ch05The Political, Legal, and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing(全球营销,第四版)
THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
Micropolitical Risk
• A political risk that only affects a certain industry or set of firms in a given country
Macropolitical Risk
• A political risk that essentially affects all businesses in a given country
in 2013? In groups of 3-4 discuss the political risk map! Find examples for the following political/legal risks for foreign businesses:
Political officials and agencies have an extensive role in a collectivist society
10
The two extremes
Democracy= a political system that grants the
citizens: the power to alter the laws and structures of government the power to make all decisions (either by themselves or by their direct representatives) the power of elections and the rule of law to enforce their vote
•Source: Kekic, L. (2006) ‘A pause in democracy’s march’, The Economist: The World in 2007 data,
五分钟法哲学(英文版)Five Minutes of Legal Philosophy (1945)
First Minute
‘An order is an order’, the soldier is told. ‘A law is a law’, says the jurist.
The soldier, however, is required neither by duty nor by law to obey an order whose object he knows to be a felony or a misdemeanor, while the jurist—since the last of the natural lawyers died out a hundred years ago—recognizes no such exceptions to the validity of a law or to the requirement of obedience by those subject to it. A law is valid because it is a law, and it is a law if, in the general run of cases, it has the pos view of a law and of its validity (we call it the positivistic theory) has rendered jurists and the people alike defenceless against arbitrary, cruel, or criminal laws, however extreme they might be. In the end, the positivistic theory equates law with power; there is law only where there is power.
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Tax Shares or Tax Prices税收份 税收份 额或税收价格
Tax shares, sometimes called tax prices, are pre-announced levies (征收） 征收） 征收 assigned to citizens. 预先公布的分派到公民头上的一种征收。 预先公布的分派到公民头上的一种征收。 They are a portion of the unit cost of a good proposed to be provided by government.它们代表了政府提供的公共 它们代表了政府提供的公共 产品的成本。 产品的成本。 ti = tax share to individual i Σ ti = average cost of good
Rational Ignorance（理性无知） is the （理性无知） idea that, to many voters, the marginal cost of obtaining information concerning an issue is greater than the marginal benefit of gaining that information. This leads the voter to fail to gather the information and then not to vote. 由于获得信息的边际成本超过采取此行动 所带来的边际收益而导致投票人不收集信 息且不去投票的状况。 息且不去投票的状况。
16
Preferences
Single-peaked preferences 单峰偏好 a unique optimal outcome exists 假设只有唯一的最优结果存在 Multi-peaked preferences多峰偏好 多峰偏好 as people move away from their most preferred outcome, they become worse off until a certain point. After that point, as they move further away from their most-preferred outcome they become better off. 假设有两个优选结果 17
高级英语译文保守派和革新派Unit_5_conservatives_and_liberals
Unit 5 conservatives and liberals保守派和革新派这个国家存在着两个政党，保守党和革新党。
这两个政党长期存在，并且，自从这个世界存在财产后，两个政党就有了争端。
这种争端是人民历史发展的主题。
保守党建立了这个世界最古老的值得尊敬的等级制度和君主制。
两党之间的战争包括贵族和平民，宗主国和殖民地，旧秩序和新秩序，穷人和富人。
这些争端存在于所有国家的每个时刻。
战争的范围不仅是在战场，在国家议会和基督教议会，而且每时每刻都以反对性质的优势牵动着每个人的内心。
旧世界被推翻的同时建立起新世界。
今天新世界发展得很好，但是他仍然要不断的以新的的名字和时代性个性更新自我，。
当然，如此势不两立的敌对势力必须对人类的体制有相似深度的理解。
这就是过去和将来，记忆和希望，理解和原因的对立。
最基本的敌对势力存在于自然两级中的琐事中。
有一个古老预言的片段似乎一定程度上能用来解释现今的神话，它很值得关注，因为它与这个主题相关。
这个也许是保守党和激进党政见最早描述的代表，它传承下来给我们。
他曾经是那样。
它是离心力和向心力的对抗。
革新党是突起的力量，保守党是最后发展的停滞。
保守党坚持那是上帝创造的东西。
革新党增加到上帝留下了一些东西，他也将加入其他的东西。
保守党总是有一些无意义的争论，同时也存在一些优点。
因为坚持所以确定，她的手指紧握事实，它永不会睁开双眼看更好的事态，保守党保卫他建立的代表现今事态的城堡，无论好坏。
当然，保守党总是保有最坏的争议，他总是道歉，恳请必需品，恳请这个世界做恶化的改变；她用庞大的所有暴力和社会罪恶来武装自己，否定好的可能性，否定观点，否定和怀疑先知，与此同时，革新党总是对的，成功的，进攻性的并确定最终的成功。
保守党坚持人类无可否认的极限，保守党拥有环境，革新党拥有权利。
一个要建立社会结构中的灵活成员，另一个要延迟事物的发展。
保守主义是温文尔雅的，交际的；革新主义是独立的专横的。
tpo54三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
托福阅读tpo54全套解析阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (4)题目 (5)答案 (9)背景知识 (10)阅读-2 (10)原文 (10)译文 (12)题目 (13)答案 (18)背景知识 (20)阅读-3 (25)原文 (26)译文 (27)题目 (28)答案 (33)背景知识 (35)阅读-1原文The Commercialization of Lumber①In nineteenth-century America, practically everything that was built involved wood.Pine was especially attractive for building purposes.It is durable and strong, yet soft enough to be easily worked with even the simplest of hand tools.It also floats nicely on water, which allowed it to be transported to distant markets across the nation.The central and northern reaches of the Great Lakes states—Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota—all contained extensive pine forests as well as many large rivers for floating logs into the Great Lakes, from where they were transported nationwide.②By 1860, the settlement of the American West along with timber shortages in the East converged with ever-widening impact on the pine forests of the Great Lakes states. Over the next 30 years, lumbering became a full-fledged enterprise in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Newly formed lumbering corporations bought up huge tracts of pineland and set about systematically cutting the trees. Both the colonists and the later industrialists saw timber as a commodity, but the latter group adopted a far more thorough and calculating approach to removing trees. In this sense, what happened between 1860 and 1890 represented a significant break with the past. No longer were farmers in search of extra income the main source for shingles, firewood, and other wood products. By the 1870s, farmers and city dwellers alike purchased forest products from large manufacturingcompanies located in the Great Lakes states rather than chopping wood themselves or buying it locally.