MEDIC-Introduction
Personalized Medicin双语 翻译
POLYMORPHISM多态性
A genetic variation that is observed at a frequency of >1% in a
population 在群体中以> 1%的频率观察到的遗传变异
Variability of genetic sequence takes a variety of forms, including insertions and deletions of nucleotides, but is most commonly found as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
million SNPs)单核苷酸多态性(SNP):每1,000 bp约1个SNP(~3,000个
GAATTTAAG
GAATTCAAG
SNPs are distinguished from mutations based on their frequency of occurrence in the population; if the variation occurs in more than 1% of the population, it is described as a SNP, whereas a variation occurring in less 1% of the population is referred to as mutation.
人们不会以同样的方式回应药物 某些人可能会发生不良事件,而其他人则不会发生 剂量可以不同 功效可能会有所不同 已知在一些人群中对药物的可变反应发生 变量反应(特别罕见的不良事件)往往难以预测
Spear (2001) Trends Mol Medicine 7:201-206
Introduction of Medicine医学导论留学生教学大纲
Syllabus of Introduction Of MedicineⅠ)Course name:Introduction of MedicineⅡ)Course No:Ⅲ)Studying Hour:36 hoursⅣ)Text Book:Ⅴ)Courses Category:Basic, compulsory courseⅥ)Teaching Object:International students of clinical medicineⅦ)Teaching Unit:Ⅷ)Teaching Objective:Introduction of Medicine briefly describes the development of medicine from antiquity to the present and explores the general rule of medical science development by insight into the relationship among natural science, society, culture, politics, economy and philosophy. It leads students toward an understanding of the historical and the present status of medicine, the role of doctors and patients, medical education and medical study, health service system. This course is an interdisciplinary program and will help students project a positive professional attitude and promote the role of conversion from a medical student to a real doctor.Ⅸ)Teaching Content:Chapter 1 Introduction:1.Topics:1.1 Definition,characteristics, Major research fields, contents and classification of Medicine1.2 History of medicine1.3The origin and development of medicine; medical education and medical study; doctors and patients; health service system.2.The Key to Difficult:History of medicine: definition, research fields, classification and significance of learning 3.Teaching Method:3.1 Lecture3.2 Multi-media teaching methods3.3 Self studyChapter 2:Ancient Medicine1.Topics:1.1The origin of medicine: archaeological evidences, historical records. It include ancient Egyptian medicine, ancient Babylon and Assyrian medicine, ancient Indian medicine and ancient Chinese medicine.1.2 Ancient western medicine: including ancient Greece medicine and ancient Roman medicine1.3 The characteristics of ancient medicine1.4 Development of Medicine in renaissance1.5 The characteristics of Medicine in renaissance2.The Key to Difficult:2.1 To master the characteristics of ancient medicine2.2 Social and cultural background of Medicine in renaissance2.3 Characteristics of medical development in middle ages and the Renaissance3.Teaching Method:3.1 Lecture3.2 Multi-media teaching methods3.3 Self studyChapter 3:17 th, 18 th and 19 th Century Medicine1.Topics:1.1 The 17 th century medicine(1) The natural science background of medical development and the representative figures: Bruno, G.; Dilderp, V.; Galileo Galilei; Kepler; et al.(2) The main medical achievement in 17 th century: William Harvey's discovery of blood circulation; the invention and application of microscopes; three views of medical theory (iatrophysics; iatrochemistry; vitalism); clinical medicine(3) Other characteristics of 17 th century medicine: the establishment of Institute of Medicine (IOM); the publication of medical journals; the beginning of medical international communication; the introduction of medicinal plants to Europe1.2 The 18 th century medicine(1) The social background of medical development: the fast development of scientific techniques; the formation of the view of mechanical materialism.(2) The main medical achievement in 18 th century. The progress of physiology: Galvsnism; the discoveries of Haller A. V on, Bell, C., Stephen H., et al. The establishment pathological anatomy: the idea of Morgagni G. B. about the sites and causes of disease .(3) The bed side teaching: Boerharve H.(4) The invention of percussion: Auenbrugger L.(5) The independence of obstetrics: the invention and application of obstetric forceps.(6) The application of statistics(7) The improvement of the public health condition(8) The vaccination invention: Edward Jenner1.3 The 19 th century medicine(1) The first half of 19 th century①The social background: the advances of natural science and philosophy.②The main medical achievements: cytology and cellular pathology (Schleiden MJ., Schwann Th. and Virchow, R); comparative anatomy and embryology (Cuvier G., Baer K., et al); pharmacology (the extraction of effective ingredient and production of chemical synthesized medicine); theestablishment of experimental pharmacology; physiology and experimental physiology; diagnostics (the invention of auscultation apparatus and mediate percussion)③The backward clinical medicine(2) The second half of 19 th century①The social background: the gradual rise of Japanese medicine and United States Medicine②The main medical achievements: bacteriology (the important contribution of Louis Pakoff’s re vealing phagocytosis, Widal’s reaction); the invention and application of anesthetization and sterilization; preventive medicine (sanitary survey, the foundation of reseasteur and Robert Koch to medicine and significance); immunology (Behri ng and Kitasato’s discovery of diphtheria antitoxin, Metchnirch institutes of public health); the emergence of forensic medicine ad nursing, the liberalization of psychotic patients, the foundation of International Red Cross (IRC).1.4 The characteristics and development patterns of the 17 ~19 century medicine.2.The Key to Difficult:2.1 To master the characteristics of 17 th, 18 th and 19 th century medicine2.2 Social and cultural background of Medicine in 17 th, 18 th and 19 th century3.Teaching Method:3.1 Lecture3.2 Multi-media teaching methods3.3 Self studyChapter 4:Chinese Medicine (Remote antiquity – A. D. 265)1.Topics:1.1 The origin of medicine (from remote antiquity to 21 st century B.C.)(1) The archaeological discoveries and historical legends relating to the origin of medicine.(2) The medical experience and knowledge of primitive men(3) The different viewpoints about the origin of medicine1.2 Early experience of medicine and the academic direction of Chinese medicine (The Xia Dynasty ~ the Spring and Autumn Period, 22 century B.C. ~ 476 B.C.)(1) The social background and culture, ideology(2) All aspects of medical knowledge①The historical records relating to the understanding of disease, such as the exploration of the causes of disease, the observation of epidemic diseases, the diagnosis of the disease, treatment of disease, etc.②The historical records on knowledge of the drugs, such as the drug records in The Book of Songs and the Book of Mountains and Seas③The invention of liquor and decoction and their historical significance④Health care and medical system at that time(3) The sprouting of Chinese traditional medical theories: The philosophical thoughts at that time and its influence to the formation of Traditional Chinese Medical Theories.1.3 The formation of Chinese academic system (The Warring States ~ the Three Kingdoms, 475 B.C. ~ A.D.265)(1) The social background and its influence to medicine(2) The contents and the value of the ancient medical books from Han dynasty tombs(3) The main contents and significance of four medical classics in ancient China:Huangdi’s Internal Classi cs, Difficult Classic, Typhoid and Miscellaneous Diseases, Shen Nong’s Materia Medica(4) The academic system of Chinese medicine, the characteristics and significance of differential treatment.2.The Key to Difficult:2.1 To master the formation of Chinese academic system2.2 The main contents and significance of four medical classics in ancient China3.Teaching Method:3.1 Lecture3.2 Multi-media teaching methods3.3 Self studyChapter 5:Chinese Medicine (Western Jin dynasty-YUAN dynasty, YEAR 265-1368) 1.Topics:1. 1 The all-round development of Chinese medicine (the Western Jin Dynasty ~ the Five Dynasties Year 265~960)(1) The social background and culture, ideology(2) The achievements made in respect of the medical books and Notes(3) Achievement in the Pulse and Syndrome of disease sources(4) The development of prescription books(5) The pharmacological development from Collective Notes to the Canon of Materia medica to New Materia Medica and its subsequent success(6) The achievement of the clinical subjects(7) The medical education level(8) The exchange between Chinese medicine and foreign medicine1.2 Medical experience and theoretical distillation (the Song Dynasty ~ the Yuan Dynasty, Year960~1386)(1) The social backgrounds in science, technology and ideology(2) The progress in the medicine administration(3) The achievements on medical books and prescription books(4) The new trends on pharmacological development and its achievements(5) The new progress of the medical subjects(6) Various medical thoughts and doctrines and their significance(7) The exchange between Chinese medicine and foreign medicine2.The Key to Difficult:2.1 Master the clinical experience is the mainstream of Chinese medicine in this period.2.2 Be familiar with the development of the various specialties and achievements.2.3 Understand the famous doctors in this period and their medical books.2.4 Understand the historical background in the Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty and the new theories set up by the doctors of the Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty.2.5 Understand the significance of the doctors’ academic thinking and innovation in theory.2.6 Understand the achievements in Chinese medicine administration, ancient books,prescription books, pharmacy and clinical medicine.3.Teaching Method:3.1 Lecture3.2 Multi-media teaching methods3.3 Self studyChapter 6:Chinese Medicine (MING AND QING dynasty-OPIUM War, YEAR 1368 -1840) 1.Topics:1.1 The social backgrounds in science, technology and ideology1.2 The achievements in the maturity and the heyday of Chinese medicine: the medical literature, medical journals and academic groups, clinical departments, pharmacology, medical systems, preventive health and so on1.3 The new progress and innovation in the field of medicine, epidemiology and anatomical physiology1.4 The impact of back-to-ancients thoughts on the development of Chinese medicine and issues of classical medical notes prosperity1.5 The exchange between Chinese medicine and foreign medicine2.The Key to Difficult:2.1 Master the new exploration and the innovative progress in medicine, infectious diseases and anatomical physiology.2.2 Understand that Chinese medicine reaches a peak and make a considerable progress in this period. 2.3 Understand the increasing improvement of the traditional academic system of Chinese medicine.3.Teaching Method:3.1 Lecture3.2 Multi-media teaching methods3.3 Self studyChapter 7:The intersection and conflict between Chinese and Western Medicine E(YEAR 1840-1949)1.Topics:1.1 The social backgrounds in science, technology and ideology1.2 The development of Chinese medicine: medical writings and pharmacotraditional Chinese medical formulae, etc.1.3 The spread and development of Western medicine in China1.4 The combination between Chinese and Western medicine its significance2.The Key to Difficult:2.1 Master the research on the relationship of Chinese and western medicine, the achievements and limitations of narrators of Chinese and western medicine and Understand the relationship of Chinese and Western medicine which has become a new issue in the history of modern Chinese medicine.2.2 Be familiar with the influence of the Western medicine importation and spread on Chinese medicine.2.3 Understand the development condition of Chinese medicine in the recent 100 years.3.Teaching Method:3.1 Lecture3.2 Multi-media teaching methods3.3 Self studyChapter 8:Development of Moden Chinese Medicine (YEAR 1949-Nowadays)1.Topics:1. 1The new policy for Chinese medicine1. 2 The prosperity and development of Chinese medicine in P.R. China1.3 The main achievement of contemporary Chinese medicine in the field of the prevention and cure of diseases, preclinical medicine, preventative medicine, medicine, combination between Chinese and western medicine, etc.1.4 The impact of Chinese medicine abroad and its international prospects1.5 The development trends of Chinese medicine in the future2.The Key to Difficult:2.1 Under the new economic, political and cultural conditions, the new achievements and development of Chinese medicine2.2 Be familiar with the policy environment which Chinese medicine possesses in this period.2.3 Understand the significance of combining Chinese and western medicine, the impact and prospects of Chinese medicine abroad.3.Teaching Method:3.1 Lecture3.2 Multi-media teaching methods3.3 Self studyChapter 9:Modern Medicine1.Topics:1.1 The social and cultural background: science and technology development.(1) Specialization of medical science, pharmaceutical sciences, diagnostics and therapeutics, etc(2) The internationalization of medical development(3) Modernization of medical techniques(4) Intersection of the various medical subjects creates new borderline subjects(5) The network of modern medicine(6) Human genome project (HGP) and the post-genome era(7) Proteome Project(8) The cancer genome project1.2 The branches of the modern medicine and their main research contents(1) Basic medicine: Biology; Anatomy; Physiology; Pathophysiology; Biochemistry; Microbiology; Parasitology; Immunology; Histology and Embryology; Pathology; Diagnostics; Medical psychology; Forensic Medicine; Neurology; Psychiatry; Pharmacology; Epidemiology; Protective medicine; Traditional Chinese Medicine, etc.(2) Clinical disciplines: Internal medicine; Surgery; Obstetrics & Gynaecology; Paediatrics; Clinical ecsomatics; Medical imageology; Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, etc.1.3 The advance and development trend in various subjects of modern medicine: Molecule Biology; Immunology; Genetics; Transplantation; Gene Therapy; Geratology; New emerging Infection Diseases.1.4 The evolution of the medical models(1) Definition of medical model(2) The characteristics and transitions of medical models: Spirtualism medical model; Nature philosophical medical model;Mechanistic medical model; biomedical model; Bio-psycho-social medical model.(3) The characteristics of modern medicine and the disadvantages of biomedical model(4) The significance of the transition in medical models1.5 The characteristics of modern medicine development1.6 The enlightenment from the development of modern medicine.2.The Key to Difficult:2. 1 Master the modern medical polyclinic and their research contents.2.2 Be familiar with the main achievements and development tendency of the various subjects of modern medicine.2.3 Understand the contemporary background of science and technology.2.4 Master the concept and evolution of medical model.2.5 Be familiar with the bio-psycho-social medical model and its significance.2.6 Understand the development characteristics of modern medicine and the enlightenment.3.Teaching Method:3.1 Lecture3.2 Multi-media teaching methods3.3 Self studyChapter 10:Medical Eduction and Medical Study1.Topics:1.1 International medical education standards (“Standards” as the short form thereinafter) and their general requirements.(1) History background of constituting the Standards(2) Purpose of constituting the Standards(3) Concept of the Standards(4) Basic contents of two Standards in the world (international standards in medical education by the World Federation for Medical Education [WFME] and Global Minimum Essential Requirementsby the Institute for International Medical Education [IIME])1.2 Reform and development of medical education(1) The structures of medical education system, the categories of medical education process, its missions and characteristics.(2) Challenges confronted by medical education, the reform contents of medical education and teaching.