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机械制造行业专业机械中英文对查表

机械制造行业专业机械中英文对查表

abating 硬度降低abc 自动锅炉控制aberration 象差abjustable spanner 活动 ]扳手abjusting spring 蝶弹簧ablation 烧蚀ablative cooling 烧蚀冷却ablative material 烧蚀资料above critical state 超临界状态abradability 磨耗性abrasion 磨损abrasion resistance 耐磨性abrasion test 磨损试验abrasion tester 磨耗试验机abrasion wear 磨料磨损abrasive 磨料abrasive band 砂带abrasive belt 砂带abrasive belt grinding 砂带磨光 abrasivebelt grinding machine 砂带磨床 abrasivecloth 砂布abrasive cut off machine 砂轮切断机abrasive cut off wheel 切割砂轮abrasive ecp 磨料电解抛光 abrasivegrain 磨粒abrasive jet machining 磨料发射加工abrasive machining 研磨加工abrasive paper 砂纸abrasive paste 研磨膏abrasive powder 研磨粉abrasive resistance 耐磨性abrasive tool 研磨工具abrasive wear 磨料磨损abrasive wheel 砂轮abrasive wire sawing machine 砂线切割机床abscissa 横坐标absolute 绝对的absolute acceleration 绝对加快度absolute assembler 绝对汇编程序absolute black body 绝对黑体absolute ceiling 绝对升限 absolutecoordinates 绝对坐标 absolute digitalcontrol 绝对数字控制 absoluteencoder 绝对编码器 absolute error 绝对偏差absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute interchangeability 完整互换性absolute measurement 绝对丈量absolute motion 绝对运动absolute position of manipulator 机械手的绝对地点absolute position of robot 机扑的绝对地点 absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute system of units 绝对单位制absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute unit 绝对单位absolute unit system 绝对单位制absolute value 绝对值absolute velocity 绝对速度absolute zero 绝对零度absorb 汲取absorbability 汲取性absorbent 汲取剂absorber 汲取剂absorptiometer 汲取计absorption 汲取absorption coefficient 汲取系数absorption dynamometer 汲取式测功器absorption factor 汲取系数absorption hygrometer 汲取湿度计absorption refrigerating machine汲取式冷冻机absorption refrigeration 汲取式制冷absorption refrigerator 汲取式冷冻机absorptive power 汲取率absorptivity 汲取率ac 交流交变电流ac arc welder 交羚弧焊机ac arc welding 交羚弧焊接ac edm 适应控制电火花机床ac generator 交立电机ac motor 交羚动机accelerated motion 加快运动accelerated test 加快试验accelerating ability 加快能力accelerating pump 加快泵acceleration 加快acceleration diagram 加快度图acceleration of gravity 重力加快度acceleration pick up 加快度传感器acceleration time 加快时间accelerator 加快器accelerator lever 加快栖杆accelerator pedal 加快皮板accelerator pump 加快泼accelerograph 自记加快计accelerometer 加快度计acceptable noise level 允许噪声acceptance certificate 查收证瞄acceptance test 查收试验accessories 附件accessory 隶属品accident 事故accident prevention 事故预防accidental 有时的accidental error 有时偏差accounting machine 会计计算机accumulated error 积累偏差accumulated pitch error 同节积累偏差accumulator 电池accumulator capacity 蓄电池容量accumulator car 蓄电池汽车accumulator plate 蓄电池极板accuracy 精确度accuracy control 精确控制accuracy grade 精度等级 accuracy life 精确度寿命 accuracy of alignment 对中精度 accuracy of instrument 仪表精度 accuracy of measurement 丈量精度 accuracy of reproduction 再现精度 accuracy to size 尺寸精度 accurate adjustment精美蝶 accurate grinding 精美磨削accurate measurement 精确丈量acetylcellulose 醋酸纤维素acetylene 乙炔acetylene burner 乙炔燃烧器乙快焊炬acetylene cutting 氧炔切割acetylene cutting machine 氧炔切割机acetylene gas 乙炔气acetylene generator 乙炔发生器acetylene producer 乙炔发生器acetylene torch 乙炔燃烧器乙快焊炬acetylene welding 乙炔焊接achromatic 消色差的 achromatic colour 无彩色achromatic lens 消色差透镜acicular cast iron 针状结构铸铁acicular structure 针状结构acid 酸acid bessemer converter 酸性转炉acid bessemer process酸性转炉炼钢法 acid brick 酸性砖acid converter 酸性转炉acid converter process 酸性转炉炼钢法 acid number 酸价acid open hearth furnace 酸性平炉acid process 酸性炼钢法acid proof 耐酸性的acid proof coating 耐酸保护层acid proof paint 耐酸涂料acid rain 酸雨acid resistance 耐酸性acid resistant alloy 抗酸合金acid resistant steel 耐酸钢acid resisting 耐酸性的acid resisting alloy 抗酸合金acid resisting paint 耐酸涂料acid resisting steel 耐酸钢acid solution 酸溶液acid steel 酸性钢acid value 酸价acidity 酸度acierage 表面钢化acieration 表面钢化acme thread 亚克米螺纹aco 最正确适应控制acoustic 声的acoustic absorbing material 吸音资料acoustic analysis 声学解析acoustic diagnosis 音响诊断acoustic gas analyzer 声学气体解析器acoustic inspection 音响检查acoustic insulation 隔音acoustic oscillations 声振动acoustic printing machine 声动印刷机acoustic resonance 声共振acoustic signal 音响信号acoustic velocity 声速acoustic vibrations 声振动acoustic wave 声波acoustics 声学actinometer 露光计action 酌action turbine 激动式透平activated carbon 活性炭activation 活化activation energy 活化能active current 有功电流active energy meter 积累瓦特计active power 有效功率active solar heating 织式太阳能供暖activity 活度actual horsepower 有效马力actual size 实质尺寸actual stress 实质应力actuator 履行机构actuator of robot 机扑的操 ??构adaptability 适应性adaptable 可以应用的adaptable robot 适应性机扑adapter 般配器adapter sleeve 紧固套adaptive control 适应控制adaptive control optimization最正确适应控制adaptive controlled discharge machine 适应控制电火花机床adaptive controlled machine 自适应控制机床adaptive robot control 机扑的适应控制adaptive robot system 机扑的适应系统adaptive robot technical complex 适应性机扑综合技术adaptive sensor guided robot 传感曝制自适应机扑adc 模拟数字变换器addendum 齿顶addendum angletip angle 齿顶角addendum circle 齿顶圆addendum cone 齿顶addendum modification 齿顶修正addendum modification coefficient齿顶修正系数adder 加法器additive 增添剂adherence 附着adherometer 粘附计adhesion 附着adhesion coefficient 附着系数adhesion wear 胶合磨损adhesion weight 附侧重量adhesive 粘着剂adhesive force 粘着力adhesive joint 附着接头adhesive strength 粘着强度adhesivity 粘附性adiabatic calorimeter 绝热量热器adiabatic change 绝热变化adiabatic combustion 绝热燃烧adiabatic compression 绝热压缩adiabatic curve 绝热线 adiabaticefficiency 绝热效率 adiabaticequilibrium 绝热均衡 adiabaticexpansion 绝热膨胀 adiabaticexponent 绝热指数 adiabatic line绝热线 adiabatic process 绝热过程 adiabatic temperature 绝热温度 adjustable 可蝶的adjustable bearing 可蝶轴承adjustable guide vane 可导叶adjustable pitch propeller 可掂螺旋桨adjustable reamer 可第铰刀adjustable resistance 可变电阻adjustable shell reamer 可底管铰刀adjustable speed motor 蒂电动机adjustable tap 可悼锥adjustable wrench 可靛手adjustadle wrench 活动 ]扳手adjuster 蝶工adjustible tap 可刀丝锥adjusting 蝶adjusting bolt 蝶螺栓adjusting bush 第套筒adjusting cam 蝶凸轮adjusting device 蝶装置adjusting gauge 蝶量规adjusting nut 蝶螺母adjusting screw 蝶螺钉adjusting valve 第阀adjusting wedge 蝶楔块adjustment 蝶adjustment range 蝶范围adjustment robot 第式机扑admiralty brass 船用黄铜admissible 允许的admissible load 允许负荷admission 进气admission cam 进气凸轮admission period 进气时期admission pipe 进气管admission port 吸气口admission pressure 进气压力admission stroke 进气冲程admission valve 进气阀admittance 导纳admixture 搅合物adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附advance 提早advanced ignition 提早点火advanced opening 提早进气aecp 磨料电解抛光aerator 通气设备aerial 天线aerial cableway 架空死aerial camera 航空摄像机aerial conveyor 高架式输送机aerial railway 高架铁路aerial ropeway 架空死aerodrome 飞机场aerodynamic 气体动力的aerodynamic bearing 空气动力轴承aerodynamic brake 空气动力制动装置aerodynamic drag 气动阻力aerodynamic heating 空气动力加热aerodynamic lift 空气动力升力aerodynamic moment 空气动力力矩aerodynamic similarity气动力相似aerodynamical 气体动力的aerodynamical action 气体动力酌aerodynamical balance 空气动力天平aerodynamical heating 动力加热aerodynamical resistance 气动阻力aerodynamics 空气动力学aerodyne 重航空器aeroelasticity 气动力弹性aeroengine 航空发动机air bleeder 放气阀aeroenging 飞机发动机air brake 空气制动器aerofoil 机翼air breathing engine 喷气发动机aerofoil profile翼形剖面air buffer 空气缓冲器aerofoil theory机翼理论air car 气垫车aerogenerator 风力发电机air cell engine 旋风式发动机aerometer 气体比重计air chamber 空气室aeronautics 航空学air chamber engine 旋风式发动机aeroplane 飞机air chipper 气錾aeropulse engine 脉动式喷气发动机air chuck 压缩空气式卡盘aerosol 悬浮微粒air circulation 空气循环aerostat 轻航空器air classifier 空气分级器aerostatic bearing 空气静力轴承air cleaner 空气滤清器aerostatics 空气静力学air cleaning 空气净化aerothermoelasticity 气动热弹性air cock 气旋塞aerotrain 翱翔式无轨列车air compressor 空气压缩机aeroturbine 航空涡轮机air conditioner 空气第器affinity 亲合势air conditioning空气第aft engine 尾发动机air consumption空气耗费量after sales service 供给维修服务air container 储气罐afterburner 加力燃烧室air contamination空气污染afterburning 烧完air conveying 气力输送aftercombustion 烧完air cooled 气冷的aftercooler 最后冷却器air cooled condenser 空气冷凝器afterheat 余热air cooled cylinder气冷气缸aftertreatment 后办理air cooled engine气冷式发动机age hardening 时效硬化air cooled turbine气冷式透平ageing 时效air cooled valve气冷阀agglomerating furnace 烧结炉air cooler 空气冷却器agglomerating plant烧结机air cooling 空气冷却agglomeration 烧结air cooling apparatus 空气冷却器aggregate 机组air cooling fin 空气冷却片aggressive gas 腐化性气体air current 气流aggressive medium 腐化介质air curtain 空气幕aging 时效air cushion 气垫aging test 老化试验air cushion ship气垫船agitating truck 混凝土搅拌汽车air cushion shock absorber 空气缓冲器agitation 搅拌air cushion vehicle 对地效应翱翔器agitator 搅拌器air cylinder 空气气缸agricultural aircraft农用飞机air damper 空气缓冲器agricultural airplane农用飞机air damping 空气阻尼agricultural implements 农具air density 空气密度agricultural machine 农业机器air distributor 空气分配器agricultural machines 农业机械air drag 空气阻力agv 无人搬运车air drill 风钻ahead turbine 推动汽轮机air driven vibrator风动振动机aileron 副翼air drying 空气干燥ailerons 副翼air duct 风道air 空气air ejector 空气发射器air accumulator空气蓄压器air elutriator 空气分别器风选器air bearing 空气轴承air engine 空气发动机air bleed valve放气阀air filled tyre 气轮胎air filled tyre pneumatic tyre 气轮胎air filter 空气滤清器 air flow 气流air flue 风道air fuel mixture 空气燃料混杂物air fuel ratio 空气燃料比air gap 缝隙air gas 空气煤气air gauge 气动测微仪air hammer 空气锤air hammer drill 风动凿岩机air hardening 空气淬火air hardening steel 空气硬化钢air heater 空气加热器air heating 热风采暖air heating furnace 热风炉air hoist 气葫芦air hole 通风孔air hose 风管air humidity 空气湿度air infalting 充气air infiltration漏风air inflating 轮胎打气air injection 空气发射air injection diesel engine 空气发射柴油发动机air injection engine 空气发射柴油发动机air inlet 进气口air inlet valve 进气阀air insulation 空气绝缘air intake 进气口air intake valve 进气阀air isolation 空气绝缘air jacket 空气套air jet 空气喷嘴air lift 空气升液泵air liquefier 空气液化器air lubrication 空气润滑air main 空气周路air micrometer 气动测微仪air mobile vehicle 空气怜车air motor 气动发动机air operated machine 风动机air passage 风道air pipe 气管air pollution 空气污染air power hammer 空气锤air preheater 空气预热器air pressure gauge 空气压力计air pressure reducer 空气减压器air pressure test 空气压力试验air proof 不透气的air pump 空气泵air purification空气净化air quenching 空气淬火air rammer 风动夯air receiver 储气罐air refrigerating machine 空气制冷机air register 电器空气第器air reservoir 储气罐air resistance 空气阻力air separation 空气分别air separator 空气分别器风选器air speed indicator 空速指示器空速表示器air spring 空气弹簧air stream 气流air surface condenser 空气冷凝器air suspension 气动悬架装置air tamper 风动夯air thermometer 空气温度计air tight 不透气的air tight joint气密接头air tightness 气密性air transport 气力输送air tube 气管air turbine 空气涡轮机air valve 气阀air vent 通风孔air washer 净气器空气选净器airborne camera 航空摄像机aircraft 飞机aircraft carrier 航空母舰aircraft engine 飞机发动机aircraft gas turbine 航空燃气涡轮机aircraft industry 航空工业aircraft instrument 航空仪表aircraft mechanician 飞机机械师aircraft tractor 飞机牵引车airdrome 飞机场airfoil 机翼airless injection 无气发射airless injection diesel engine 无气发射柴油发动机airliner 班机airplane 飞机airplane carrier 航空母舰airplane engine 飞机发动机airport 航空港airscrew 螺旋桨airship 飞艇airstrip 跑道ajm 磨料发射加工alarm 警报alarm clock 闹钟alarm signal 警告信号alarm system 告警系统alarming apparatus 警报装置albedo 反照率alcohol 醇alcohol meter 乙醇计alcohol thermometer 酒精温度计algebraic equation 代数方程algorithm 算法alidade 照准仪alignment 放心alignment pin 定位销alignment system supply 导系统电源alitizing 表面渗铝alkali 碱alkaline battery 硷性蓄电池alkaline earth metal 碱土族金属alkaline solution 碱性溶液alkaline storage battery 碱蓄电池alkalinity 碱度alkyd resin 醇酸尸all metal construction 全金属结构all purpose 全能的all steel body 全钢车身all weather aircraft 全天候飞机all wheel drive 全轮驱动allen wrench 方孔螺钉头用扳手allidade 游标盘alligator shears 杠杆式剪床allotrope 同素异形体allotropic transformation 同素异形变化allotropism 同素异形 allotropy 同素异形allowable 允许的allowable bearing pressure 允许支承压力allowable clearance 同意缝隙 allowable error 允许偏差allowable load 允许负荷 allowable pressure 允许压力 allowablestress 允许应力 allowabletemperature 允许温度 allowancefor machining 加工余量 alloy 合金alloy cast iron 合金铸铁alloy for cutting tools 切悉具合金alloy pig iron 合金生铁alloy steel 合金钢alloy tool steel 合金工具钢alloying component 合金成分alloying constituent 合金成分alloying element 合金元素alnico 阿尔尼科合金alphameric code 字母数字码alternate load 交替负载alternate stress 交变应力 alternatingcurrent 交流交变电流 alternating currentarc welder 交羚弧焊机 alternating currentbridge 交羚桥alternating current commutator motor 交聋劣式电动机alternating current generator 交立电机alternating current measuring bridge 交羚桥alternating current motor 交羚动机alternating current servomotor 交僚服马达altimeter 高度计altitude 高度altitude engine 高空发动机altitude indicator 高度指示器alumina 铝氧土aluminium 铝aluminizing 表面渗铝aluminum alloy 铝合金aluminum brass 铝黄铜合金aluminum bronze 铝青铜aluminum casting 铝铸件aluminum oxide 铝氧土aluminum paint 铝涂料aluminum piston 铝质活塞aluminum rivet 铝铆钉alundum 氧化铝amalgam 汞齐amber 琥珀ambient 四周的ambient air 四周的空气ambient conditions 环境条件ambient medium 四周介质ambient noise 环境噪声ambient pressure 四周压力ambient temperature 四周温度ambient vibration 四周振动ambulance car 救护车amendment 修正amm 阳极机械加工ammeter 安培计ammonal 阿芒拿ammonia 氨ammonia absorption refrigerator 氨汲取冷冻机ammonia compression refrigerator 氨气压缩冷冻机ammonia compressor 氨气压缩机ammonia condenser 氨冷凝器ammonia refrigerator 氨冷冻机ammonia water 氨水ammonium 铵ammphibious car 水陆两用汽车amorphous alloy 非晶质合金amorphous carbon 无定形碳amorphous state 无定形状态amortization 折旧amount of heat 热量amount of unbalance 不平衡量amperage 安培数ampere 安培ampere turn 安匝amperemeter 安培计amphibian car 水陆两用汽车amphibian plane 水陆飞机amphibian robot 水陆两用机扑amphibious aircraft 水陆两用飞机amphibious automobile 水陆两用汽车amphibious car 水陆两用汽车amphibious