③The commercialization of lumbering was in part the product of technological change. The early, thick saw blades tended to waste a large quantity of wood, with perhaps as much as a third of the log left behind on the floor as sawdust or scrap. In the 1870s, however, the British-invented band saw, with its thinner blade, became standard issue in the Great Lakes states' lumber factories.Meanwhile, the rise of steam-powered mills streamlined production by allowing for the more efficient, centralized, and continuous cutting of lumber. Steam helped to automate a variety of tasks, from cutting to the carrying away of waste. Mills also employed steam to heat log ponds, preventing them from freezing and making possible year-round lumber production.④For industrial lumbering to succeed, a way had to be found to neutralize the effects of the seasons on production. Traditionally, cutting took place in the winter, when snow and ice made it easier to drag logs on sleds or sleighs to the banks of streams. Once the streams and lakes thawed, workers rafted the logs to mills, where they were cut into lumber in the summer. If nature did not cooperate—if the winter proved dry and warm, if the spring thaw was delayed—production would suffer. To counter the effects of climate on lumber production, loggers experimented with a variety of techniques for transporting trees out of the woods. In the 1870s, loggers in the Great Lakes states began sprinkling water on sleigh roads, giving them an artificial ice coating to facilitate travel. The ice reduced the friction and allowed workers to move larger and heavier loads.⑤But all the sprinkling in the world would not save a logger from the threat of a warm winter. Without snow the sleigh roads turned to mud. In the 1870s, a set of snowless winters left lumber companies to ponder ways of liberating themselves from the seasons. Railroads were one possibility.At first, the remoteness of the pine forests discouraged common carriers from laying track.But increasing lumber prices in the late 1870s combined with periodic warm, dry winters compelled loggers to turn to iron rails. By 1887, 89 logging railroads crisscrossed Michigan, transforming logging from a winter activity into a year-round one.⑥Once the logs arrived at a river, the trip downstream to a mill could be a long and tortuous one.Logjams (buildups of logs that prevent logs from moving downstream) were common—at times stretching for 10 miles—and became even more frequent as pressure on the northern Midwest pinelands increased in the 1860s. To help keep the logs moving efficiently, barriers called booms (essentially a chain of floating logs) were constructed to control the direction of the timber. By the 1870s, lumber companies existed in all the major logging areas of the northern Midwest.译文木材的商业化①在19世纪的美国，几乎所有建筑材料都含有木材。
人大法硕英文作文
人大法硕英文作文Here is an English essay on the topic "Law Graduate Entrance Examination":Pursuing a graduate degree in law is a challenging yet rewarding path that many aspiring legal professionals choose to embark on. The law graduate entrance examination is a critical gateway that separates those who possess the necessary knowledge, skills, and dedication from those who aspire to join the esteemed ranks of the legal field. As an applicant for this examination, one must approach the preparation and execution with a comprehensive understanding of the expectations and requirements.The law graduate entrance examination is designed to assess an individual's aptitude for advanced legal studies. It delves into a broad spectrum of legal subjects, testing the applicant's grasp of fundamental legal principles, analytical reasoning, and problem-solving abilities. The curriculum covered in this examination often encompasses core areas such as constitutional law, civil law, criminal law, and legal research and writing. Mastering these subject domains requires a meticulous approach to learning, with a keen focus on understanding the underlying concepts and their practicalapplications.Effective preparation for the law graduate entrance examination demands a multi-faceted strategy. Firstly, it is essential to develop a comprehensive understanding of the examination format, including the types of questions, the scoring system, and the time constraints. This knowledge will enable the applicant to strategize their approach and allocate their time efficiently during the examination. Secondly, the applicant must engage in extensive legal research and study, leveraging a diverse range of resources such as textbooks, case law, and scholarly articles. This in-depth exploration will not only deepen their legal knowledge but also hone their critical thinking and analytical skills.In addition to mastering the subject matter, the applicant must also focus on developing their written communication skills. The law graduate entrance examination often includes a written component, where applicants are required to demonstrate their ability to articulate legal arguments, analyze case scenarios, and present their findings in a clear and concise manner. Practicing legal writing, constructing logical arguments, and refining one's rhetorical skills are essential for achieving success in this aspect of the examination.Furthermore, the applicant must cultivate a strong work ethic and a resilient mindset. Preparing for the law graduate entranceexamination is a demanding endeavor that requires sustained effort, discipline, and the ability to overcome setbacks. Developing effective time management strategies, maintaining a balanced lifestyle, and seeking guidance from mentors or experienced individuals can all contribute to the applicant's success in navigating this challenging process.Beyond the examination itself, the successful completion of the law graduate entrance examination opens the door to a world of opportunities. Admission to a prestigious law graduate program can pave the way for a fulfilling and rewarding career in the legal field. From litigation to corporate law, from public policy to international law, the possibilities are vast and varied, allowing the graduate to explore their interests and passions within the legal profession.In conclusion, the law graduate entrance examination is a critical milestone for those aspiring to pursue advanced legal studies. It demands a comprehensive understanding of legal principles, exceptional analytical and communication skills, and a steadfast commitment to excellence. By approaching this examination with a well-rounded strategy and a unwavering determination, applicants can position themselves for success and unlock the doors to a dynamic and fulfilling career in the legal realm.。
