in the prices of petroleum products. In a study of oil price forecasting predicated on the V erleger thesis, Baumeister et al. (2018) find some evidence in support of the hypothesis, albeit for a model that deviates somewhat from the strict hypothesis. A recent contribution to the literature is Bilgin and Ellwanger (2017), who examine quarterly data andfind evidence that “shifts in the global fuel demand accounted for the bulk of oil price fluctuations over the last decades.” (p. 3). Most studies, however, have tended to emphasize the connection between changes in crude oil prices and wholesale or retail gasoline (or product) prices, under the assumption that changes in oil prices drive changes in product prices. An example of the latter are investigations of the relation between gasoline prices and the two primary oil benchmark prices, the Brent price and the WTI price (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2014), which we comment on later.Controlling for other factors, a $1-per-barrel change in the price of crude oil results in a $0.024-per-gallon change in the price of wholesale and retail gasoline ($0.024 is 1/42 of $1; there are 42 gallons in one barrel). The evidence suggests that the adjustment occurs with a lag and that about half of the change in crude oil price is reflected in retail prices within two weeks of the price change, all other market factors being equal.2.2. Empirical examinations of oil price/product price relations2.2.1. OverviewThe empirical literature on the general relation between oil prices and petroleum product prices documents that gasoline prices and crude oil prices move together in the long-term. Similar results have been documented for heating oil prices and oil prices. The statistical methodsemployed in these analyses typically involve the estimation of bivariate time-series relations. Studies using data observed at different frequencies and for different time periods, as well as for various regions of the world, generally find a long-term relation between an oil benchmark price and product prices. The usual approach has been to associate product prices in the United States with the WTI price and product prices in Europe with the Brent price. In Section 2.3, we discuss recent empirical results concerning the benchmark oil price.2.2.2. Time series behaviorAs we emphasized in Section 1, two alternative hypotheses have emerged regarding oil prices and product prices: 1) oil price changes drive product price changes, and 2) product demand (and prices) drive oil price changes. Although these hypotheses might seem to be mutually exclusive, we are more agnostic. It seems that in the long-term, both oil prices and product prices should be determined by the supply of crude oil and the demand for products. However, the question of which leads in the short-term is partially a question of which tends to shift more in the short-term: supply or demand. But it also depends on speed of adjustment.A change in product demand might result in a change in crude oil demand quickly so that no lag between gasoline prices and crude oil prices would be observed, or conversely, there may be a lag before the demand for crude is affected. Likewise, a change in the supply of crude might affectgasoline prices almost immediately or with a lag.Two (or more) time series are considered to be cointegrated when they each possess a unit root and a linear combination of the variables is a stationary process (Greene, 2008). The studies in this branch of the literature generally do not attempt to test relations using alternative oil price benchmarks to determine the most appropriate benchmark for a given set of product prices. Rather, for example, U.S. data on product prices are related to WTI prices and European data are related to Brent prices. In Section 2.3, we return to the question of the oil price benchmark. The literature is somewhat segmented. Many papers employ the type of model described above. Other studies modify the framework when addressing the question we will take up later regarding whether product prices adjust differently to increases in oil prices versus decreases in oil prices. Still others have adapted the structure to account for stochastic error variances. In addition, many single-equation time-series models of various specifications have been studied.Gjølberg and Johnsen (1999) analyze the relation between monthly prices for the period 1992–1998 (observed on the Northwestern European market) of crude oil (Brent) and six oil products (gasoline, naphtha, jet fuel, gas oil, light fuel oil 1%, and heavy fuel oil 3.5%). They estimate single-equation models treating crude oil as exogenous and conclude that crude oil determines product prices.Lanza et al. (2005) investigate the relation between crude oil and product price dynamics using weekly and monthly data for the period 1994–2002, presenting a comparison among ten price series of crude oils and fourteen price series of petroleum products, considering four distinct market areas (Mediterranean, Northwestern Europe, Latin America, and North America). However, they do not attempt to distinguish which is the appropriate benchmark, assigning the Brent price to the Mediterranean and Northwestern Europe and the WTI price to the Americas. The researchers are primarily interested in models explaining regional oil prices, but they employ models that relate those prices to benchmark “marker” oil prices such as WTI or Brent, as well as t o two product prices, low-sulfur fuel oil and gasoline. After accounting for the benchmark oil price (WTI or Brent), they find only weak evidence of a long-term relationship between product prices and the regional oil prices they study, and only for prices outside the Americas. However, they do not present tests of the relations between product prices and the benchmark oil prices.Chouinard and Perloff (2007) estimate reduced form models for retail and wholesale gasoline prices utilizing monthly observations for the period from March 1989 to July 1997 for all contiguous 48 states and the District of Columbia. The authors examine both factors that may drive gasoline prices across time as well as across geographic areas and also account for factors such as taxes, refinery outages, various regulationeffects, weather, controls for ownership of stations and vertical relations, refinery mergers, and crude oil prices. They draw two conclusions from the results: 1) “virtually the entire variation in national prices was due to changes in the crude oil price and cyclical fluctuations and not to changes in taxes, content requirements, and other factors” (p. 18); and 2) the primary determinants of price differentials across states are taxes, population density, and age distribution of a state's population. The authors also report results consistent with refinery and retail mergers' having an impact on prices across states.Employing a joint vector autoregression (V AR) model of the global market for crude oil and the U.S. market for gasoline, Kilian (2010)estimates differing magnitudes, patterns, and persistence in response to demand and supply shocks in these two markets. The data examined are measured at a monthly frequency. The variables representative of the global market for crude oil are 1) the percent change of crude oil in world product, 2) a measure of global real economic activity (Kilian, 2009), and 3) the real price of crude oil. The U.S. gasoline market variables are 1) the real price of U.S. gasoline and 2) the percent growth rate of U.S. gasoline consumption. The variables are transformed in a variety of ways (Kilian, 2010).Analyzing the impulse response estimates for supply and demand shocks in the global crude oil markets on real gasoline and crude oilprices, Kilian (2010) finds that 1) unexpected reductions in the supply of crude oil cause the real price of crude oil and gasoline to increase insignificantly; 2) an unpredicted expansion in the global demand for industrial commodities causes a persistent increase in the real price of crude oil and gasoline (smaller response); and 3) an unforeseen increase in oil demand is met with an immediate increase in real crude oil and gasoline prices (smaller response) that gradually declines.The impulse response estimates for supply and demand shocks of the U.S. gasoline markets on real gasoline and crude oil prices provide evidence that 1) an unexpected disruption in U.S. refinery output causes real gasoline prices to spike and gradually decline, while real crude oil prices drop and gradually rise; and 2) an unexpected increase in U.S. demand for gasoline does not cause a significant response in real crude oil or gasoline prices. Collectively, demand and supply shocks from the global crude oil market and the U.S. gasoline market have differential implications on price shocks for crude oil and U.S. gasoline.According to Kilian (2010), a shock to gasoline supply (refining shock) accounts for approximately 80% of the variation in gasoline prices in the short-term, and shocks to aggregate demand and oil-specific demand are responsible for approximately 95% of the variation in gasoline prices in the long-term. The supply side of gasoline appears to be the dominant factor in determining fluctuations in real gasoline prices,whereas the U.S. gasoline consumption is only modestly responsive to shocks in gasoline supply.Ederington et al. (2018b) extend the analysis to a study of the relations between Brent oil futures prices and gasoline and heating oil futures prices for contracts traded on the NYMEX.11 Their results show consistent evidence that causality runs from oil futures prices to product futures prices. The results are based upon weekly price data spanning a 28-year period. The authors also find some evidence of a marginally significant relation running from product futures prices to oil futures prices following 2005 when measured at the weekly frequency. However, an analysis of the response of oil futures prices to shocks to product futures prices reveals that the economic significance is small, so they cannot reject the hypothesis that the responses are equal to zero. The results carry through to a model that includes variables measuring fundamental supply and demand, which may themselves be jointly determined with prices. However, in an analysis of daily data during the post-2005 period, the authors also find evidence that product prices caused oil prices, suggesting that causality ran in both directions during that period when measured at the daily frequency.2.3. Oil price benchmarks and petroleum pricesIn testimony before a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, Medlock (2014) made the case that petroleum productswill be priced based upon the cost of the marginal internationally traded barrel of oil when there is no constraint on the trading of the refined product but there may be a constraint on the trading of the input (oil). If the Brent price is the appropriate proxy for that barrel, we should see that wholesale gasoline prices are more closely aligned with the Brent price. The recent debate about the relaxing of U.S. export restrictions on crude oil and the implications for oil prices and U.S. gasoline prices is intimately linked to whether an increase in the global supply of oil would reduce global oil prices (reflected in the Brent price). This brings us to the two benchmark oils that have received the most attention in the literature, WTI and Brent. Prior to 2010, the two prices were generally of the same magnitude, but a decoupling occurred in 2010 and has since persisted, although the gap has narrowed recently. Many commentators have attributed this to increased production in the United States and falling production in the North Sea, as well as infrastructure constraints in the United States. These developments have led some participants and reporting agencies to adopt the Brent price as the benchmark, including, for instance, the EIA in its Annual Energy Outlook publication. Fig. 3 displays plots of regional U.S. gasoline prices along with the Brent spot price.Recent EIA research (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2014) shows that changes in Brent crude oil prices explain more of the variationin U.S. spot gasoline prices than do changes in WTI crude oil prices. Prior to 2011, the Brent and WTI prices tended to be close. Following 2011, however, there were periods when the WTI price traded at a significant discount to Brent. The price gap has shrunk in recent years. The EIA study examines data from the period January 2000 to June 2014 and uses January 2011 as the breakpoint at which WTI prices first moved to a significant discount relative to Brent prices.The models estimated by the EIA researchers posit a lagged relation between changes in oil prices and changes in spot gasoline prices for four regions: U.S. East Coast, U.S. Gulf Coast, U.S. West Coast, and U.S. Midwest. In addition, the authors control for regional gasoline inventories (specifically deviations from previous five-year averages as well as seasonal effects). Weekly averages of daily price data are examined. An error correction term computed following the convention of linear regression of one price on another price (see Engle and Granger, 1987) is included because the EIA researchers identify that the prices studied are cointegrated.The resulting statistical analysis leads the EIA researchers to several conclusions:1. For both the 2000–2010 and 2011–2014 periods, the equations in which the Brent price was used as the independent variable have more explanatory power than the equations in which WTI was the independentvariable. This holds true for all regional markets, including the Midwest.2. The equations that use Brent as the independent variable lose very little explanatory power from period one (2000–2010) to period two (2011–June 2014), while equations with WTI as the independent variable lose considerable explanatory power from period one to period two.3. Introducing the Brent-WTI spread to equations in which WTI is the independent variable significantly improves the explanatory power of the equations, while introducing this spread to equations that use Brent as the independent variable does not significantly improve the explanatory power.These results provide evidence that Brent crude oil prices are more important than WTI prices in determining U.S. gasoline prices. The recent debate about relaxing U.S. export restrictions on crude oil and the potential impact on U.S. gasoline prices therefore revolves around whether an increase in the global supply of oil would reduce global oil prices (reflected in the Brent price), which the EIA's analysis suggests could lead to a decrease in domestic spot gasoline prices. This same conclusion has been drawn by others, such as the private consultancy IHS (2014), which in a recent study of oil markets concludes that: “The shift of the U.S. crude market to free trade will have the effect of lowering U.S. gasoline prices. That is because as new crude supply is added to the global market the international price of crude will fall,putting downward pressure on U.S. gasoline prices. At the same time, free export of U.S. crude oil would actually increase domestic crude prices, which will rise to meet higher international price levels, generating additional U.S. output and adding to international crude supply”.中文原油价格与石油产品价格之间关系的证据综述路易斯·埃德灵顿摘要我们回顾了大量关于石油产品价格和石油价格之间关系的研究文献，并讨论了关于原油价格和石油产品价格之间因果关系方向的证据。