vehicle 水陆两用汽车amplification 放大amplifier 放大器扩大器amplitude 振幅amplitude frequency response 振幅频率特征amplitude limiter 限幅器amplitude modulation 振幅灯analog computer 模似计算机analog control 模拟控制analog digital computer 模拟数字计算机analog servomechanism 模拟伺服 analogsignal 模拟信号analog to digital converter 模拟数字变换器 analogue signal for robot control 控制机扑的模拟信号analogy 近似analysis 解析analysis of covariance 协方差解析analysis of variance 方差解析analytical balance 解析天平analytical chemistry 解析化学analytical mechanics 解析力学analyzer 解析器anchor 锚anchor bolt 地脚螺栓anchor chain 锚链anchor plate 锚板anchor windlass 拔锚绞盘and circuit 与电路anemograph 风力记录仪anemometer 风速计anemoscope 风向仪anergy ??aneroid altimeter 无液测高计aneroid barometer 空盒气压表aneroid calorimeter 空盒量热计angle 角angle block 角胸怀具angle bracket 角撑架angle cock 角旋塞angle dozer 斜角推土机angle drive 角传动angle error 角偏差angle gauge 量角规angle iron 角钢angle joint 角接angle of advance 超前角angle of attack 迎角angle of bank 倾斜角angle of bite 咬入角angle of climb 爬升角angle of contact 接触角angle of countersinking 划孔角angle of crossing 交织角angle of delay 滞后角angle of deviation 倾向角angle of elevation 仰角angle of emergence 射出角angle of ignition advance 点火提早角angle of incidence 入射角 angle ofinclination 倾角angle of lag 滞后角angle of lap 接触角angle of lead 升角angle of nip 咬入角angle of pitch 俯仰角angle of polarization 偏光角angle of reflection 反射角angle of refraction 折射角angle of repose 休止角angle of rest 休止角angle of screw thread 螺纹截形角angle of stall 失速角angle of thread 螺面角angle of torsion 扭转角angle of twist 扭转角angle of yaw 偏航角angle shears 剪角铁机angle transmission 角传动angle type axial piston pump 弯体式轴向活塞泵angle valve 角阀angstrom 埃angular acceleration 角加快度angular ball bearing 径向止推滚珠轴承angular belt drive 角皮带传动angular contact ball bearing 径向止推滚珠轴承angular cutter 角铣刀angular deviation 角偏差angular displacement 角位移angular frequency 角频率angular momentum 角动量angular motion 角运动angular resolution 角度分辨率angular velocity 角速度aniline 苯胺animal charcoal 骨炭animal oil 动物油anion 阴离子anisotropic material 蛤异性物质anisotropy 蛤异性annealing 退火annealing box 退火箱annealing furnace 退火炉annealing temperature 退火温度annual consumption 年用量annular 环形的annular combustion chamber 环形燃烧室annular float 环状浮子annular flow 环形流annular furnace 环形炉annular groove 环形槽annular magnet 环形磁铁annular nozzle 环形喷嘴annular space 环形缝隙annular spring 弹簧环annular valve 环状阀annulus 环状空间anode 正极anode film 阳极被覆膜anode mechanical machining 阳极机械加工anode sputtering 阳极溅射anodic dissolution 阳极溶解anodic machining 阳极机械加工anodic oxidation 阳极溶解anodic protection 阳极保护anodic removing 电解加工anodic solution 阳极溶解antechamber 预燃室antenna 天线anthracite 无烟煤anti icer 防冰装置anticathode 对阴极anticlockwise rotation 反时针方向旋转anticollision system 防撞系统anticorrosion film 耐蚀薄膜anticorrosive agent 防腐化剂anticorrosive alloy 耐蚀合金anticorrosive composition 防腐化剂anticorrosive paint 防蚀涂料 antidazzle light 避眩灯 antidazzle visor 防眩罩antidetonant 防爆剂antifoamer 防泡剂antifreeze 防冻剂antifreezing agent 防冻剂antifriction alloy抗摩合金antifriction bearing转动轴承antifriction cast iron抗摩铸铁antifriction guide转动导轨antifriction material耐摩资料antifriction metal抗摩合金antiglare light 避眩灯antiknock 抗爆的antiknock agent 防爆剂antiknock fuel 抗爆震燃料antiknock gasoline 抗爆汽油antiknock quality抗爆性antimonial lead 锑铅antimony 锑antinode 波腹antioxidant 抗氧化剂antiresonance 反共振antirusting paint 防蚀涂料antiscale composition 防垢剂antiseptic 防腐剂antiskid chain 防滑链antiskid tire 防滑轮胎antiskid tyre 防滑轮胎antiwear additive 抗磨增添剂anvil 测砧anvil block 砧座anvil face 砧面aperiodic motion 非周期运动aperture 口径aperture ratio 口径比aplanat 齐酶镜aplanatic 消球差的aplanatic lens 齐酶镜apochromat 复消色差透镜apochromatic lens 复消色差透镜apothem 内切圆半径apparatus 装置apparent density 表观密度apparent expansion 视在膨胀apparent force 表观力apparent moisture 表面水分apparent power 表观功率apparent specific gravity 表面比重appearance 外形application 应用application point 酌点application program 应用程序applied elasticity theory 应用弹性学applied mechanics 应用力学applied thermodynamics 应用热力学approximate analysis 近似解析approximate calculation 近似计算approximate model 近似模型approximate value 近似值approximation 近似apron 挡板apron conveyor 板式输送机aqua ammonia 氨水aqueous solution 水溶液arbor 心轴arbormandrel 心轴arc 电弧arc cutting 电弧切割arc discharge 电弧arc furnace 电弧炉arc lamp 弧光灯arc voltage 电弧电压arc welder 电焊机arc welding 电弧焊接arc welding machine 电焊机arc welding robot 电弧焊机扑arch 拱arch dam 拱坝arched beam 拱梁arched girder 拱梁archimedes' principle 阿基米德原理archimedes' spiral 阿基米德螺线archimedes' worm 阿基米德蜗杆architecture 建筑术architecture of robot computer 机扑电脑结构area 面积area of bearing 支承面area of contact 接触面积areal velocity 面积速度areometer 比量计argon arc welding 氩弧焊argon laser 氩激光器arithmetic mean 算术均匀arithmetic mean value 算术均匀值arithmetic progression 算术级数arithmetic robot processor 机扑运算办理装置arithmetic unit 运算装置 arm 臂arm of wheel 轮辐armature 电枢armature core 电枢铁芯armature winding 电枢绕组armature winding machine 电枢绕线机armco iron 阿姆克铁 armor plate 装船面armor plate mill 装甲钢板轧机armored cable 装甲缆armored car 装甲车armored glass 络网玻璃armored hose 钢丝包皮软管armored personnel carrier 军用载人装甲车armored vehicle 装甲车 armour piercingshell 穿甲弹armoured hose 钢丝包皮软管aromatic base crude oil 芳香族石油arrangement 摆列arrangement plan 部署图arrow engine w形发动机arrowhead 箭头art casting 艺术铸件artesian well 钻井articulated 铰链的articulated arm 关节杆articulated connecting rod 副连杆articulated coupling 活节联接器articulated mechanism 铰接机构articulated pipe 关节管articulated robot 多关节型机扑articulated trolleybus 铰接式无轨电车articulated vehicle 铰接式汽车articulation 关节artificial 人工的artificial abrasive 人造磨料artificial aging 人工时效artificial brain人工脑artificial diamond人造金刚石artificial draft人工通风artificial drying人工干燥artificial fiber人造纤维artificial fibre automobile人造纤维汽车artificial fibre plane人造纤维飞机artificial fuel人造燃料artificial graphite人造石墨artificial horizon人工水平仪artificial illumination人工照明artificial intelligence人工智能artificial intelligence automobile人工智能汽车artificial leather人造革artificial lighting人工照明artificial liquid fuel人造液体燃料artificial petroleum人造石油artificial resin 合成尸artificial satellite人造卫星artificial ventilation人工换气artificial vision人工视觉as cast condition 铸态asbestos 石棉asbestos brake band 石棉制动摩擦带asbestos cardboard 石棉纸板asbestos cloth 石棉布asbestos gasket石棉垫圈asbestos plate 石棉板asbestos wool 石棉绒ascending stroke 上涨冲程ash 灰ash composition 灰分构成ash content 灰分ash ejector 放灰器排灰器ash free fuel 无灰分燃料ash hoist 起灰机ash pit 灰槽ash removal 除灰aspect ratio 展弦比asphalt 沥青asphalt base crude oil 沥青基原油asphalt paper 沥青纸 aspiratingstroke 吸气冲程 aspirationhygrometer 通风湿度计aspirator 吸引器assay 试金assay balance 试金天平assay furnace 试金炉assembler 装置工assembler programming system. aps 汇编程序系统assemblererector 装置工assembling 安装assembling machine 安装机 ;装置机械assembling robot 装置机扑assembling shop 装置车间 assemblingtool 装置工具 assembly 安装assembly automation 装置自动化assembly conveyor 装置输送带assembly drawing 装置图assembly fixture 装置夹具assembly industrial robot 装置用工业机扑assembly line 装置线assembly plant 装置厂assembly process 装置过程assembly robot 装置机扑assembly shop 装置车间assembly stand 装置架assembly station 装置站assembly technology 装置工艺assembly unit 装置单位associative read only memories. aroms 相联只读储存器astatic governor 无定向蒂器astern turbine 倒车轮机astronautics 宇宙航行学astronomical telescope 天体望远镜asymmetry 不对称 asymptote 渐近线asymptotic stability渐近稳固度asynchronous communication adapter. aca 异步通讯适配器asynchronous generator 异步发电机asynchronous machine 异步电机asynchronous motor 感觉电动机asynchronous robot control 机扑异步控制atc 自动换刀装置athermanous 不透热的atmometer 汽化计atmosphere 大气atmospheric braking 大气制动atmospheric condenser 大气式冷凝器atmospheric cooler 大气式冷却器atmospheric corrosion 大气腐化atmospheric moisture 大气湿度atmospheric pollution 空气污染atmospheric pressure 大气压力atom 原子atomic battery 原子能电池atomic clock 原子钟atomic energy 核能atomic fuel 核燃料atomic heat 原子热atomic hydrogen welding 原子氢焊接atomic nucleus 原子核atomic number 原子序数atomic power 原子动力atomic powered aircraft 原子飞机atomic powered ship 核船 atomicpropulsion 核动力推动 atomicreactor 核反应堆 atomicsubmarine 核潜艇atomic weight 原子量atomization 雾化atomizer 喷雾器atr 自动带读出器attachment 隶属装置attemperator 减温器过热降低器attendance instruction 保护规程attenuation constant 衰减常数attenuator 衰减器attitude control 姿态控制attraction 引力attractive force 引力attrition 磨耗attrition test 磨损试验audible sound 可听音audio frequency 声频auger 辗转式钻岩机auger drill 辗转式钻岩机austenite 奥氏体austenitic steel 奥氏体钢auto hoist 升车机auto levelizer 到装置auto lift 车辆提高机auto repair shop 汽车维修车间auto tire 汽车轮胎auto tyre 汽车外轮胎autoclave 高压釜autocollimator 自动准直仪autofrettage 自应力加工autogenous cutting 气割autogenous welding 气焊autogyro 旋翼飞机autoignition 自生气autoloader 自动装载机automated assembly 自动装置automated inspection 自动检验automated production 自动化生产automated warehouse 自动库房automatic 自动的automatic arc welder 自动弧焊机 automaticarc welding machine 自动弧焊机 automatic assembly machine 自动装置机 automaticblock 自动闭塞装置 automatic boiler control自动锅炉控制 automatic brake 自动制动器automatic calling equipment. ace 自动呼叫装置automatic charge 自动装料automatic checking 自动检验automatic checking machine 自动检验机automatic circuit breaker 自动断路器自动开关automatic clutch 自动离合器automatic control 自动控制 automatic control system 自动第系统 automatic control theory 自动控制理论 automatic controller 自动第器automatic coupler 自动联系器自动车钩automatic coupling 自动联系器自动车钩automatic current recording meter 自动记录电疗automatic cycle 自动循环 automatic defrosting自动除霜automatic digital computer. adc 自动数字计算机automatic dischargingapparatus 自动卸货装置automatic drilling machine 自动钻床 automaticfeed 自动进给automatic gear milling machine 自动齿轮铣床automatic gear shaping machine 自动插齿机automatic gearbox 自动变速器automatic gripper system 自动抓手装置automatic guided vehicle 无人搬运车automatic head changer 自动更换轴箱装置 automatic herringbone gear planer 自动人字齿轮刨床automatic hobbing machine 自动滚齿机automatic inspection machine 自动检验器automatic lathe 自动车床automatic level control 自动水平控制automatic line 自动化生产线 automaticloom 自动织布机 automatic lubrication 自动润滑 automatic lubricator 自动润滑器automatic machine 自动机床 automaticmilling machine 自动铣床 automatic model recognition 模型自动鉴别 automaticoperation 自动操作 automatic orientation自动定向automatic pallet changer 随行夹具自动更换装置automatic picture transmission. apt 图象自动传输automatic pilot 自动导航装置automatic positioning device 自动定位装置automatic press 自动压力机automatic program controlled robot 程序控制式自动机扑automatic programming 自动编程序automatic recorder 自动记录器自记器automatic regulating system 自动第系统automatic regulator 自动第器自动蝶器automatic release 自动开释 automaticresetting 自动复位 automatic robot 自动机扑automatic screw cutting lathe 自动螺丝车床automatic screw machine 自动螺丝车床automatic sorting 自动分类 automatic spotwelding 自动点焊automatic steering 自动转向automatic stop 自停automatic switch 自动开关automatic tape reader 自动带读出器automatic temperature control 自动温度控制automatic temperature controller 自动温度控制器automatic tool changer 自动换刀装置automatic tool changer. atc 工具自动互换装置automatic train control 自动列车控制automatic train stop 自动泊车装置automatic transmission 自动变速器automatic valve 自动阀automatic warehouse 自动库房automatic weigher 自动秤automatic welder 自动焊机automatic welding 自动焊接automatic welding machine 自动焊机automatic wire feed 自动穿丝automatic work changer 自动换工件装置automatic workpiece change 自动工件互换automatic zero adjustment 自动零位蝶automatically operated robot 自动操 ??扑automation 自动化automicrometer 自动千分尺automobile 汽车automobile crane 汽车起重机automobile engine 汽车发动机automobile oil 汽车润滑油automobile plant 汽车工厂automobile tire 汽车轮胎 automobiletrain 汽车列车 automobile tyre 汽车外轮胎 automotive body 汽车车身automotive body press 汽车车身压床automotive chassis 底盘 automotiveengine 汽车发动机 automotiveengineering 汽车工程 automotivefuel 汽车燃料 automotive industry 汽车工业 automotive suspension 汽车悬架 automotive vehicles 车辆autonomous system 自激系统autopilot 自动导航装置autostabilizer 自动稳固装置autosyn 自动同步机autotransformer 自耦变压器auxiliary air 增补空气auxiliary connecting rod 辅助连杆auxiliary device 辅助装置 auxiliarydrive 辅助驱动 auxiliary engine 辅助发动机 auxiliary equipment 辅助设备 auxiliary fuel tank 备用油箱auxiliary robot 辅助机扑 auxiliaryspring 副弹簧 auxiliary time 辅助时间 auxiliary transmission 副变速器 auxiliary turbine 辅助透平auxiliary valve 辅助阀auxiliary ventilator辅助通风器availability time可用时间available energy 有效能available head 有效落差average 均匀average error 均匀偏差average ignition delay time 均匀哗廷时average life 均匀寿命average load 均匀荷重average pressure 均匀压力average relative discharge duration 均匀相对放电时间average speed均匀速度average tempetature 均匀温度average value 均匀值average velocity 均匀速度aviation 航空aviation fuel 航空燃料aviation gas turbine 航空燃气轮机发动机aviation gasoline 航空汽油aviation industry 航空工业aviation oil 航空用机油avionics 航空电子学avogadro's number 阿佛伽德罗数avometer 安伏欧计awc 自动换工件装置axes of coordinates 坐标轴axial 轴向的axial admission 轴导游入axial blower 轴聊风机axial clearance 轴向缝隙axial compressor 轴两压气机axial direction 轴向axial fan 轴两通风机axial flow 轴流axial flow pump轴撩axial flow reaction turbine 轴链动式透平axial flow turbine 轴两透平 axial force 轴向力axial load 轴向负载axial module 轴向模数axial moment of inertia 轴惯性矩axial piston motor 轴向活塞马达axial piston pump 轴向活塞泵axial pitch 轴向节距 axial plane轴面axial play 轴向游axial radial flow pump混撩axial runout 轴向摇动axial section 轴向载面axial stress 轴向应力axial symmetry 轴对称axial thrust 轴向推力axial turbocharger 轴两透平增压器axiom 公义axis 轴axis of abscissas 横坐标轴axis of ordinates 纵坐标轴axis of projection 投影轴axis of rotation 辗转轴axis of symmetry 对称轴axisymmetric body 轴对称物体axisymmetric flow轴对称流axle 车轴axle base 轴距axle bearing 轴轴承axle box 轴箱。