ch05_The Self
5 - 13
Discussion Question
Some consumers feel that a sports team is part of the extended self. At they celebrate fanaticism toward the Tennessee Titans football team. How does affiliation with a sports team affect self perceptions? What other affiliations are part of the extended self?
5-4
Self-Esteem
Self-esteem:
– Refers to the positivity of a person’s self-concept.
Social Comparison:
– A process by which consumers evaluate themselves by comparing themselves with others (particularly comparisons with idealized images of people in advertising)
– – – – Content Positivity Intensity Accuracy
Consumer perceptions of self can be quite distorted, particularly with regard to their physical appearance.
Androgyny:
– Refers to the possession of both masculine and feminine traits – Sex-typed people: Stereotypically masculine or feminine – Androgynous people: Mixed gender characteristics
政治与行政古德诺英文全文
政治与行政古德诺英文全文Good governance is an essential component of a functioning political and administrative system. It involves the efficient and effective management and decision-making processes that contribute to the development and well-being of a country and its citizens.In order to achieve good governance, several key principles must be followed. Firstly, transparency is crucial. This means that information, decisions, and actions of the government and public administration should be accessible and readily available to the public. Transparency not only promotes accountability but also fosters trust and confidence in the government.Accountability is another important principle of good governance. Public officials and institutions should be responsible and answerable for their actions and decisions. They should act in the best interest of the public and be held accountable for any misconduct or violation of laws or regulations.Participation and inclusiveness are also critical in ensuring good governance. Citizens should have the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes and have their voices heard. It is important to involve all segments of society, including marginalized groups, in the political and administrative system. This helps to ensure that policies and decisions are more representative and responsive to the needs and concerns of the population.Efficiency and effectiveness are essential aspects of goodgovernance. Public resources should be used efficiently and effectively to achieve the desired outcomes. This includes ensuring the delivery of public services in a timely and cost-effective manner and minimizing waste, corruption, and inefficiency.In addition, the rule of law is a fundamental principle of good governance. The government and public administration must uphold and enforce laws and regulations in a fair and impartial manner. This ensures equal treatment and protection of rights for all citizens, regardless of their social status or political affiliations.Lastly, good governance requires integrity and ethics. Public officials and institutions must act with integrity, honesty, and transparency. They should have a strong ethical framework and adhere to ethical standards in their decision-making and actions.In conclusion, good governance is essential for the functioning of a political and administrative system. It requires transparency, accountability, participation, efficiency, effectiveness, the rule of law, and integrity. By following these principles, governments can promote development, well-being, and trust in their society.。
黑格尔法哲学批判英文版
黑格尔法哲学批判英文版Hegel's critique of philosophical law (or philosophy of law) can be found in his major work, "Elements of the Philosophy of Right" (1821). In this book, Hegel critically examines the modern legal and political systems and offers his own philosophical analysis and critique.Hegel argues that the traditional understanding of law as a set of abstract and universal principles is insufficient. He believes that the law should be grounded in the concrete realities of society and historical development. According to him, the law is an expression of the collective spirit or Geist of a particular community or society.One of Hegel's main criticisms is directed towards formal legalism. He argues that focusing solely on the formal aspects of the law, such as abstract principles andindividual rights, neglects the social and historical contextin which the law operates. He believes that the law should embody the ethical values and norms of a particular society, rather than being detached from its social and historical realities.Hegel also critiques the idea of abstract natural rights, which he sees as overly individualistic. He argues thatrights are not inherent or natural, but rather emerge through social relations and obligations. According to him, rights should be understood in the context of the community and its shared ethical framework.Furthermore, Hegel critiques the modern legal system for its separation of the legislative, executive, and judicial powers. He argues that this separation leads to an alienation of power and undermines the unity and rationality of thelegal system. Hegel proposes that a more integrated and organic legal system is necessary for the realization of true justice.Overall, Hegel's critique of philosophical law in "Elements of the Philosophy of Right" centers around the need to ground the law in the concrete realities of society,rather than abstract principles or natural rights. He emphasizes the importance of the social and historical context in which the law operates and argues for a more integrated and ethical legal system.。