(3) Medical education system and education reform in China.1.3 The characteristics of medical study(1) The characteristics of study in college and the influencing factors(2) The characteristics of medical study(3) The principles of medical study1.4 The strategies and methods of medical study: the memory methods of medical knowledge, the training methods of medical thinking, the study methods of medical courses, the study methodsin the medical internship, the training methods in research ability, and training methods of complex makings.2.The Key to Difficult:2.1 Master the methods and characteristics of medical study.2.2 Understand the international standards in medical education.2.3 Understand the characteristics of medical education, contents of education reform and confronted challenges.2.4 Understand the factors influencing study and the characteristics of study in college.3.Teaching Method:3.1 Lecture3.2 Multi-media teaching methods3.3 Self studyChapter 11:Doctors and Patients1.Topics:1.1 The role (character) of doctor(1) T he features of doctor’s role(2) The rights and obligations of a doctor, the duties of doctor(3) Occupational quality of doctors1.2 Role of patients: the need and expectation of patients, the rights and obligations of patients1.3 Medical interpersonal relationship and communication(1) Concept of communication, general skills of communication(2) How to communicate with patients better for doctors(3) Concept, model and influence factors of doctor-patient relationship, how to establish harmonious doctor-patient relationship, correctly dealing with interpersonal relationship in medical practice1.4 Problems related with law in clinical practice.(1) Concept of hygiene law and regulation, legal liability (obligation) in hygiene laws(2) Concept and grade of medical malpractice (Medical Accidents), identity and procedure of expert evaluation (technology identification) on medical malpractice(3) Several conditions that don’t belong to medical malpractice2.The Key to Difficult:2.1 Master the rights and obligations of doctor and patient in law.2.2 Master the concept, model and influence factors of doctor-patient relationship.3.Teaching Method:3.1 Lecture3.2 Multi-media teaching methods3.3 Self studyChapter 12:Health Services System1.Topics:1.1 The health services system: the definition, ingredients and functions.1.2 The health service system.(1) The hospital and the medical care system①The basic functions, the staff and classified methods of hospital②The developing process of hospital③The factors influencing the hospital development, including medical science, medical technology, nursing, medical education, medical insurance, the function of government, the ownership of hospitals, etc(2) The typical models of the international health system and the process of their reform1.3 The status of medical care in China.(1) The policies of health service①The forming and development of the policies after the establishment of P. R. China②The forming and significance of the policies in the new stage(2) The health resource, including the health organization, the hospital beds, the personnel, health financing, etc.(3) The main achievement of health service after the establishment of P. R. China(4) The health reform: the background, principles and tasks2.The Key to Difficult:2.1 Master the definition and ingredients of the health service system.2.2 Understand the models and development of the health system in some countries, such as England, American and China.2.3 Understand the policies of health service and the status of health reform in China.3.Teaching Method:3.1 Lecture3.2 Multi-media teaching methods3.3 Self studyⅩ)Practice:DiscussionⅪ)References:1. Bulletin of the History of Medicine2. Journal of History of Medicine and Allied Sciences3. Current Work in the History of Medicine4. Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History to Humanity, New York/London: W. W. Norton, 1997Ⅻ)Assessment Methods:1. Examination patterns:At the end of the course the student will be evaluated in the theory level, the ability of self-directed learning, presentation (or essay) and class attendance.2. Marks distribution: Theory Final Exam: 60% of total mark Regular marks: including Presentation: 25% and Independence learning: 10% Attendance: 5%。
仁爱版八年级上册英语单词表
Unit 1 topic 1during[djʊərɪŋ] 在……期间against[əˈgenst]对着,反对team[ti:m] 队,组win[win] 获胜,赢得cheer[tʃiə] 加油,欢呼;喝彩;football[futbɔ:l] 足球practice['præktɪs] v.&n.练习,实践prefer[prɪ'fɜ:(r)] 更喜欢,宁愿(选择) row[rəʊ] 划船;n.(一)排,(一)行quite[kwaɪt] 相当,很,十分join[dʒɔɪn] 加入,参加;连接;会合skate[skeɪt] 溜冰,滑冰cycle['saɪkl] 骑自行车tennis['tenɪs] n.网球player['pleɪə(r)] n.比赛者,选手rocket['rɔkit] 火箭dream[dri:m] n.梦,梦想;v.做梦grow[ɡrəʊ] 成长,生长;发育;种植;变成scientist[ˈsaɪəntɪst] n.科学家future[ˈfju:tʃə(r)] n.将来musician[英][mjuˈzɪʃn] n.音乐家,乐师pilot['pailət] 飞行员,驾驶员policeman['pəli:smən] 男警察postman['pəustmən] 邮递员fisherman['fiʃəmən] 捕鱼的人jump[dʒʌmp] v.跳跃;n.跳跃;猛扑spend[spend] 度过;花费(金钱、时间等) exercise['eksəsaɪz] 锻炼,做操;练习baseball['beɪsbɔ:l] n.棒球weekend[ˈwi:k'end] n.周末part[pa:t] n.一部分health[helθ] n.健康,卫生popular[ˈpɒpjələ(r)]流行的, 迎的world[ˈwə:ld] n.世界,全球heart[hɑ:t] 心脏,心;纸牌中的红桃lung[lʌŋ] 肺;肺脏healthy[ˈhelθi] adj.健康的,健壮的fit[fɪt] 健康的;适合的;v.(使)适合; relax[rɪ'læks] (使)放松,轻松supper[sʌpə] 晚餐famous['feɪməs] adj.著名的teammate[ˈti:mmeɪt] n.队友excited[ɪkˈsaɪtɪd] 激动的,兴奋的bad[bæd] 坏的,不好的leave[li:v] 离开;剩下;n.假期,休假pity[piti] 遗憾,可惜Unit 1 Topic 2ill[ɪl] adj.有病的;不健康的mind[maɪnd] 介意;关心;n.思想kick[kik] 踢pass[pa:s] 传递,经过,及格certainly[sə:tnli] 当然,肯定somewhere['sʌmweə(r)] adv.在某处throw[θrəʊ] n.扔,投,掷fight[faɪt]v.争论;打仗(架),teamwork[ti:mwək]合作,配合angry[ang’ri] 生气,不高兴的nothing['nʌθɪŋ] 没有什么;西finish[英]['fɪnɪʃ] 最后部分;结束v.结束;做完grandfather[英][ˈgrænfʌðə(r)] n.爷爷;外公invent[ɪn'vent] v.发明,创造inventor[ɪn'ventə] v.发明者court[英][kɔ:t] 球场,运动场outdoors[ˈaʊtˈdɔ:z] 在户外,在野外century['sentʃərɪ] n.世纪,百年indoor[ˈindɔ:] 在室内的become[英][bɪ'kʌm] v.成为;变得into[ˈɪntu]到……里;向内;变成goal[ɡəʊl] 进球;得分;(足球)球门;目标through[英][θru:]穿(通)过;从始至终;side[saɪd] 边,旁边;面,侧面basket[ba:skit] 篮子;follow[英][ˈfɔləu] 遵守规则;跟随;仿效;跟得上stand['stænd] n.站立,忍受example[英][ɪgˈzɑ:mpl]n.例子;榜样hold[həuld] 抓住,举办,保持;skill[skil]技能,技艺as[æz]作为,当作than[英][ðəprep.&con.j.比score[skɔ:(r)] 得分;进球;n.得分,lover[la:və] 爱好者,热爱者such[sʌtʃ] 爱好者,热爱者cricket[krikit] 板球main[英][meɪn] adj.主要的person[pə:sn] 人,个人hero[hiərəu] 英雄cup[英][kʌp] n. 茶杯,杯子final[fainl] 最后的,最终的grass[英][ɡrɑ:s] n.草;草场;牧草point[pɔint] 得分,观点,要点,指出hit[英][hɪt] v.&n.撞,打,击中bat[bæt] 球拍,球棒,蝙蝠Unit 1exciting[ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ] 奋的relayrace[英]['ri:leɪ] 接力赛hear[英]['hiə] 听到shall[ʃəl] 好吗?;要不要……? message[英]['mesɪdʒ] n.消息,音信theater[英]['θɪətə] n.剧场,戏院line[英][lain] n.线,线条modern[英][ˈmɔdən] adj.现代的Olympics[oˈlɪmpɪks] 奥林匹克运动会motto['mɒtəʊ] n.箴言,格言ring[rɪŋ] 环形物(如环,圈,戒指),电话铃声symbol['sɪmbl] n.象征,标志leastn.最少;最少量nowadays['nauədeiz] 现今,现在compete['kəmpi:t] 竞争,对抗chance[tʃɑ:ns] n.机会;可能性host[英][həʊst] v. 主持人feel[英][fi:l] v.感觉,觉得;摸,触beginning[biginiŋ] n.开头,开端whether[英][ˈweðə(r)] con.j.是否gold[ɡəʊld] 黄金;adj.金黄色的,金的medal['medl] 奖牌,勋章badly[英][ˈbædli] adv.坏,恶劣地able[英]['eɪbl]adj.能够;有能力的really[英][riəli] 真正的another[əˈnʌðə(r)] 再一;另一;break[breɪk] 打破;损坏;撕开; freestyle[英][ˈfri:stail] 自由泳,自由式male[英][ˈmeil] adj.男性的swimmer[英][ˈswimə] 游泳者record['rekɔ:d] 记录;唱片successful['səksesfl] 成功的Jamaican['dʒəmeikən] 牙买加的widely['waidli] 普遍的,广泛的regard[英][rɪ'ɡɑ:d] v.把……看作fruit[英][fru:t] n.水果;果实Unit 2toothache[ˈtu:θeɪk] n.牙痛dentist[ˈdentɪst] n.牙科医生backache[ˈbækeɪk] n.背痛headache[ˈhedeɪk] n.头疼fever['fi:və(r)] n.发烧;发热suggest[səˈdʒest] v.建议cough[kɒf] n.&v.咳嗽stomachache['stʌməkeɪk] n.胃疼coffee[英]['kɒfɪ] n.咖啡tea[英][ti:] n.茶;茶叶enough[英][ɪ'nʌf] adj.足够的,充分的; boil[英][bɔɪl]v.沸腾;烧开;煮……lift[lɪft] v.举起,抬起;n.(英)电梯terrible[ˈterəbl] adj.糟糕的;可怕的flu[英][flu:] n.流行性感冒medicine[ˈmedsn] n.药suggestion[səˈdʒestʃən] n.建议candy[英]['kændɪ] n.糖果brush[brʌʃ] v.刷;擦;n.刷子tooth[tu:θ] n.(pl.teeth)牙齿lie[lai] v.躺下,平躺n.谎话while[wail] 当。
中医中药英文演讲稿范文
Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is my great honor to stand before you today and share with you the fascinating world of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and its precious herbs. TCM, as an ancient and holistic system of medicine, has been practiced in China for over 5,000 years. It has played a significant role in the health and well-being of millionsof people. In this speech, I will introduce the basic principles of TCM, its diagnostic methods, and the wonders of Chinese herbs.I. Introduction to Traditional Chinese Medicine1. Definition and historyTraditional Chinese Medicine is a comprehensive medical system that combines natural therapies, herbal medicine, acupuncture, and other methods to promote health and treat diseases. It originated in ancient China and has been passed down from generation to generation. TCM is based on the theory of Yin and Yang, the concept of five elements, and the understanding of the human body's internal and external environments.2. Principles of TCMThe core principles of TCM include:(1) The theory of Yin and Yang: TCM holds that the universe and the human body are composed of two opposing forces, Yin (cool, slow, passive) and Yang (hot, active, dynamic). Health is achieved when these twoforces are in balance.(2) The concept of five elements: Wood, fire, earth, metal, and waterare the five fundamental elements that make up the world and the human body. TCM believes that the five elements are interconnected and can influence each other, thus affecting the health of a person.(3) The understanding of the internal and external environments: TCM emphasizes the importance of maintaining a harmonious relationship between the body's internal organs and the external environment,including the climate, diet, and emotions.II. Diagnostic Methods in TCMTCM uses a variety of diagnostic methods to identify the root cause of a disease. The most common diagnostic methods include:1. Inspection: Observing the patient's appearance, tongue, and nails.2. Auscultation: Listening to the patient's voice, breathing, and heartbeat.3. Olfaction: Smelling the patient's breath, body odor, and secretions.4. Palpation: Feeling the patient's pulse, abdomen, and other parts of the body.5. Inquiry: Asking the patient about their symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle.III. The Wonders of Chinese HerbsChinese herbs are the backbone of TCM. They are natural substances that have been used for thousands of years to treat various diseases. Here are some of the wonders of Chinese herbs:1. Diversity: There are over 13,000 kinds of Chinese herbs, each with unique properties and functions.2. Combination: TCM often uses herbal formulas, which are combinations of multiple herbs that work together to treat specific diseases.3. Safety: Chinese herbs are generally safe when used properly. However, it is important to consult a qualified TCM practitioner before taking any herbal remedies.4. Efficacy: Many Chinese herbs have been proven to be effective in treating various diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.5. Integration with modern medicine: TCM and modern medicine can be integrated to enhance the efficacy of treatment and reduce side effects.IV. The Importance of TCM and Chinese Herbs1. Promoting health and preventing diseasesTCM can help maintain a healthy lifestyle and prevent diseases by balancing the body's Yin and Yang, regulating the five elements, and improving the immune system.2. Treating chronic diseasesTCM has proven to be effective in treating chronic diseases, such as arthritis, asthma, and kidney disease.3. Complementary therapyTCM can be used as a complementary therapy to modern medicine, reducing side effects and improving the quality of life for patients.4. Cultural heritageTCM and Chinese herbs are an important part of Chinese culture and heritage. They represent the wisdom and experience of our ancestors.V. ConclusionIn conclusion, Traditional Chinese Medicine and its precious herbs have been a treasure trove of knowledge for thousands of years. With the advancement of modern science and technology, TCM has gained international recognition and has become an important part of the global healthcare system. I believe that by exploring and promoting TCM, we can achieve a better understanding of the human body and improve the quality of life for people around the world.Thank you for your attention. I hope that this speech has provided you with a glimpse into the marvels of Traditional Chinese Medicine and its precious herbs.。
医学入门知识点总结英语
医学入门知识点总结英语IntroductionMedicine is a branch of science that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and injuries. It encompasses a wide range of medical practices, from traditional methods to modern technology. This article aims to provide an overview of some fundamental concepts and knowledge points in medicine that are essential for beginners.Human AnatomyAnatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. It is important to have a good understanding of human anatomy in medicine, as it provides the foundation for understanding how the body works and how diseases and injuries affect the body. The human body can be divided into several systems, each with its own functions and structures. The skeletal system provides support and protection for the body, along with aiding in movement. Understanding the location and function of different bones and joints is essential for diagnosing and treating injuries and diseases related to the skeletal system.The muscular system allows the body to move and provides support and stability. An understanding of the different types of muscles, their functions, and how they work together is crucial in diagnosing and treating muscular disorders and injuries.The circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body. A good knowledge of the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, and blood is important in diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases.The nervous system is responsible for transmitting and processing information in the body. An understanding of the structure and function of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves is essential for diagnosing and treating neurological disorders.The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Knowledge of the structure and function of the lungs, airways, and respiratory muscles is important for diagnosing and treating respiratory diseases.The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. An understanding of the structure and function of the digestive tract and its associated organs is important in diagnosing and treating digestive disorders.The excretory system is responsible for removing waste products from the body. Understanding the structure and function of the kidneys, bladder, and other components of the excretory system is important in diagnosing and treating disorders related to waste excretion.The endocrine system is responsible for producing hormones that regulate various body functions. Knowledge of the structure and function of the endocrine glands and the hormones they produce is important for diagnosing and treating endocrine disorders.The reproductive system is responsible for producing and nurturing offspring. An understanding of the structure and function of the reproductive organs is important for diagnosing and treating reproductive disorders.Human PhysiologyPhysiology is the study of the functions and processes of the human body. It is important to have a good understanding of human physiology in medicine, as it provides the basis for understanding how the body works and how diseases and injuries affect the body. The human body is a complex system that relies on the coordination and integration of multiple physiological processes to maintain homeostasis.The cardiovascular system is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and remove waste products. Understanding how the heart functions, how blood flows through the circulatory system, and how blood pressure is regulated is important for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases.The respiratory system is responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the external environment. Understanding how the lungs function, how breathing is regulated, and how gas exchange occurs is important for diagnosing and treating respiratory diseases.The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. Understanding how food is digested, how nutrients are absorbed, and how waste products are eliminated is important for diagnosing and treating digestive disorders.The nervous system is responsible for transmitting and processing information in the body. Understanding how neurons function, how nerve impulses are generated and transmitted, and how the brain processes sensory information is important for diagnosing and treating neurological disorders.The endocrine system is responsible for producing hormones that regulate various body functions. Understanding how hormones are produced, how they are released into the bloodstream, and how they act on target organs is important for diagnosing and treating endocrine disorders.The excretory system is responsible for removing waste products from the body. Understanding how the kidneys function, how waste products are filtered from the blood, and how urine is formed is important for diagnosing and treating disorders related to waste excretion.The reproductive system is responsible for producing and nurturing offspring. Understanding how sex hormones regulate the reproductive cycle, how sperm and egg cellsare produced, and how pregnancy occurs is important for diagnosing and treating reproductive disorders.Human PathologyPathology is the study of the causes and effects of diseases in the human body. It is important to have a good understanding of human pathology in medicine, as it provides the basis for understanding the underlying mechanisms of diseases and how they manifest in the body. Diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.The main categories of diseases include infectious diseases, genetic diseases, degenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Genetic diseases are caused by abnormalities in the genetic code, and can be inherited or acquired. Degenerative diseases are caused by the gradual breakdown and dysfunction of tissues and organs. Autoimmune diseases are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues. Cancer is caused by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Disease can affect the body in a variety of ways, including changes in structure and function, changes in genetic and molecular pathways, and changes in the immune system. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of diseases is important for diagnosing and treating them.The diagnosis of diseases involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and other diagnostic procedures. Treatment of diseases involves a combination of medications, surgery, rehabilitation, and other therapeutic interventions. Prevention of diseases involves a combination of vaccination, lifestyle modifications, and other preventive measures.PharmacologyPharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with the body to produce therapeutic effects. It is important to have a good understanding of pharmacology in medicine, as drugs are commonly used to treat diseases and injuries. Drugs can produce therapeutic effects by interacting with specific receptors and enzymes in the body.The main categories of drugs include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiparasitics, anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, antipyretics, antihistamines, bronchodilators, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives, diuretics, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, thrombolytics, lipid-lowering agents, antidiabetics, hormones, immunosuppressants, antineoplastics, and psychotherapeutic drugs.Drugs can produce adverse effects and interactions, which can be harmful to the body. Understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs is important for prescribing and monitoring their use.Pharmacotherapy is the use of drugs to treat diseases and injuries. It involves the selection of appropriate drugs, the determination of appropriate dosages, the monitoring of drug effects, and the management of adverse effects and interactions.Medical EthicsMedical ethics is the study of moral values and principles in medical practice. It is important to have a good understanding of medical ethics in medicine, as the practice of medicine involves the care of patients and the management of their health. Medical ethics encompasses a wide range of ethical issues, including patient autonomy, confidentiality, informed consent, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and truth-telling.Patient autonomy is the right of patients to make their own decisions about their medical care. It is important to respect the autonomy of patients and involve them in the decision-making process.Confidentiality is the obligation of healthcare providers to protect the privacy of patient information. It is important to maintain the confidentiality of patient information and only disclose it when necessary.Informed consent is the requirement for patients to be informed about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of medical procedures before they are performed. It is important to obtain the informed consent of patients before proceeding with medical procedures.Beneficence is the obligation of healthcare providers to act in the best interests of their patients. It is important to prioritize the well-being of patients and provide them with the best possible care.Nonmaleficence is the obligation of healthcare providers to do no harm to their patients. It is important to minimize the risks of harm to patients and avoid unnecessary interventions. Justice is the obligation of healthcare providers to distribute healthcare resources fairly and equitably. It is important to allocate healthcare resources in a manner that is fair and just.Truth-telling is the obligation of healthcare providers to be honest and transparent with their patients. It is important to provide patients with accurate information and be truthful in all communications.ConclusionMedicine is a complex and multifaceted field that requires a good understanding of human anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and medical ethics. This article provides an overview of some fundamental concepts and knowledge points in medicine that are essential for beginners. It is important to continue learning and updating one's knowledge throughout a career in medicine, as new discoveries and advancements are constantly being made in the field.。
医疗健康英语词汇大全增加你对医疗健康的英语词汇量和专业知识
医疗健康英语词汇大全增加你对医疗健康的英语词汇量和专业知识Medical and Health English Vocabulary Comprehensive Guide: Enhancing Your Vocabulary and Knowledge in Medical and Health FieldsIntroduction:In the modern era, medical and health-related knowledge plays a crucial role in our daily lives. Whether it is understanding medical advice, discussing health concerns with professionals, or simply reading health-related articles, having a strong grasp of medical and health English vocabulary is essential. This comprehensive guide aims to expand your vocabulary and enhance your knowledge in the medical and health fields.I. Body Systems and Medical Terminology:1. Respiratory System:- Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes.- Pneumonia: Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs.- Asthma: Chronic condition causing airway inflammation and narrowed airways.2. Cardiovascular System:- Hypertension: High blood pressure that can lead to heart problems.- Atherosclerosis: Build-up of plaque in the arteries.- Myocardial Infarction: Heart attack caused by a blocked blood supply to the heart.3. Digestive System:- Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining.- Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a virus.- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Chronic acid reflux that can lead to complications.4. Nervous System:- Alzheimer's Disease: Progressive brain disorder affecting memory and cognitive functions.- Epilepsy: Neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures.- Parkinson's Disease: Degenerative disorder of the nervous system affecting movement.II. Common Symptoms and Conditions:1. Symptoms:- Fever: An elevated body temperature, often a sign of an underlying infection.- Fatigue: Feeling of tiredness or lack of energy.- Headache: Pain or discomfort in the head.2. Conditions:- Diabetes: Chronic condition resulting in high blood sugar levels.- Arthritis: Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness.- Depression: Mental health disorder characterized by persistent sadness.III. Medical Professionals and Specialized Fields:1. Medical Professionals:- General Practitioner (GP): Primary care physician providing general medical care.- Cardiologist: Specialist in treating diseases and conditions of the heart.- Dentist: Healthcare professional specializing in oral health and dental care.2. Specialized Fields:- Radiology: Medical imaging and diagnosis using techniques such as X-rays and MRI.- Oncology: Branch of medicine focusing on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.- Pediatrics: Branch of medicine concerned with the health and development of children.IV. Healthcare Facilities and Services:1. Healthcare Facilities:- Hospital: Institution providing medical, surgical, and emergency services.- Clinic: Healthcare facility where patients receive specialized medical treatment or consultations.- Pharmacy: Facility where prescription medications and over-the-counter drugs are dispensed.2. Services:- Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to prevent specific diseases.- Physical Therapy: Rehabilitation and treatment for physical injuries or conditions.- Counselling: Professional guidance and support for mental health concerns.V. Medical Procedures and Treatments:1. Procedures:- Biopsy: Removal of tissue or cells for examination and diagnosis.- Colonoscopy: Examination of the colon and rectum using a flexible tube with a camera.- Electrocardiogram (ECG): Test recording the electrical activity of the heart.2. Treatments:- Chemotherapy: Treatment using drugs to destroy or slow down the growth of cancer cells.- Radiation Therapy: Treatment using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.- Antibiotics: Medications used to treat bacterial infections.Conclusion:Expanding your medical and health English vocabulary is vital for effective communication and understanding in these fields. This comprehensive guide has provided a glimpse into various body systems, common symptoms, medical professionals, healthcare facilities, and procedures. By continually learning and incorporating new vocabulary, you can enhance your expertise and confidently navigate the medical and health landscape in English. Remember, a strong vocabulary is the foundation for success in the medical and health fields.。
医学主题英语作文模板
医学主题英语作文模板英文回答:1. Introduction。
Medicine is a broad field that encompasses the study of human health and disease. It is a challenging and rewarding field that offers endless opportunities for learning and growth. If you are interested in a career in medicine, there are many different paths you can take.2. Pre-Medical Education。
The first step to becoming a doctor is to complete a pre-medical education. This typically involves completing a bachelor's degree in the sciences, such as biology, chemistry, or physics. During your pre-medical education, you will take courses in math, science, and the humanities. You will also need to complete the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT).3. Medical School。
Once you have completed your pre-medical education, you can apply to medical school. Medical school is a four-year program that provides you with the knowledge and skills you need to practice medicine. During medical school, you will take courses in anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and other medical subjects. You will also complete clinical rotations in different medical specialties, such asinternal medicine, surgery, and pediatrics.4. Residency。
高考英语语法填空必备词汇总结
高考英语语法填空必备词汇总结ability能力-able能够的-unable无能力的-ably精明能干地-disable使残废;absence缺席-absent缺席的-absently漫不经心;admit承认-admission承认-admitted公认的;Africa非洲-African非洲人-African非洲的,非洲人的; analyze分析-analysis分析-analytic分析的-analytically分析地;anger愤怒-angry生气的-angrily生气地;annoy惹恼-annoyance烦恼-annoying讨厌的/annoyed恼怒的-annoyingly烦人地;anxiety渴望-anxious焦虑的-anxiously焦虑地;annual每年的-annually每年地;apologize道歉-apology道歉-apologetic道歉的-apologetically抱歉地;appear显得-appearance外貌,出现;apply申请,应用-applicant申请人-application申请表;形arrive 到达-arrival到达-arriver到达者-arrived已到达的; Asia亚洲-Asian亚洲人-Asian亚洲的;assist帮助-assistant助理-assistance帮助-assistant助理的; astonish使惊讶-astonishment惊异-astonished吃惊的/astonishing惊人的-astonishingly惊讶地;Australia 澳大利亚-Australian澳大利亚人-Australian澳大利亚的;badness坏,恶劣-bad坏的(worse,worst)-badly非常,很,严重地;beautify美化-beauty美丽-beautiful美丽的-beautifully漂亮地;begin开始-beginning开始,开端-beginner新手,初学者;转benefit受益-benefit利益-beneficial有益的-beneficially受益地;brave勇敢面对-bravery勇敢-brave勇敢的-bravely勇敢地; breathe呼吸-breath呼吸-breathless喘不过气的-breathable透气的-breathing呼吸着的;bury埋葬-burial掩埋,葬礼;calm(使)镇定-calmness平静,冷静,镇静-calm(海洋等)静的-calmly冷静地;Canada加拿大-Canadian加拿大人-Canadian加拿大的;care照顾,关心,喜欢-care关怀,照料,谨慎-carelessness粗心-careful细心的-careless粗心的-carefully细心地-carelessly粗心地center集中-center中心-central中心的-entrally在中心certainty必然-certain确定的,某一个-certainly当然,必定换confidence信心,信任- confident自信的-confidently安心地cheer欢呼-cheer欢呼-cheerful愉快的-cheerfully愉快地characteristic特性,特色-characteristic典型的,特有的-characteristically典型地,特有地1choose选择-choice选择-chosen精选的comfort安慰-comfort安慰者-comfortable舒适的-comfortably舒服地词compete竞争-competition竞赛-competitor竞争者-competitive竞争的-competitively好竞争地convenience便利-convenient方便的-conveniently便利地cook烹调cook厨师-cooker炊具correct改正-correction改正-correct正确的-correctly正确地create创造-creation创造-creator创造者-creature 生物,动物-creative创造性的-creatively创造性地cure治疗,医好curiosity好奇curious好奇的curiously好气地cruelty残忍-cruel残忍的,残酷的-cruellydanger危险-dangerous危险的-dangerously危险地形decide决定-decision决议deepen加深-depth深度-deep深的-deeply深刻地decorate装饰-decoration装饰,修饰-decorative装饰性的-decoratively装饰地delight使高兴-delight快乐,乐事-delighted使高兴的-delightedly高兴地depend依赖-dependence依赖-independence独立-dependent依赖的-independent独立的-dependently依赖地-independently独立地describe描述-description描述-descriptive描写的-descriptively叙述地determine决定-determination决心-determined坚决的-determinedly决然地develop开发-development发展-developing发展中的-developed发达的devote奉献-devotion奉献,忠诚-devoted忠诚的-devotedly忠实地转die死-death死亡-dead死的-deadly致命的-deadly 极其,非常differ使不同-difference差异-different不同的-differently不同地difficulty困难-difficult 困难的-difficultly艰难地disappoint失望-disappointment失望-disappointed失望的-disappointing令人失望的-disappointedly失望地disappointingly令人失望地disappear消失-disappearance消失discover发现-discovery发现discuss讨论-discussion讨论-discussable可讨论的direct指导,导演-director导演-direction方向-direct直接的distance距离-distant远的,遥远的换donate捐赠-donation捐赠-donator捐赠者dry变干-dryer烘干机,干燥剂-dryness干,干燥-dry干的,干燥的,干旱的-dryly干燥地,枯燥地ease减轻-easiness容易-easy容易的-easily容易地educate教育-education 教育-educator教育者-educationalist教育家-educational有教育意义2的effect影响,效果-effective有效的-effectively有效地elect选举-election选举-elective选任的-electively可选地词electricity电-electrical电气的-electronic电子的-electric电的-electronically电子地-electrically电力地employ雇佣-unemploy失业-employment雇佣-employer雇主-employee雇员-employed被雇佣的-unemployed失业的-employable可雇佣的encourage鼓励enjoyencouragement鼓励-courage勇气-encouraging 鼓励的energy精力,能量-energetic精力旺盛的-energetically积极地快乐-enjoyment乐事-enjoyable 快乐的-enjoyably快乐地enter进入,参加-entrance进入,入口entertain使快乐-entertainment娱乐活动-entertaining有趣的environment环境-environmentalist环境学家-environmental环境的-environmentally环境上形equal等于-equality平等-equal平等的-equally平等地equip装备-equipment 设备-equipped装备的Europe欧洲-European欧洲人-European欧洲的evidence证据,迹象-evident明显的eventual终于的eventually终于,最后exact精确的-exactly精确地examine检查,考试-exam(examination) 考试-examiner主考者-examinee应试者excite激动-excitement兴奋-exciting令人激动的-excited兴奋的-excitingly兴奋地-excitedly激动地excellence优秀,优点,美德-excellent卓越的,极好的-excellently极好地转expose揭露-exposure揭露,曝光-exposed裸露的face面对,面向-face脸-facial面部的-facially从面部fail失败-failure失败-failing衰退中的-failed 失败了的-failingly将消失地fluency流利-fluent流利的-fluently流利地fortune给予财富-fortune财富, 好运,命运-fortunate幸运的-unfortunate(反)-fortunately幸运地-unfortunately(反)France法国-French法国的,法语的free释放-freedom自由-free自由的,空闲的-freely自由地,免费地freeze(使)结冰,冻结-freezer冷藏库制冷工-freezant冷冻剂-freezing极冷的-frozen冰冻的frequent频繁-frequency频率-frequent频繁的-frequently频繁地换friend朋友-friendship友谊, 友好-riendly友好的,友谊的frighten使害怕- frightened受惊吓的-frightening令人害怕的-frighteningly吓人地gentleness温和,高贵-gentle 文雅的-gently文雅地3general上将,常规,一般-general一般的,综合的,概括的,大体的-generally一般地,通常German德国人,德语-Germany德国-German德国的,德国人的词glory荣誉,光荣-glorious光荣的-gloriously光荣地govern统治,管理-government政府-governor管理者gratitude感谢的心情-grateful感激的-gratefully感激地greed贪欲,贪婪-greediness贪吃,贪欲-greedy贪吃的,贪婪的,渴望的-greedily贪婪地grow变得,种植growth生长,成长happiness幸福-happy快乐的,幸福的-happily幸福地hardship困苦, 艰难,辛苦-hard硬的,坚固的hard努力地harm伤害,损害-harm伤害,损害-harmful有害的-harmfully有害地harmony和谐,协调,融洽-harmonious和谐的,协调的,和睦的-harmoniously和谐地形hate憎恨,不愿hate憎恶, 憎恨-hateful可恨的,讨厌的-hatefully可恨地health 健康,卫生-healthy健康的-healthful有益于健康的-healthily健康地-healthfully有益健康地height高度-high高的-highly高度地,非常-high(程度等)高地help帮助-help帮助-helpful有益的-helpless无助的-helpfully有益地hesitate犹豫-hesitation犹豫-hesitating踌躇的-hesitatingly踌躇地history历史-historical历史的-honesty诚实-honest诚实的-honestly真诚地honor尊敬-honor荣誉-honorable光荣的-honorably体面地hope希望hope希望hopeful有希望的-hopeless绝望的-hopefully有希望地horror惊骇-horrible可怕的-horribly可怕地humo(u)r幽默-humorist谈吐诙谐者-humorous幽默的-humorously滑稽地转hunger饥饿,渴望-hunger饥饿,欲望-hungry饥饿的,渴望的-hungrily饥饿地,渴望地ignore忽视-ignorance无知-ignorant无知的ignorantly无知地importance重要-important重要的-importantly重要地-unimportantly(反)impress留印象-impression印象-impressive印象深刻的-impressively感人地include 包括-inclusion包含-内含物-included被包括的injure 损害,伤害-injury伤害,侮辱-injured受伤的illness疾病-ill生病的-illy不完美地innocence清白-innocent 天真的人-innocently无最地inspect视察-inspection 检查,视察-inspective检查的inspire鼓舞-inspiration灵感-inspirator鼓舞者-inspired有雄心壮志的-inspiring鼓舞人心的换-inspirational鼓舞人心的interest使感兴趣-interest兴趣-interested 感兴趣的-interesting有兴趣的-interestingly有兴趣地introduce介绍,引进-introduction介绍,引进-introducer介绍人-introductive介绍的Italy意大利-Italian意大利人,意大利语-Italian意大利的,意大利人的,意大利语的injuredly伤心地4invent发明,创造-invention发明,创造-inventor发明者,创造者-inventive发明的-inventively有创造力地词invite邀请,引起-invitation邀请-invitational邀请的-inviting吸引人的-invitingly吸引人地joy高兴,使快乐-joy喜悦,快乐-joyful快乐的-joyfully喜悦地,高兴地judge审理,鉴定,判断-judge法官,审判员,裁判员-judgement审判,判断力-judgemental审判的-judged 判断正确的Japan日本-japan漆器,日本亮漆-Japanese日本人,日语-Japanese日本的-Japanese日本人的,日语的kindness仁慈,好意-kind友好的,和善的-kindly温和地,亲切地know知道,认识-knowledge知识-knowledgeable博学的-knowledgeably有见识地形lateness迟,晚-late晚的,迟的-later后来-latter后者-latest最新的-lately最近last持续lastness最终性地laugh笑,大笑-laughter笑声laziness懒惰-lazy懒的,偷懒的-lazily懒地lead领导-leader领导者-leading主要的lengthen延长-length长度-long长的-long长期地,始终legal合法的,法定的-illegal不合法的library图书馆-librarian图书管理员转lie平躺,位于,说谎-lie谎言,假话-lier躺卧者-lying横卧的,说谎的-lyingly虚伪地,说着谎地like喜欢-dislike 