2025届广东省两校联考高三上学期(10月)一模考试英语试题

2025届广东省两校联考高三上学期(10月)一模考试英语试题

2025届广东省两校联考高三上学期（10月）一模考试英语试题一、阅读理解Career Development in Florence: A Journey Through Craftsmanship and LearningThe art of leather craftsmanship in Florence has a rich history, dating back to the 13th century. This exploration into the city’s leather artisans offers insights into the essence of Italian leather craftsmanship.The Leather Career Development Center — PIEROTUCCIEnroll in a complimentary workshop at the PIEROTUCCI Career Development Center and immerse yourself in the intricate process of crafting a leather handbag. Witnessing the meticulous handiwork involved will demystify the premium pricing of PIEROTUCCI products, assuring you that an investment in their bags is an investment in longevity.The Footwear Training Institute — STEFANO BEMERSTEFANO BEMER is renowned for its bespoke footwear, crafted with precision and elegance. The store, which sells luxury shoes ranging from hundreds to thousands of dollars, also serves as a training ground for aspiring shoemakers, with the workshop visible to customers in the front section.The Leather Artisan School — Scuola del CuoioStep into the Scuola del Cuoio, and you’ll feel as though you’ve entered a small college campus. This historic building houses a school dedicated to creating unique leather goods and educating paying students in the art of high-quality leatherworking.The Bookbinding Atelier — Il TorchioRun by Erin Ciulla, Il Torchio is a charming bookbinding workshop. Ciulla might give you a tour of the “guillotine,” an antique-looking machine used for cutting large volumes of paper. In addition to binding books with leather covers, Ciulla also offers services to cover books, journals, and photo albums with hand-made papers.1．What is the primary benefit of attending a workshop at PIEROTUCCI?A．Learning about the history of leather-making.B．Understanding the high cost of luxury shoes.C．Gaining hands-on experience in handbag crafting.D．Observing the antique machinery used in bookbinding.2．Which institution offers a comprehensive education in leather craftsmanship?A．Il Torchio.B．Scuola del Cuoio.C．STEFANO BEMER.D．PIEROTUCCI. 3．What service does Erin Ciulla provide at Il Torchio?A．Selling high-quality leather bags.B．Customizing book covers with leather.C．Teaching courses on leatherworking.D．Manufacturing antique-looking machines.Nicole Latham, a youthful 21-year-old scholar at the University of Leeds, dedicates her time not solely to the pursuit of legal academia, but also to the rigorous domain of weightlifting contests. In parallel, she exhibits proficiency in the martial art of karate. Beyond these physical pursuits, Latham’s health journey is marked by frequent visits to medical practitioners, a consequence of her recent acquisition of a rare affliction: multiple sclerosis (MS). This condition made its insidious debut during her preparation for the A-Level examinations, a period fraught with tension for numerous scholars. Initially, she attributed her symptoms to stress, but it soon became apparent that she was experiencing the onset of MS, specifically vertigo.Despite the onset of this debilitating disease, Nicole persisted in her academic endeavors, even resorting to ocular occlusion in a bid to ameliorate her impaired vision. It was at this juncture that she resolved to revisit her physician, embarking on a regimen of numerous medications, yet to no avail. Sensing a potential misdiagnosis, she promptly sought further diagnostic scrutiny at a hospital.Subsequent to an MRI examination, her condition was confirmed as MS. Following this inaugural episode and her subsequent diagnosis, Latham remained MS-free for several years. However, in August of the year 2021, she encountered another exacerbation, this time manifesting as a persistent tremor in her left hand for a duration of two months. Undeterred by the palpable impediments imposed by her condition in her day-to-day existence, she remained undaunted and resolute in her pursuit. Her aspiration was to inspire her contemporaries with disabilities, demonstrating that a life of vibrancy and fulfillment is attainable despite the adversities posed byMS.In the present day, Nicole leverages her digital platform not only to disseminate awareness regarding MS but also to exhort individuals to heed potential symptoms, a lesson she herself learned the hard way. Moreover, she endeavors to showcase that a life replete with richness and gratification is within reach for those afflicted with MS. Her narrative seeks to illuminate both the exultant peaks and the somber troughs of living with this condition.4．How did Nicole react when the first attack happened?A．She went to the hospital immediately.B．She turned to taking more exercise.C．She took a break from studying.D．She paid no attention to it.5．How did Nicole most probably feel after taking a lot of medicines?A．Relieved.B．Worried.C．Curious.D．Inspired. 6．Which of the following statements shows Nicole’s view on overcoming difficulties?A．Rome was not built in a day.B．Prevention is better than cure.C．Strength comes from a strong will.D．All things are difficult before they are easy.7．What would be the best title for the text?A．Nicole Latham：Always be Ready to HelpB．Meet N icole Latham — a T alented AthleteC．Nicole Latham：Never Let Anyone DownD．Meet Nicole Latham — a Fighter Suffering from MSA radiant grin is a reflection of inner joy. Have you ever been in a public space and received a smile from a stranger? Perhaps you were feeling low, yet their warm and amicable expression could lift your spirits. That person’s smile had the power to shift your gloomy mood. It’s astonishing how such a minor action can influence your emotions so profoundly, and I can attest to this, as I’m sure many of you can.This phenomenon isn’t just a feeling; it’s backed by science. What causes these positive emotions? When you smile at someone, you might feel a fleeting sense of joy. This is because your brain releases endorphins, which are like natural painkillers and can boost your self-esteem.Smiling is a straightforward act of kindness that can also enhance your self-regard.To illustrate, consider someone attending a job interview with their head held high and a smile on their face. They are more likely to be successful. Employers often note that a candidate who avoids eye contact and hides their smile may seem untrustworthy. In contrast, a person with a genuine smile exudes confidence. Regardless of your appearance, a smile can speak volumes and convey sincerity.I find great satisfaction in helping individuals of all ages build their self-esteem. Witnessing the joy and newfound confidence in my clients after our sessions is immensely rewarding. I firmly believe that a genuine, heartfelt smile can bridge gaps between people, even without words. 8．What does the underlined word “low” mean in Paragraph 1?A．Depressed.B．Strengthened.C．Multiplied.D．Returned. 9．What is the role of endorphins? ______A．They induce a sense of happiness.B．They inspire acts of kindness.C．They accelerate brain function.D．They cure certain illnesses.10．Why might someone who doesn’t smile have difficulty getting a job?A．They hold their head too high.B．They look down on others.C．They appear somewhat dishonest.D．They are overly confident.11．What kind of profession might the author have?A．An educator.B．A philanthropist.C．A researcher.D．A counselor.The Renaissance of Creative Thought is burgeoning, perhaps even burgeoning. If you attempted to absorb all the wisdom available today, you would need more than 180 million years to do so. But you are mistaken to assume that all this wisdom would stimulate a surge of innovation to match the abundance of knowledge. Indeed, the last time we found ourselves in a period of significant innovation, pursuing the ideas with the most profound impact, was more than 120 years ago, in a period called the Renaissance of Insight.Innovations, both grand and modest, originate from a new idea. Often, these ideas emerge as a moment of insight — the outcome of a novel connection in our minds made between existing and new knowledge. Studies reveal insights involve quiet signals deep in the brain, just under the surface of awareness. Anything that aids us in noticing quiet signals, such as taking breaksbetween engagements, adopting essential learning approaches, or steering clear of distractions like social media, can enhance the likelihood of insights. However, it is becoming increasingly challenging to find those quiet signals with the escalating use of technology, filling every moment with emergencies and an endless supply of content.Moreover, we also aspire to elevate the quality of them — to be able to sift through grand new ideas and identify the ones that hold genuine value, which can be difficult to measure. Launched in 2015, the Insight Meter (洞察力计量器) permits us to evaluate the potency of our insight experiences on a five-point scale, which is marked by intense emotions, motivation, memory advantage, aftershocks, and subsequent ideas. The Meter consolidates these five variables into a solitary value and enables us to define the significance of a new idea. The level-5 insight, involving the richest emotion, motivation, and lasting impact, holds the utmost significance.Since insights are one of the most effective ways to stimulate engagement, innovation, and behavioral change, the Insight Meter has extensive applications for gauging and enhancing individual and organizational performance. More importantly, it can be employed to measure the impact of different types of work environments and learning approaches on participants’ development — both in the moment or afterward.For organizations to reap the benefits of another age of insight, it is not sufficient to attempt to access more data or augment the number of insights we generate. Instead, it is about creating space for the most significant ideas to emerge from all the knowledge. Utilizing the shared language of the Insight Meter as a means to measure how important ideas are, relative to each other, will enable superior decision-making toward practical and competitive outcomes. And if we are to enter a new age of insight, we must design our environments to allow for the most exceptional insight possible to surface.12．What does the underlined word “burgeoning” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?A．Stabilizing.B．Exploding.C．Shifting.D．Collapsing. 13．According to the passage, how can the likelihood of insights be increased?A．By engaging in ongoing social media interactions.B．By relying on technology to receive regular notifications.C．By stepping away from computers between engagements.D．By participating in additional training and coaching sessions.14．What can be inferred from the passage?A．The Insight Meter dictates the influence of our insights.B．Possessing minimal emotional responses is a level-5 insight.C．Both the quantity and quality of insights are essential to innovation.D．A breakthrough has been made in innovation due to a wealth of information.15．What is the author’s attitude towards the current environment for innovations?A．Uncertain.B．Optimistic.C．Unconcerned.D．Dissatisfied.How to Teach ConfidenceWhile it might seem like some people are just born confident, confidence is largely an acquired skill. 16 Start by building up their self-esteem, independent thought, and positive self—talk. Show them how to achieve goals, and how to deal with failure when it happens. With lessons like these, you can teach the people around you to become more confident.Model confident behavior far people.If you’re trying to improve someone’s confidence, be a model for how they should behave in a confident way. 17 Show them confident interpersonal relations like eye contact, handshakes, and making small talk. This lets them practice in a safe environment.Praise small accomplishments to raise a person’s self-worth.If you’re trying to build someone’s confidence, start small. Each accomplishment they complete is a cause for celebration, even if it seems small. Be happy for your friends, kids, or students. 18Give specific praise so people know what they did well.A specific praise is better than a simple “You did well”. 19 . This makes your praise more genuine and boosts the person self-esteem more by showing them their strengths.Start with a positive statement before correcting something.20 This is especially important if you’re a parent, teacher, or coach. If you do have to make criticisms or corrections, always start by saying something positive first. This raises the person’s spirits and makes it easier for them to take the critical feedback that’s coming up. A．Instead, tell the person exactly what they did well.B．It’s something you can model and teach other people.C．You may have to point out where someone needs to improve.D．Instead of feeling criticized, the person will know you’re sincere.E．Act confident around them and in your interpersonal interactions.F．Your positive energy will teach them to celebrate their achievements.G．You might show someone’s strengths to help them see the bright side.二、完形填空Boo is a 5-year -old rooster. He loves going on road trips, watching TV, and 21 with other house pets: chickens and cats. Boo enjoys many things in his life, but most of all, he 22 to hug with his human mother Mary Bowman.Before he was 23 , Boo’s life wasn’t always that beautiful. He spent the first six months of his life on a farm with many other chickens, where he was treated more like a 24 than a unique being. He was given constant feeding, which is 25 unhealthy because he can not 26 his feed consumption.His now mother adopted him after learning about him from a friend; she was 27 when knowing his unfortunate fate. She decided to help this little guy 28 the meat factory and finally live 29 .In the house, Boo stays close to his humans. When the family goes for a walk in the wild, he wanders free. He, even like a dog, 30 the family when they come home. He likes to spend time with his dad reading comics. Even though Boo can’t read, he likes to look at pictures in the 31 . They play games together as well. Boo spends time with his grandma, too. When she’s playing the piano, he is looking, learning little by little what those 32 do.Boo is an 33 pet. He knows his family and where he lives. He is the soul of the house, the brightest star in the air. Today, Boo is an active part of the local 34 and has a personal account on which he 35 his everyday life with 35K fans.21．A．working out B．hanging out C．figuring out D．carrying out 22．A．benefits B．inspires C．loves D．advocates 23．A．protected B．replaced C．selected D．adopted 24．A．performer B．chief C．product D．species25．A．occasionally B．illegally C．gradually D．extremely 26．A．control B．obey C．predict D．permit 27．A．heartbroken B．patient C．grateful D．disappointed 28．A．complain B．detect C．escape D．resist 29．A．flexibly B．safely C．gently D．regularly 30．A．proves B．assists C．welcomes D．admits 31．A．books B．riddles C．puzzles D．applications 32．A．heels B．legs C．hands D．fingers 33．A．intelligent B．abnormal C．odd D．energetic 34．A．department B．community C．authority D．charity 35．A．drafts B．illustrates C．chats D．shares三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