吉林省法学学位英语作文
吉林省法学学位英语作文**英文版**In today's society, the rule of law has become increasingly important. However, the establishment of a true rule of law society requires not only the efforts of government officials but also the participation of every citizen. In this context, the role of citizens in promoting the rule of law cannot be overstated. Firstly, citizens must be educated and trained in legal concepts and principles. This will enable them to understand and appreciate the importance of the law, as well as respect and uphold it when required. Moreover, by actively seeking information about laws and legal proceedings, citizens can contribute to the transparency and accountability of the legal system.Secondly, citizens should actively participate in legal activities, such as jury duty and volunteering in legal organizations. These activities provide an opportunity for citizens to gain practical experience of the law and develop a deeper understanding of its role in society. Furthermore, they can serve as a reminder to others of the importance of following the law.Thirdly, citizens should speak out when they see or experience unfair treatment by the law. This can help to promote a culture of accountability and encourage others to do the same. Moreover, it can contribute to the development of a more just legal system that is responsive to the needs of all citizens.最后，公民应积极参与到法律宣传活动中，通过各种方式向他人普及法律知识，提高公众的法律意识。
国际法有关的法律英语作文
国际法有关的法律英语作文English has become an indispensable language in the realm of international law, serving as a common ground for communication among legal professionals from diverselinguistic backgrounds. This essay will explore the significance of English in international legal discourse, its role in the drafting of international treaties, and the challenges it presents in ensuring the accurate transmission of legal concepts across different jurisdictions.Firstly, the prevalence of English in international law is largely due to its status as a global lingua franca. The language's widespread use facilitates the negotiation and interpretation of legal documents, enabling a more efficient and effective exchange of ideas among legal experts from around the world. This is particularly important in international courts and tribunals, where judges and lawyers must often collaborate across linguistic barriers.Secondly, English is the primary language in which many international treaties and agreements are drafted. This includes key documents such as the United Nations Charter, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and various trade agreements. The use of English in these instances ensures a certain level of uniformity and predictability in the interpretation of legal texts, which is crucial for maintaining international order and cooperation.However, the dominance of English in international law also presents challenges. One such challenge is the potential for misinterpretation due to cultural and linguistic differences. Legal concepts that are clear in one language may not have direct equivalents in another, leading to ambiguity and confusion. This is why the work of translators and interpreters is so vital in bridging these gaps and ensuring that the nuances of the law are preserved.Moreover, the reliance on English can sometimes marginalize non-English speaking countries and communities, potentially leading to a lack of diversity in legal perspectives. To address this, international legal institutions often provide translations of key documents into other major languages, and some have even implemented policies to encourage multilingualism among their staff.In conclusion, English plays a critical role in the field of international law, acting as a bridge for communication and a tool for drafting and interpreting legal texts. While it brings about efficiency and a degree of uniformity, it also poses challenges that must be carefully managed to ensure fairness and inclusivity in the international legal system. As the world becomes more interconnected, the importance of English in international law is likely to continue, necessitating ongoing efforts to refine its use and address its limitations.。
法学研究生英语作文范文
法学研究生英语作文范文As a graduate student majoring in law, I am constantly exposed to various legal theories and case studies. It's a challenging but rewarding journey, and I find myself constantly intrigued by the complexities of the legal system.Studying law has allowed me to develop criticalthinking and analytical skills. I have learned to dissect and analyze legal texts, statutes, and case law, which has sharpened my ability to think logically and critically.One of the most fascinating aspects of studying law is the opportunity to explore the intersection of law and society. It's interesting to see how the law shapes and is shaped by social, political, and economic forces.Legal research and writing are essential skills that I have honed during my time as a law student. The ability to conduct thorough research and articulate legal arguments iscrucial in the practice of law.I am also drawn to the ethical and moral dimensions of the law. The study of legal ethics and professional responsibility has challenged me to consider the broader implications of legal decisions and actions.The legal profession is constantly evolving, and as a law student, I am excited to be part of this dynamic field.I look forward to contributing to the legal community and making a positive impact through my work.。
了解宪法知识英文作文高中