不喜欢-likeness相象,外表,照片-likely很可能发生的, 有希望的-likewise同样地,也little微少,短时间-littleness少量,些许的,明亮的lightless不发光的-lighted点燃的-lightly轻轻地live居住,活着,生存-liver肝脏,深赤褐色,生活者-livelihood生活,营生-alive活着的(作表语)-lively活泼的-living活的-lively富有活力地limit限制,限定换limit限制,限量,限度-limiter限制者,限制物-limitedness有限性-limitation限制,局限-limited有限的locate设置在-location位置,场所-local当地的,地方的-locally在本地lonely孤单的,寂寞的-lonelily荒凉地地love热爱,喜欢-love爱,热爱,喜欢-lovely可爱的,美好的luck幸运,运气-lucky幸运的,吉祥的-luckily幸运地,侥幸地loudness吵闹,响度-loud响亮的,大声的-loudly大声little/less/least少量的little略微,少许light点燃,照亮-lighten愉快,照亮-light光,光线,日光,白昼-lighting点火,照明,光线,采光-light轻legally合法地-illegally非法地-legalist法律学家liberate解放-liberation解放-liberator解放者-liberatory释放的last最后的-lasting持久的,永恒的-lastly最后,终于-lastingly持久5main重点词main主要的-mainly主要地-magic魔法,巫术,魅力-magician魔术师,巫师-magic巫术的,魔术的major主修-major主修课,专业-majority多数,大半-major主修的,主要的-majorly重大地manage管理,处理,经营-manager经理-management经营,管理-managerial经理的,管理上的marry娶,嫁-marriage结婚,婚姻-married已婚的,婚姻的mean意思,意味着-meaning意义,含意,意图-meaningfulness富有意义-meaninglessness无意义mean卑鄙的,吝啬的-meaningful有意义的-meaningless无意义的-meaning 有意图的-meanly吝啬地-meaningfully有意义地-meaninglessly无意义地-meaningly有意图地medicine 药-medical医学的,医疗的-medically医学上地meet碰见,遇见,会见,迎接,满足-meeting会,集会memorize记住memory记忆形mildness温和,和善-mild温暖的- mildly和善地mistake弄错-mistake错误,过失-mistaken犯错的,错误的-mistakenly错误地mix混合-mixture混合物-mixer搅拌器,调音师-mixed混合的,混杂的many/much许多的-more/most-much非常move移动, 搬家-movement运动,动作-moving感动的-moved动人的music音乐,乐曲-musician音乐家-musical音乐的,悦耳的-musically音乐上地nation民族-nationality国籍-national民族的,国家的-international国际的-nationally全国地-internationally国际地nature 大自然-natural大自然的,自然的-naturally自然地,天生地,不用人工地转nearby附近的-near近的-nearby在附近-near在近处-nearly几乎necessarity必要性-necessary必需品-necessary必要的,必须的-necessarily必要地noise谣传,发出声音-noise嘈杂声-noisy嘈杂的-noiseless无声的-noiselessly轻轻地office办公室-officer官员,办事员-official官方的,官员的-officially官方地,官员地occasion引起-occasion时机,场合-occasional偶尔的-occasionally偶尔,间或occupy占,占用,占领,占据-occupation职业,占有-occupied已占用的,在使用的,无空闲的operate施行手术,开刀-operation手术-operational即可使用的-operative手术的-operatively有效地organize组织-organized有组织的,有条理的-organization组织,机构noisily吵闹地换own拥有,所有-own属于自己的东西-owner拥有者,物主-ownership所有权-own自己的paint(用颜料的)画,绘-paint涂料,颜料-painter画家,漆工-painting画,油画,水彩画pass传递,通过-passage通道patience耐心-patient耐心的-patiently耐心地6person人-personality品格-personal个人的-personally亲自的peace和平-peaceful和平的-peacefully和平地perform表演-performer表演者-performance表演-performative表述行为的词permit允许-permit许可证-permission许可persuade说服-persuasive有说服力的physics物理-physician内科医生-physicist物理学家-physical物理的,身体的-physically身体上地please使高兴-pleasure愉快,高兴-pleased满意的-pleasant感到高兴的-pleasing令人愉快的-pleasingly高兴地-pleasantly愉快地pollute污染-pollution污染-polluter污染者-pollutant污染物-pollutional污染的politeness客气,文雅-polite有礼貌的-politely有礼貌地power电源,力量,能源-powerful强有力的-powerless无力的-powerfully强大地-powerlessly无力地形poison中毒-poison毒品-poisonous有毒的-poisonless无毒的politics政治-politician政治家-political政治的-politically政治地possess拥有-possession财产,占有物-possessive所有的-possessively占有地possible可能的-impossibly不可能地-possibility可能性-possibly可能地practise实践-pactice实践-practical实践的-practically实际上predict预测,预示-prediction预测,预报,预言-predictor预言者,预报器-predictive预言性的-predictable可预言的prefer更喜欢-preference偏爱,优先权-preferable更好的-preferably更好地present赠送-present礼物,出席-presentation赠送-presentative表象的professor教授-professional专业的转probable很可能的事-probability可能性-probable可能的-probably可能地profession职业,专业-professional专业人士-professional专业的,职业的-professionally专业地pronounce发音-pronunciation 发音pronouncement声明,公告-pronounceable可发音的-pronounced断然的-pronouncing发音的qualify修饰-qualifier合格者-qualification合格证书-qualified 有资格的quicken变快-quickness急速-quick快的,迅速的-quickly迅速地race参加比赛-race种族,(速度) 比赛-racial种族的-racially按人种地rain下雨-rain 雨,雨水-rainy有雨的,多雨的reality现实-real真的, 真正的-really真正地,确实换recentness最近-recent 最近的,近来的-recently最近,近来reason理由,原因-reasonable合理的,公道的-reasonably合理地regret 遗憾,惋惜,后悔-regretful后悔的,失望的-regretted后悔的-regretless无悔的-regretfully懊悔地7response 相应,反应,作答-response相应,反应,作答-responsibility责任-responsible有责任的-responsibly负责地relate相关-relation联系,亲戚词regulation规则-regular有规律的-regularly有规律地religion宗教-religious宗教的-religiously虔诚地rely信赖-reliable可靠的人-reliably可靠地retire退休-retiree退休者retirement退休-retired 退休的-retiring即将退休的resist抵制’resistance 阻力-esistant抵抗的review复习-revision复习,修订rule统治-rule规则,常规-ruler尺,统治者-ruled有平行线条的-ruleless无规律的sadness悲哀,忧伤-sad悲伤的-sadly悲伤地形safety安全-safe保险柜-safe安全的,平安的safely安全地,平安地sell卖,售-sale 出售-seller卖者,卖方-saleable适于销售的satisfy使满意-satisfaction满意-satisfactory令人满意的-satisfied满意的-satisfying令人满意的science科学,自然科学-scientist科学家-scientific科学的-scientifically合乎科学地shorten缩短-shorts短裤-short短的,矮的-short不足,突然-shortly立刻sight 看见sight视力,视觉-sightseeing观光,游览silence寂静-silent无声的-silently无声地sleep睡觉-sleepy欲睡的-asleep睡着的-asleep熟睡地slight轻蔑,忽视,冷落-slight微小的-slightly轻轻地转slow减速slowness缓慢,迟钝-slow慢的-slowly不慌不忙地-slow缓慢地smoothen使平滑-smooth平面-smoother修光工-smoothy举止优雅的人-smooth光滑的smoothly平滑地snow下雪-snow雪-snowfall降雪量-snowy下雪的-snowless无雪的social联谊会-society社会-socialist社会主义者-social社会的-socialist社会主义的-socially在社会上soften变软-soft柔软的部分-soft软的solve解决-solver解决者-solution解答sorrow悲痛-sorrow悲痛,悲伤-sorry 遗憾的-sorrowful悲伤的-sorrowfully悲伤地speak说话,讲话换-speech说话,讲话,演讲-speaker讲话者-speechful健谈的-speechless无言的-speechlessly说不出话地specialize专门从事-special特使-specialist专家-specialty特产-special专用的-specialist专家的-specially专门地starve挨饿-starvation饿死-starving挨饿的strengthen增强-strength力气,力量-strong强壮的,坚固的-strongly 坚强地-strong猛烈地softly温柔地8strictness严格, 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欧洲术后镇痛指南
PostoperativePain Management –Good Clinical PracticeGeneral recommendationsand principles forsuccessful pain managementProduced in consultation with theEuropean Society of Regional Anaesthesiaand Pain TherapyPostoperativePain Management –Good Clinical PracticeGeneral recommendationsand principles forsuccessful pain managementProduced in consultation with theEuropean Society of Regional Anaesthesiaand Pain TherapyContents ContentsContents11. Introduction and objectives1 Although the choice of drugs shown here is indicative, adjustments will be required to take account ofindividual patient variation and are the responsibility of the prescribing physician.Effective postoperative pain management has a humanitarian role, but there are additional medical and economic benefits for rapid recovery and discharge from hospital. A number of factors contribute to effective postoperative pain management including a structured acute pain management team, patient education, regular staff training, use of balanced analgesia, regular pain assessment using specificassessment tools and adjustment of strategies to meet the needs of special patient groups, such as children and the elderly.Recent advances in pain control provide greater potential for effective postoperative management. This document reflects the opinions of a panel of European anaesthesiologists. Its aims are to raise awareness of recent advances in pain control and to provide advice on how toachieve effective postoperative analgesia. The recommendations and advice are general principles of pain management and do not provide detailed advice for specific surgical procedures.1Effective pain management is now an integral part of modern surgical practice. Postoperative pain management not only minimises patient suffering but also can reduce morbidity and facilitate rapid recovery and early discharge from hospital (see section 8, page 33), which can reduce hospital costs.23Pain is a personal, subjective experience that involves sensory,emotional and behavioural factors associated with actual or potentialtissue injury. What patients tell us about their pain can be very revealing,and an understanding of how the nervous system responds and adaptsto pain in the short and long term is essential if we are to make sense ofpatients’ experiences. The wide area of discomfort surrounding awound, or even a wound that has healed long ago, such as anamputation stump, is a natural consequence of the plasticity of thenervous system. An understanding of the physiological basis of pain ishelpful to the sufferer, and the professionals who have to provideappropriate treatment.According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP),pain is defined as"An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated withactual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of suchdamage."(IASP 1979)There is individual variation in response to pain, which is influenced bygenetic makeup, cultural background, age and gender. Certain patientpopulations are at risk of inadequate pain control and require specialattention. These include:G Paediatric patientsG Geriatric patientsG Patients with difficulty in communicating (due to critical illness,cognitive impairment or language barriers)Postoperative pain can be divided into acute pain and chronic pain:G Acute pain is experienced immediately after surgery (up to 7 days)G Pain which lasts more than 3 months after the injury is considered tobe chronic pain3. Physiology of pain 2. Goals of pain treatmentAcute and chronic pain can arise from cutaneous, deep somatic orvisceral structures. Surgery is typically followed by acute pain and correct identification of the type of pain enables selection of appropriate effective treatment. The type of pain may be somatic (arising from skin, muscle, bone), visceral (arising from organs within the chest and abdomen), or neuropathic (caused by damage or dysfunction in the nervous system). Patients often experience more than one type of pain.3.a. Positive role of painAcute pain plays a useful "positive" physiological role by:G Providing a warning of tissue damageG Inducing immobilisation to allow appropriate healing3.b. Negative effects of painShort term negative effects of acute pain include:G Emotional and physical suffering for the patientG Sleep disturbance(with negative impact on mood and mobilisation)G Cardiovascular side effects(such as hypertension and tachycardia)G Increased oxygen consumption(with negative impact in the case of coronary artery disease)G Impaired bowel movement(while opioids induce constipation or nausea, untreated pain mayalso be an important cause of impaired bowel movement or PONV*)G Negative effects on respiratory function(leading to atelectasis, retention of secretions and pneumonia)G Delays mobilisation and promotes thromboembolism(postoperative pain on mobilisation is one of the major causes fordelayed mobilisation)Long term negative effects of acute pain:G Severe acute pain is a risk factor for the development of chronicpain1G There is a risk of behavioural changes in children for a prolongedperiod (up to 1 year) after surgical painThere are two major mechanisms in the physiology of pain:G Nociceptive (sensory):Inflammatory pain due to chemical,mechanical and thermal stimuli at the nociceptors (nerves thatrespond to painful stimuli).G Neuropathic:Pain due to neural damage in peripheral nervesor within the central nervous system.During normal physiology, pain sensations are elicited by activity in unmyelinated (C-) and thinly myelinated (Ad-) primary afferent neurons that synapse with neurons is the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Sensory information is then relayed to the thalamus and brainstem.Repetitive activation of C- nociceptive receptors produces alterations in central as well as peripheral nervous systems.3.c. The mechanism of peripheral pain sensitisationNormally, C- fibres (slow-conducting fibres that transmit dull aching pain) are silent in the absence of stimulation, but following acute tissue injury in the presence of ongoing pathophysiology, these nociceptors become sensitised and release a complex mix of pain and inflammatory mediators leading to pain sensations (Figure 1, page 6).1Several investigations into chronic pain have concluded that 20% to 50% of all patients with chronic pain syndromes started with acute pain following trauma or surgery, but the role of effective pain treatment in preventing this risk is not clear.* PONV = Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.Figure 1.Mechanism of peripheral sensitisation3.d. The mechanism of central sensitisationThe responses in the CNS are primarily physiological. Centralsensitisation is a physiological process and, only if there is continual firing of C-nociceptors over time, will these processes leads to more chronic pain syndromes.Sustained or repetitive C-nociceptor activity produces alterations in the response of the central nervous system to inputs from the periphery.When identical noxious stimuli are repeatedly applied to the skin at a certain rate, there is a progressive build-up in the response of spinalcord dorsal horn neurons (known as ‘wind up’). This allows the size of the dorsal horn neuron’s receptive field to grow (Figure 2). This process,called central sensitisation, occurs with any tissue damage. As with sensitisation of primary afferent nociceptors, this sensitisation of central pain transmission is a normal physiological response of the undamaged nervous system.Figure 2.Pain mediatorsGUnexpected intense pain, particularly if associated with altered vital signs, (hypotension, tachycardia, or fever), is immediately evaluated. New diagnoses, such as wound dehiscence, infection, or deep venous thrombosis, should be considered.GImmediate pain relief without asking for a pain rating is given to patients in obvious pain who are not sufficiently focused to use a pain rating scale.GFamily members are involved when appropriate.4.a. Specific tools for pain assessmentSpecific pain assessment scales are used to quantify pain. The use of one scale within a hospital ensures that everyone in the team "speaks the same language"regarding the intensity of pain. The patient's own report is the most useful tool. The intensity of pain should therefore be assessed as far as possible by the patient as long as he/she is able tocommunicate and express what pain feels like. Always listen to and believe what the patient says.A number of different patient self-assessment scales are available (Figure 3, page 12):A. Facial expressions: a pictogram of six faces with differentexpressions from smiling or happy through to tearful. This scale is suitable for patients where communication is a problem, such as children, elderly patients, confused patients or patients who do not speak the local language.B. Verbal rating scale (VRS): the patient is asked to rate their pain on a five-point scale as "none, mild, moderate, severe or very severe".Assessment of pain is a vital element in effective postoperative pain management. The principles of successful pain assessment are shown in Table 1.44. Assessment of pain4G The treatment strategy to be continued is discussed by the physician responsible for the patient in conjunction with the ward nurses.GThe physician and nurses pay attention to the effects and side effects of the pain treatment.C. Numerical rating scale (NRS): This consists of a simple 0 to 5 or 0 to 10 scale which correlates to no pain at zero and worst possible pain at 5 (or 10). The patient is asked to rate his/her pain intensity as a number.D. Visual analogue scale (VAS): This consists of an ungraduated,straight 100 mm line marked at one end with the term " no pain" and at the other end "the worst possible pain". The patient makes a cross on the line at the point that best approximates to their pain intensity.The VRS and NRS are the most frequently used assessment tools in the clinical setting while the VAS scale is primarily used as a research tool.4.b. Selection of suitable assessment tool (Figure 3, page 12):When selecting a pain assessment tool ensure that:GIt is appropriate for the patient's developmental, physical, emotional, and cognitive statusGIt meets the needs of both the patient and the pain management team4.c. DocumentationDocument pain regularly, take appropriate action and monitor efficacy and side effects of treatment. Record the information in a well-defined place in the patient record, such as the vital sign sheet or a purpose-designed acute pain chart.GThe nurse responsible for the patient reports the intensity of pain and treats the pain within the defined rules of the local guidelines. GThe physician responsible for the patient may need to modify theintervention if evaluation shows that the patient still has significant pain.44Faces painassessmentscale(Fig A) Patientable to communicatewell ?VRS painassessmentscale(Fig B)NRSassessmentscale(Fig C)VASassessmentscale(Fig D) NoYesChoice of assessment tool12Fig A. Alternatecoding Fig B.Fig C. Fig D.G Select a pain assessment tool, and teach the patient to use it.Determine the level of pain above which adjustment of analgesia or other interventions will be considered.G Provide the patient with education and information about pain control.GEmphasise the importance of a factual report of pain, avoiding stoicism or exaggeration.The "Patient Information Project" is a useful source of information for patients who require information about anaesthesia and postoperative pain