雅思作文提高油价

雅思作文提高油价In recent years, the world has witnessed a significant increase in oil prices. This rise in prices has had a profound impact on various aspects of society, affecting both individuals and nations alike.One of the most immediate consequences of increased oil prices is the rise in transportation costs. As fuel prices soar, businesses and consumers face higher expenses for commuting and shipping goods. This, in turn, leads to inflationary pressures, as the costs are passed on to consumers through higher prices for goods and services.Furthermore, the increase in oil prices has a direct impact on the global economy. Many countries rely heavily on oil imports, and the rise in prices can lead to a decrease in their economic growth. For oil-exporting countries, however, the situation is reversed. They experience an increase in revenue due to higher export prices, which can lead to economic booms and improved government finances.Moreover, the increase in oil prices has implications for the environment. As the cost of fuelrises, consumers may opt for more fuel-efficient vehicles or alternative modes of transportation. This shift in behavior can lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a push for more sustainable energy solutions.In response to the increase in oil prices, governments and international organizations have sought to implement various strategies. These include measures to diversify energy sources, promote energy efficiency, and invest in renewable energy technologies. By doing so, they aim to reduce reliance on oil and mitigate the negative impacts of high oil prices on their economies and the environment.中文翻译：近年来，世界见证了油价的显著上涨。