了解宪法知识英文作文高中英文回答：What is the Constitution?The Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. It establishes the framework and principles for the country's government and protects the rights of its citizens.What are the key features of the Constitution?Federalism: The Constitution divides power between the national government and the states.Separation of powers: The Constitution separates the government into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.Checks and balances: Each branch of government has theability to check and balance the powers of the other branches, preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful.Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights, protectindividual freedoms such as freedom of speech, religion,and the press.How is the Constitution interpreted?The Constitution is interpreted by the Supreme Court, which has the power to overturn laws that it finds unconstitutional. Over time, the Court's interpretation of the Constitution has evolved to reflect changing social and political conditions.Why is the Constitution important?The Constitution is essential for protecting the rights of individuals and ensuring the stability of the government. It provides a framework for resolving conflicts, limits thepower of government, and guarantees basic freedoms.中文回答：什么是宪法？宪法是美国最高法律。
法律的英语中考作文
法律的英语中考作文Title: The Importance of Respecting and Upholding the Rule of Law。
Introduction:The rule of law is the cornerstone of any democratic society. It ensures that all individuals are treated fairly and equally, and that justice is upheld. In this essay, we will explore the significance of respecting and upholding the rule of law, and how it contributes to a just and harmonious society.Body:1. Protection of Individual Rights:The rule of law guarantees the protection of individual rights and freedoms. It ensures that no one is above the law, including government officials and institutions. Byadhering to the rule of law, citizens can expect fair treatment, due process, and the ability to seek justice when their rights are violated. This creates a sense of security and confidence in the legal system, fostering a peaceful and harmonious society.2. Maintenance of Order and Stability:Respecting and upholding the rule of law is crucial for maintaining order and stability within society. Laws provide a framework for resolving conflicts and disputes in a peaceful manner. They establish clear guidelines for acceptable behavior and consequences for violations. When individuals know that their actions are subject to legal scrutiny, they are more likely to act responsibly and refrain from engaging in unlawful activities. This promotes a sense of order and stability, creating an environment conducive to social and economic development.3. Promotion of Equality and Justice:The rule of law ensures that everyone is equal beforethe law, regardless of their social status, wealth, or influence. It prohibits discrimination and ensures that all individuals are treated fairly and impartially. This promotes a just society where everyone has an equal opportunity to access justice and have their grievances heard. By upholding the rule of law, society can combat corruption, favoritism, and other forms of injustice, fostering trust and confidence in the legal system.4. Safeguarding Democracy:Respecting and upholding the rule of law is essential for safeguarding democracy. It ensures that the power is not concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or institutions, but rather distributed among different branches of government. The rule of law sets limits on the exercise of power, preventing abuses and ensuring accountability. It guarantees that laws are enacted through a democratic process, allowing citizens to participate in decision-making and hold their elected representatives accountable. By upholding the rule of law, society can protect democratic values and prevent the erosion ofindividual freedoms.Conclusion:Respecting and upholding the rule of law is paramount for the functioning of a just and harmonious society. It protects individual rights, maintains order and stability, promotes equality and justice, and safeguards democracy. By adhering to the rule of law, citizens can contribute to the development of a society where justice prevails, rights are protected, and everyone is treated fairly and equally. Itis the responsibility of every individual to respect and uphold the rule of law, ensuring a brighter future for generations to come.。
选择法律作为研究生专业的英语作文
选择法律作为研究生专业的英语作文Choosing Law as a Postgraduate MajorThe decision to pursue a postgraduate degree in law is one that opens up a multitude of opportunities, both professionally and intellectually. This essay aims to delve into the reasons why individuals choose law as their field of study at the graduate level.Firstly, the allure of justice and the desire to make a positive impact on society are common driving forces for aspiring lawyers. Many individuals are drawn to the notion of fighting for justice and ensuring fairness within our legal system. The study of law provides them with the necessary tools and knowledge to challenge injustice and protect the rights of others.Moreover, law is a discipline that encompasses various fields and areas of expertise. From criminal law to international law, environmental law to human rights law, this diverse subject offers an extensive range ofspecializations that cater to individual interests and passions. Students who choose law as their postgraduate major have the opportunity to delve deep into specificareas they find intriguing or relevant.Furthermore, studying law cultivates critical thinking skills, which are highly valued in many professional realms. The ability to analyze complex legal issues, form logical arguments, and think critically are fundamental qualities developed through legal education. These skills not only benefit lawyers but also equip graduates for success inother career paths such as politics, journalism, business, and academia.Additionally, by choosing law as a postgraduate major, students gain access to a network of like-minded individuals. Law schools serve as breeding grounds forfuture professionals who share similar goals and aspirations. The camaraderie built within theseinstitutions