management. This is a joint project between the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, together with patient representative groups. The website is:Patients are unlikely to be aware of postoperative pain treatment techniques and as the success of pain relief is influenced by theirknowledge and beliefs, it is helpful to give patients (and parents in case of children) detailed information about postoperative pain and pain treatment. Adequate information gives the patient realistic expectations of the care that can be provided (pain relief, not a "pain free status"). This information can include:G The importance of treating postoperative pain G Available methods of pain treatment G Pain assessment routinesG Goals (optimum pain scoring) (see section 2, page 2)GThe patient's participation in the treatment of painInformation for the patient can be given in different ways (in combination):G Verbal informationGWritten and/or audiovisual information -Brochures -Wall posters -Video films -Web pagesA preoperative discussion with the patient and relatives can include the following:GDiscuss the patient's previous experiences with pain and preferences for pain assessment and management.GGive the patient information about pain management therapies that are available and the rationale underlying their use.GDevelop with the patient a plan for pain assessment and management.141555. Patient education51716Effective treatment of postoperative pain includes a number of factors,including good nursing, non-pharmacological techniques, such as distraction, and balanced (multimodal) analgesia to provide adequate pain relief with optimal drug combinations used at the lowest effective doses.6.a. Pharmacological methods of pain treatment 1Postoperative pain management should be step-wise and balanced (Figure 4, page 18). The four main groups of analgesic drugs used for postoperative pain management are shown in Table 2 opposite, with examples of drugs listed in each group.6.a.i. Balanced (multimodal) analgesiaBalanced (multimodal) analgesia uses two or more analgesic agents that act by different mechanisms to achieve a superior analgesic effect without increasing adverse events compared with increased doses of single agents. For example, epidural opioids can be administered in combination with epidural local anaesthetics; intravenous opioids can be administered in combination with NSAIDs, which have a dose sparing effect for systemically administered opioids.Balanced analgesia is therefore the method of choice wherever possible,based on paracetamol and NSAIDs for low intensity pain with opioid analgesics and/or local analgesia techniques being used for moderate and high intensity pain as indicated (Figure 4, page 18).66. Treatment optionsTable 2Pharmacological options of pain managementNon-opioid analgesicsParacetamolNSAIDs, including COX-2 inhibitors*Gabapentin, pregabalin 2Weak opioidsCodeine TramadolParacetamol combined with codeine or tramadol Strong opioidsMorphine Diamorphine Pethidine Piritramide Oxycodone Adjuvants**Ketamine Clonidine* At the time of writing, COX-2 inhibitor drugs are subject to scrutiny by international regulatory bodies with regard to adverse outcomes when used for long-term oralprescription or for pain relief in patients with cardiovascular problems such as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, hypertension. Rofecoxib has been withdrawn fromsales and prescription of valdecoxib has been suspended pending further research into its adverse events profile for cardiovascular morbidity and the occurrence of severemuco-cutaneous side effects. The injectable COX-2 inhibitor, parecoxib remains available for short-term use in treating postoperative pain. All NSAIDs should be used with care in patients with cardiovascular disease.** These adjuvants are not recommended for routine use in acute pain management because of their adverse side effects. Their use should be restricted to specialists in managing pain problems.62Gabapentin and pregabalin are approved for pain management but at the time of writing there is little published data to recommend the use of these drugs for acute pain management.1The example doses given are indicative and do not take account of individual patient variation.196.a.ii. Opioids 1Severeintensity painFor example:ThoracotomyUpper abdominal surgery Aortic surgery Knee replacementModerateintensity painFor example:Hip replacement Hysterectomy Jaw surgeryMildintensity painFor example:Inguinal hernia VaricesLaparoscopy(i) Paracetamol and wound infiltration with local anaesthetic (ii) NSAIDs (unless contraindicated) and(iii) Regional block analgesiaAdd weak opioid or rescue analgesia with small increments of intravenous strong opioid if necessary(i) Paracetamol and wound infiltration withlocal anaesthetic (ii) NSAIDs (unless contraindicated) and (iii) Peripheral nerve block(single shot or continuous infusion) or opioid injection (IV PCA)(i) Paracetamol and woundinfiltration with local anaesthetic (ii) NSAIDs (unlesscontraindicated) and (iii) Epidural local analgesia ormajor peripheral nerve or plexus block or opioid injection (IV PCA)1 The examples given here represent levels of pain commonly experienced and are subject to individual variation and contra-indications may apply.Figure 4Treatment options in relation to magnitude of postoperative pain expected following different types of surgery 1Table 3Morphine and weak opioidsMorphine Administration(i) Intravenous.(ii) Subcutaneous by continuous infusion or intermittent boluses via indwelling cannula.(iii) Intramuscular (not recommended due to incidence of pain. 5-10 mg 3-4 hourly).Dosage:IV PCABolus: 1-2 mg, lockout: 5-15 min (usually 7-8 min),no background infusion.Subcutaneous0.1-0.15 mg/kg 4-6 hourly, adapted in relation to pain score, sedation and respiratory rate.Monitoring Pain score, sedation, respiratory rate, side mentsSide effects such as nausea, vomiting, sedation and apnoea.No other opioid or sedative drug should be administered.18continued overleaf1 The doses and routes of administration of drugs described above are general examples and each patient should beassessed individually before prescribing.2120 6.a.iii. Non-opioids 1Table 5Combination of codeine + paracetamolAdministration Oral.DosageParacetamol 500 mg + codeine 30 mg. 4 x 1 g paracetamol/day.Monitoring Pain score, sedation, side effects.CommentsAnalgesic action is likely to be due to conversion to morphine. A small number of patients derive no benefit due to absence of the converting enzyme.NV = nausea and vomitingTramadol Administration(i) Intravenous: inject slowly (risk of high incidence of NV).(ii) Intramuscular.(iii) Oral administration as soon as possible.Dosage 50-100 mg 6 hourly.Monitoring Pain score, sedation, respiratory rate, side mentsTramadol reduces serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and is a weak opioid agonist.In analgesic efficiency, 100 mg tramadol is equivalent to 5-15 mg morphine.Sedative drugs can have an additive effect.Table 4ParacetamolAdministration(i) Intravenous: Start 30 min before the end of surgery.(ii) Oral administration as soon as possible.Duration: as long as required.Dosage4 x 1 g paracetamol/day (2 g propacetamol/day).Dose to be reduced (e.g. 3 x 1 g/day) in case of hepatic insufficiency.Monitoring Pain scores.CommentsShould be combined with NSAID and/or opioids or loco-regional analgesia for moderate to severe pain.1 The doses and routes of administration of drugs described above are general examples and each patient should beassessed individually before prescribing.1 The doses and routes of administration of drugs described above are generally examples and each patient should be assessed individually before prescribing.Table 3 (continued)Codeine Administration OralDosage3 mg/kg/day combined with paracetamol.A minimum of 30 mg codeine/tablet is required.Monitoring Pain score, sedation, side effects.CommentsAnalgesic action is likely to be due to conversion to morphine. A small number of patients derive no benefit due to absence of the converting enzyme.6.a.iv. AdjuvantsIn addition to systemic administration of NSAIDs or paracetamol, weak opioids and non-opioid analgesic drugs may be administered "on request" for moderate or severe pain. These include ketamine and clonidine. Clonidine can be administered orally, intravenously orperineurally in combination with local anaesthetics. However, the side effects could be significant. The most important ones are hypotension and sedation. Ketamine can be administered via oral, intramuscular or intravenous routes. It has also significant side effects.6.a.v. Regional analgesiaContinuous Central Neuraxis Blockade (CCNB)CCNB is one of the most effective forms of postoperative analgesia, but it is also one of the most invasive. However, CCNB remains the first choice for a number of indications, such as abdominal, thoracic, and major orthopaedic surgery, where adequate pain relief cannot be achieved with other analgesia techniques NB can be achieved via two routes:G Continuous epidural analgesia - the recommended first choice GContinuous spinal analgesia - should be limited to selected cases only, as there is less experience with this techniquePostoperative epidural analgesia is usually accomplished with acombination of a long-acting local anaesthetic and an opioid, in dilute concentrations. Long-acting local anaesthetics are preferred because they are associated with less tachyphylaxis. Maintenance techniques in epidural analgesia include:GContinuous Infusion (CI): An easy technique that requires littleintervention. The cumulative dose of local anaesthetic is likely to be higher and side effects are more likely than with the other two techniques.2322Table 6NSAIDs 1Administration(i) Intravenous: administration should start at least 30-60 min before end of surgery.(ii) Oral administration should start as soon as possible.Duration: 3-5 days.Dosage examples(i) Conventional NSAIDs include:ketorolac: 3 x 30-40 mg/day (only IV form)diclofenac: 2 x 75 mg/day ketoprofen: 4 x 50 mg/day (ii) Selective NSAIDs include:meloxicam 15 mg once dailyCOX-2 inhibitors are now licensed for postoperative pain management. They are as efficient as ketorolac but reduce GI side effects. Examples include: parecoxib: 40 mg followed by 1-2 x 40 mg/day (IV form) or celecoxib: 200 mg/day. However, there is some debate due to cardiovascular risks in patients witharteriosclerosis. *See note below Table 2, page 17MonitoringPain scores.Renal function in patients with renal or cardiac disease, elderly patients, or patients with episodes of severe hypotension. Gastrointestinal side effects. Non-selective NSAIDs would be combined with proton inhibitors (i.e. omeprasol) in patients at risk of gastrointestinal side effects.CommentsCan be added to the pre-medication.Can be used in association with paracetamol and/or opioids or local regional analgesia for moderate to severe pain.1 The doses and routes of administration of drugs described above are general examples and each patient should beassessed individually before prescribing.2524Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blockade (CPNB)Continuous peripheral nerve blocks are being increasingly used since they may provide more selective but still excellent postoperative analgesia with reduced need for opioids over an extended period.Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) avoid the side effects associated with central neuraxial blockade, such as hypotension and wide motorblockade with reduced mobility and proprioception, and complications such as epidural haematoma, epidural abscess and paraparesis.After major orthopaedic lower limb surgery, clinical studies showperipheral nerve blocks are as effective as epidural and that both are better than IV opioids. Examples of drugs and dosages for use in continuous peripheral analgesia are shown in Table 8.Table 8Examples of local anaesthetics and doses in continuous peripheral nerve analgesiaG Intermittent Top-up: Results in benefits due to frequent patient/staff contact but can produce a high staff workload and patients may have to wait for treatment.GPatient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia (PCEA): This technique produces high patient satisfaction and reduced dose requirements compared with CI. However, sophisticated pumps are required and accurate catheter position is important for optimal efficacy.Examples of drugs and dosages for use in continuous epidural analgesia are shown in Table 7.Table 7Examples of local anaesthetics and opioids and doses in epidural analgesia 1LocalRopivacaineSufentanil 0.5-1 µg/ml anaesthetics/opioids0.2% (2 mg/ml) or orFentanyl 2-4 µg/mlLevobupivacaine or Bupivacaine0.1-0.2% (1-2 mg/ml)Dosage for continuous 6-12 ml/hinfusion (thoracic or lumbar level)Dosage for patient Background: 4-6 ml/h controlled infusion Bolus dose: 2 ml (2-4 ml)(lumbar or thoracic)2Minimum lockout interval 10 min (10-30 min)Recommended maximum hourly dose (bolus + background): 12 ml1 The tip of the catheter should be placed as close as possible to the surgical dermatomes: T6-T10 for majorintra-abdominal surgery, and L2-L4 for lower limb surgery.2 There are many possible variations in local anaesthetic/opioid concentration yielding good results, the examples givenhere should be taken as a guideline; higher concentrations than the ones mentioned here are sometimes required but cannot be recommended as a routine for postoperative pain relief.Site of catheterLocal anaesthetics and dosage*Ropivacaine 0.2%Bupivacaine 0.1-0.125%Levobupivacaine 0.1-0.2%Interscalene5-9 ml/h Infraclavicular 5-9 ml/h Axillary 5-10 ml/h Femoral 7-10 ml/h Popliteal3-7 ml/h*Sometimes, higher concentrations are required in individual patients. As a standard, starting with a low concentration/dose is recommended to avoid sensory loss or motor block.2726Patient Controlled Regional Analgesia (PCRA) can be used to maintain peripheral nerve block. A low basal infusion rate (e.g. 3-5 ml/h)associated with small PCA boluses (e.g. 2.5-5 ml - lockout: 30-60 min) is the preferred technique.Infiltration blocksPain relief may be achieved by infiltration of the wound with localanaesthetic. The technique is easy to perform by the surgeon at the time of surgery. The efficacy and duration of analgesia depend on the length of the wound and the type of local anaesthetic used (Table 9).The advantages and disadvantages of various techniques of regional analgesia are shown in Table 10.Table 9Local anaesthetic infiltrationLocal anaestheticVolumeAdditivesIntraarticular instillation Knee arthroscopy0.75% Ropivacaine 20 ml Morphine 1-2 mg 0.5% Bupivacaine20 ml Morphine 1-2 mgShoulder arthroscopy 0.75% Ropivacaine10-20 mlIntraperitoneal instillation Gynaecological 0.75% Ropivacaine 20 ml Cholecystectomy 0.25% Ropivacaine40-60 mlWound infiltration Inguinal hernia0.25-0.5% Ropivacaine 30-40 ml 0.25-0.5% Levobupi*30-40 ml0.25-0.5% Bupivacaine Up to 30 mlTable 10Advantages of different techniques of regional analgesiaAdvantagesDisadvantagesContinuous Very effective.Motor block and urinary Epiduralretention may develop Analgesia (CEA)Much experience.or persist depending on the concentrations used.Differential block withDrugs used must have motor sparing is possible.low risk of systemic toxicity and produce as little motor Excellent postoperative block as possible.pain control over an extended period.Requires regular clinical monitoring on surgical Useful for rehabilitation wards or ICU.and physiotherapy.There are no universal Reduces the quantity of guidelines for monitoring.opioid analgesics needed.May mask a haematoma or abscess resulting in damage to spinal nerves.continued overleafThyroid surgery0.25-0.5% Ropivacaine 10-20 ml 0.25-0.5% Levobupi*10-20 ml0.25-0.5% Bupivacaine Up to 20 mlPerianal surgery0.25-0.5% Ropivacaine 30-40 ml 0.25-0.5% Levobupi*30-40 ml0.25-0.5% Bupivacaine Up to 30 mlcontinued opposite* Levobupi = Levobupivacaine.* Levobupi = Levobupivacaine.Please consult the manufacturer’s full prescribing information before use.。
医学英语newintroduction护理课件
As nursing has a wide range of specialties, specialized nursing terms are used to describe specific nursing practices, techniques, and procedures These terms are essential for nurses to communicate effectively within their field of expertise
02
CATALOGUE
Nursing Professional English
Nursing Professional English Terminms
Basic numbering terms refer to the core vocabulary that numbers need to understand and use in their daily work, including patient assessment, medical administration, and basic numbering procedures
03
CATALOGUE
The application of medical English in numbering practice
The Application of Medical English in Nursing
Operations
Diagnostic nursing
Nurses need to use medical English in nursing operations to accurately describe the patient's symptoms, signs, and laboratory test results, and assist doctors in making the correct diagnosis.