使用磁性粉末去除精密部件上毛刺的加工方法外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

使用磁性粉末去除精密部件上毛刺的加工方法外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

附录附录1英文原文Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187–188 (2007) 19–25Micro deburring for precision parts using magneticabrasive finishing method S.L. Ko a,., Yu M. Baron b, J.I. Park aa Center for Advanced E-System Integration, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Koreab Saint-Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St.-Petersburg, RussiaAbstractUsing the developed electromagnetic inductor for deburring micro burr, more detail characteristics of the performance are analyzed. Experiments were carried out to verify the influence of each conditions: volume of powder, height of gap, rotational frequency of the inductor and feed velocity. Proper deburring conditions are suggested to satisfy the productivity and the accuracy. In addition to deburring efficiency, the influence to surface roughness is analyzed. To improve the surface roughness and impurity, a method of coolant supply and component of abrasive powder are investigated. It is proved that the continuous flow of coolant and the Fe powder without abrasive is effective for deburring and surface quality.. 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF); Micro burrs; Electromagnetic inductor; Deburring1. IntroductionThe quality of precision parts can be evaluated by the surface and edge quality. The geometry of edge is determined by deburring process for removing burr and rounding process, which isnecessary for its function. The surface quality is determined by surface roughness and the stress state of the surface. As one of the finishing methods, magnetic abrasive finishing method(MAF) has been used for a long time [1–3]. MAF is based on the magnetization property of ferromagnetic iron and the machining property of abrasives, which is made of Al2O3 and SiC. Along the magnetic flow, which is formed by the magnetic inductor, the magnetic powders will be arranged like brushes and the strength and stiffness of the magnetic brushes can be controlled by the electric current supplied. As a first application of MAF technology for deburring, the burr formed on plane after drilling was tried to be removed. An inductor for removing the burr formed in drilling was produced and analyzed for effective deburring [4]. The precise part used as samples in this work contains 5–10 m averaged burr height . Corresponding author.E-mail addresses: slko@konkuk.ac.kr (S.L. Ko),baron@burr.hop.stu.neva.ru (Y.M. Baron), jungil78@ (J.I. Park).and 0.30–0.40 m surface roughness on surface after piercing operation. In the previous work, electromagnetic inductor for deburring this part was designed and manufactured. Some conditions were applied to evaluate the performance of the inductor [5]. The proper powders are selected based on the previous work using the evaluation method to characterize performanceof powder [6]. The characteristic equation can be obtained from simply developed experiment method, which enables to predict the productivity and powder tool life [6]. In this paper, properfinishing conditions are to be recommended for precision deburring. Volume of powder, rotational frequency of inductor, height of gap and the feed velocity of table are the main factors to be determined from the more detail experiment based on the result from the experiment in previous work. As a result, the optimized conditions are suggested to improve productivity. The vibration table is applied to improve the performance, which was verified in previous work also as in Fig. 1. The efficiency for deburring and the surface roughness can be improved using this vibration table [5].In the case of micro deburring for precision parts, improvement of surface roughness during deburring becomes one of the most important task. Most influencing factors for surface roughness are component of powder and the coolant supply method. Fe-powder without abrasive is proved to be efficient by protecting adhesion on the surface which results in 0924-0136/$ – see front matter . 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.11.183S.L. Ko et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187–188 (2007) 19–25 Fig. 1. Overall view of inductor EMI-2 (a) and the scheme of its application (b). improved surface roughness. And continuous supply of coolant improves the surface roughness. The influence of flow rate is also investigated.2. Experiment equipmentThe electromagnetic inductor EMI-2 was designed and manufactured specially for burrs removal on surfaces of small parts made from ferromagnetic or non-magnetic materials. The view of the inductor and the scheme of the experiments are shown in Fig. 1. Three kinds of movements are involved in this case: inductor rotation; feed of the sample (workpiece); oscillation of the top plate with a sample in the direction normal to the feed direction. The sample moves inside the working gap filled by magnetic abrasive powder. The powder flows over the sample and performs finishing and deburring for both sides at the same time. The smaller working gap height is, the larger magnetic intensity B and cutting forces are (Fig. 2). These data were obtained from the working gap without powder. Magnetic intensity increases to 10% when the gap is filled by magnetic abrasive Fig. 2. Magnetizing curves for magnetic inductor EMI-2 at the different height δof the working gap. powder. The positive peculiaritiesof magnetic inductor EMI-2 are the homogeneity of the process of the surface process through the working gap and the continuous contact between a workpiece and magnetic abrasive powder during process. Mag-Fig. 3. The sample from alloy Fe (60%) + Ni (40%) (a) and geometry of micro burrs and edges cross-section (b and c). S.L. Ko et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187–188 (2007) 19–25 netization curves for EMI-2 with different working gaps are shown in Fig. 2. The vibrating table was used to activate abrasive cutting and to improve the quality of worked surfaces. It is claimed that the extra oscillation movement at MAF guarantees self-sharpening of the powder and higher productivity and better quality of a worked surface as a result [2]. The used vibrating table creates longitudinal or transverse oscillation of its top plate to the feed movement direction. The top plate is exchangeable and can be made from ferromagnetic or non-magnetic material.3. Characterization of inductor EMI-2The main differences of the electromagnetic inductor EMI-2 to EMI-1, which was developed for the burr on plane [4] are following: a sample is continuously at contact with magnetic abrasive powder during process; both sides of the sample are Fig. 4. Influence of MAF parameters to process productivity using the inductor EMI-2: volume of the powder (a), height of the work gap (b), inductor rotation frequency (c) and feed (d). Fig. 5. Influence of coolant to MAF productivity and the work surface rough-ness: at different methods of cooling (a and c) and at different discharge of coolant flow (b). S.L. Ko et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187–188 (2007) 19–25 processed at the same time. But this inductor can be used only for small parts, which can be placed inside gap. 3.1. Determination of deburring conditions Parts of electric guns from Fe–Ni alloy were used as samples to determine MAF conditions for removal of micro burrs by inductor EMI-2 (Fig. 3a). There are three holes with diameter 0.1 mm made by piercing. It is necessary to remove micro burrs to improve edge quality of holes and surface quality. The geometry of initial burrs and edge cross-section are shown in Fig. 3b and c. The experiments were carried out using the scheme shown in Fig. 1b. Workpieces were fastened to aluminum top plate. The specific removed allowance is defined as the removed volume perunit area, which is used for comparison of deburring conditions [6]. MAF conditions are: working gap height 4 mm; magnetic intensity in the gap 0.48 T; coil current I = 1–1.5 A; inductor rotation frequency n = 95–280 min.1; feed f = 127 mm/min; oscillation frequency of vibration table nosc = 500 min.1; amplitude of oscillation Aosc = 2.5 mm; MAF duration corresponds to number of the table strokes in feed N = 1, 2, 4, 8 (it corresponds to 0.5, 0.9, 1.9, 3.8 min); magnetic abrasive powder Fe(CH2); volume of the powder portion Vp = 11–27 cm3. Influence of parameters Vp, n, f, nosc, were investigated. Fig. 6. View of a hole edge after punching: (a) 200×and (b) 1000×.3.1.1. Amount of the powder for processThe powder is packed inside the working gap by magnetic forces, and the amount of powder is important for productivity and cost of MAF operation. The volume of the working gap (the gap height δ = 4 mm) at inductor EMI-2 equals to Vg =19cm3. This volume was calculated as 100% of the powder for one-time process Vp. Otherconditions are: n = 95 rpm; f = 127 mm/min; I =1.0A (B = 0.45 T); N = 2; coolant (cutting Fig. 7. Rounding of edges by MAF (100×). S.L. Ko et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187–188 (2007) 19–25 oil) flow rate 0.96 l/mm. The experimental result is shown in Fig. 4a. Increase of the amount of powder is accompanied by larger magnetic forces and leads to increase of the productivity but not very much, because there is free space where the extra powder may be located in the gap near the poles.3.1.2. Height of the work gap δThe design of inductor EMI-2 allows to change the height of the work gap from 2 up to 10 mm according to the height of a workpiece. Influence of the wok gap was examined overthe range δ = 4–10 mm at Vp = 130% Vg. Other conditions were the same as at previous experiment. Increase of the work gap induces the decrease of productivity by the decrease of magnetic intensity inside the gap. The coil current was constant during this experiment. It can be observed from Fig. 4b that magnetic intensity becomes smaller as work gap δ increases.3.1.3. Inductor rotational frequency and feedWhen the volume of powder equals to 100% Vδ and the height of the gap δ = 4 mm at this experiment, the influence of the rotation frequency of inductor is shown in Fig. 4c. The duration of the contacts of powder grains with the work surface increases proportionally to the rotation frequency n, which increases the productivity either. But rate of the increase of productivity becomes slow at the frequency larger than 180 rpm as shown in Fig. 4c. This might be caused by the increase of centrifugal forces as the rotational speed increases, by which most part of the grains is thrown out of the gap. The experiment of feed optimization was carried out at following conditions: n = 95 rpm; f = 127–507 mm/min; nosc = 500 min.1; Aosc = 2.5 mm; δ = 4 mm; B = 0.48 T; MAF duration—two work strokes (4–15 s of processing correspondingly to the feed value); with coolant. The result is shown in Fig. 4d. The influence of the feed over range of 127–342 mm/min is not very large. But best surface roughness was obtained at f = 342 mm/min. 3.1.4. Role of a coolantThe use of chemical active and surface-active coolants is very important for MAF process [2]. Induced currents are generated inside a workpiece material and especially inside of its blanket during MAF. The electric charged surface of the workpiece activates chemical processes and an action of surface-active matters. This fact was verified at the research of deburring by MAF [6]. The research on the role of coolant was continued at these experiments. The experiment was carried out with n = 95 rpm; Vp = 100% Vg; δ = 4 mm. Others conditions were same as the previous ones. The specific removed allowance increases when the coolant is periodically injected inside the work gap, and it increases more when the coolant is used like the constant flow as shown in Fig. 5a. The flow of the coolant guarantees the supply of the coolant to all sections of the work surface inside the work gap and increases the productivity. Increase of the coolant flow rate increases the productivity. But too big discharge of the coolant reduces the productivity, since the strong stream of the coolant washes out the powder from the work gap (Fig. 5b). The presence of the surface-active coolant isvery important for good surface roughness. The dependences of the surface roughness Ra to the coolant supply method during MAF process are shown in Fig. 5c. MAF process without coolant and with cooling by periodical injections worsen the roughness. The case without coolant, which is shown as . in Fig. 5c generates worst surface roughness. It may be explained by phenomena of an adhesion of the powder component on the work surface due to the heat generated during MAF. The process without coolant reveals more severe deterioration of surface than the periodic supply of coolant (. in Fig. 5c). The adhesion is activated with the electrically charged work surface. Cooling by periodically injection of the coolant decreases adhesion but does not avert it fully. Cooling by the continuous coolant flow (. in Fig. 5c) prevents the adhesion and improves the roughness. So the proper conditions for removal of micro burrs at parts obtained from the experiment can be summarized as: EMI2 inductor rotation frequency n = 180 rpm; f = 342 mm/min; nosc = 500 min.1; Aosc = 2.5 mm; δ = 4 mm; Vp = 1.3Vg; method of cooling—the continuous flow of coolant with the discharge rate 1 l/min. The iron powder without abrasive particles was used here as magnetic abrasive powder. The test of MAF deburring using the determined conditions showed that burrs with initial height 1.5–2.5 m are removed for 15 s.4. Analysis of edges and surface qualityafter MAF The samples shown in Fig. 3 were used. The edges after piercing had several kinds of defects: burrs, scratches and rough surface roughness (Fig. 6). Magnetic abrasive finishing deletes all these defects. And it takes longer to remove all the defects than to remove burrs. For example burrs were completely removed after one stroke of feed and the rounding of edges was Fig. 8. Edge quality before (a) and after MAF (b) (1000×). S.L. Ko et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187–188 (2007) 19–25 Fig. 9. The top worked surface after MAF using (8500×) mixture powder CH2 +Al2O3 (a) and CH2 (b). performed after two and more strokes. The rounding of edge of 4.1. Worked surface quality hole after one, two, and four strokes is shown in Fig. 7a–c. One can see, that it is possible to control the radius of the edge: the The top surface is polished during deburring or rounding on longer MAF duration is, larger the radius is. The quality of the edge of holes by MAF. Influence of MAF conditions to surface edge before and after MAF is shown in Fig. 8. The iron powder roughness was described above. MAF process has the characterCH2 was used for deburring and edge rounding in this case. istic that work surface becomes to be electrically charged at the Fig. 10. Views at 1500×and the EDS diagrams of the attached particle after MAF using mixture powder (a), the same after MAF using iron powder (b) and grain of iron powder (c). S.L. Ko et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187–188 (2007) 19–25 25 Table 1 Chemical composition of the worked surface, powder grain and the attached particles Chemical element Amount of an element (%) Work surface Work surface after Work surface after A grain of the An attached particle An attached particle before MAF MAF with powder MAF with powder CH2 after MAF with after MAF withCH2 mixture powder mixture powder powder CH2 C 2.47 0 1.46 23.11 5.84 Si 0.40 0.30 0.71 1.99 Mn 0.51 0.44 0.64 1.09 0.36 0.35 Fe 55.94 58.70 58.07 96.42 39.90 50.34 Ni 38.88 40.34 40.73 25.96 34.17 Cu 0.18 0.23 0.07 Er 1.61 0 1.09 Al 0.560.37 Others Co (0.32) O (6.78); Ca (0.72); O (4.79); Ca (3.35); Cl (0.61); K (0.20) Cl (0.20) Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 process, and this promotes adhesion of the component of powder to the work surface. We showed above that a surface-active coolant hinders from adhesion. The experiments were carried outat conditions: n = 180 rpm; f = 127 mm/min; nosc = 500 min.1; Aosc = 2.5 mm; B = 048 T; MAF duration for two strokes. The coolant (cutting oil) was periodically injected into the gap. Two sorts of powders were used: mechanical mixture of powders of iron CH2 (50% vol.) and Al2O3 (50% vol.); iron powder CH2 [4]. The top surface of sample has tracks of abrasive cutting when deburring was performed by the mixture powder (Fig. 9a). There were no tracks on the surface when iron powder was used (Fig. 9b). The tracks may be made by the hard particles, Al2O3, in the mixture powder, which deteriorates the surface roughness. However the specific removed allowance is almost same in both cases. It was also found that there are some particles attached on the worked surface even after cleaning by alcohol, and chemical composition of the surface was changed. The pictures of attached particles are shown in Fig. 10, and their chemical composition is described in Table 1. The chemical composition of worked surface was changed after MAF. Carbon and erbium vanished, and silicon was decreased or deleted. Small amount of aluminum appears when MAF was made using mixture powder containing Al2O3. That is why the iron powder is recommended for micro deburring of precision parts with soft material. The attached particles consist of the workpiece material (chips) and chemical elements of the coolant. Ultrasonic cleaning of workpieces after MAF is necessary to keep initial chemical composition of worked surfaces. The extra experiment showed that ultrasonic cleaning in a tank with distilled water guarantees removing of coolant films and the attached particles fully.5. Conclusions(1) Electromagnetic inductor for deburring and surface finishing of the part of electric gun is developed before. More detail characteristics of deburring are investigated by changing the main parameters.(2) As deburring conditions, volume of powder, height of gap, inductor rotational frequency, feed velocity and the method of coolant supply are analyzed by experiment more detail.(3) In addition to the performance of deburring, the influence to surface roughness is also analyzed. To improve the surface roughness, several systems of coolant supply are applied. The continuous coolant flow improves the surface quality.(4) The remained particle on surface after MAF consists of the component of the coolant and abrasive. Ultrasonic cleaning can remove the particles completely. And the iron powder is recommended to prevent adhesion and the particles on surface. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea through the 2001 National Research Laboratory (NRL) program. References[1] Y.M. Baron, Technology of Abrasive Finishing in Magnetic Field, Mashinostroenie,Leningrad, 1975.[2] Y.M. Baron, Magnetic Abrasive and Magnetic Finishing of Products and Cutting Tools, Mashinostroenie, Leningrad Rus, 1986.[3] H. Yamaguchi, T. Shinmura, Study of an internal magnetic abrasive finishing using a pole rotation system. Discussion of the characteristic abrasive behavior, Precis. Eng. J. Int. Soc. (2000) 237–244.[4] S.L. Ko, Y.M. Baron, J.W. Chae, V.S. Polishuk, Development of deburring technology for drilling burrs using magnetic abrasive finishing method, in:LEM21, November, Niigata, Japan, 2003.[5] J.L. Park, S.L. Ko, Y.H. Hanh, Y.M. Baron, Effective deburring of micro burr using magnetic abrasive finishing method, key engineering materials, Trans Tech Eng. 291–292 (2005) 259–264 (ISSN 1013-9826).[6] Y.M. Baron, S.L. Ko, J.I. Park, Technique of comparison and optimization of conditions for magnetic abrasive finishing, key engineering materials, Trans Tech Eng. 291–292 (2005) 297–302 (ISSN 1013-9826).使用磁性粉末去除精密部件上毛刺的加工方法S.L. Ko a,∗, Yu M. Baron b, J.I. Park a摘要使用改进后的电磁感应器去除微小毛刺，分析加工中的更多细节特征。