提高油价改善环境英语作文

提高油价改善环境英语作文In recent years, the issue of environmental pollution has become increasingly severe. One of the major contributing factors to this problem is the widespread use of oil, which not only leads to air and water pollution, but also contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases that accelerate climate change.To address these issues, one potential solution is to raise the price of oil. By increasing the cost of oil, more people may be inclined to seek out alternative, more sustainable forms of energy, such as solar, wind, or hydro power. This shift towards renewable energy sources would significantly decrease the amount of harmful emissions released into the atmosphere, improving air quality and reducing the negative impact on the environment.Furthermore, a higher oil price would encourage individuals to reconsider their transportation habits. With the cost of fuel increasing, people may opt for more energy-efficient vehicles or choose to walk, bike, or use public transportation instead, thus reducing the overall consumption of oil and lessening the environmental impact caused by transportation emissions.In addition, a rise in oil prices would likelyincentivize innovation in the development of new technologies and alternative energy solutions. As the demand for oil decreases, the market for renewable energy sources would expand, leading to increased research and investment in sustainable energy options. This, in turn, could lead to the discovery of more efficient and cost-effective renewable energy solutions, ultimately benefiting the environment.It is important to acknowledge that a hike in oil prices may have potential drawbacks, such as an increase in the costof living for individuals who rely heavily on oil for their livelihood. However, it is crucial to consider the long-term benefits for the environment and future generations, which ultimately outweigh the short-term inconveniences.Overall, while the implementation of higher oil prices may initially be met with resistance and inconvenience, the potential benefits for the environment and future sustainability far outweigh the immediate drawbacks. By encouraging a shift towards renewable energy, promoting sustainable transportation practices, and driving innovation in alternative energy solutions, raising oil prices has the potential to significantly improve the environment and contribute to a healthier and more sustainable planet for generations to come.。

油价涨得厉害吗英文作文

油价涨得厉害吗英文作文
英文，Is the oil price rising sharply?
Yes, the oil price is rising sharply in recent years. The global demand for oil is increasing, especially in developing countries. At the same time, the supply of oil
is limited, which leads to a rise in oil prices. The political instability in some oil-producing countries also affects the oil prices.
For example, in 2021, the price of Brent crude oil reached $70 per barrel, which is the highest level since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The price of gasoline and diesel also increased, which affects the daily life of people.
中文，油价涨得厉害吗？
是的，近年来油价涨得很快。

全球对石油的需求不断增长，特别是在发展中国家。

同时，石油供应有限，导致油价上涨。

一些产
油国的政治不稳定也会影响油价。

例如，2021年，布伦特原油价格达到每桶70美元，是自新冠疫情开始以来的最高水平。

汽油和柴油的价格也在上涨，影响了人们的日常生活。

考研英语翻译题及分析：油价的秘密

考研英语翻译题及分析：油价的秘密考研英语翻译题及分析：油价的秘密油价的秘密1 Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?翻译：过去经济衰落的日子会不会重来?自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应，原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升到约26美元一桶。

这次近3倍的涨价令人想起了1973年和1979～1980年两次可怕的石油恐慌，当时的油价分别涨了4倍和近3倍。

前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀和全球性的经济衰退。

那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到哪里去了呢?2 The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.翻译：本周伊拉克暂停石油出口，这使油价又一次上扬。

降低油价建议英文作文

降低油价建议英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Well, one thing we could do is increase the supply of oil. That might bring the prices down.Another idea is to encourage more competition among the oil companies. That could force them to lower their prices.How about promoting alternative energy sources? Maybe that would reduce the demand for oil and thus the prices.Or we could look into ways to improve fuel efficiency. That would make our cars use less oil and maybe put some downward pressure on prices.。

英语作文oilprice

英语作文oilpriceTitle: The Dynamics of Oil Prices: A Comprehensive Analysis。

Introduction:Oil prices play a pivotal role in the global economy, influencing everything from transportation costs to consumer spending. Understanding the factors that drive oil prices is crucial for policymakers, businesses, and consumers alike. In this essay, we will delve into the intricate dynamics of oil prices, examining both the fundamental and geopolitical factors that shape their trajectory.1. Supply and Demand Dynamics:At the core of oil price fluctuations lie theprinciples of supply and demand. When demand for oil exceeds supply, prices tend to rise, and vice versa.Factors affecting demand include economic growth,industrial activity, and transportation needs. On the supply side, geopolitical events, technological advancements, and production decisions by major oil-producing nations such as OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) and non-OPEC members significantly influence oil availability.2. Geopolitical Factors:Geopolitical tensions in oil-producing regions can have a substantial impact on oil prices. Conflicts, sanctions, and political instability in key oil-producing countries like Iraq, Iran, Venezuela, and Libya can disrupt supply and lead to price spikes. Additionally, diplomaticrelations between major oil-consuming nations and oil-producing countries can influence market sentiment and prices.3. OPEC and Non-OPEC Dynamics:OPEC, comprising some of the world's largest oil-producing nations, plays a crucial role in determining global oil prices through its production quotas and policies. Decisions made during OPEC meetings, such as production cuts or increases, can lead to significant fluctuations in oil prices. Moreover, the emergence of non-OPEC producers, particularly the United States with its shale oil industry, has altered the traditional dynamics of the oil market, adding complexity to price forecasting.4. Economic Indicators:Economic indicators, such as GDP growth, inflation rates, and unemployment levels, can provide insights into future oil demand. Strong economic performance typically correlates with increased oil consumption, driving prices higher. Conversely, economic downturns can dampen demand and lead to price declines.5. Technological Developments:Advancements in technology, particularly in the energy sector, can impact oil prices in various ways. Innovationsin extraction techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and horizontal drilling, have expanded the global supply of oil, leading to increased competition among producers and downward pressure on prices. Additionally, advancements in renewable energy sources and electric vehicles can influence long-term oil demand projections, thereby affecting prices.6. Environmental and Regulatory Factors:Environmental regulations aimed at reducing carbon emissions and combating climate change can affect the demand for fossil fuels, including oil. Policies promoting clean energy alternatives and carbon pricing mechanisms may reduce oil consumption and weaken prices over time. Moreover, concerns over environmental risks associated with oil extraction, such as oil spills and groundwater contamination, can impact investor sentiment and influence prices.Conclusion:In conclusion, oil prices are subject to a multitude of interconnected factors, ranging from supply and demand dynamics to geopolitical tensions and technological advancements. Understanding these factors and their complex interactions is essential for stakeholders seeking to navigate the volatile oil market effectively. While predicting oil price movements with certainty remains challenging, a comprehensive analysis of the aforementioned factors can provide valuable insights for informeddecision-making in an increasingly interconnected global economy.。

“油价上涨”英语怎么说

“油价上涨”英语怎么说摘要:中国国家发改委19日晚宣布，上调汽柴油价格各600元人民币每吨，从20日起生效。

你知道怎么用英语表达吗?China's most recent fuel price hike has triggered a fresh wave of inflation concerns among a cost-sensitive public that has seen soaring prices nip away at their incomes and drive up living costs.To reflect price changes on the international crude oil market, China's top economic planner, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), announced Monday evening that it would increase gasoline and diesel prices by 600 yuan ($95) per ton from Tuesday.中国最近一次燃料价格上涨引发了民众关于新一轮通货膨胀的担忧，对成本敏感的他们见证了价格飞涨一点一点削减收入并抬高生活成本。