医学英语课件讲课稿
Course Outline:1. Introduction to Medical English2. Basic Medical Terminology3. Common Medical Phrases and Expressions4. Listening Skills in Medical English5. Reading Skills in Medical English6. Writing Skills in Medical English7. Professional Communication in Healthcare8. Case Studies and Role-Playing9. Review and Practice---Introduction to Medical EnglishGood morning/afternoon, everyone. Welcome to the Introduction to Medical English course. My name is [Your Name], and I will be your instructorfor the next few weeks. In this course, we will explore the basics of medical English, which is essential for healthcare professionals who work in an English-speaking environment or with English-speaking patients.Objectives:- To familiarize participants with the basics of medical English.- To provide a foundation for understanding and using medical terminology.- To enhance communication skills in a healthcare setting.Why is Medical English Important?Medical English is a specialized form of English that is used in the healthcare industry. It is different from general English because itcontains specific vocabulary, phrases, and grammar structures that are unique to the medical field. Being proficient in medical English can help healthcare professionals:- Communicate effectively with patients, colleagues, and other healthcare providers.- Understand medical literature and research articles.- Provide high-quality patient care.- Navigate the healthcare system more efficiently.---Basic Medical TerminologyVocabulary Building:In this section, we will introduce some of the most common prefixes, suffixes, and root words used in medical terminology. These components form the building blocks of medical words.- Prefixes: Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning. For example, "un-" means "not" or "opposite," as in "unconscious" (not conscious).- Suffixes: Suffixes are added to the end of a word to change its function or meaning. For example, "-ation" means "process" or "action," as in "inflammation" (the process of inflammation).- Root Words: Root words are the core of a medical term and carry the primary meaning. For example, "patho-" means "disease," as in "pathology" (the study of diseases).Example Words:- Patho- (disease): pathology, pathogen- Dia- (through): diaphragm, diameter- Cardi- (heart): cardiogram, cardiovascular- Thromb- (clot): thrombosis, thrombusActivity:Now, let's practice some exercises to reinforce our understanding of medical terminology.1. Identify the prefix, suffix, and root word in the following terms:- Neurology- Ischemia- Osteoporosis- Endocarditis2. Create new medical terms using the following prefixes, suffixes, and root words:- Prefix: "peri-" (around)- Suffix: "-oplasty" (surgery)- Root Word: "myo-" (muscle)---Common Medical Phrases and ExpressionsIn this section, we will cover some common phrases and expressions that are frequently used in medical settings.1. Greeting and Introduction:- Good morning/afternoon, how are you?- My name is [Your Name], and I am the [Your Position] on this team.- May I have your name and date of birth, please?2. Taking a Medical History:- Can you tell me about your medical history?- Have you ever had any allergies?- Do you have any chronic conditions?3. Common Medical Instructions:- Please take two tablets with water three times a day.- It is important to follow your treatment plan.- Avoid contact with others if you have a fever.4. Describing Symptoms:- I have a headache and a sore throat.- I feel dizzy and have a high fever.- I am experiencing chest pain.Activity:Let's practice using these phrases and expressions in a role-play scenario. Pair up with a fellow student and take turns being the patient and the healthcare provider.---Listening Skills in Medical EnglishListening is a crucial skill for healthcare professionals, as it allows us to understand patients' concerns and follow medical instructions.Strategies for Effective Listening:- Pay attention to key words and phrases.- Listen for tone and emphasis.- Take notes if necessary.- Ask clarifying questions if you are unsure about something.Activity:We will listen to a short audio clip of a patient describing their symptoms. After listening, we will discuss the information provided and answer some comprehension questions.---Reading Skills in Medical EnglishReading skills are essential for healthcare professionals to stay updated with the latest medical research and guidelines.Strategies for Effective Reading:- Skim the text to get an overview of the content.- Focus on headings, subheadings, and key points.- Look for keywords and phrases related to the topic.- Use dictionaries or online resources to understand unfamiliar terms.Activity:We will read a short article on a medical topic and answer some comprehension questions to test our reading skills.---Writing Skills in Medical EnglishWriting is an important skill for healthcare professionals, as it is often necessary to document patient information, write reports, and communicate with colleagues.Basic Writing Skills:- Use clear and concise language.- Follow a logical structure.- Use proper grammar and punctuation.- Include all relevant information.Activity:We will write a short report based on the information provided in the previous reading activity. We will focus on organizing the information and using appropriate medical terminology.---Professional Communication in HealthcareEffective communication is the cornerstone of patient care. In this section, we will discuss the importance of professional communication and provide some tips for improving communication skills.Key Points:- Listen actively and empathetically.- Use open-ended questions to encourage patient expression.- Provide clear and understandable instructions.- Maintain confidentiality and respect patient privacy.Activity:We will engage in a group discussion about common communication challenges in healthcare and brainstorm strategies for overcoming them.---Case Studies and Role-PlayingIn this section, we will apply our knowledge and skills to real-life scenarios. We will work in small groups to analyze case studies and practice role-playing exercises.Case Study:A patient presents to the emergency department with severe chest pain. As the healthcare provider, you need to assess the patient, gather information, and provide appropriate care.Role-Playing:Pair up with a fellow student and take turns being the patient and the healthcare provider. Practice taking a medical history, describing symptoms, and providing instructions.---Review and PracticeIn the final session, we will review the key concepts covered in the course and provide additional practice opportunities.Review Points:- Basic medical terminology- Common medical phrases and expressions- Listening and reading skills- Writing skills- Professional communicationPractice Activities:- Vocabulary review exercises- Listening comprehension exercises- Reading comprehension exercises- Writing exercises- Group discussions and role-playing---ConclusionThank you for participating in the Introduction to Medical English course. I hope that you have found this course informative and beneficial. Remember that proficiency in medical English is an ongoingprocess, and continuous practice and learning are essential. Best of luck in your future healthcare endeavors!---Additional Resources:- Medical English dictionaries- Online medical journals and resources- Language learning apps and websites- Professional healthcare organizations offering English language courses---This讲课稿涵盖了医学英语课程的主要内容和活动,旨在帮助学员建立医学英语的基础,提高他们的沟通能力,并为他们未来的职业生涯做好准备。
医药相关英语演讲稿范文
Ladies and Gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is my great honor to stand before you today to discuss a topic that is of paramount importance to all of us –the future of medicine. As we navigate through the rapidly evolving landscape of healthcare, it is crucial to reflect on the past, understand the present, and anticipate the future. Today, I will delve into the innovations that are shaping the medical field and the challenges that lie ahead.I. IntroductionMedicine has come a long way since the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. Over the centuries, we have witnessed remarkable advancements in diagnostic tools, treatment methods, and healthcare delivery. However, the field of medicine is not without its challenges. The rising cost of healthcare, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, and the global shortage of healthcare professionals are just a few of the issues that need to be addressed.II. Innovations in MedicineA. Genomics and Personalized MedicineThe advent of genomics has revolutionized the field of medicine. By decoding the human genome, scientists have gained a better understanding of genetic predispositions to diseases. This knowledge has paved the way for personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to anindividual's genetic makeup. As a result, we can now offer moreeffective and targeted therapies for patients, improving their quality of life and reducing the risk of adverse effects.B. Nanotechnology in MedicineNanotechnology has opened new frontiers in medicine, enabling us totreat diseases at the cellular and molecular levels. Nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs directly to the affected area, reducing side effects and improving the efficacy of treatments. Moreover,nanotechnology can be employed in diagnostic tools, providing real-time monitoring of diseases and aiding in early detection.C. Telemedicine and Remote MonitoringThe rise of telemedicine has transformed the way healthcare is delivered. Patients can now consult with healthcare professionals from the comfort of their homes, saving time and resources. Remote monitoring devices allow healthcare providers to track patients' health conditions in real-time, enabling timely interventions and improving patient outcomes.D. Artificial Intelligence and Machine LearningArtificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have thepotential to revolutionize medicine. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make accurate predictions. This technology can be used to diagnose diseases early, predict patient outcomes, and even assist in treatment planning. AI and ML have the potential to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.III. Challenges in MedicineA. Healthcare DisparitiesDespite the advancements in medicine, healthcare disparities persist. Socioeconomic factors, such as income, education, and access to healthcare, contribute to health inequalities. Addressing these disparities requires a multifaceted approach, including policy changes, increased funding for underserved communities, and efforts to improve healthcare literacy.B. The Cost of HealthcareThe cost of healthcare continues to rise, posing a significant challenge for individuals, governments, and healthcare providers. Controllingcosts while maintaining the quality of care is a delicate balance. Innovations in healthcare delivery, such as telemedicine and value-based care, may help address this challenge.C. The Global Shortage of Healthcare ProfessionalsThe global shortage of healthcare professionals is a pressing issue. An aging population, coupled with the increasing demand for healthcare services, creates a critical need for skilled healthcare workers. Investing in education and training, as well as addressing the factors that contribute to the brain drain of healthcare professionals, is essential.IV. ConclusionThe future of medicine is bright, but it is not without its challenges. Innovations in genomics, nanotechnology, telemedicine, AI, and ML are paving the way for more effective, personalized, and accessible healthcare. However, addressing healthcare disparities, controlling costs, and ensuring an adequate supply of healthcare professionals remain crucial challenges that we must overcome.In conclusion, the future of medicine depends on our collective efforts to embrace innovation, foster collaboration, and prioritize the health and well-being of all individuals. Together, we can create a future where everyone has access to high-quality healthcare and where medical advancements continue to improve the human condition.Thank you for your attention. I welcome any questions you may have regarding the future of medicine.。
中医介绍PPT英文
Etiology and pathology
03
Traditional Chinese Medicine and acquisition and mobilization
1
2
3
History
Definition
Principles
Introduction to Traditional Chinese Medicine
01
Introduction to Traditional Chinese Medicine
1
2
3
The History and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Origin: Traditional Chinese medicine originated from ancient shamanism, and after thousands of years of development, it has formed a unique theoretical system and treatment methods.
Cupping
Cupping is a thermal that involves creating suspicions on specific areas of the body, typically by placing glass or plastic cups on the skin It is believed to regulate qi and promote blood circulation, relax tendons and unblock collaterals, and is often used to relieve muscle fatigue and pain.
介绍医药文化英语小作文
介绍医药文化英语小作文Title: Exploring the Cultural Significance of Medicine in English。
In the realm of human civilization, medicine holds a profound cultural significance that transcends geographical boundaries and spans across centuries. From ancient healing practices to modern medical advancements, the evolution of medicine reflects not only scientific progress but also the values, beliefs, and traditions of diverse societies. In this essay, we embark on a journey to explore the rich tapestry of medical culture through the lens of English language.Ancient Wisdom and Traditional Medicine。
The roots of medical culture run deep in the annals of history, intertwined with the fabric of ancient civilizations. In cultures such as China, India, and Egypt, traditional medicine flourished, guided by ancient wisdompassed down through generations. Terms like "acupuncture," "Ayurveda," and "herbalism" have become ingrained in the lexicon of medical discourse, representing holistic approaches to health that emphasize the interconnectednessof mind, body, and spirit.The Renaissance and Scientific Revolution。
医学名词英语演讲稿范文
Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is my great pleasure to stand before you today to discuss a topic that is often overlooked but holds immense importance in the field of healthcare: medical terminology. Medical terminology is the language used by healthcare professionals to communicate effectively, ensuring accurate diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. In this speech, I will delve into the significance of medical terminology, its impact on patient care, and the challenges and benefits associated with its use.I. IntroductionMedical terminology serves as a universal language in the healthcare industry, allowing professionals from various backgrounds to understand and communicate complex medical concepts. This language is essential for doctors, nurses, pharmacists, technicians, and other healthcare providers to work together seamlessly and provide optimal patient care.II. The Significance of Medical TerminologyA. Facilitating CommunicationEffective communication is the cornerstone of healthcare. Medical terminology enables healthcare professionals to convey information accurately and efficiently, reducing misunderstandings and errors. By using standardized terms, healthcare providers can discuss patient conditions, treatment plans, and medical procedures with clarity and precision.B. Enhancing Patient CareAccurate diagnosis and treatment rely on a clear understanding of medical conditions and their symptoms. Medical terminology provides a common language for healthcare professionals to describe diseases, medications, and procedures, ensuring that patients receive appropriate and timely care.C. Advancing Medical ResearchMedical terminology plays a crucial role in medical research. Researchers use standardized terms to describe their findings, allowing for the comparison and replication of studies. This facilitates the advancement of medical knowledge and the development of new treatments.III. Impact of Medical Terminology on Patient CareA. Accurate DiagnosisMedical terminology helps healthcare professionals identify and describe symptoms and diseases accurately. This ensures that patients receive appropriate diagnostic tests and treatments, leading to improved health outcomes.B. Effective TreatmentBy using medical terminology, healthcare providers can communicate treatment plans and medication instructions clearly. This reduces the risk of medication errors and enhances patient adherence to treatment protocols.C. Patient SafetyMedical terminology contributes to patient safety by minimizing the chances of miscommunication between healthcare professionals. This is particularly important in critical situations, where a single miscommunication can have severe consequences.IV. Challenges and Benefits of Using Medical TerminologyA. Challenges1. Complexity: Medical terminology can be complex and challenging to learn, especially for those new to the field.2. Language Barriers: Language differences can create barriers to effective communication, necessitating the use of interpreters or translation services.3. Technical Jargon: The use of technical jargon can sometimes make it difficult for patients to understand their conditions and treatments.B. Benefits1. Standardization: Medical terminology promotes standardization in healthcare, ensuring consistency in communication and patient care.2. Efficiency: Using a common language speeds up communication and improves workflow in healthcare settings.3. Patient-Centered Care: By using medical terminology, healthcare professionals can provide more informed and personalized care to their patients.V. ConclusionIn conclusion, medical terminology is a vital component of the healthcare industry. Its use facilitates communication, enhances patient care, and contributes to the advancement of medical research. While challenges exist, the benefits of medical terminology far outweigh the drawbacks. As healthcare professionals, it is our responsibility to embrace and utilize this language to provide the best possible care for our patients.Thank you for your attention, and I hope this speech has shed light on the importance of medical terminology in healthcare.。
医药英语演讲稿范文
Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is a great pleasure to stand before you today to share some insights on the ever-evolving field of medicine. As we navigate through the complexities of healthcare, it is crucial to understand the significance of medical advancements, the challenges we face, and the future of our profession.Title: Embracing the Future of Medicine: A Journey of Innovation and CollaborationIntroduction:Medicine has been a cornerstone of human civilization, providing hope and healing to countless individuals over the centuries. Today, we find ourselves at a pivotal moment in medical history, where technology, research, and global collaboration are reshaping the landscape of healthcare. In this speech, I will discuss the key areas of innovation, the challenges we must overcome, and the role of healthcare professionals in this transformative journey.I. Innovation in Medical Technology:The rapid advancement of medical technology has revolutionized the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases. From the development of sophisticated imaging techniques to the integration of artificial intelligence in patient care, we are witnessing groundbreaking innovations that promise to save lives and improve quality of life.1. Artificial Intelligence (AI):AI has the potential to transform medicine by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, personalizing treatment plans, and predicting disease outbreaks. By analyzing vast amounts of data, AI can identify patterns and trends that may go unnoticed by human clinicians, leading to more effective and efficient patient care.2. Telemedicine:The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of telemedicine, making healthcare more accessible and convenient for patients. This technology allows healthcare professionals to provide remoteconsultations, monitor patients' conditions, and offer mental health support, thus bridging the gap between rural and urban healthcare services.II. Challenges in Medicine:Despite the numerous advancements, medicine still faces several challenges that require our attention and collaboration:1. Health Inequality:Access to quality healthcare remains a significant issue, with disparities often stemming from socioeconomic factors, geographical barriers, and lack of awareness. It is our responsibility to address these inequalities and ensure that everyone has access to the care they deserve.2. Antibiotic Resistance:The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, posing a severe threat to public health. It is imperative that we promote responsible antibiotic use and invest in research to develop new treatments.3. Mental Health:Mental health disorders are on the rise, yet they often remain undiagnosed and untreated. We must prioritize mental health care, break the stigma surrounding these conditions, and provide adequate resources for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.III. The Role of Healthcare Professionals:As healthcare professionals, we play a crucial role in driving innovation, addressing challenges, and shaping the future of medicine:1. Continuous Learning:We must embrace lifelong learning to stay abreast of the latest advancements and incorporate them into our practice. This includesattending conferences, participating in research, and engaging in continuous medical education.2. Collaboration:Collaboration among healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers is essential to overcome the challenges we face. By working together, we can develop comprehensive strategies to improve patient outcomes and advance the field of medicine.3. Advocacy:We must advocate for policies that promote healthcare equity, prioritize mental health, and support research and innovation. By raising our voices, we can influence change and create a more sustainable and compassionate healthcare system.Conclusion:In conclusion, the field of medicine is at a crossroads, with unprecedented opportunities and challenges ahead. By embracing innovation, addressing the challenges, and fulfilling our role as healthcare professionals, we can pave the way for a healthier future for all. Thank you for your attention, and let us work together to make a meaningful impact on the world of medicine.Thank you.。
【英文读物】Meditations
【英文读物】MeditationsINTRODUCTIONMARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS was born on April 26, A.D. 121. His real name was M. Annius Verus, and he was sprung of a noble family which claimed descent from Numa, second King of Rome. Thus the most religious of emperors came of the blood of the most pious of early kings. His father, Annius Verus, had held high office in Rome, and his grandfather, of the same name, had been thrice Consul. Both his parents died young, but Marcus held them in loving remembrance. On his father's death Marcus was adopted by his grandfather, the consular Annius Verus, and there was deep love between these two. On the very first page of his book Marcus gratefully declares how of his grandfather he had learned to be gentle and meek, and to refrain from all anger and passion. The Emperor Hadrian divined the fine character of the lad, whom he used to call not Verus but Verissimus, more Truthful than his own name. He advanced Marcus to equestrian rank when six years of age, and at the age of eight made him a member of the ancient Salian priesthood. The boy's aunt, Annia Galeria Faustina, was married to Antoninus Pius, afterwards emperor. Hence it came about that Antoninus, having no son, adopted Marcus, changing his name to that which he is known by, and betrothed him to his daughter Faustina. His education was conducted with all care. The ablest teachers were engaged for him, and he was trained in the strict doctrine of the Stoic philosophy, which was his great delight. He was taught to dress plainly and to live simply, to avoid all softness and luxury. His body was trained to hardihood by wrestling, hunting, and outdoor games; and though his constitution was weak, he showed great personal courage to encounter the fiercest boars. At the same time he was kept from the extravagancies of his day. The great excitement in Rome was the strife of the Factions, as they were called, in the circus. The racing drivers used to adopt one of four colours—red, blue, white, or green—and their partisans showed an eagerness in supporting them which nothing could surpass. Riot and corruption went in the train of the racing chariots; and from all these things Marcus held severely aloof.In 140 Marcus was raised to the consulship, and in 145 his betrothal was consummated by marriage. Two years later Faustina brought him a daughter; and soon after the tribunate and other imperial honours were conferred upon him.Antoninus Pius died in 161, and Marcus assumed the imperial state. He at once associated with himself L. Ceionius Commodus, whom Antoninus had adopted as a younger son at the same time with Marcus, giving him the name of Lucius Aurelius Verus. Henceforth the two are colleagues in the empire, the junior being trained as it were to succeed. No sooner was Marcus settled upon the throne than wars broke out on all sides. In the east, Vologeses III. of Parthia began a long-meditated revolt by destroying a whole Roman Legion and invading Syria (162). Verus was sent off in hot haste to quell this rising; and he fulfilled his trust by plunging into drunkenness and debauchery, while the war was left to his officers. Soon after Marcus had to face a more serious danger at home in the coalition of several powerful tribes on the northern frontier. Chief among those were the Marcomanni or Marchmen, the Quadi (mentioned in this book), the Sarmatians, the Catti, the Jazyges. In Rome itself there was pestilence and starvation, the one brought from the east by Verus's legions, the other caused by floods which had destroyed vastquantities of grain. After all had been done possible to allay famine and to supply pressing needs—Marcus being forced even to sell the imperial jewels to find money—both emperors set forth to a struggle which was to continue more or less during the rest of Marcus's reign. During these wars, in 169, Verus died. We have no means of following the campaigns in detail; but thus much is certain, that in the end the Romans succeeded in crushing the barbarian tribes, and effecting a settlement which made the empire more secure. Marcus was himself commander-in-chief, and victory was due no less to his own ability than to his wisdom in choice of lieutenants, shown conspicuously in the case of Pertinax. There were several important battles fought in these campaigns; and one of them has become celebrated for the legend of the Thundering Legion. In a battle against the Quadi in 174, the day seemed to be going in favour of the foe, when on a sudden arose a great storm of thunder and rain the lightning struck the barbarians with terror, and they turned to rout. In later days this storm was said to have been sent in answer to the prayers of a legion which contained many Christians, and the name Thundering Legion should be given to it on this account. The title of Thundering Legion is known at an earlier date, so this part of the story at least cannot be true; but the aid of the storm is acknowledged by one of the scenes carved on Antonine's Column at Rome, which commemorates these wars.The settlement made after these troubles might have been more satisfactory but for an unexpected rising in the east. Avidius Cassius, an able captain who had won renown in the Parthian wars, was at this time chief governor of the eastern provinces. By whatever means induced, he had conceived the project of proclaiming himself emperor as soon as Marcus, who was then in feeble health, should die; and a report having been conveyed to him that Marcus was dead, Cassius did as he had planned. Marcus, on hearing the news, immediately patched up a peace and returned home to meet this new peril. The emperors great grief was that he must needs engage in the horrors of civil strife. He praised the qualities of Cassius, and expressed a heartfelt wish that Cassius might not be driven to do himself a hurt before he should have the opportunity to grant a free pardon. But before he could come to the east news had come to Cassius that the emperor still lived; his followers fell away from him, and he was assassinated. Marcus now went to the east, and while there the murderers brought the head of Cassius to him; but the emperor indignantly refused their gift, nor would he admit the men to his presence.On this journey his wife, Faustina, died. At his return the emperor celebrated a triumph (176). Immediately afterwards he repaired to Germany, and took up once more the burden of war. His operations were followed by complete success; but the troubles of late years had been too much for his constitution, at no time robust, and on March 17, 180, he died in Pannonia.The good emperor was not spared domestic troubles. Faustina had borne him several children, of whom he was passionately fond. Their innocent faces may still be seen in many a sculpture gallery, recalling with odd effect the dreamy countenance of their father. But they died one by one, and when Marcus came to his own end only one of his sons still lived—the weak and worthless Commodus. On his father's death Commodus, who succeeded him, undid the work of many campaigns by a hasty and unwise peace; and his reign of twelve years proved him to be a ferocious and bloodthirsty tyrant. Scandal has made free with the name of Faustina herself, who is accused not only of unfaithfulness, but of intriguing with Cassius and egging him on to his fatal rebellion, it must be admitted that these charges rest on no sure evidence; and the emperor, at all events, loved her dearly, nor ever felt the slightest qualm of suspicion.As a soldier we have seen that Marcus was both capable and successful; as an administrator he was prudent and conscientious. Although steeped in the teachings of philosophy, he did not attempt to remodel the world on any preconceived plan. He trod the path beaten by his predecessors, seeking only to do his duty as well as he could, and to keep out corruption. He did some unwise things, it is true. To create a compeer in empire, as he did with Verus, was a dangerous innovation which could only succeed if one of the two effaced himself; and under Diocletian this very precedent caused the Roman Empire to split into halves. He erred in his civil administration by too much centralising. But the strong point of his reign was the administration of justice. Marcus sought by-laws to protect the weak, to make the lot of the slaves less hard, to stand in place of father to the fatherless. Charitable foundations were endowed for rearing and educating poor children. The provinces were protected against oppression, and public help was given to cities or districts which might be visited by calamity. The great blot on his name, and one hard indeed to explain, is his treatment of the Christians. In his reign Justin at Rome became a martyr to his faith, and Polycarp at Smyrna, and we know of many outbreaks of fanaticism in the provinces which caused the death of the faithful. It is no excuse to plead that he knew nothing about the atrocities done in his name: it was his duty to know, and if he did not he would have been the first to confess that he had failed in his duty. But from his own tone in speaking of the Christians it is clear he knew them only from calumny; and we hear of no measures taken even to secure that they should have a fair hearing. In this respect Trajan was better than he.To a thoughtful mind such a religion as that of Rome would give small satisfaction. Its legends were often childish or impossible; its teaching had little to do with morality. The Roman religion was in fact of the nature of a bargain: men paid certain sacrifices and rites, and the gods granted their favour, irrespective of right or wrong. In this case all devout souls were thrown back upon philosophy, as they had been, though to a less extent, in Greece. There were under the early empire two rival schools which practically divided the field between them, Stoicism and Epicureanism. The ideal set before each was nominally much the same. The Stoics aspired to the repression of all emotion, and the Epicureans to freedom from all disturbance; yet in the upshot the one has become a synonym of stubborn endurance, the other for unbridled licence. With Epicureanism we have nothing to do now; but it will be worth while to sketch the history and tenets of the Stoic sect. Zeno, the founder of Stoicism, was born in Cyprus at some date unknown, but his life may be said roughly to be between the years 350 and 250 B.C. Cyprus has been from time immemorial a meeting-place of the East and West, and although we cannot grant any importance to a possible strain of Phoenician blood in him (for the Phoenicians were no philosophers), yet it is quite likely that through Asia Minor he may have come in touch with the Far East. He studied under the cynic Crates, but he did not neglect other philosophical systems. After many years' study he opened his own school in a colonnade in Athens called the Painted Porch, or Stoa, which gave the Stoics their name. Next to Zeno, the School of the Porch owes most to Chrysippus (280—207 b.c.), who organised Stoicism into a system. Of him it was said, 'But for Chrysippus, there had been no Porch.'The Stoics regarded speculation as a means to an end and that end was, as Zeno put it, to live consistently omologonuenws zhn or as it was later explained, to live in conformity with nature. This conforming of the life to nature oralogoumenwz th fusei zhn. was the Stoic idea of Virtue. This dictum might easily be taken to mean that virtue consists in yielding to each natural impulse; but that was very far from the Stoic meaning. In order to live in accord with nature, it is necessaryto know what nature is; and to this end a threefold division of philosophy is made—into Physics, dealing with the universe and its laws, the problems of divine government and teleology; Logic, which trains the mind to discern true from false; and Ethics, which applies the knowledge thus gained and tested to practical life. The Stoic system of physics was materialism with an infusion of pantheism. In contradiction to Plato's view that the Ideas, or Prototypes, of phenomena alone really exist, the Stoics held that material objects alone existed; but immanent in the material universe was a spiritual force which acted through them, manifesting itself under many forms, as fire, aether, spirit, soul, reason, the ruling principle.The universe, then, is God, of whom the popular gods are manifestations; while legends and myths are allegorical. The soul of man is thus an emanation from the godhead, into whom it will eventually be re-absorbed. The divine ruling principle makes all things work together for good, but for the good of the whole. The highest good of man is consciously to work with God for the common good, and this is the sense in which the Stoic tried to live in accord with nature. In the individual it is virtue alone which enables him to do this; as Providence rules the universe, so virtue in the soul must rule man.In Logic, the Stoic system is noteworthy for their theory as to the test of truth, the Criterion. They compared the new-born soul to a sheet of paper ready for writing. Upon this the senses write their impressions, fantasias and by experience of a number of these the soul unconsciously conceives general notions koinai eunoiai or anticipations. prolhyeis When the impression was such as to be irresistible it was called (katalnptikh fantasia) one that holds fast, or as they explained it, one proceeding from truth. Ideas and inferences artificially produced by deduction or the like were tested by this 'holding perception.' Of the Ethical application I have already spoken. The highest good was the virtuous life. Virtue alone is happiness, and vice is unhappiness. Carrying this theory to its extreme, the Stoic said that there could be no gradations between virtue and vice, though of course each has its special manifestations. Moreover, nothing is good but virtue, and nothing but vice is bad. Those outside things which are commonly called good or bad, such as health and sickness, wealth and poverty, pleasure and pain, are to him indifferent adiofora. All these things are merely the sphere in which virtue may act. The ideal Wise Man is sufficient unto himself in all things, autarkhs and knowing these truths, he will be happy even when stretched upon the rack. It is probable that no Stoic claimed for himself that he was this Wise Man, but that each strove after it as an ideal much as the Christian strives after a likeness to Christ. The exaggeration in this statement was, however, so obvious, that the later Stoics were driven to make a further subdivision of things indifferent into what is preferable (prohgmena) and what is undesirable. They also held that for him who had not attained to the perfect wisdom, certain actions were proper. (kaqhkonta) These were neither virtuous nor vicious, but, like the indifferent things, held a middle place. Two points in the Stoic system deserve special mention. One is a careful distinction between things which are in our power and things which are not. Desire and dislike, opinion and affection, are within the power of the will; whereas health, wealth, honour, and other such are generally not so. The Stoic was called upon to control his desires and affections, and to guide his opinion; to bring his whole being under the sway of the will or leading principle, just as the universe is guided and governed by divine Providence. This is a special application of the favourite Greek virtue of moderation, (swfrosuum) and has also its parallel in Christian ethics. The second point is a strong insistence on the unity of the universe, and on man's duty as part of a great whole. Public spirit was the most splendid political virtue of theancient world, and it is here made cosmopolitan. It is again instructive to note that Christian sages insisted on the same thing. Christians are taught that they are members of a worldwide brotherhood, where is neither Greek nor Hebrew, bond nor free and that they live their lives as fellow-workers with God.Such is the system which underlies the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. Some knowledge of it is necessary to the right understanding of the book, but for us the chief interest lies elsewhere. We do not come to Marcus Aurelius for a treatise on Stoicism. He is no head of a school to lay down a body of doctrine for students; he does not even contemplate that others should read what he writes. His philosophy is not an eager intellectual inquiry, but more what we should call religious feeling. The uncompromising stiffness of Zeno or Chrysippus is softened and transformed by passing through a nature reverent and tolerant, gentle and free from guile; the grim resignation which made life possible to the Stoic sage becomes in him almost a mood of aspiration. His book records the innermost thoughts of his heart, set down to ease it, with such moral maxims and reflections as may help him to bear the burden of duty and the countless annoyances of a busy life.It is instructive to compare the Meditations with another famous book, the Imitation of Christ. There is the same ideal of self-control in both. It should be a man's task, says the Imitation, 'to overcome himself, and every day to be stronger than himself.' 'In withstanding of the passions standeth very peace of heart.' 'Let us set the axe to the root, that we being purged of our passions may have a peaceable mind.' To this end there must be continual self-examination. 'If thou may not continually gather thyself together, namely sometimes do it, at least once a day, the morning or the evening. In the morning purpose, in the evening discuss the manner, what thou hast been this day, in word, work, and thought.' But while the Roman's temper is a modest self-reliance, the Christian aims at a more passive mood, humbleness and meekness, and reliance on the presence and personal friendship of God. The Roman scrutinises his faults with severity, but without the self-contempt which makes the Christian 'vile in his own sight.' The Christian, like the Roman, bids 'study to withdraw thine heart from the love of things visible'; but it is not the busy life of duty he has in mind so much as the contempt of all worldly things, and the 'cutting away of all lower delectations.' Both rate men's praise or blame at their real worthlessness; 'Let not thy peace,' says the Christian, 'be in the mouths of men.' But it is to God's censure the Christian appeals, the Roman to his own soul. The petty annoyances of injustice or unkindness are looked on by each with the same magnanimity. 