fosters collaboration and creates an environment where different perspectives can be shared and debated – enhancing not just academic growth but personaldevelopment too.Moreover, it is worth mentioning that studying law requires continuous learning and adaptation due to its ever-evolving nature. With each passing case or legislative change comes new challenges that demand lawyers to constantly update their knowledge base. This dynamic aspect not only keeps professionals engaged but also provides intellectual stimulation throughout their careers.In conclusion, the decision to choose law as a postgraduate major arises from a combination of factors. The pursuit of justice, the opportunity for specialization, the development of critical thinking skills, and the networking advantages are just a few reasons that draw individuals to this field. Ultimately, the study of law offers an intellectually stimulating journey filled with endless opportunities to make a significant impact on society and be an agent for positive change.。
The Role of Government in Regulating the Internet
The Role of Government in Regulating the InternetThe internet has been one of the most transformative inventions of the 21st century, with far-reaching implications in virtually every aspect of life. The internet has revolutionized how we communicate, access information, and conduct business. However, as the internet continues to grow, there has been a growing concern about the role of government in regulating the internet. This paper will explore the different perspectives on the role of government in regulating the internet.One perspective is that the government should have a minimal role in regulating the internet. Advocates of this perspective argue that the internet is a free and open platform that should be left to self-regulate. They believe that the government's intervention would stifle innovation and creativity, and lead to unnecessary restrictions on free speech and expression. According to this perspective, the internet should be governed by market forces, with companies competing to provide the best services to consumers.On the other hand, there are those who believe that the government should play a more active role in regulating the internet. Proponents of this perspective argue that the internet has become too powerful and influential to be left to self-regulate. They believe that the government has a responsibility to protect citizens from harmful content, cyberbullying, and other online threats. They also argue that the government should ensure that the internet is accessible to everyone, regardless of their economic status or geographic location.Another perspective is that the government should strike a balance between regulating the internet and promoting innovation and creativity. Advocates of this perspective argue that the government should regulate the internet to protect citizens from harm, but at the same time, it should not stifle innovation and creativity. They believe that the government should work with industry players and other stakeholders to develop policies that balance these competing interests.There are also those who argue that the government should take a hands-off approach to regulating the internet, but should provide more resources for education and awarenessabout online safety. According to this perspective, the government should invest in programs that educate citizens about the risks of the internet, and how to protect themselves from online threats. They argue that this approach would empower citizens to take responsibility for their own safety and security online.Finally, there are those who argue that the government should only regulate the internet in cases where there is a clear and present danger to national security or public safety. According to this perspective, the government should only intervene in cases where there is a clear and imminent threat to the safety or security of citizens. They argue that this approach would ensure that the government does not overstep its bounds and infringe on citizens' rights to free speech and expression.In conclusion, the role of government in regulating the internet is a complex and multifaceted issue. There are different perspectives on the appropriate level of government intervention, with some arguing for a minimal role, while others advocate for a more active role. Ultimately, the government's approach to regulating the internet should strike a balance between protecting citizens from harm and promoting innovation and creativity. Regardless of the approach, it is clear that the internet will continue to be a critical issue for policymakers and citizens alike, and that the government's role in regulating it will be a topic of ongoing debate and discussion.。
宪法学与行政法学英文
宪法学与行政法学英文Constitutional Law and Administrative LawConstitutional Law is a branch of the legal system that focuses on the interpretation and application of a country's constitution. The constitution serves as the supreme law of the land and provides the fundamental principles and framework for governance. It defines the powers andlimitations of government institutions, outlines the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, and establishes the relationships and mechanisms for their protection. Constitutional Law encompasses the study of constitutional principles, constitutional amendments, and the role of the judiciary in upholding the constitution.Administrative Law, on the other hand, deals with the legal principles and regulations governing the activities of administrative agencies and authorities. Administrative agencies have the power to make decisions, issue regulations, and enforce laws in specific areas of government. They play a vital role in implementing public policies and ensuring the smooth functioning of the government. Administrative Law establishes the rules and procedures that must be followed by administrative agencies