为适应国际原油市场的价格变动，中国国家发改委周一晚上宣布，上调汽柴油价格各600元人民币(95美元)每吨，从周二起生效。

【讲解】“油价上涨”的英文是oil price hike。

文中的fuel price hike指“燃料价格上涨”。

hike通常指价格或成本上较为迅速且大幅度的增加，如a tax/price hike。

另外increase和rise也可做为名词表示价格数量等的一般性增加。

“汽油”在美式英语中叫gasoline或gas，在英式英语中叫petrol，“柴油”为diesel。

原油到岸价公式英文

原油到岸价公式英文The formula to calculate the landed cost of crude oil involves several factors that contribute to the final price. These factors can vary depending on the specific circumstances and agreements between the buyer and seller. However, some common elements are typically considered in the calculation.Firstly, the base price of crude oil is a crucial component in determining the landed cost. This price is usually quoted in terms of a benchmark, such as Brent or West Texas Intermediate (WTI). The benchmark price represents the cost of a barrel of oil in the international market and serves as a reference point for pricing negotiations.Secondly, transportation costs play a significant rolein the landed cost of crude oil. These costs encompass various expenses associated with moving the oil from the production site to the destination port. Factors such asdistance, mode of transportation (pipeline, tanker, etc.), and any additional fees or tariffs are taken into account. The transportation costs can vary significantly depending on the geographical location of the oilfield and the destination port.Thirdly, insurance costs are typically factored into the landed cost of crude oil. These costs cover the risks associated with transporting the oil, including potential accidents, theft, or damage. The insurance premiums depend on various factors, such as the value of the cargo, the route taken, and the level of coverage required.Additionally, customs duties and taxes imposed by the importing country can significantly impact the landed cost of crude oil. These charges vary from country to country and are often based on the value or volume of the imported oil. It is essential to consider these additional costs when calculating the final price of the oil.Furthermore, quality differentials can affect the landed cost of crude oil. Crude oil can vary in terms ofits API gravity (a measure of density) and sulfur content. Buyers and sellers may agree on price adjustments based on these quality differentials. For instance, lighter and sweeter crude oils typically command a higher price compared to heavier and sourer grades.Lastly, any contractual agreements or additional services provided by intermediaries or brokers caninfluence the landed cost of crude oil. These services may include storage, blending, or other logistical support, which can incur additional costs. It is crucial to consider these factors when determining the final price of the oil.In conclusion, the landed cost of crude oil is determined by various factors such as the base price of oil, transportation costs, insurance expenses, customs dutiesand taxes, quality differentials, and any additional services or agreements involved in the transaction. These elements collectively contribute to the final price ofcrude oil delivered to the destination port. It isessential for buyers and sellers to consider these factorsto accurately calculate the landed cost and make informed decisions in the oil trading market.。