'Why doth a little thing said or done against thee make thee sorry? It is no new thing; it is not the first, nor shall it be the last, if thou live long. At best suffer patiently, if thou canst not suffer joyously.' The Christian should sorrow more for other men's malice than for our own wrongs; but the Roman is inclined to wash his hands of the offender. 'Study to be patient in suffering and bearing other men's defaults and all manner infirmities,' says the Christian; but the Roman would never have thought to add, 'If all men were perfect, what had we then to suffer of other men for God?' The virtue of suffering in itself is an idea which does not meet us in the Meditations. Both alike realise that man is one of a great community. 'No man is sufficient to himself,' says the Christian; 'we must bear together, help together, comfort together.' But while he sees a chief importance in zeal, in exalted emotion that is, and avoidance of lukewarmness, the Roman thought mainly of the duty to be done as well as might be, and less of the feeling which should go with the doing of it. To the saint as to the emperor, the world is a poor thing at best. 'Verily it is a misery to live upon the earth,' says theChristian; few and evil are the days of man's life, which passeth away suddenly as a shadow.But there is one great difference between the two books we are considering. The Imitation is addressed to others, the Meditations by the writer to himself. We learn nothing from the Imitation of the author's own life, except in so far as he may be assumed to have practised his own preachings; the Meditations reflect mood by mood the mind of him who wrote them. In their intimacy and frankness lies their great charm. These notes are not sermons; they are not even confessions. There is always an air of self-consciousness in confessions; in such revelations there is always a danger of unctuousness or of vulgarity for the best of men. St. Augus-tine is not always clear of offence, and John Bunyan himself exaggerates venial peccadilloes into heinous sins. But Marcus Aurelius is neither vulgar nor unctuous; he extenuates nothing, but nothing sets down in malice. He never poses before an audience; he may not be profound, he is always sincere. And it is a lofty and serene soul which is here disclosed before us. Vulgar vices seem to have no temptation for him; this is not one tied and bound with chains which he strives to break. The faults he detects in himself are often such as most men would have no eyes to see. To serve the divine spirit which is implanted within him, a man must 'keep himself pure from all violent passion and evil affection, from all rashness and vanity, and from all manner of discontent, either in regard of the gods or men': or, as he says elsewhere, 'unspotted by pleasure, undaunted by pain.' Unwavering courtesy and consideration are his aims. 'Whatsoever any man either doth or saith, thou must be good;' 'doth any man offend? It is against himself that he doth offend: why should it trouble thee?' The offender needs pity, not wrath; those who must needs be corrected, should be treated with tact and gentleness; and one must be always ready to learn better. 'The best kind of revenge is, not to become like unto them.' There are so many hints of offence forgiven, that we may believe the notes followed sharp on the facts. Perhaps he has fallen short of his aim, and thus seeks to call his principles to mind, and to strengthen himself for the future. That these sayings are not mere talk is plain from the story of Avidius Cassius, who would have usurped his imperial throne. Thus the emperor faithfully carries out his own principle, that evil must be overcome with good. For each fault in others, Nature (says he) has given us a counteracting virtue; 'as, for example, against the unthankful, it hath given goodness and meekness, as an antidote.'One so gentle towards a foe was sure to be a good friend; and indeed his pages are full of generous gratitude to those who had served him. In his First Book he sets down to account all the debts due to his kinsfolk and teachers. To his grandfather he owed his own gentle spirit, to his father shamefastness and courage; he learnt of his mother to be religious and bountiful and single-minded. Rusticus did not work in vain, if he showed his pupil that his life needed amending. Apollonius taught him simplicity, reasonableness, gratitude, a love of true liberty. So the list runs on; every one he had dealings with seems to have given him something good, a sure proof of the goodness of his nature, which thought no evil.If his was that honest and true heart which is the Christian ideal, this is the more wonderful in that he lacked the faith which makes Christians strong. He could say, it is true, 'either there is a God, and then all is well; or if all things go by chance and fortune, yet mayest thou use thine own providence in those things that concern thee properly; and then art thou well.' Or again, 'We must needs grant that there is a nature that doth govern the universe.' But his own part in the scheme of things is so small, that he does not hope for any personal happiness beyond what a serene soul may win in this mortal life. 'O my soul, the time I trust will be, when thou shalt begood, simple, more open and visible, than that body by which it is enclosed;' but this is said of the calm contentment with human lot which he hopes to attain, not of a time when the trammels of the body shall be cast off. For the rest, the world and its fame and wealth, 'all is vanity.' The gods may perhaps have a particular care for him, but their especial care is for the universe at large: thus much should suffice. His gods are better than the Stoic gods, who sit aloof from all human things, untroubled and uncaring, but his personal hope is hardly stronger. On this point he says little, though there are many allusions to death as the natural end; doubtless he expected his soul one day to be absorbed into the universal soul, since nothing comes out of nothing, and nothing can be annihilated. His mood is one of strenuous weariness; he does his duty as a good soldier, waiting for the sound of the trumpet which shall sound the retreat; he has not that cheerful confidence which led Socrates through a life no less noble, to a death which was to bring him into the company of gods he had worshipped and men whom he had revered.But although Marcus Aurelius may have held intellectually that his soul was destined to be absorbed, and to lose consciousness of itself, there were times when he felt, as all who hold it must sometimes feel, how unsatisfying is such a creed. Then he gropes blindly after something less empty and vain. 'Thou hast taken ship,' he says, 'thou hast sailed, thou art come to land, go out, if to another life, there also shalt thou find gods, who are everywhere.' There is more in this than the assumption of a rival theory for argument's sake. If worldly things 'be but as a dream, the thought is not far off that there may be an awakening to what is real. When he speaks of death as a necessary change, and points out that nothing useful and profitable can be brought about without change, did he perhaps think of the change in a corn of wheat, which is not quickened except it die? Nature's marvellous power of recreating out of Corruption is surely not confined to bodily things. Many of his thoughts sound like far-off echoes of St. Paul; and it is strange indeed that this most Christian of emperors has nothing good to say of the Christians. To him they are only sectaries 'violently and passionately set upon opposition.Profound as philosophy these Meditations certainly are not; but Marcus Aurelius was too sincere not to see the essence of such things as came within his experience. Ancient religions were for the most part concerned with outward things. Do the necessary rites, and you propitiate the gods; and these rites were often trivial, sometimes violated right feeling or even morality. Even when the gods stood on the side of righteousness, they were concerned with the act more than with the intent. But Marcus Aurelius knows that what the heart is full of, the man will do. 'Such as thy thoughts and ordinary cogitations are,' he says, 'such will thy mind be in time.' And every page of the book shows us that he knew thought was sure to issue in act. He drills his soul, as it were, in right principles, that when the time comes, it may be guided by them. To wait until the emergency is to be too late. He sees also the true essence of happiness. 'If happiness did consist in pleasure, how came notorious robbers, impure abominable livers, parricides, and tyrants, in so large a measure to have their part of pleasures?' He who had all the world's pleasures at command can write thus 'A happy lot and portion is, good inclinations of the soul, good desires, good actions.'By the irony of fate this man, so gentle and good, so desirous of quiet joys and a mind free from care, was set at the head of the Roman Empire when great dangers threatened from east and west. For several years he himself commanded his armies in chief. In camp before the Quadi he dates the first book of his Meditations, and shows how he could retire within himself amid the coarse clangour of arms. The pomps and glories which he despised were all his; what to most。
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医学英语如下: intravenous digital subtraction angiography 静脉注射数字减影⾎管道镜术 intravenous injection 静脉内注射 intravenous stylet 静脉内管⼼针 intravenous urography 静脉尿路造影术 intraventricular ⼼室内的 intraventricular pressure ⼼室内压⼒ intravital staining 活体染⾊法 intravital cryopencll 玻璃体内冷冻冰(眼⽤) intro- ⼈⼝,在内 ihtroduce ①引进,引导②前⾔,绪论 introducer ①插管器,导引器②喉管插⼊器 introducing tampon forceps 导塞钳 introduction 说明书,前⾔,绪论 intromission 插⼊,输⼊ introscope 内腔检视仪,内孔窥视仪 intubate 插管,插⼊喉管 intubation 插管(法) intubation canula 插管套管 intubation forceps 插管钳 intubation tube 插管 intubator 插管器,喉管插⼊器 intussusception 套叠,肠套叠 intussusceptional reductor 肠套叠复位器 intussusceptional replacing unit 肠套叠复位器 in vacuo 在真空中 invagination 凹⼊,折⼊,套叠 invaginator ①套⼊器②疝复位器 invalid chair 残废⼈椅 invalid wheel chair 残废⼈轮椅 invasive 侵害的,侵⼊的 invention 发明,创造 inventor 发明者,创造者 inventory ①清单,存货单②设备,机器 inversion 转换,逆转 inverted biological microscope 倒置⽣物显微镜 inverted cone 倒锥形 inverted cone bur 倒锥形钻 inverted image 倒像 inverted microscope 倒置显微镜 inverted research microscope 倒置研究显微镜 inverted siphon 倒置虹吸管 inverted specimen jar 倒置标本瓶 inverter 倒相器,交换器,换流器 inverting amplifier 倒相放⼤器 inverting eyepiece 倒像⽬镜 invest 包埋,围模,附于 investigation ①调查,研究②调查报告 investment 包埋法 invisible light filter 不可见光滤光镜 invisible spectrum 不可见光谱 in vitro 在试管内,在活体外 in vivo 在活体内,在⽣物体内 invoice (abbr.inv.) 发票,发货单 involuntary 不随意的,偶然的 involve 包含,包括 inward 内,向内的 inwinter 强冷点 Io(ionium) iodide 碘化物 iodimetry 碘定量法 iodine(abbr. I) 碘 iodine catgut 碘肠线 iodine consumption 耗碘量 iodine flask 碘量瓶 iodine number 碘值 iodine number flask 碘量瓶 iodine swab 碘酊拭⼦ iodo- 碘 iodochromic catgut 碘铬肠线 iodoform 碘仿,三碘甲烷 iodometer 碘量计 iodo-saccharometer 碘糖量计 iodoventriculography 碘剂脑室造影术 ion 离⼦ ion analyser 离⼦分析仪 ion exchange 离⼦交换 ion exchange chromatography 离⼦交换⾊谱法 ion exchange columns 离⼦交换柱 ion exchanger ①离⼦交换器②离⼦交换器 ion exchange resin 离⼦交换树脂 ion exchange resin demineralizer 离⼦交换树脂纯⽔器 ion exchange water purifying apparatus 离⼦交换纯⽔器 ionic activity 离⼦活度 ionic model 离⼦模型 ionic rays 离⼦射线 ionic strength 离⼦强度 ionic weight 离⼦量 ionization 电离,游离,离⼦化 ionization chamber 电离室,电离箱 ionization constant 电离常数 ionization meter 电离测量仪 ionization vacuum gauge 电离真空压⼒计 ioniza calcium andlyzer 钙离⼦分析仪 ionizer 电离器,电离剂 ion laser 离⼦激光器 ion meter 离⼦计 ionocolorimeter 氢离⼦⽐⾊计 ionogram 电离图 ionolyser 电离⼦分析器 ionometer ①X 射线量计②离⼦计 ionophoresis 离⼦电泳作⽤ ionoscope (氧化亚氮)酸碱杂质测定器 ionosphere 电离层 ionotherapy 电离⼦渗⼊疗法 ionotron 静电消除器 ion selective electrode 离⼦选择电极 ion source 离⼦源 iontophoresis 电离⼦透⼊疗法 iontoquantimeter ①X 射线量计②离⼦计 iontoradiometer X 射线量计 IP (iso-electric point) 等电点 IPG (impedance plethysmography) 阻抗机积描记法 IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) 抑制性实触后电位 Ir (iridium) 铱 ir- "不,⽆,⾮"(同in-,但冠于r 字头的词前) iraser 红外激射器,红外激光 irid-;irido- 虹膜 iridal 虹膜的 iridectome 虹膜⼑ iridectomy hook 虹膜钩 iridectomy knife 虹膜切除⼑ iridectomy scissors 虹膜切开剪 iridium(abbr. Ir) 铱 iridoscope 虹膜镜 iridotome 虹膜⼑ iris ①虹膜②隔膜,膜⽚③可变光阑 iris aperture 可变光圈,可变光阑 iriscorder 红外线电⼦瞳孔仪 iris diaphragm 虹膜式光阑 iris forceps 虹膜镊 iris hook 虹膜钩 iris knife 虹膜⼑ iris needle 虹膜针 iris replacer 虹膜复位器 iris scissors 虹膜剪 iris spatula and hook 虹膜铲和针 iron 铁 iron lung 铁肺(德林⽒⼈⼯呼吸器) iron mortar 铁研钵 iron triangle 铁三⾓架 irradiation 照光,辐射 irradiator 辐照器,辐射器 irregular 不规则的,⽆规律的 irregular lighting 不规则照明 irreversibility 不可逆性 irrhythmia ⼼律失常,⼼律不齐 irrigating canula 冲洗套管 irrigating cystoscope 冲洗膀胱镜 irrigating dilator ①灌注扩张器②尿道冲洗扩张器 irrigating spoon 灌洗匙 irrigating syringe 灌肠器 irrigating tube 灌洗管 irrigation 冲洗法 irrigation catheter 冲洗导管 irrigator 冲洗器 irrigator bottle 灌洗瓶 irrigoradioscopy 灌肠X 射线透视检查 irrigoscopy 灌肠X 射线透视检查 irritability 应激性,兴奋性 irritation 刺激,兴奋 IR spectrophotometer 红外线分光光度计 IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) 吸⽓储备容量 ISE (ion selective electrode) 离⼦选择电极 iseikonia lens 影像平衡透镜 island 岛,岛状物 iso- 同,等,均匀 isobar 等压线 isobaric contraction 等压性收缩 isochore 等容线(在等体积下温度⽓压关系曲线) isochrone 等时线,瞬压曲线 isochronism 等时性 isodose chart 等量表 isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦 isoelectric level 等电位(⼼电图基线) isoelectric line 等电线 isoelectric point(abbr.IP) 等电点 isoionic point 等电点 isolation 绝缘,隔离 isolation clothes 隔离⾐ isolation room 隔离室 isolator 绝缘体,隔离器,隔离物 isomer (同分)异构体 isopanchromatic 正全⾊性的 isoplanatic lens 等晕透镜 isopotential 等电势的,等电的 isopotential line 等势线 isoscope 眼动测位镜,并⾏视线计 isosmotic solution 等渗溶液 isotachoelectrophoresis apparatus 等速电泳仪 isotachophoresis 等速电泳 isothermal line 等温线 isotonic 等张的,等渗的 isotonic contraction 等张收缩 isotonicity 等渗性 isotonic solution 等渗溶液 isotonic transducer 等张收缩传感器 isotope 同位素 isotope analyzer 同位素分析器 isotope colour scanner 同位素彩⾊扫描仪 isotope function tester 同位素功能测定仪 isotope scanner 同位素扫描仪 isotope scintillation camera 同位素闪烁照像机 isotope therapeutic apparatus 同位素治疗机 isotope tracer 同位素⽰踪物 isotopic tracer 同位素指⽰剂,⽰踪原⼦ isotron 同位素分析器 ISP(infrared spectrophotometer) 红外分光光度计 item ①条,款,项⽬②产品,零件 item number 品⽬号,项⽬号 I.U.(international unit) 国际单位 IUCD (intrauterine contraceptive device) ⼦宫内避孕器,节育环 I.V. (intravenous) 静脉内的 IV angiograpnic injector ⼼电管造影注射器 Ivory separator ⽛本质分离器 IV pole 静脉输液架 IVU (intravenous urography) 静脉尿路造影术 J(Joule's equivalent) 焦⽿⽒当量(热功单位) jack ①插孔、插座②千⽄顶,起重器 jacket ①背⼼②套,盖,罩 jacketed autoclave 蒸汽夹层压热器,蒸汽夹层⾼压釜 jack panel 插孔板 jack screw 螺旋正⽛器 jack switch 插接开关,插孔开关 jamming ⼲扰台,⼲扰,抑制 jamproof 抗⼲扰的 japan 涂漆,漆器 jar 缸,罐,瓶 jaundice 黄疸 jaw ①颌⾻,颚,②叉头,夹⽚ jaw crusher 颚式压碎机 jaw force meter 咬合⼒计,颌⼒计 jaw prop ⽀颌器 jelly 冻胶,胶状物 jerk 反射,反跳 jet ①喷射②喷嘴,喷射器 jetcorder 墨⽔喷射记录器(商品名) jetmizer ⿐⽤喷雾器 job ①职业,⼯作②零件。
医药英语教程第二单元课文翻译
Cardiac surgery:a brief history心脏外科简史Possibly some of the greatest achievements in medical science have been those made in cardiac surgery.The first successful example was carried out in 1896 by Dr Ludwig Rehn(Germany),who repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle,Open-heart surgery itself dates form the 1950s,while bypass operations began in the mid-60s. By the 1980s,two-thirds of those receiving heart transplants survived five years or more.Today,heart surgery is robotized:incisions to the heart have been reduced to a minimum and patient recovery time is down from six months to a few weeks.也许医学上最伟大的成就是在心脏外科。
第一个成功的例子是Ludwig Rehn博士(德国)在1896年修补了右心室的刀伤,心脏手术本身始于上世纪50年代,而旁路手术开始于60年代中期。
上个世纪80年代,那些接受心脏移植的人三分之二存活五年以上。
今天,心脏手术已经机械化:切口心脏被减少到最低限度,病人恢复时间从六个月减少到几周。
One of the first pioneers in the field of cardiac surgery was Dr Dwight Harken,a US army medic serving during World WAR 2.Initially,he operated on animals to improve his skills,moving on to soldiers arriving from the European front with bullets lodged in their hearts.Dislodging them almost always proved fatal,but Harken developed a technique that enable him to cut into the wall of a still beating heart and successfully remove it.With time,more and more of his patients began to survive,proving it was indeed possible to operate on the human heart.其中一个在心脏外科领域的鼻祖是Dwight Harken博士,在2次世界大战期间的一个美国陆军军医。
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MEDIC: The Breakthrough Approach
M E D I C
easure ap
xplore valuate efine solutions escribe modified process
mplement mprove
ontrol onform
Pre - MEDIC
Define the process improvement opportunity and its business impact
Team Discussion
Are we satisfied with the existing improvement project framework ? Do we have process improvement projects which are suitable for the MEDIC approach? How should introduce MEDIC ?
Why MEDIC ?
Why not an existing framework ?
There is no current standard in Philips No other improvement framework (like 8D, K-T, QC story etc.) can be universally applied to all process breakthrough situations - including Cycle Time Reduction Many other companies (e.g. six sigma programmes) have found it necessary to introduce a company wide bespoke methodology MEDIC was designed to be BEST - and the most comprehensive. MEDIC is the standard used by Philips Black Belts
• through the application of a disciplined, tested step-wise approach
• through all managers and improvement team members using a common approach with common language (improvement teams, Black Belt projects, QIC teams ….) • through greater possibilities of internal sharing and benchmarking
cause 1 cause 2 cause 3 Causes cause 4 cause 5
Method
0
Secondary Metric and Trend:
Use separate sheet for process map
Contact E-mail ____________________ Contact Phone ___________________ Medic Fact report 3.0 Medic Fact report 3.0
Reduce cycle time in development by 50%
Reduce defects in production by 50% Reduce supply chain cycle time by 30% pa for next 3 years Accelerate the Production part Approval Process from 6 to 2 weeks
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
E
contr.
xplore valuate Root cause description
Metric:
Contribution to the Gap
90 80 70
60 50 40 30 20 10
Material
Man Problem Problem
The M-phase: Measure and Map
Phase Focus:
Understanding the process, the inputs and outputs and the baseline process performance
Key Deliverables:
The performance measure, with historical data gathered The target The secondary metric, to safeguard performance A benchmark A process map („as is‟) Facts - not opinions !
Introduction to MEDIC
The Route to Process Improvement
Introduction to MEDIC
ConteБайду номын сангаасt
What is MEDIC How does it fit with other improvement structures Description of MEDIC phases
Communication to those impacted
Training the people involved Measurement of performance change Revised procedures
The C-phase: Control and Conform
The I-phase: Implement and Improve
Phase Focus:
To implement the designed improvement
Key Deliverables:
Agreed implementation plan: What,When,Who …..
• Derived from the Balanced Scorecard
• The responsibility of line management
Management defines individual projects Management provides the necessary resources Project leader organises the project
What about PDCA ?
MEDIC is the key tool for the “D” of PDCA It provides the discipline and structure to ensure that Process Improvements really DO happen It does not replace the need for and the management role in P,C or A
Project start: __________ Date updated:___________ Week # ___________
Primary Metric Performance, Trend and Data
Delta (actual avarage - target): Gap (actual avarage - benchmark):
With a clear business impact
Applicable to all business processes
Breakthrough projects, examples
Reduce Zero hour defect rate at OEM from 3600 PPM to less than 500
Project Reporting
M
Problem/Opportunity Description: Objective:
easure ap
Project name: ___________________ Project Id: ___________________ Completed by ___________________
Phase Focus:
To implement a comprehensive control plan and monitor long-term capabilities
Key Deliverables
Ensuring that changes are anchored
Standardisation using revised procedures The Plan for periodic conformance checks Issues for “continuous improvement” projects
Breakthrough projects, framework
Is there a recommended framework to guide the implementation of Breakthrough projects?
Yes !
Why use MEDIC ?
Acceleration of Process improvements / breakthroughs
Breakthrough projects, characteristics
Typical Breakthrough goals:
• Defect reduction > 50% • Cycle Time Reduction >30% • Productivity Improvement >15%