to ensure fairness, transparency, and accountability in their actions. It covers topics such as administrative processes, administrative hearings, judicial review of administrative decisions, and the rights and obligations of individuals with regards to administrative actions.The relationship between Constitutional Law and Administrative Law is crucial to the effective functioning ofa democratic government. Constitutional Law provides the framework within which administrative agencies must operate. It sets the boundaries for the exercise of administrative power and ensures that the actions of administrative agencies are consistent with the fundamental principles enshrined in the constitution. It acts as a check on the potential abuse of power by administrative agencies and safeguards the rights and freedoms of individuals.Administrative Law, in turn, provides the procedural safeguards and mechanisms through which individuals may challenge administrative actions that infringe upon their rights. It ensures that administrative agencies act in accordance with the law and are subject to a system of checks and balances. Administrative Law also allows for judicial review of administrative decisions, providing an avenue for the resolution of disputes and the correction of administrative errors or excesses.The principles and concepts of Constitutional Law are foundational to the study and practice of Administrative Law. Administrative actions must be consistent with the constitution and must not violate the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. Administrative agencies must act within the scope of their delegated powers and exercise their discretion in a fair and reasonable manner. Administrative Law operates within the constitutional framework and ensures that administrative agencies adhere to the principles of legality, fairness, and reasonableness.In conclusion, Constitutional Law and Administrative Law are two distinct but interconnected branches of the legalsystem. Constitutional Law establishes the fundamental principles and framework of governance, while Administrative Law governs the actions and procedures of administrative agencies. Together, these two branches of law ensure the fair and effective functioning of government while safeguarding the rights and freedoms of individuals.。
2021年公共英语五级考试经典阅读资料(4)
2021年公共英语五级考试经典阅读资料(4)（2021最新版）作者：______编写日期：2021年__月__日On the 36th day after they had voted, Americans finally learned Wednesday who would be their next president: Governor George W. Bush of Texas.Vice President Al Gore, his last realistic avenue for legal challenge closed by a U. S. Supreme Court decision late Tuesday, planned to end the contest formally in a televised evening speech of perhaps 10 minutes, advisers said.They said that Senator Joseph Lieberman, his vice presidential running mate, would first make brief comments. The men would speak from a ceremonial chamber of the Old Executive office Building, to the west of the White House.The dozens of political workers and lawyers who had helped lead Mr. Gore’s unprecedented fight to claw a come-from-behind electoral victory in the pivotal state of Florida were thanked Wednesday and asked to stand down.“The vice president has directed the recount committee to suspend activities,” William Daley, t he Gore campaign chairman, said in a written statement.Mr. Gore authorized that statement after meeting with his wife, Tipper, and with top advisers including Mr. Daley.He was expected to telephone Mr. Bush during the day. The Bush campaign kept a low profile and moved gingerly, as if to leave space for Mr. Gore to contemplate his next steps.Yet, at the end of a trying and tumultuous process that hadfocused world attention on sleepless vote counters across Florida, and on courtrooms form Miami to Tallahassee to Atlanta to Washington the Texas governor was set to become the 43d U. S. president.The news of Mr. Gore’s plans followed the longest and most rancorous dispute over a U. S. presidential election in more than a century, one certain to leave scars in a badly divided country.It was a bitter ending for Mr. Gore, who had outpolled Mr. Bush nationwide by some 300000 votes, but, without Florida, fell short in the Electoral College by 271votes to 267-the narrowest Electoral College victory since the turbulent election of 1876.Mr. Gore was said to be distressed by what he and many Democratic activists felt was a partisan decision from the nation’s highest court.The 5-to -4 decision of the Supreme Court held, in essence, that while a vote recount in Florida could be conducted in legaland constitutional fashion, as Mr. Gore had sought, this could not be done by the Dec. 12 deadline for states to select their presidential electors.James Baker 3rd, the former secretary of state who represented Mr. Bush in the Florida dispute, issued a short statement after the U. S. high court ruling, saying that the governor was “very pleased and gratified.”Mr. Bush was planning a nationwide speech aimed at trying to begin to heal the country’s deep, aching and varied divisions. He then was expected to meet with congressional leaders, including Democrats. Dick Cheney, Mr. Bush’s ruing mate, was meeting with congressmen Wednesday in Washington.When Mr. Bush, who is 54, is sworn into office on Jan.20, he will be only the second son of a president to follow his father to the White House, after John Adams and John Quincy Adams in the early 19th century.Mr. Gore, in his speech, was expected to thank his supporters, defend his hive-week battle as an effort to ensure,as a matter of principle, that every vote be counted, and call for the nation to join behind the new president. He was described by an aide as “resolved and resigned.”While some constitutional experts had said they believed states could present electors as late as Dec. 18, the U. S. high court made clear that it saw no such leeway.The U.S. high court sent back “for revision” to the Florida court its order allowing recounts but made clear that for all practical purposes the election was over.In its unsigned main opinion, the court declare d, “The recount process, in its features here described, is inconsistent with the minimum procedures necessary to protect the fundament al right of each voter.”。