深海工程技术的挑战（有采油树采油树介绍）Deep_Sea_Challenges

深海⼯程技术的挑战（有采油树采油树介绍）Deep_Sea_ChallengesClauss G.F., Hoog S.: …Deep Sea Challenges of Marine Technology and Oceanographic Engineering“, published in …Science-Technology Synergy for Research in Marine Environment: Challenges for the XXI Century“, multi-authors work, Paolo F., Giuseppe S., Laura B. (Editors), Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, England, 2002.Deep Sea Challenges of Marine Technology and Oceanographic Engineering Günther Clauss a and Sven Hoog ba Prof. Dr.-Ing. Günther Clauss is head of the Institute of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering at the Technische Universit?t Berlin.b Dipl.-Ing. Sven Hoog is research engineer at the Institute of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering at the Technische Universit?t BerlinSymbiosis is the close relationship of members of a different species from which both derive some advantages. Good and reliable relationships between competent partners gain the best and longest lasting advantages for both sides - not only for animal or plant symbiotic structures but also for symbiotic relations in the technical world of marine sciences and marine technology.A challenging focus in marine science lays in the possibility to gain multidisciplinary geophysical and oceanographic data from long-term observations at deep-sea plains. These data should be analysed near real-time.The intention of conquering deep seas is a present task and future challenge for marine science and offshore technology. Consequently, some impulses for symbiotic structures in the field of deep-sea data acquisition and observation between marine sciences and offshore technology are identified in this paper.1. IntroductionLike in the maritime living space, marine science has an intensive - symbiotic - relationship to marine technology:Marine science is a methodically oriented branch with major fields like meteorology, physical oceanography as well as marine chemistry, biology, geology and geography.Marine technology is related to maritime engineering, with major fields like naval architecture, coastal engineering, mining, process technology, materials technology, electronics and food technology. Marine technology as problem-oriented branch also delivers traditionally the technical support for marine science applications. This co-operative field of marine technology is called ?oceanographic engineering‘, and aims for the development of equipment, methods and procedures for all kinds of oceanographic and meteorological studies in an environmental protecting manner. One major task is the exploration and exploitation of the deep seas, widely supported by ?man in the sea‘ operations in shallow waters and by Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) in deep waters. With GEOSTAR [1], a new specialized ROV with high payload capacity and a multidisciplinary, autonomous benthic station is introduced in this paper.Address: TU Berlin ? Secretary SG 17 ? Salzufer 17-19 ? 10587 BerlinTel. +49 30 314 23105 (direct) ? +49 30 314-24657 (Secretary) ? Fax +49 30 314 22885**************************.de?Web:http://www.ism.tu-berlin.de/?************************.de2. The deep sea frontier is descendingRecent increase of crude oil prices at the world market allows oil companies to develop even marginal and deep-sea hydrocarbon deposits. Fig. 1 illustrates the latest deep-water records of offshore production facilities in the North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and the Campos Basin in Brazil. Other promising deep-sea areas are found in the waters off West Africa and Southeast Asia / Australia.The related technical developments are based on both the intensive and consequent redesign and adaptation of existing oil production systems and on the invention of new concepts. Of course, environmental protection is a major condition.An overview of currently established oil production structures in the deep-sea reveals three major development lines [2]:Tension Leg Platforms (TLPs), e.g. the Ursa TLP reaches in 1998 the water depth of 1190 meters in the GoMSub-sea completions, e.g. a FPSO (Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessel) in the Roncador field (Campos Basin) is operating since 1998 at depth of 1863 meters SPAR buoys with surface trees, e.g. a SPAR buoy started in 1999 to operate in the Diana field (GoM) in 1420 meters w. d.World wide leasing activities for ultra-deep sea areas are promising and will further enhance this challenging trend.Fig. 1: Increase in water depth of offshore production facilities [3]2.1. Going into the deep in the offshore oil and gas industry2.1.1 Manifolds and Christmas TreesAn essential issue for the successful development of deep-sea oil deposits is the new sub-sea completion technology. Fig. 2a shows the deployment of the central manifold for the Troika field in the Gulf of Mexico. It looks like a giant cage. A manifold ties together the produced fluid flows from satellite wells, and pumps it up to the storage vessel or directly to an export pipeline network. A key technology is the ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) to be used for guidelineless deployment, installation and maintenance of sub-sea structures. This technology comprises the deployment and connection of risers and control umbilicals at ?easy access interfaces‘ between the sub-sea structures.Christmas Trees as shown in Fig. 2b are integral components of sub-sea developments. A great number of these trees cover a hydrocarbon deposit allowing simultaneous production from up to 59 satellite wells (Asgard field, North Sea) [2]. Christmas Trees provide blowout prevention, pressure and temperature monitoring as well as data read back from downhole instrumentation through control umbilicals. By umbilicals, some of these parameters are interactively controlled from the central producing vessel. In addition, electrical power is transmitted to the sub-sea installations.The entire sub-sea development must be especially prepared and proved to be remotely operable. For this reason the development of standardized - or universal - interfaces and automated, task-based intervention methods is necessary to advance to the next step. Enhancements in the ROV field as well as in the field of remote, online data acquisition will lead to safe and cost effective sub-sea operations improving deep sea activities of the oil companies.2.1.2 Sub-sea developments cover huge hydrocarbon deposit areasThe size and depth of hydrocarbon deposits as well as water depth and environmental conditions are initial criteria to choose the optimum technology for development.Fig. 2c gives an impression of these criteria. Crude oil or gas production from marginal fields or deep-sea areas need the application of all deep-sea technologies mentioned previously. It includes drilling with semi-submersibles or drill ships, production with FPSOs, SPARs or similar vessels, and crude oil transfer with shuttle tankers or pipelines. Theproduction vessel is held on location with a mooring system or by dynamic positioning. Flexible or steel risers provide the necessary connections to the sub-sea equipment on the ocean floor. Satellite wells are spread over the whole deposit area. The dimension of the covered sub-sea area can easily be several hundred square kilometers, while the monitoring and control of any fluid flow parameter is possible due to bi-directional umbilicals. Thus, the online connection to different satellite stations is a key factor for safe and effective operation of these ‘out of human reach’ facilities.2.2. Going into the deep in marine sciencesInstallation and maintenance of sub-sea developments in the offshore oil and gas industry are major tasks for ROV interventions, which led to an increasing role of ROV technology in deep seas. Due to increasing demands on capability, productivity and reliability of remote intervention tools and techniques ROV technology is continuously improving. Key issues of future developments are high depth rates, equipment modularity, reduced size, universal interfaces and automation of intervention tasks.Currently about 90 companies and institutions are involved in the development of the next ROV generation worldwide that led to about 300 different ROV types and almost 3000 units presently on the market [4]. Although these numbers imply a high grade of coverage of most demands, the market of specialized and prototype ROVs for the relatively low budgets of marine scientific programs is still growing. A recent example is the development of the MODUS ROV, which has been developed in co-operation with the authors.2.2.1 GEOSTAR: A new toolset for marine sciences deep sea operationsFunded by EU in the framework of Marine Science and Technology (MAST3), GEOSTAR (GEophysical and Oceanographic STation for Abyssal Research) is a current example of a successful co-operation between marine science and marine technology. Participating companies and institutions come from Italy (ING, Tecnomare), France (Ifremer, LOB, IPG, Orca) and Germany (TU Berlin, TFH Berlin).The GEOSTAR system consists of two main components - the deep-sea intervention tool named MODUS (MObile Docker for Underwater Sciences) designed and built at the University of Applied Sciences (TFH) Berlin and the Technical University Berlin (TUB), and the innovative deep-sea observatory, designed and built in Italy and France. This benthic station is capable to perform autonomous, long-term geophysical, geochemical and oceanographic observations in abyssal depths. It is deployed, recovered and serviced by the MODUS via an electro-mechanical umbilical - winch - ship system. The concept of GEOSTAR has been evaluated during the European ABEL and DESIBEL projects (MAST 2) in the early 90th. As one result the MODUS was specified to be frequently able to deploy and recover heavy payload stations to abyssal depths.A successful demonstration mission in August 1998 in the Adriatic Sea has proven the basic functionality of the GEOSTAR system in shallow waters (GEOSTAR phase 1: water depth 40 m). The second phase of GEOSTAR (GEOSTAR 2) has led to the overall upgrade of main components as the MODUS and the benthic laboratory (up to 4000 m w. d.). Utilizing the services of the Italian R/V Urania in September 2000, sea trials of the upgraded system have proven the GEOSTAR deep water capabilities, and led to the successful deployment of the benthic station in 2000 m w. d. in the Tyrrhenian Sea near Ustica Island north of Sicily (Fig. 3).Fig. 3: GEOSTAR system with umbilical-tethered MODUS ROV and the benthic station(left: dummy, right: prototype) with A-Frame of R/V Urania. Tyrrhenian Sea, September 2000.MODUS and Benthic StationMODUS is responsible for the exact positioning and retrieval of the benthic station at/from the seafloor: Fig. 3 shows the enhanced deep-sea version of MODUS