珩磨和研磨（Honingandlapping）

珩磨和研磨（Honingandlapping）

珩磨和研磨（Honing and lapping）Definition of scientific and technical termsChinese Name: Name: honing definition: honing English with embedded in the grinding head oilstone pressure on the workpiece surface, honing tool or workpiece and the relative rotation and axial reciprocating motion, with minimum residual finishing methods on the workpiece. Applied disciplines: Mechanical Engineering (first level discipline), cutting process and equipment (two disciplines), cutting process - cutting method (two disciplines)The above contents shall be examined and approved by the National Commission for the approval of scientific and technical termsCatalog(Heng m)Finishing the finishing of the machined surface with a whetstone (also called a honing bar) embedded in the honing head. Boring grinding machine. Main processing straighthoningA variety of cylindrical apertures with diameters of 5~500 mm or greater, with a depth to aperture ratio of 10 or greater. Under certain conditions, it can also process plane, excircle, spherical surface, tooth surface and so on. Honing head peripheral Xiangyou 2 ~ 10 root length is about 1/3 ~ 3/4 longhole stone, both rotary motion and reciprocating motion in honing, at the same time by spring or hydraulic control of the honing head and uniform outside the rose, so the larger contact area with the hole surface, high processing efficiency. The dimensional accuracy of the honing hole is IT7 to 4, and the surface roughness can reach Ra0.32 to 0.04 microns. Honing margin depends on the size of the bore and workpiece material, the general cast iron for 0.02 to 0.15 mm, steel parts for 0.01 ~ 0.05 mm. The speed of honing head is generally 100~200 revolutions per minute, and the speed of reciprocating movement is generally 15~20 meters per minute. In order to remove chips and abrasive particles, improve surface roughness and reduce cutting zone temperature, the operation often requires a large number of cutting fluids, such as kerosene or a small amount of spindle oil, and sometimes extreme pressure emulsion.Edit this paragraphMethodWhen honing, the workpiece is mounted on the honing table or fixture, and a honing head with a number of whetstone strips is inserted into the machined Kong Zhong, which is rotated by the main shaft of the machine tool and is axially reciprocating. Oilstone to a certain pressure and the hole wall contact, you can cut a thin layer of metal. The honing head and the spindle are generally connected by floating.Sketch map of honing (2 pieces)Honing head has mechanical plus pressure, air pressure orhydraulic automatic pressure regulating several kinds. The honing head shown in the drawing is mechanical plus pressure, and hydraulic pressure adjustment is used in actual production.Edit this paragraphProcess characteristicsHoning is an efficient machining method to make the machined surface reach high precision, high surface quality and long service life.It can effectively improve the dimensional accuracy, shape accuracy and reduce the Ra value, but can not improve the hole and other surface position accuracy.The machining cast iron, hardened and unhardened steel and bronze, but the non-ferrous metal processing for high toughness. ,Honing is mainly used in hole machining. In the honing process, the center of the machining hole is used as the guide. The processing aperture range is Phi 5 to Phi 500, and the depth diameter ratio can reach 10.The honing is widely used for mass production in a large number of processing cylinder hole, oil cylinder, valve hole and multi barrel etc.. Can also be used in single, small batch production.When honing, the coaxiality cannot be determined.Compared to the honing and grinding, honing can reduce the labour force, high productivity, easy automation etc.. [1]Edit this paragraphpurposeFinishing the finishing of the surface with a whetstone (also called a honing bar) that is inserted on the honing head (see cutting). Honing is mainly used to process cylindrical holes with a diameter of 5~500 millimeters or more, such as cylinder, valve hole, connecting rod hole and box hole, etc. the ratio of hole depth to hole diameter can reach 10 or even greater. Under certain conditions, honing can also process excircle, plane, spherical surface and tooth surface. Surface roughness of cylindrical honinghoningIt can reach Ra0.32 to 0.08 microns, and can reach less than Ra0.04 microns, and can improve geometric accuracy a little, and the machining accuracy can reach IT7 ~ 4. The surface quality of flat honing is slightly worse.Edit this paragraphMachine toolhoningHoning machine is generally used honing machine, spindle andhoning head is generally a floating connection;But in order to improve the ability to correct the workpiece geometry, rigid connections can also be used. Honing, honing head peripheral general with 2 ~ 10 root stone, driven by the spindle rotation in the hole, and at the same time as the linear reciprocating motion, which is the main movement; at the same time by honing in spring or hydraulic pressure control oilstone uniform rise, the radial feed of the machined hole wall. Figure 1 is a honing sketch of the inner circle. The ratio of the number of revolutions and revolutions per minute to the honing head shall be non integer, so that the processing mark formed on the surface of the workpiece becomes a crossed reticulate pattern without duplication. Fig. 2 is the movement track of a single whetstone during honing in a hole. The stone is moved up and down, and the workpiece is turned more than one circle. The grit size of the rough honing stone is 120~180, and the fine honing is made of fine grained stones below W28. The width of the whetstone is 3~20 millimeters, and the length is about 1/3 to 3/4 of the hole length. When the whetstone moves back and forth in the hole, the length of both ends beyond the hole shall not be larger than the length of the 1/3 of the whetstone, otherwise it will easily generate bell mouth. But when the pass is less than the length of the whetstone, 1/4 will make the hole appear in a drum shape. The honing principle and operation requirements of the excircle and plane are the same as those of the internal honing.Honing margin is generally not more than 0.2 millimeters. Honing circumferential speed, the processing of steel is about 15~30 meters / minute, the processing of cast iron ornon-ferrous metal can be increased to 50 meters / more; honing reciprocating speed shall not exceed 15~20 meters / minute. The pressure on the hole wall is generally 0.3 to 0.5 MPa, the rough honing time can reach 1 MPa or so, and the precision honing can be less than 0.1 mpa. The honing oilstone and workpiece surface contact, each grain on the surface of the vertical pressure only when grinding 1/50 ~ 1/100, plus the honing speed is low, so the cutting zone temperature can be maintained at 50~150 Deg. C, to reduce the residual surface stress, improve surface quality. In order to scour chip, avoid blocking the whetstone, and reduce the temperature of cutting zone and reduce the surface roughness, the cutting fluid used in honing must have certain working pressure and filtered. Most of the cutting fluids are kerosene, kerosene or spindle oil, and extreme pressure emulsions are used. In the absence of special honing machine, the honing rack can also be mounted on a vertical drilling machine to realize the honing of the inner bore. [1]Edit this paragraphTechnical improvement1970s began to use metal bonded diamond and cubic boron nitride stone stone, used for machining hardened steel or cast iron, wear only ordinary stone 1/150 to 1/250 at the same time, oilstone pressure on the workpiece can be increased by 2 ~ 3 times, so that the honing efficiency and surface quality has been further improved.Edit this paragraphIndustry surveyBeijing cast Liz Technology Co. Ltd. Mr. Gan Jian think: the relationship between supply and demand is a prerequisite to the development of the industry. At present, the market demand is very large, while the supply side is slightly inadequate, especially with the core intellectual property rights, the quality of the products are not many enterprises, the industry as a whole lack of brand effect. In the stage of vigorous demand, there is no doubt that the demand for the industry is huge and the prospects for development are good. But how to keep the industry healthy, stable and sustainable development, the industry needs the joint efforts of enterprises, especially the need to play the carping of the spirit of research and development, to further improve the production process, reduce the cost, the real customers to solve practical difficulties, strict quality control, to provide the most reliable products.[2]English Name: lapping definition: the use of grinding tools and abrasives, from the workpiece to remove a very thin layer of surface finishing method. Application of disciplines: Mechanical Engineering (a subject); machining process and equipment (two subjects); cutting process - cutting method (two subjects) announced approval of the above content by CNCTSTmedical aircraftThe abrasive finishing of a machined surface, such as cutting, by applying or applying abrasive particles embedded in a lapping tool through the relative movement of the tool and theworkpiece at a certain pressure. Grinding can be used to process all kinds of metals and non-metallic materials, the surface of the processing has a plane, internal and external cylindrical and conical surface, convex, concave spherical surface, thread,Tooth surfaces and other surfaces. The machining accuracy can reach IT5 ~ 01, and the surface roughness can reach Ra0.63 to 0.01 microns.CatalogInterpretationclassificationMethod 1) lapping the excircle2) grinding inner circle3) grinding planeProcess characteristics and ApplicationSuppliesParaphraseclassificationMethod 1) lapping the excircle2) grinding inner circle3) grinding planeProcess characteristics and ApplicationSuppliesThe editor of this paragraph of explanation: grindingPinyin: Yan MoBasic explanation1. [pestle: grind]:2. [abrade polish] by means of tools: make it smooth with abrasivesexplicateOneResearch and refinement. Tang Jia Dao "send monks to the roof" poem: "wonderful Yu grinding, should be accompanied by a wise man."." Song Cenggong "Zhengzhou" Shao yew poem: "chapter of the consistent, grinding industry." "Luo Zhuang Gong Ming high Penlon biography": "then to recognize grinding heart, heart, Qi, life, apotheosis, yin and Yang, are extremely at austria." Tang Qing Sun Hua "to Wang Canying" poem: "Nanxiang healers Weijun hole see the crux, long sang secret record by grinding."TwoTo make crushed or smooth. Song Taogu "clear differences were recorded:" more than friends "," world a Yan bo...... A shady word said: "Bi" friends. Ming cloud: Mr. Hua system. By day jade, grinding for 100. But the only friend and husband, who? "" Song Chaoguan "Mo Jing - Research": "where the ink industry in households, and workers in grinding." Such as: grinding drugs.Edit this section classification grinding methods can generally be divided into wet research, dry research and semi dry grind 3 categories. Wet grinding: also known as sand grinding, the liquid grinding agent continuous filling or coating on the grinding surface, abrasives in the workpiece and grinding tools between the sliding and rolling, forming a cutting movement. Wet grinding is generally used for coarse grinding, and the abrasive particle size of the micro powder is coarser than W7. Dry grind: also known as sand grinding, the abrasive uniform in the press embedded in the surface layer of grinding machine, grinding, grindingOnly a small amount of stearic acid, mixed fat and other auxiliary materials should be applied to the surface of the grinding machine. Dry grind is often used for fine grinding, and the abrasive powder used is finer than the W grinding machine7. Semi dry grind: similar to wet grind, the abrasive used isa paste. Grinding can be done either by hand or on a grinder. Prior to grinding, the workpiece must be machined with other methods to achieve higher pre - machining accuracy, with agrinding allowance of 5~30 microns.The grinding tool is a tool for grinding and forming workpieces. It is also the carrier of abrasives, the hardness should be lower than the hardness of the workpiece, but also a certain degree of wear resistance, usually made of gray iron. The microstructure of the wet lapping tool is mainly ferrite, while the dry lapping tool is made of homogeneous fine pearlite. Small workpiece grinding under M5 thread and complex shape, commonly used steel research. When grinding small holes and soft metal materials, brass and copper tools are mostly used. The tool should have sufficient rigidity and high geometric accuracy on its work surface. Grinding tools are also affected by cutting and wear in the process of grinding. If properly handled, the accuracy of the tool can be improved, so that the machining accuracy of the workpiece can be higher than the original accuracy of the grinding tool.It is an important condition to improve the lapping quality to correctly process the trajectory of lapping. In plane lapping, the general requirements of the relative research exercise, try to ensure that the workpiece grinding stroke length of each point is similar to the workpiece; trajectory evenly throughout the lapping tool surface, grinding tool for uniform wear; the change of curvature trajectory to be small, in order to ensure the smooth movement of the workpiece; workpiece trajectory point as far as possible to avoid premature periodic repetition. The graph is the commonly used flat grinding motion track. In order to reduce the heat of cutting, grinding is usually performed under low pressure and low speed. The rough grind pressure is not more than 0.3 MPa, and the lapping pressure isusually 0.03 ~ 0.05 mpa. Rough grinding speed is generally 20~120 meters / minute, grinding speed generally take 10~30 meters / minute.Edit this paragraph method 1) grinding the excircleInstructions: 1. The grinding outer circle is usually carried out on the basis of fine grinding or fine grinding. Manual grinding of the outer round can be carried out on the lathe, the workpiece and grinding tools between the grinding agent,The workpiece is rotated by the spindle of the lathe, and the lapping tool is supported by the hand for reciprocating movement in the axial direction.Grinding sketch (8 pieces) mechanical lapping outer circle is carried out on lapping machine, which is generally used to grind the outer circle of ball bearing parts.2) grinding inner circleDescription: the grinding inner circle should be carried out after fine grinding, fine reaming or fine boring, usually hand grinding. The lapping tool is an open taper sleeve, which is sheathed on the taper mandrel, and the grinding agent is applied between the workpiece and the lapping tool, and the hand workpiece is axially reciprocating. Grinding after a certain period of time, to adjust the direction of main spindle taper sleeve, the diameter swell, to keep the hole wall pressure.3) grinding planeExplanation: the grinding surface is usually carried out after grinding. When grinding the surface manually, the abrasive is applied to the lapping plate (the tool) and the workpiece is held in a linear reciprocating motion or a 8 - shape movement. After grinding for a certain time, turn the workpiece 90 degrees to 180 degrees to prevent the workpiece from tilting. For the surface of the workpiece to be studied, such as small plane, square hole, narrow seam and other surfaces, hand tools can be used for grinding. A flat surface on a large, simple part can also be ground on a flat grinder.Edit the characteristics and application of this section: equipment is simple, accuracy is not high.The processing quality is reliable. Very high accuracy and low Ra values can be obtained. But generally, the position accuracy between the machined surface and other surfaces can not be improved.The processing all kinds of steel, hardened steel, cast iron, copper and aluminum and its alloy, hard alloy, ceramic, glass and plastic products etc..Grinding is widely used in single and small batch production, processing all kinds of high-precision surface, and can be used in a large number of production.Edit this paragraph supplies, with the use of grinding equipment supplies, mainly abrasive, abrasive belts and other products.The abrasive belt and abrasive belt are used to build fine abrasive particles on the high strength film by means of high pressure electrostatic field force, so that the abrasive particles can be directionally and evenly distributed, which can provide higher grinding efficiency and bright and meticulous polishing effect. Abrasive grains include alumina, silicon carbide and so on. Suitable for grinding and polishing of materials of different hardness.The application fields of this kind of products are very extensive and can be applied to:1., printing roller grinding and polishing, such as WC corrugated roller, rubber roller, mirror roller, ceramic anilox roller and other products;2. grinding and polishing of crankshaft, camshaft, gear shaft and so on;3. body grinding and polishing, such as car shop, painting shop, electrophoresis and after coating, grinding and polishing of body。