法律英语unit-5翻译
1 In every society, there are mechanisms for the declaration, alteration, administration, and the enforcement of the rules by which people live. Not all societies, however, utilize a formal legal system (courts, judges, lawyers, and law enforcement agencies) to the same degree. Historically, law development and industrialization, urbanization, and modernization are closely intertwined. The law and society literature suggests that the more complex the society, the more differentiated the legal system. Underlying this proposition is the notion that legal development is conditioned by a series of demands stemming from society’s economic, political, educational, and religious institutions. Based on the complexity and magnitude of the interplay among the institutions and between these institutions and the law, several types of legal systems may be identified in the course of societal development.1在每一个社会,有机制的宣言,变更、管理和人们生活的规则的执行。
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When political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a longstanding conflict
– Northern Ireland
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Expressions and Symptoms of Political Risk
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Political Risk
Risk of change in political environment or government policy that would adversely affect a company‟s ability to operate effectively and profitably When perceived political risk is high, a country will have a difficult time attracting foreign direct investment
The less developed a country the greater the risk Increased economic uncertainty increases risk
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Expressions and Symptoms of Political Risk
Corporate taxation
– Companies attempt to limit tax liability by shifting location of income
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Seizure of Assets
Expropriation – governmental action to dispossess a foreign company or investor – Compensation should be provided in a “prompt, effective, and adequate manner” – When no compensation is provided, it is called confiscation
Chapter 5 The Political, Legal, and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing
Power Points by Kristopher Blanchard North Central University
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Sidestepping Legal Issues
Get expert legal help Preventing conflicts
– Establish jurisdiction – Protecting intellectual property – Avoid bribery
– Judicial arm of the United Nations – World Court or International Court of Justice (ICJ)
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Common Law vs. Civil Law
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Causes of Political Risk
Tension between aspirations and reality Primarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries
– Indonesia and economic crisis
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Categories of Political Risk
EIU
War Business Environment Risk Intelligence Fractionalization of the political spectrum Fractionalization by language, ethnic, and/or religious groups Restrictive/coercive measures required to retain power Mentality (xenophobia, nationalism, corruption, nepotism) PRS Group World Political Risk Forecasts political turmoil probability
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Nation-States and Sovereignty
“Every sovereign state is bound to respect the independence of every other sovereign state, and the courts in one country will not sit in judgment on the acts of government of another done within its territory.” - U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Fuller
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Jurisdiction
Refers to a Court‟s authority to rule on particular types of controversies arising outside of a nation‟s borders or to exercise power over individuals or entities from different countries. Employees of foreign companies should understand the extent to which they are subject to jurisdiction of host-country courts Courts have jurisdiction if it can be demonstrated that the company is doing business in the state the court sits
– Cronyism – Market vs. Non-market
The ultimate resource of a government is power, and we’ve seen repeatedly that the willpower of governments can be overcome by persistent attacks from the marketplace. - Neal Soss
High
Income
Triad Countries
Russia, Indonesia, China
Low
Risk
High
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Taxes
Government taxation policies
– High taxation can lead to growth in a black market
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The Political Environment
Political cultures provide context
– Governing party‟s attitude toward • Sovereignty • Political risk • Taxes • Threat of equity dilution • Expropriation
Civil Law country
– Legal system reflects the structural concepts and principles of the Roman Empire – Companies are formed by contract between two ore more parties who are fully liable for the actions of the company
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Nation-States and Sovereignty
Stage of Development
– Protectionist laws lesser developed – Free trade – advanced development
Political and economic
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Intellectual Property
Intellectual property must be registered in each country where business is conducted
– Patent – gives an inventor exclusive right to make, use, and sell an invention for a specified period of time – Trademark – distinctive mark used to distinguish it from competing products – Copyright – establishes ownership of a written, recorded, performed, or filmed creative work