latched with the frame of the benthic station. The ‘catch’ operation is aided by a 2 m diameter wide-open funnel, which fits exactly on top of the benthic station. A flexible pin provides the electromechanical connection. Ascent and descent operations down to 4.000 m are managed by the ship-mounted winch and umbilical. This umbilical supplies the vertical movements and provides power and data transmission to the submerged devices. Horizontal movements are driven by brush-less DC thrusters (2x700 N thrust) by aid of a ship mounted dynamic Global Positioning System (dGPS) and an Ultra-Short-Base-Line (USBL) system, while the final approach to the station is supported by sonar and a video system mounted on the MODUS. To stabilize the horizontal position adjustment during coupling procedures, two vertically oriented thrusters are installed. All remote operations and data transfers are monitored and stored on videotapes or log files supplied by the operation control unit on board the ship.Once deployed at location, the benthic station is capable to stay 6 months up to one year on the ocean floor. During this time the extensive multidisciplinary sensor equipment like seismometers, scalar and vectorial magnetometers, gravity meter, ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, 300kHz), CTD (Conductivity-Temperature-Depth), transmissiometer, hydrophone, electrochemical package (pH, H2S) and water sampler (48x500 ml) are autonomously surveying the location. The frame of the station also hosts all necessary equipment for the missions such as battery pack, Data Acquisition and Control System (DACS) as well as a communication system.The GEOSTAR system is a modular design: Properties of prototypes MODUS Benthic StationPurpose Umbilical driven frequent operations Long term missions(6-12 months) in deepocean watersMaterial Aluminium / Stainless Steel / Titanium (pressure boxes) Aluminium / StainlessSteel / Titanium(pressure boxes)Weight in air (kg) 1070 2942Weight in water (kg) 730 1416Total length (mm) 2878 3500Total width (mm) 2348 3500Total height (mm) 1700 (without cable termination) 2900(without docking pinand magnetometerbooms)Thrust lateral (N) 2x700 -Thrust vertical (N) 2x700 -Depth rated (m) 4000 4000Table 1: Properties of the GEOSTAR 2 system main componentsThe acquired data are transmitted via pop-up buoys and - in addition - by acoustic telemetry. For near real-time transmission the use of a dedicated mooring system and INMARSAT infrastructure is foreseen. Due to its moderate dimensions and the need of only three operators for deployment and recovery, the MODUS ROV is a very cost effective tool. In addition, two persons are required to check functionality of the sensors and to start operation of the benthic laboratory. For reliability and cost reduction reasons, the GEOSTAR system uses deep sea proved ‘out of the shelf’ components like thrusters, sonar, altimeter, underwater lights and cameras or acoustic releases.Taking advantage of the multitude of theoretical and experimental investigations for ‘standard’ ROVs published in the literature since 25 years, the design process for a special configuration still has to face both the environmental and especially the inner space requirements and constraints of the specific application. In various project stages the hydrodynamic and hydroelastic behaviour of the tethered GEOSTAR system has been investigated and further developed ([5], [6], [7]). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is utilized to optimize structural induced drag losses of MODUS with respect to power consumption and thruster arrangement, while simulations of the system dynamics are performed to prevent slack conditions with dangerous snap loads during operation: The analysis comprises various research ship headings for the prevailing sea during the many hours deployment and recovery procedures. The response of the ship to sea spectra (calculated with the Response Amplitude Operators - RAOs of the ship) is the input of a non-linear dynamic time-domain analysis of motions of the submerged system with umbilical, ROV and benthic station at its end. Simulations for the operation with R/V Urania result in a limiting significant wave height of H s =0.5 m for paying out 3.500 m of cable in beam seas. Different values are achieved for shorter cable length and different ship-wave headings [5]. This short excursion should only give an idea of the global considerations made during the development procedure of the GEOSTAR system. The dynamics of MODUS is similar to other vertically umbilical-tethered systems like caged ROVs, stand alone CTDs, drill strings,water sampling rosettes, piston corers and therefore the analytical approach is highly developed (e.g. [8], [9], [10]). In the next section the paper focuses on some specific aspects concerning the ability of the modular GEOSTAR system to be part of a symbiotic structure with ‘conventional’ offshore sub-sea facilities like manifolds, templates and satellite wells. 3. Symbiosis is possibleSymbiotic structures require the consensus between two partners having equal rights. The knowledge of each starting point allows articulating common goals. Consequently, our suggestions concerning symbiotic structures in the field of marine science and offshore technology are based upon the technical and scientific status quo in the outgoing 20th and beginning 21st century described in this paper.Fig. 4: Sketch of symbiosis scenarios between sub-sea oil and gas production facilities and multidisciplinary benthic laboratories (here: Symbolic open frames of GEOSTAR lab and MODUS) The possibility to combine state-of-the-art deep-sea data collection systems for long-term applications with sub-sea structures, which are presently used in the offshore industry, is convincing. As a first approach, the main components developed during the GEOSTAR project - the MODUS ROV, the benthic laboratory with its deep ocean proved sensor modules (or other systems) and the Data Acquisition and Control System (DACS) - are proposed for the following applications:Deployment of specifically equipped benthic stations for exploration purposes at pre-determined locations to evaluate time dependent environmental data starting before exploitation activities. Durability: Autonomous up to one year. Deployment, service and recovery of a variety of different bottom stations with just one MODUS ROV.Deployment of benthic stations to a location nearby an already operating sub-sea development for various purposes, e.g. for environmental quality control or monitoring of actual working conditions for service ROVs. Durability: Not terminated due to direct power supply and online data connection via umbilicals with sub-sea structures.Deployment, service and recovery of the benthic stations with the MODUS ROV.Installation of the newly developed and deep sea proved GEOSTAR sensor packages including DACS in or on existing or new sub-sea developments as standard data collection units. Durability: Same as the hosting structures due to direct power and data interconnection. Service and Recovery with aid of conventional maintenance ROVs.Interactive real-time Internet connection to the DACS for data retrieval and/or reconfiguration of mission control is possible. Access to all available data for the oil and gas company in charge and for the marine scientists community.The range of collectible data meets the increasing demand of marine scientists and offshore engineers for reliable long-term site surveying and observation for a better understanding of deep ocean processes. As sub-sea developments in offshore hydrocarbon production are actually continuously controlled and managed, data collection and real-time transmission for marine science and offshore technology purposes offers a great opportunity for safe and cost effective symbiotic structures – now and in the near future.4. ConclusionsThe status quo in offshore technology offers opportunities to a wide range of national and international co-operations in geological and oceanographic data collection systemsThe deep sea frontier is descending: Latest water depth records in exploration and production of hydrocarbons are pointing on further developmentsLong-term data collection from deep seas offers a reliable basis for geological and oceanographic archives and improved sub-sea designsFeasibility studies for symbiotic structures should be promoted to guarantee maximum performance of sensors and undisturbed operation of sub-sea facilitiesSymbiotic structures for marine science and offshore technology are promising to be safe, reliable and cost effective, and comply strictly with safety and environmental standards5. AcknowledgementsThe GEOSTAR project is carried out under contracts EU/DG XII Mast III-CT95-0007 (GEOSTAR 1) and Mast III-CT98-0183 (GEOSTAR 2). The present partnership includes:Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica (Coordination) ITecnomareSpA IUniversity of Applied Sciences Berlin DDBerlinTechnicalUniversityIfremer FOrca Instrumentation FLaboratoire d’Océanographie et de Biogeochimie - CNRS FInstitut de Physique du Globe de Paris F6. References[1] GEOSTAR, EU/DG XII MAST III-CT98-0183, http://web.ingv.it/~wwwgeostar/, 1999[2] Offshore Technology, Internet: /doc/7acf07c69ec3d5bbfd0a74ce.html , Net ResourcesInternational Ltd, London, UK, 2000[3] Clauss G.F.: “Herausforderungen und Innovationen der Meerestechnik”, Yearbook ofthe Schiffbautechnische Gesellschaft STG, Hamburg, 2000[4] Westwood J.: “What the Future Holds for ROVs and AUVs”, UnderWater Magazine,Article reprint: May/June 2000, Internet: /doc/7acf07c69ec3d5bbfd0a74ce.html /rov/, 2000[5] Gasparoni F.: ”GEOSTAR 2: Installation procedure preliminary dynamic analysis”,Project Report, Tecnomare, Italy, 2000[6] Clauss G, Hoog S: “Challenges and Innovations in Marine Technology”, slidepresentation, 16th Course of International School of Geophysics: “Science-Technology Synergy for Research in Marine Environment”, Erice, Sicily, 1999[7] Gasparoni F., Favali P., Smriglio G., Gerber H., Clauss G., Marvaldi J., Fellmann D.,Millot C., Montagner J.F., Marani M.: “Results and Perspectives from the first Mission of the European abyssal observatory GEOSTAR”, Contribution to Oceanology Int. 2000 Conference, Brighton, UK, 2000[8] Driscoll F.R., Lueck R.G., Nahon M.: “Development and validation of a lumped-massdynamics model of a deep-sea ROV system”, Applied Ocean Research, 22, 169-182, Elsevier, 2000[9] Hover F.S., Grosenbaugh M.A., Triantafyllou M.S.: “Calculation of Dynamic Motionsand Tensions in Towed Underwater Cables”, IEEE, Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 3, July 1994[10] Caccia M., Indiveri G, Veruggio G.: ”Modeling and Identification of Open-Framevariable Configuration Unmanned Underwater Vehicles”, IEEE, Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 25, No. 2, April 2000。