hec-hms 3.5 bare essentials tutorial and example说明

hec-hms 3.5 bare essentials tutorial and example说明

CEE3430 Engineering Hydrology HEC‐HMS Bare Essentials Tutorial and Example Margaret Matter and David TarbotonFebruary 2010This tutorial provides some bare essentials step by step guidance on starting to use HEC‐HMS following Example 5‐1 (page 335) of Bedient et al. (2008), but presented in terms of the current version of HEC‐HMS (Version 3.5). This is not intended to be comprehensive or to replace the HEC‐HMS documentation; rather it is a getting started guide intended to get you through a first run using the program and provide the bare essential knowledge from which you can learn more by exploring the software and more comprehensive manuals.HEC HMS website and resources(a)Main HEC‐HMS website: /software/hec‐hms/(b)HEC‐HMS , version 3.5 download: /software/hec‐hms/download.html(c)User’s Manual: /software/hec‐hms/documentation/HEC‐HMS_Users_Manual_3.5.pdf(d) Quick Start Guide(for new users and includes a tutorial): /software/hec‐hms/documentation/HEC‐HMS_QuickStart_Guide_3.5.pdf1.Steps for download and installation:∙On the “Download” page, under the “Windows” section, click on “Primary Download Site”∙A “File Download – Security Warning” will appear with the question, “Do you want to run or save this file?”∙Click on “Run” to run Setup.exe∙Takes a few seconds to download∙Message appears: “Welcome to the InstallShield Wizard for HEC‐HMS 3.5”, click “Next”∙Read Terms and Conditions, and click “I agree to the above Terms and Conditions for Use”, and click “Next”∙Destination Folder: If the program is to be save on in a location other than the default, click “Change”∙And near the top, under “Look In,” select the drive and folder in which the program will be stored∙Additional Tasks: “Would you like setup to create a shortcut which will appear on every users desktop?” Check “Create a desktop shortcut,” and click “Next”∙Click “Install” ‐‐‐takes seconds to install∙A final InstallShield message appears: click “Finish”2. 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Abrasive Waterjet

Abrasive Waterjet

Abrasive WJ Cutting cont.
Evolution of mixing tube
technology Standard Tungsten Carbide lasts 4-6 hours (not used much anymore) Premium Composite Carbide lasts 100-150 hours Consumables include water, abrasive, orifice and mixing tube
Abrasive WJ Cutting
Used to cut much harder materials
Water is not used directly to cut material as in Pure,
instead water is used to accelerate abrasive particles which do the cutting 80-mesh garnet (sandpaper) is typically used though 50 and 120-mesh is also used Standoff distance between mixing tube and workpart is typically 0.010-0.200 – important to keep to a minimum to keep a good surface finish
Chuck Gallant Baris Akcora Andy Grueninger
Introduction to Waterjet
Fastest growing machining process

Abrasive machine for machining a flange on a work

Abrasive machine for machining a flange on a work

专利名称：Abrasive machine for machining a flange on awork piece发明人：Mats Heijkenskjold申请号：US09893401申请日：20010629公开号：US20020025766A1公开日：20020228专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：An machine () for machining a flange on a work piece () comprises a rotated tool(), chucking equipment () and feeding means () for relative displacement between work piece and tool, a tubular cylindrical housing () with longitudinal axis and an inner space (),with an axis offset from the housing axis; a shaft with a recess insaid inner space () for angular displacement therein, a motor () in said recess; a spindle () coupled to said motor extending along said housing axis and cooperating with said chucking equipment; a rotatable outer casing () enclosing said housing, and a lid member () connected to casing and having a central through opening (), said tool cmprising a peripheral abrasive material at the central through opening, which extends axially beyond at least one of the lid surfaces, the shaft () arranged in inner space () for causing work piece to approach and contact said abrasive material at angular displacement of the shaft.申请人：HEIJKENSKJOLD MATS更多信息请下载全文后查看。

USE OF A DEVICE FOR THE ABRASIVE MACHINING OF SURF

USE OF A DEVICE FOR THE ABRASIVE MACHINING OF SURF
USE OF A DEVICE FOR THE ABRASIVE MACHINING OF SURFACES OF ELEMENTS AND IN PARTICULAR OPTICAL ELEMENTS OR WORKPIECES
发明人：FAEHNLE, OLIVER 申请号：EP02716837.6 申请日：20020320 公开号：EP 14 09199B1 公开日：20061129
申请人：FISBA OPTIK AG,FISBA OPTIK AG,FISBA OPTIK AG 地址：CH 国籍：CH 代理机构：Hepp, Dieter 更多信息请下载全文后查看
摘要：The invention relates to a device for the abrasive machining of surfaces of elements. Said device comprises a tool (1) with an inlet (11) and an outlet (12), a supply unit that supplies a liquid to the inlet (11), said liquid containing dissolved abrasive agents and emerging from the outlet (12) and a positioning device, which guides the tool over the surface to be machined, positioning said tool in such a way that the outlet lies opposite the surface to be machined. According to the invention, the surface area of the annular gap (3) that is formed by the limiting walls (13) of the outlet (12) and the surface (2) to be machined is smaller than the cross-sectional surface of the inlet (11).

硬质合金烧结工艺英文

硬质合金烧结工艺英文

硬质合金烧结工艺英文Sintering Process of Hard AlloyHard alloy, also known as tungsten steel or cemented carbide, is a composite material made of tungsten carbide and cobalt powder. It has high hardness, wear resistance, and heat resistance, making it widely used in the manufacture of cutting tools, molds, and wear-resistant parts. The sintering process is the key step in the production of hard alloy, and its quality directly affects the performance of the material.The sintering process of hard alloy can be divided into four stages: mixing, pressing, sintering, and finishing.1. MixingThe mixing of hard alloy is a crucial process, which affects the uniformity of the material's composition and properties. The mixing process is usually carried out in a ball mill or a mixer to achieve a uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and cobalt powder. The ratio of tungsten carbide and cobalt powder determines the properties of the final product.2. PressingAfter mixing, the powder is compacted into a desired shape by pressing. There are two main types of pressing methods: cold pressing and hot pressing. Cold pressing is used for low-density parts or when the product's shape cannot withstandhigh pressure. Hot pressing is used for high-density parts, such as cutting tools, to ensure a dense and uniform structure.3. SinteringSintering is the process of heating the pressed parts to ahigh temperature in a vacuum or protective gas environment to bond the particles together. During sintering, the tungsten carbide particles are bonded by cobalt, forming a hard and dense material. The sintering temperature and time arecritical parameters that affect the density, strength, and microstructure of the hard alloy material.4. FinishingAfter sintering, the parts are often subjected to finishing processes like grinding, cutting, and polishing to achievethe desired shape and surface finish. The finishing process also removes any surface defects or impurities and improvesthe performance of the hard alloy material.In conclusion, the sintering process of hard alloy is a complex and critical step in the production of tungsten steel. The quality of the final material depends on the uniformityof mixing, the pressing method used, the sinteringtemperature and time, and the finishing process. A well-designed sintering process can produce high-quality hardalloy materials with excellent wear resistance and longservice life.。

大英赛工艺流程英语作文

大英赛工艺流程英语作文

大英赛工艺流程英语作文The Grand Slam Process: A Journey of Excellence.In the annals of manufacturing, few processes have achieved the legendary status of the Grand Slam.Originating in the realm of precision engineering, the Grand Slam process represents a meticulously crafted sequence of steps designed to produce components of unparalleled quality and precision.The Grand Slam process encompasses four distinct stages, each meticulously orchestrated to achieve a specific end goal. These stages are:1. Precision Machining.The foundation of the Grand Slam process lies in precision machining, where raw materials are transformedinto intricate components with exacting tolerances. Employing state-of-the-art CNC (Computer Numerical Control)machines, operators deftly guide cutting tools with micron-level accuracy, ensuring the highest standards of dimensional precision and surface finish.2. Heat Treatment.Following machining, components undergo a series of heat treatment processes, meticulously designed to enhance their mechanical properties. These treatments involve subjecting the parts to controlled temperatures and cooling rates, optimally modifying the crystalline structure and grain size to achieve the desired strength, hardness, and durability.3. Grinding.The Grand Slam process employs a highly specialized grinding technique known as creep feed grinding. This innovative technique involves continuously rotating the workpiece while grinding it with a vitrified cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheel, resulting in an exceptional surface finish and geometric accuracy. Creep feed grinding isparticularly well-suited for demanding applications where both high precision and productivity are essential.4. Inspection and Quality Assurance.The culmination of the Grand Slam process is a rigorous inspection and quality assurance regimen. Components are meticulously examined using advanced measurement andtesting techniques, including coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) and optical comparators. Each component is meticulously evaluated against predefined specifications, ensuring that it meets or exceeds the most stringentquality standards.The Grand Slam process is a testament to the unwavering pursuit of manufacturing excellence. By adhering to its meticulous steps and employing cutting-edge technologies, manufacturers can achieve unparalleled levels of precision, performance, and durability in their components. This process has become the industry benchmark for producinghigh-performance parts that are trusted in critical applications across various industries, including aerospace,automotive, medical, and industrial automation.The Grand Slam process is not merely a sequence of steps but rather a philosophy of continuous improvement and innovation. Manufacturers who embrace this process are constantly exploring new technologies and techniques to enhance efficiency, reduce waste, and elevate the quality of their products. As a result, the Grand Slam process remains at the forefront of manufacturing advancements, enabling the production of components that meet the ever-evolving demands of modern industry.。

铅笔的制作过程千人高的作文

铅笔的制作过程千人高的作文

铅笔的制作过程千人高的作文英文回答：The creation of a pencil is a complex and fascinating process that involves multiple stages and materials. Here's a step-by-step overview of the pencil-making process:1. Log Selection and Drying: The pencil-making journey begins with the selection of high-quality logs, typically from cedar or incense trees. These logs are carefully selected for their straightness, grain, and density. Once the logs are collected, they are left to air-dry naturally for several months to reduce moisture content and prevent warping.2. Sawing and Shaping: Once the logs are sufficiently dried, they are cut into thin planks using a specialized sawing machine. These planks are then shaved into pencil-shaped slats, or "blanks," using a high-precision planer.3. Pencil Core Production: The pencil cores, which form the writing material, are made from a mixture of graphite and clay. Graphite is a naturally occurring mineral composed of pure carbon, while clay imparts strength and durability to the core. The graphite and clay are ground into a fine powder, blended together, and then extruded through a die to create the pencil cores.4. Core Insertion: The pencil blanks are grooved to accommodate the pencil cores. The cores are inserted into the grooves and secured in place using glue or adhesive. This process requires precision and attention to detail to ensure that the cores are centered and aligned properly.5. Finishing and Sharpening: The pencils are now ready for finishing and sharpening. They are coated with a thin layer of lacquer or paint to protect the wood and enhance their appearance. The pencils are then sharpened using a sharpening machine to create the iconic pointed tip.6. Marking and Packaging: The final step involves marking the pencils with the manufacturer's brand and otherrelevant information. The pencils are then packaged in sets or boxes for distribution and sale.中文回答：铅笔制作过程。

篆刻制作流程英语

篆刻制作流程英语

篆刻制作流程英语The Art of Engraving: A Journey through the ProcessEngraving, a centuries-old art form, has captivated the minds and hands of skilled artisans for generations. This intricate craft, rooted in the rich cultural heritage of China, has evolved over time, adapting to the changing demands of the modern world while preserving its timeless allure. In this exploration, we will delve into the captivating world of engraving, uncovering the intricate steps that transform a simple material into a masterpiece.The journey of engraving begins with the selection of the medium. Traditional Chinese engraving often utilizes materials such as stone, jade, or wood, each with its unique properties and challenges. The artist must meticulously examine the grain, texture, and imperfections of the chosen material, visualizing the final work and planning the execution accordingly.Once the medium is selected, the artist embarks on the critical task of design. This stage involves a harmonious blend of creativity, cultural symbolism, and technical expertise. The engraver carefully sketches the desired motif, incorporating elements that reflect theessence of the subject matter or the artist's personal expression. The design phase is a delicate balance between artistic vision and practical considerations, as the engraver must ensure the feasibility of the intricate patterns and lines.With the design firmly in place, the engraving process commences. The artist expertly wields a set of specialized tools, each designed for a specific purpose. Chisels, gravers, and other instruments are employed with precision and control, meticulously carving the design into the chosen material. This intricate process requires immense concentration, as the engraver must navigate the unique characteristics of the medium, avoiding flaws and maintaining the integrity of the design.As the engraving progresses, the artist must continuously monitor the depth, width, and consistency of the lines, ensuring a harmonious and visually striking final product. The rhythm of the chisels striking the surface creates a mesmerizing symphony, each strike contributing to the unfolding of the masterpiece.The delicate nature of engraving demands a keen eye for detail and an unwavering steady hand. The slightest deviation can compromise the entire work, requiring the engraver to exercise exceptional control and patience. This meticulous process often takes hours, if not days, to complete, as the artist meticulously refines each elementof the design.Once the engraving is complete, the artist turns their attention to the finishing touches. Polishing, cleaning, and the application of protective coatings are essential steps to enhance the vibrancy and longevity of the work. The engraver's skilled touch transforms the once-raw material into a captivating work of art, imbued with the essence of their creative vision.The final product is a testament to the engraver's mastery and the rich cultural heritage that inspired their creation. Each engraved piece is a unique and highly coveted work of art, reflecting the artist's dedication, patience, and unwavering commitment to the craft.In the realm of engraving, the artist's role extends beyond mere technical prowess. They become storytellers, weaving narratives through the intricate patterns and symbols they carve into the material. Each engraved piece carries with it a deep connection to the cultural traditions and personal experiences that have shaped the artist's perspective.As the art of engraving continues to evolve and captivate audiences around the world, it stands as a testament to the enduring power of human creativity and the ability to preserve and celebrate culturallegacies. The process of engraving, with its meticulous attention to detail and unwavering dedication, serves as a reminder of the enduring beauty that can be found in the most intricate of artistic expressions.。

冰壶制作过程作文英语

冰壶制作过程作文英语

冰壶制作过程作文英语The Making Process of an Ice Sculpture。

Ice sculptures, also known as ice carvings, are a magnificent form of art that requires skill, precision, and creativity. The process of creating an ice sculpture involves several steps, from designing the sculpture to the final carving. In this essay, we will explore the making process of an ice sculpture, highlighting each step in detail.The first step in creating an ice sculpture is the design phase. The artist begins by conceptualizing the sculpture and sketching it on paper. This step is crucial as it helps the artist visualize the final product and plan the carving process. The design must take into account the size, shape, and theme of the sculpture.Once the design is finalized, the next step is to gather the necessary tools and materials. The artist needsa variety of tools, including chisels, chainsaws, and blowtorches, to shape the ice. Additionally, a large blockof ice is required, which can be obtained from a local ice supplier. The size of the block depends on the scale of the sculpture.Now comes the most challenging part of the process –carving the ice. The artist starts by creating a rough outline of the sculpture using a chainsaw. This initial cut gives the sculpture its basic shape. Then, the artist switches to smaller chisels and begins refining the details. This step requires patience and precision, as one wrong move can ruin the entire sculpture.As the carving progresses, the artist must constantly monitor the temperature and humidity of the environment.Ice is a delicate material that can melt easily, so it is crucial to work in a controlled environment. A temperatureof around -10 to -15 degrees Celsius is ideal for ice carving. Additionally, the artist may use a spray bottle filled with water to add a thin layer of ice to the sculpture, giving it a glossy finish.Throughout the carving process, the artist must also consider the lighting and presentation of the sculpture. Illuminating the sculpture from different angles can enhance its beauty and create stunning visual effects. Some artists even incorporate LED lights into their sculptures, adding a vibrant and dynamic element to the artwork.Once the carving is complete, the final step is to transport and display the ice sculpture. Special care must be taken during transportation to prevent any damage. The sculpture is usually placed on a sturdy base, such as a wooden platform or a metal stand, to ensure stability. Itis then showcased at various events, such as weddings, festivals, or exhibitions.In conclusion, the making process of an ice sculptureis a meticulous and intricate task that requires skill, creativity, and attention to detail. From the initial design phase to the final display, every step is crucial in creating a stunning piece of art. Ice sculptures not onlyshowcase the beauty of ice but also demonstrate the talent and craftsmanship of the artists who bring them to life.。

平磨齿轮生产工艺流程及工序

平磨齿轮生产工艺流程及工序

平磨齿轮生产工艺流程及工序英文回答：The manufacturing process of hobbed gears typically involves the following steps:1. Gear Blank Preparation: The process begins with the preparation of the gear blank, which involves cutting a cylindrical piece of metal to the desired dimensions.2. Hobbing: The gear blank is then mounted on a hobbing machine, which uses a special cutting tool called a hob to gradually cut the teeth into the gear blank. The hob rotates and moves axially, gradually forming the teeth asit cuts into the blank.3. Heat Treatment: After the hobbing process, the gear is subjected to heat treatment to enhance its mechanical properties. This typically involves heating the gear to a specific temperature and then cooling it rapidly to achievethe desired hardness and strength.4. Finishing Operations: Once the heat treatment is completed, the gear undergoes several finishing operations to improve its surface finish and dimensional accuracy. These operations may include grinding, honing, or lapping.5. Inspection: After the finishing operations, the gear is thoroughly inspected to ensure it meets the required specifications. This may involve measuring the tooth profile, checking for any defects or deviations, and performing quality control tests.6. Surface Coating (Optional): Depending on the application, the gear may undergo a surface coating process to improve its wear resistance or reduce friction. This can include processes such as nitriding, carburizing, or applying a thin film coating.7. Final Assembly: Finally, the finished gears are assembled into the intended mechanical systems, such as gearboxes or transmission systems.中文回答：平磨齿轮的生产工艺流程通常包括以下步骤：1. 齿轮毛坯准备，该过程首先涉及将金属材料切割成所需尺寸的圆柱形毛坯。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译金刚石刀具机械研磨过程中材料的去除机理

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译金刚石刀具机械研磨过程中材料的去除机理

外文翻译：Material Removing Mechanism for Mechanical Lapping of Diamond Cutting ToolsLI Zeng-qiang，ZONG Wen-jun，SUN Tao，DONG Shen（Center for Precision Engineering，Harbin Institute of Technology，Harbin 150001，China）Abstract：The material removing mechanism for mechanical lapping of diamond cutting tools was illuminated at the atomistic scale. In lapping process，phase transformation of the lapping region was the main reason for the material removal. Thus a three-dimensional model of a specimen of the diamond monocrystal and rigid diamond grit was built with the aid ofthe molecular dynamics（MD）simulation. The force between all of the atoms was calculated by the Tersoff potential. After that，lapping with a certain cutting depth of 1.5 lattice constants was simulated. By monitoring the positions of atoms within the model，the microstructure in the lapping region changes as diamond transformed from its diamond cubic structure to amorphous carbon were identified. The change of structure was accomplished by the flattening of the tetrahedron structure in diamond. This was verified by comparing the radial distribution functions of atoms in the lapping and un-lapping regions.Meanwhile，the debris produced in lapping experiment was analyzed by XRD（X-ray diffraction）. The results show that the phase transformation happens indeed.Keywords：diamond cutting tools；mechanical lapping；materialremoving mechanism；molecular dynamics simulationI t is an important way to turn the optical surface with natural diamond cutting tools to obtain high accuracy. The processed work-pieces’ surface has lower surface roughness and residual stress，and smaller metamorphic region than those machined in usual ways. Diamond is the most important material to make cutting tools in the ultra-precision machining，for it is an ideal brittle solid with the greatest hardness and resistance to plastic deformation of any material and has very high dimensional homogeneity. The sharpening method of diamond cutting tools is the key technology to obtain sharp cutting radius，good surface quality and small geometric tolerance[1]. There are many sharpening methods such as lapping，ion beam sputtering，thermal chemistry polishing，plasma polishing，oxide etching and laser erosion，etc. The most common and effective method is lapping[2]. The mechanism of the material removal in lapping has a lot of statements such as the micro-cleavage theory[3]，the thermal abrasion theory[4]，electro-abrasion theory[5] and theory of fracture taking place in the hard direction[6]，etc. However，these explanations are only satisfactory in the particular situation. The explanation accepted by most people is that the hybridized orbit of the carbon converts from sp3 to sp2 in lapping，as demonstrated by van Bouwelen[7]，Grillo[8]，Hird and Field[9]. As yet，few man has verified it at the atomistic level.The extremely powerful technique of molecular dynamics（MD）simulation involves solving the classical many-body problem in contexts relating to the study of matter at the atomistic level. Since there is no alternative approach capable of handling this broad range of problems at the required level of detail，molecular dynamics methods have been proved indispensable in both pure and applied research，as demonstrated by Rapaport[10]. Molecular dynamics analysis is an effective method in studying indentation，adhesion，wear and friction，surface defects and nano-cutting at the atomistic scale. Nowadays，MD analysis has already been employed to investigate the AFM-based nanolithography process using an AFM tool[11] and atomic surface modification in monocrystalline silicon[12]. Therefore，it is an efficient way to approach the mechanism of the material removal in lapping using molecular dynamics simulation.From all the above，this study will focus on the material removing mechanism in diamond mechanical lapping using three-dimensional MD simulation. And the microcosmic phenomena in mechanical lapping will be presented and discussed.1 Methods1.1 Simulation modelingAt the beginning，the mechanical lapping process of diamondcutting tools is introduced. The scaife used was made from a grey cast iron and was medium “striped”（radial grooves to hold diamond grit）.It wasprepared for use by applying a film of olive oil to the surface，before a few carats of graded diamond grits were rubbed evenly into it. With the scaife running at a high speed，a diamond cutting tool was lapped by applying a load. In this process，the diamond grit was fixed in the scaife. So，the process belongs to the fixed abrasive polishing category[13]. Therefore，a model of a specimen of the diamond monocrystal and rigid diamond grit was built，as shown in Fig.1.Fig.1 Molecular dynamics simulation model of mechanical lapping of diamond cutting tools The crystal lattice of the specimen and the grit belonged to the diamond cubic system. The lattice constant of this system was 0.356 67 nm，which was represented as a. The control volume of the specimen must be large enough to eliminate boundary effects.Taking this intoconsideration，an optimum control volume was chosen based on an iterative process of increasing the control volume size until further increases did not affect the displacements and velocities of the atoms due to lapping. An optimum size of 50a×15a×30a was obtained，consisting of 183,930 atoms. Moreover，the periodic boundary condition was used in the z-direction to reduce the effects of the simulation scale. The specimen included three kinds of atoms ，namely ：boundary atoms，thermostat atoms and Newtonian atoms.To restrict the rigid-body motion of the specimen，the boundary atoms in the left and bottom layers of the specimen that were fixed in space were used to contain the Newtonian atoms.Thermostat atoms were also used to ensure reasonable outward heat conduction away from the control volume.Thermostat atoms and the Newtonian atoms obey the Newton’s second law.The top surface of the specimen was（100）surface，which was exposed to the grit.The spherical diamond grit had a radius of 8a，consisting of 17,116 atoms.And it slid on the specimen with the depth of h.Before carrying out the molecular dynamics simulation on the lapping of diamond，it is important to ensure that the chosen potential function gives a reliable result for the simulation. Tersoff potential was used in the present simulation to dictate the interaction among the diamond atoms in this simulation[14]. The parameters in Tersoffpotential for carbon were as follows ：A=1,393.6 eV，B=347.6 eV，λ=34.879 nm.1，μ=22.119nm.1 ，β=1.572,4×10.7 ，n=0.727,51 ，c=380,49 ，d=4.384，h=.0.570 58，R=0.18 nm，and S=0.21 nm. Positions and velocities of the atoms were determined by the Verlet method as demonstrated by Maekawa and Itoh[15].To simulate lapping under room-temperature conditions，the diamond atoms were arranged in a perfectdiamond cubic structure with the lattice parameters equal to their equilibrium values at an ambient temperature of 293 K. The ambient temperature was maintained by scaling the velocities of the thermostat atoms at every special time step.In this simulation，the 0.5 fs was selected as the time step to obtain a high accuracy.This simulation was calculated by the Lammps software[16]，and visualized by the VMD software[17]. The velocity of the lapping was 100a with 1.5a in cutting depth and 40a in lapping length. Before the simulation，the specimen had been relaxed for 10 000 time steps in order to maintain the thermal balance.1.2 ExperimentThe test apparatus of lapping experiment is shown in Fig.2.The abrasive used was diamond grit with an average radius of 0.1 μm.They were coated on the scaife in a ring with a radius of 120 mm.The diamond cutting tool was fixed on the arm by a special fixture.Then，the tool was lapped with the scaife running at 3 000r/min(ca.38 m/s)，under a load of 5 N which was obtained by adjusting the place of the weight. The debris was collected after 30 min lapping.Thereafter，the XRD studies were carried out by SHIMADZU XRD-6000.Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the lapping apparatus2 Results and discussions2.1 Molecular dynamics analysisThe 3D view and cross-section view of the simulation are shown in Fig.3. The crystal lattices near the diamond grit are distorted when the diamond grit cuts into the specimen.The region including these crystal lattices is half-ellipse in shape.The region is under the diamond grit and a bit left to the center o. And the major axis of the ellipse is in the same direction as the composition of forces. Furthermore，this region moves left as the diamond grit slides.As shown in Fig.4 ，A1+A2<A3 ，where O1O2 represents the surface of the workpiece.It shows that the removal materials do not poleup on both sides of the groove completely.Some materials are removed and form chips. It is a cutting process. Whereas，the existing A1 and A2 show that ploughing also occurs.So this state is the cutting state accompanied by ploughing.Fig.3 Microstructure of specimen after the grit slidingFig.4 Section of the grooves in the longitudinal direction There are three key points in lapping，as shown in Fig.5. Firstly，atoms near the diamond grit are forced to make some displacement from their initial position.The crystal lattices including these atoms distort a little.The boundary between the distorted lattices and the perfect lattices is along the diamond（111）surface（the black lines）as shown in Fig.5（a）.The displacements of the atoms become bigger and bigger along with the diamond grit sliding left.More and more atoms deviate from their initial position.The lattices including these atoms distort seriously.The phase transformation that the diamond cubic diamond transforms into amorphous graphite starts on a few atoms （in the dark circles）at the end of this moment.That is to say that the hybridized orbit converts from sp3 to sp2. Secondly，the lattices below the diamond grit have the worst distortion and the boundary faceting along the（111）surface extend to the deeper layer，as shown in Fig.5（b）. More atoms transform from diamond cubic diamond to amorphous graphite ，especially those in the dark circle. Besides，some atoms are taken away by the diamond grit.Thirdly，some lattices revert a little with the force minimizing，as shown in Fig.5（c）. However，the atoms which have the phase transformation cannot revert to their initial phase，especially those in the dark circle. Therefore，the groove is to the left on the surface of the diamond specimen.Fig.5 Scattergrams of atoms in longitudinal sectionA in different states2.2 Bond formationFrom the simulation，it is found that the phase transformation is due to the flattening of the tetrahedron structure in diamond cubic diamond，as shown in Fig.6.The position transformation at progressive time steps is demonstrated in Fig.7.Fig.6 Crystal cell of the diamond crystal lattice taken outfrom the circular region in Fig.5（a）As shown in Fig.7（a），the tetrahedron is deformed when the grit slides close. And the deformation is serious when the grit cuts into section A，as shown in Fig.7（b）. The tetrahedron is flattened a little.Soon after，the tetrahedron deforms badly，as shown in Fig.7（c）.Its four vertexes are almost on a plane and some bonds are broken. At the same time the phase transformation is accomplished.Fig.7 Change of the tetrahedron marked in Fig.6when the grit slides2.3 Pair correlation functionThe pair correlation functions of the specimen and the chip are shown in Fig.8 and Fig.9 respectively.The curve in Fig.8 is syllabified to a lot of clear peaks，which are the same as the diamond’s radial distribution fuction(RDF). However，there are only two peaks in Fig.9,and the peaks are continued, which illuminates that amorphous exists in debris atoms. Therefore，it is sure that the phase transformation takes place in lapping.Fig.8 Pair correlation function of specimen atomsFig.9 Pair correlation function of debris atoms2.4 XRDFig.10 shows the X-ray diffraction（XRD）analysis of the debris produced in the lapping experiment. It demonstrates that the amorphous carbon，small diamond particles or chips and Fe-C compositions（like Fe7C3 and Fe5C2）exist together in the debris.Consequently，the amorphous carbon is produced in lapping，which corresponds to the simulation result.Fig.10 XRD analysis of the debris produced in theexperiment3 Conclusions（1）A three-dimensional MD model about the atoms of diamond cutting tools and diamond grit is built by using the molecular dynamics. Lapping at a special cutting depth is simulated.（2）The boundary of the transformation zone is regular ，faceting along （111 ）surface. The microcleavage only occurs inside this boundary. （3）Interaction between the diamond grit and diamond specimen leads to a phase transformation event.An amorphous transformation appears as the grit slides.And it is expounded from the comparison between the bond formatting and pair correlation function. Moreover，it has alsobeen proved in the lapping experiment.References：［1］Yuan Z J，Yao Y X，Zhou M，et al. Lapping of single crystal diamond tools ［J］．CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology，2003，52（1）：285-288. ［2］Uegami K ，Tamamura K ，Jang K K. Lapping and frictional properties of diamond，and characteristics of diamond cutting tool［J］．Journal of Mechanical Working Technology，1988，17（8）：147-155.［3］Tolkowsky M. Research on the Abrading，Grinding or Polishing of Diamond ［D］．London：City and Guilds College，University of London，1920.［4］Bowden F P，Tabor D. Physical Properties of Diamond［M］．Oxford：Clarendon Press，1965.［5］Brezoczky B ，Seki H. Triboattaction ：Friction under negative load ［J］．Langmuir，1990，6（6）：1141-1145.［6］Couto M，van Enckevort W J P，Seal M，et al. Scanning tunneling microscopy of polished diamond surfaces［J］．Applied Surface Science，1992，62（4）：263-268.［7］van Bouwelen F M. Mechanically Induced Degradation of Diamond ［D］．Cambridge ：University of Cambridge，1996.［8］Grillo S E，Field J E，van Bouwelen F M. Diamond polishing：The dependency of friction and wear on load and crystal orientation［J］．Journal of Physics D：Applied Physics，2000，33：985-990.［9］Hird J R，Field J E. A wear mechanism map for the diamond polishing process ［J］．Wear，2005，258：18-25.［10］Rapaport D C. The Art of Molecular Dynamics Simulation ［M］．Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2004.［11］Yan Y D，Sun T，Dong S，et al. Molecular dynamics simulation of processing using AFM pin tool［J］．Applied Surface Science，2006，252：7523-7531. ［12］Zarudi I，Cheong W C D，Zou J，et al. Atomistic structure of monocrystalline silicon in surface nano-modification［J］．Nanotechnology，2004，15：104-107.［13］Li Z Q，Sun T，Shi L Q，et al. Study on lapping process of diamond cutting tool［J］．Key Eng Mater，2006，304/305：104-108.［14］Tersoff J. Empirical interatomic potential for carbon，with applications to amorphous carbon［J］．Phys Rev，1988，61（25）：2879-2882.［15］Maekawa K，Itoh A. Friction and tool wear in nano-scale machining：A molecular dynamics［J］．Wear，1995，188：115-122.［16］Plimpton S J. Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics ［J］．J Comp Phys，1995，117：1-19.［17］Humphrey W，Dalke A，Schulten K. VMD：Visual molecular dynamics［J］．J Molec Graphics，1996，14：33-38.金刚石刀具机械研磨过程中材料的去除机理李增强，宗文俊，孙涛，董申（哈尔滨工业大学精密工程研究所，哈尔滨150001）摘要：该材料，移除为的钻石切割工具的机械研磨的机制被照亮在的原子论的的的的规模。