雅思备考练习提升-Sunset for the Oil Busines更新

TEST 7READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Sunset for the Oil Business?The world is about to run out of oil. Or perhaps not. It depends whom you believe …Members of Oil Depletion Analysis Centre (ODAC) recently met in London and presented technical data that support their grim forecast that the world is perilously close to running out of oil. Leading lights of this movement, including Colin Campbell, rejected rival views presented by American Geological Survey and the International Energy Agency (IEA) that contradicted their views. Dr Campbell even decried the “amazing display of ignorance, |deliberate ignorance, denial and obfuscation” by governments, industry and aca demics on this topic.So is the oil really running out? The answer is easy: Yes. Nobody seriously disputes the notion that oil is, for all practical purposes, a non-renewable resource that will run out some day, be that years or decades away. The harder question is determining when precisely oil will begin to get scarce. And answering that question involves scaling Hubbert’s peak.M. King Hubbert, a Shell geologist of legendary status among depletion experts, forecast in 1956 that oil production in the United States would peak in the early 1970s and then slowly decline, in something resembling a bell-shaped curve. At the time, his forecast was controversial, and many rubbished it. After 1970, however, empirical evidence proved him correct: oil production in America did indeed peak and has been in decline ever since.Dr Hubbert’s analysis drew on the observation that oil production in a new area typically rises quickly at first, as the easiest and cheapest reserves are tapped. Over time, reservoirs age and go into decline, and so lifting oil becomes more expensive. Oil from that area then becomes less competitive in relation to other sources of fuel. As a result, production slows down and usually tapers off and declines. That, he argued, made for a bell-shaped curve.His successful prediction has emboldened a new generation of geologists to apply his methodology on a global scale. Chief among them are the experts at ODAC, who worry that the global peak in production will come in the next decade. Dr Campbell used to argue that the peak should have come already; he now thinks it is just round the comer. A heavyweight has now joined this gloomy chorus. Kenneth Deffeyes of Princeton University argues in a lively new book that global oil production could peak within the next few years.That sharply contradicts mainstream thinking. America s Geological Survey prepared an exhaustive study of oil depletion last year that put the peak of production somedecades off. The IEA has just weighed in with its new World Energy Outlook, which foresees enough oil to comfortably meet demand to 2020 from remaining reserves. Rene Dahan, one of the ExxonMobil’s top managers, toes further: with an assurance characteristic of the world’s largest energy company, he insists that th e world will be awash in oil for another 70 years. Who is right? In making sense of these wildly opposing views, it is useful to look back at the pitiful history of oil forecasting. Doomsters have been predicting dry wells since the 1970s, but so far the oil is still gushing. Nearly all the predictions for 2000 made after the 1970s oil shocks were far too pessimistic.Michael Lynch of DRI-WEFA, an economic consultancy, is one of the few oil forecasters who has got things generally right. In a new paper, Dr Lynch analyses those historical forecasts. He finds evidence of both bias and recurring errors, which suggests that methodological mistakes (rather than just poor data) were the problem. In particular, he criticized forecasters who used Hubbert-style analysis for relying on fixed estimates of how much ultimately recoverable" oil there really is below ground. That figure, he insists, is actually a dynamic one, as improvements in infrastructure, knowledge and technology raise the amount of oil which is recoverable.That points to what will probably determine whether the pessimists or the optimists are right: technological innovation. The first camp tends to be dismissive of claims of forthcoming technological revolutions in such areas as deep-water drilling and enhanced recovery. Dr Deffeyes captures this end-of-technology mindset well. He argues that because the industry has already spent billions on technology development, it makes it difficult to ask today for new technology, as most of the wheels have already been invented.Yet techno-optimists argue that the technological revolution in oil has only just begun.Average recovery rates (how much of the known oil in a reservoir can actually be brought to the surface) are still only around 30-35%. Industry optimists believe that new techniques on the drawing board today could lift that figure to 50-60% within a decade.Given the industry s astonishing track record of innovation, it may be foolish to bet against it. That is the result of adversity: the oil crisis of the 1970s forced Big Oil to develop reserves in expensive, inaccessible places such as the North Sea and Alaska, undermining Dr Hubbert’s assumption that cheap reserves are developed first. The resulting upstream investments have driven down the cost of finding and developing wells over the last two decades from over $20 a barrel to around $6 a barrel. The cost of producing oil has fallen by half, to under $4 a barrel.Such miracles will not come cheap, however, since much of the world’s oil is now produced in ageing fields that are rapidly declining. The IEA concludes that global oil production need not peak in the next two decades if the necessary investments are made. So how much is necessary? If oil companies are to replace the output lost at tho se ageing fields and meet the world’s ever-rising demand for oil, the agency reckons they must invest $1 trillion in non-OPEC countries over the next decade alone. Ouch.Questions 27-31Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this27 Hubbert has a high-profile reputation amongst ODAC members.28 Oil is likely to last longer than some other energy sources.29 The majority of geologists believe that oil will start to run out some time thisdecade.30 Over 50 percent of the oil we know about is currently being recovered.31 History has shown that some of Hubbert’s principles were mistaken. Questions 32-35Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR NUMBER from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.Many people believed Hubbert’s theo ry was 32_________when it was originally presented.The recovery of the oil gets more 34______as the reservoir gets older.The oilfield can’t be as 35_____ as other areas.Questions 36-40Look at the following statements (Questions 36-40) and the list of people below；Match each statement with the correct person, A-E.Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.36 has found fault in geological research procedure.37 has provided the longest-range forecast regarding oil supply.38 has convinced others that oil production will follow a particular model.39 has accused fellow scientists of refusing to see the truth.40 has expressed doubt over whether improved methods of extracting oil are possible.A Colin CampbellB M. King HubbertC Kenneth DeffeyesD Rene DahanE Michael Lynch显示答案27 Yes28 Not Given29 No30 No31 Yes32 controversial33 tapped34 expensive35 competitive36 E37 D38 B39 A40 C题目详解Questions 27-3127.利用细节信息“Hubbert”和“ODAC”定位于原文第三段第一句话“M. King Hubbert，a Shell geologist of legendary status among depletion experts …”。