徐州2024年03版小学6年级上册B卷英语第1单元期末试卷

徐州2024年03版小学6年级上册B卷英语第1单元期末试卷

徐州2024年03版小学6年级上册英语第1单元期末试卷考试时间：100分钟（总分:100）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 选择题：What is the weather like in summer?A. ColdB. HotC. WindyD. Snowy答案:B2. 听力题：The ____ is known for its colorful patterns and can be found in rainforests.3. 听力题：A __________ is a geological feature formed by the erosion of rock.4. 选择题：Which instrument has keys and is played with fingers?A. GuitarB. FluteC. PianoD. Violin答案:C5. 听力题：A ____ is known for its ability to swim quickly in water.6. 听力题：The study of landforms and their processes is called ______ geography.7. 选择题：What is the color of a ripe banana?A. GreenC. RedD. Blue答案:B8. 听力题：The process of ______ can alter the landscape significantly.9. 听力题：I have a ___ (friend/sibling) who loves sports.10. 听力题：The _______ of a sound wave determines its pitch.11. 选择题：Which animal is a symbol of wisdom?A. OwlB. FoxC. WolfD. Crow答案:A12. 选择题：Which animal is known for its shell?A. FishB. TurtleC. DogD. Cat答案: B13. 填空题：My toy _______ can fly in the air (我的玩具_______可以在空中飞).14. 听力题：The children are ______ in the playground. (laughing)15. 填空题：The goat climbs up the _________. (山)16. 填空题：Understanding ______ (植物遗传学) can lead to improvements in agriculture.17. 选择题：What do we call a person who studies rocks and minerals?A. GeologistB. BiologistD. Physicist答案: A18. f Exploration began in the ________ (15世纪). 填空题：The Age19. 听力题：The sun is ______ in the sky. (high)20. 听力题：The symbol for gold is ____.21. 填空题：The garden is full of ________ (植物).22. 选择题：What do we call the study of animal behavior?A. PsychologyB. SociologyC. EthologyD. Ecology答案:C23. 填空题：We can _______ (做手工) together.24. 选择题：Which fruit is red and often mistaken for a vegetable?A. TomatoB. PepperC. PotatoD. Carrot答案:A25. 填空题：The ancient civilization of ________ is known for its monumental structures.26. 听力题：The reaction of an acid with a base produces ______ and water.27. 听力题：Plants help to keep our _______ clean.28. 填空题：My ______ (哥哥) is learning to ride a bicycle. He is getting better every ______ (天).A _____ (草) grows in the field where cows graze.30. 听力题：The ______ has a striking appearance.31. 听力题：The capital of Cuba is __________.32. 选择题：What is the name of the famous explorer who sailed around the world?A. Christopher ColumbusB. Ferdinand MagellanC. Marco PoloD. Vasco da Gama33. 填空题：My brother loves to play . (我哥哥喜欢玩。

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四、 磨削的工艺特点
（3）磨削温度高： 磨削区的温度很高，有时高达 800～1000oC， 容易烧伤工件表面。磨削时，必须向磨削区喷注大 量的磨削液。 （4）砂轮有自锐性： 砂轮有自锐性可使砂轮进行连续加工，这是其他 刀具没有的特性。
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五、磨削加工方法综述
1.外圆磨削
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无心磨削 centerless grinding
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19.1 Introduction
Figure 25.1 A variety of bonded abrasives used in abrasive machining processes. Source: Courtesy of Norton Company.
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19.2 Abrasives
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19.3 Bonded Abrasives
Workpiece Geometries
Figure 25.2 The types of workpieces and operations typical of grinding: (a) cylindrical surfaces, (b) conical surfaces, (c) fillets on a shaft, (d) helical profiles, (e) concave shape, (f) cutting off or slotting with thin wheels, and (g) internal grinding. See also the illustrations in Section 25.6.
Cylindrical
Centerless Round workpieces; high production rate; low to medium labor skill. Internal Bores in workpiece; low production rate; low to medium labor skill. Honing Bores and holes in workpiece; low production rate; low labor skill. Lapping Flat surfaces; high production rate; low labor skill. Ultrasonic Holes and cavities of various shapes, particularly in hard and brittle machining nonconducting materials. *Larger capacities are available for special applications. L=length; D=diameter.
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Summary
Machine tools, features and the application of different machining methods.
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机 械 加 工 工 艺 基 础
第十四章
零件表面的加工方法（3）
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14.5 磨 削 加 工
磨削加工是以砂轮作为切削工具的一种 精密加工方法。砂轮是由磨料和结合剂动结 而成的多孔物体。
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一、磨 具
1．磨具：grinding tools 砂轮、油石、砂纸、 砂布、砂带、研磨膏 等 2．磨具种类： varieties of grinding tools （ 1 ）固结磨具 : 砂轮、 油石等。
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（2）涂复磨具：coating grinding tool
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二、固 结 磨 具 特 性
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2. 内 圆 磨 削
内圆磨削在内圆磨床或无心内圆磨床上进行，其 主要磨削方法有纵磨法和横磨法。
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3. 平 面 磨 削
平面磨削方法主要有圆周磨削和端面磨削两种方式
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4． 高精度、低粗糙度磨削
高精度、低粗糙度磨削主要包括精密磨削、超 精磨削和镜面磨削。其加工精度很高，表面粗糙 度 Ra 值极小，加工质量可以达到光整加工的水 平。 提高精度和降低粗糙度必须采取以下措施: 首先，必须采用高精度的磨床， 此外，还必须提高工件定位基准的精度，尽量减小 工件的受力变形和热变形，合理选择砂轮磨粒并 对砂轮进行精细的修整。
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Superabrasive Wheel Configurations （超级光磨砂轮外形）
Figure 25.5 Examples of superabrasive wheel configurations. The annular regions (rim) are superabrasive grinding surfaces, and the wheel itself (core) is generally made of metal or composites. The bonding materials for the superabrasives are (a), (d), and (e) resinoid, metal, or vitrified, (b) metal, (c) vitrified, and (f) resinoid.
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Grinding Wheel
Figure 25.3 Schematic illustration of a physical model of a grinding wheel, showing its structure and wear and fracture patterns.
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Common Grindoning（ 珩 磨 ）
Honing and Superfinishing
Figure 25.27 Schematic illustration of a honing tool used to improve the surface finish of bored or ground holes.
Figure 25.4 Common types of grinding wheels made with conventional abrasives. Note that each wheel has a specific grinding face; grinding on other surfaces is improper and unsafe.
Polishing Using Magnetic Fields
Figure 25.30 Schematic illustration of polishing of balls and rollers using magnetic fields. (a) Magnetic float polishing of ceramic balls. (b) Magnetic-field-assisted polishing of rollers. Source: R. Komanduri, M. Doc, and M. Fox.
CHAPTER 19
Abrasive Machining and Finishing Operations
1
Contents

19.1 Introduction 19.2 Abrasives 19.3 Bonded Abrasives 19.4 Lapping 19.5 Honing 19.6 Polishing
磨料：刚玉、碳化硅 abrasives: corundum 粒度：磨粒、微粉 grain size: 结合剂：陶瓷、树脂、橡胶 adhesive : ceramic, resin, rubber 硬度：hardness 在外力作用下磨料颗粒脱落的难易 程度。 组织： structure 磨具中磨料、结合剂和气孔三者之 间的体积比例关系。 形状与尺寸：shape and dimension （见书76页）
在砂轮的使用过程中需要注意砂轮的 平衡、砂轮的修整等问题。
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三、磨 削 过 程
1．磨削过程的实质 nature of grinding process 切削、刻划和摩擦抛 光的综合作用过 程。
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四、 磨削的工艺特点
与其他加工方法相比，磨 削加工具有以下特点。 （1）加工精度高、表面粗 糙度小：磨削的加工精度高 （IT8～IT5），表面粗糙度 小（Ra 1．6～0．2 µm）。 （2）径向分力Fy大：磨削 力一般分解为轴向力Fx、径 向力Fy和切向力Fz。磨削时 Fy较大。
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Centerless Grinding （无心外圆磨）
(c)
Figure 25.22 Schematic illustrations of centerless grinding operations: (a) through feed grinding. (b) Plunge grinding. (c) A computer numerical control cylindrical grinding machine. Source: Courtesy of Cincinnati Milacron, Inc.
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Belt Grinding（砂带磨削）
Figure 25.26 Example: Belt Grinding of Turbine Nozzle Vanes.
Grinding
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19.4 Lapping（研磨）
Figure 25.29 (a) Schematic illustration of the lapping process. (b) Production lapping on flat surfaces. (c) Production lapping on cylindrical surfaces.
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5． 高 效 率 磨 削
高效率磨削的主要发展方向是高速磨削、强力磨 削、超硬度砂轮磨削、砂带磨削。
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