油价的英文及例句

油价的英文及例句油价的英文及例句油价的`英文：oil (petroleum) price参考例句：Oil prices were closing at $19.76 a barrel.油价收于每桶19.76美元。

A rise in oil prices depresses the car market, tiff油价上涨使汽车市场不景气。

The price of oil going up sky-high broke the factory.油价高涨，使工厂破产Oil prices jumped sharply.油价突然上涨。

Oil prices continued an upward swing in New York this morning.今天上午纽约油价继续上扬。

A rise in oil prices depresses the car market.油价上涨导致汽车市场不景气.The rise in the price of oil has knocked the cost of living sideway.油价上涨对开销有很大的影响。

The City reacted sharply to the fall in oil prices.伦敦商业区对油价下跌反应强烈。

Crude import costs declined with the slide of international oil prices.随着国际油价下跌，进口原油成本降低。

The OPEC countries have decided to impose a surcharge on the oil price for the fourth quarter.欧佩克成员国已决定对延缓四季度油价征收附加费。

oil是意思：n. 油；石油；油画作品v. 给...供油；使涂满油；加燃油；融化adj. 石油的；产油的pecan oil (=hickory oil)美洲山核桃油 The oil is carried to the oil refinery by pipelines.石油通过输油管输送到炼油厂。

英语词汇如水—考研真题分析

在这个世界上，⽔是特别常见的⼀样事物，它美好⽽富有魅⼒。

⽔的特性之⼀就是在于它是没有形状的，它是随形随流的。

可是，当⽔在⽔杯⾥的时候，就能够得到截然相反的结论——它呈现出了具体的⽔杯的形状。

同样，如果把⽔放到了盒⼦⾥，它便呈现出了盒⼦的形状。

很⼤意义上，词汇完全具备这样的“⽔性”。

词汇难以掌握很⼤程度是因为它这样的⽔性，或者⽤专业的术语，既称为“⼀词多义”或“熟词僻义”。

严格意义上来讲，⼀个单词单独拿出来没有任何含义，⽽只有把它放到某⼀上下⽂或某⼀语境之中，才有⼀个具体意义的产⽣。

不同的上下⽂让同⼀个词汇产⽣了不同的含义，⽽这样不同的上下⽂就相当于把⽔构筑成不同形状的容器了。

纵览近12年的考研试卷，我们能够得出结论，研究⽣考试考察考⽣对词汇的掌握能⼒很⼤程度上通过考察学⽣对⼀词多义的了解来完成的。

下⾯我们将从历年考研试卷中截取部分真题，通过分析⽐较同⼀考研单词在历年不同真题中的不同含义来论证这样的结论。

词汇⼀： ISSUE 1. Bank-issued credit card (1994) Issue：发⾏ 2. The author’s attitude toward the issue of ‘science vs. antiscience’ is (1998) Issue：议题/问题 3. Issued new guidelines (1999) Issue：制定/推⾏ 4. He said this issue was still ‘ up in the air’. (1999) Issue：事项 5. The issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law (1999) Issue：事件词汇⼆： ACCOUNT 1. Write a brief account of yourself (1996) This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. (1996) Account: 描述；概要 2. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. (2002) In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifth of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. (2002) Account for: (数量上，⽐例上)占另外，Account for 这样的表达还有很多⾼频率的应⽤，这些都偶可能在未来的考研试卷⾥出现： 3. The poor weather may have accounted for the small crowd. Account for: 是……的说明（或原因） 4. We have to account for every penny we spend on business trips. Account for sth (to sb): 报帐；说明钱财使⽤情况由于篇幅的关系，我们就对两个考研⾼频词汇进⾏的“⽔性分析”。

油价问题英文发言稿范文

Good morning/afternoon. It is my great honor to stand before you today to address a matter of critical importance that affects each and every one of us – the issue of rising oil prices.As we all know, oil is the lifeblood of our modern society. It powers our cars, heats our homes, and fuels our industries. However, in recent years, we have witnessed a dramatic increase in oil prices, which has had far-reaching consequences for our economies, our lifestyles, and our environment.Firstly, let us consider the economic impact. The surge in oil prices has put immense pressure on businesses and consumers alike. For businesses, higher oil costs translate into increased production expenses, which, in turn, lead to higher prices for goods and services. This inflationary trend has eroded the purchasing power of consumers, making it increasingly difficult for them to afford the basic necessities of life.Moreover, the rising cost of oil has led to a decline in the competitiveness of our industries. As the price of raw materials and transportation costs soar, our manufacturers are at a disadvantage compared to their international competitors who may have access to cheaper energy sources. This could potentially lead to job losses and a shrinking economy.From a social perspective, the impact of high oil prices is also profound. Families are feeling the pinch as they struggle to keep their homes warm during the winter months or as they fill up their tanks with increasingly expensive gasoline. This has led to a rise in energy poverty, where individuals and households are unable to afford the energy required for their basic needs.Furthermore, the environmental implications of high oil prices cannot be overlooked. The burning of fossil fuels is a major contributor to climate change, and as the cost of oil rises, so does the incentive for continued reliance on this environmentally harmful resource. This is a trend that we must reverse if we are to preserve our planet for future generations.In order to address these challenges, it is imperative that we adopt a multi-faceted approach:1. Increase Investment in Renewable Energy: We must prioritize the development of alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. By diversifying our energy mix, we can reduce our dependence on oil and mitigate the effects of price volatility.2. Improve Energy Efficiency: Through the implementation of energy-saving technologies and practices, we can reduce our overall energy consumption and, consequently, our reliance on oil. This includes the adoption of more efficient vehicles, appliances, and building designs.3. Promote Energy Security: By diversifying our sources of energy supply, we can reduce our vulnerability to fluctuations in oil prices. This involves exploring and developing new energy reserves and establishing strategic partnerships with reliable energy suppliers.4. Encourage Sustainable Transportation: Investing in public transportation, encouraging the use of electric vehicles, and promoting cycling and walking can all contribute to a reduction in oil consumption and a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.5. Implement Carbon Pricing: A well-designed carbon pricing system can incentivize the reduction of carbon emissions and encourage thetransition to cleaner energy sources. This would also help tointernalize the environmental costs of oil consumption.In conclusion, the issue of rising oil prices is a complex one that requires a coordinated effort from governments, businesses, and individuals. By adopting a comprehensive strategy that focuses on renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable practices, we can mitigate the adverse effects of high oil prices and move towards a more sustainable and prosperous future.Thank you for your attention, and I look forward to your feedback and support in addressing this critical issue together.[Your Name]。

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