公共管理英语[修订版]_顾建光_全文翻译Unit
公共管理英语(修订版)-顾建光-教学内容 8
学生试译：
8. The Economic Perspective for the People's Republic of China
• In the next 5 years or so, the most important challenge for the PRCs policy makers is job creation, because, as the country continues its economic restructuring and reform of SOEs, more workers will be laid off. These workers will join about 8 million new labor market entrants and rural migrants in their search for jobs each year.
学生试ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้：
8. The Economic Perspective for the People's Republic of China • To promote the development of an integrated national market and fair competition between enterprises in different regions, the government changed the methodology of income tax sharing between the central and local governments.
8. The Economic Perspective for the People's Republic of China
顾建光《公共管理系统英语》课文翻译
《公共管理英语》部分翻译(目前缺第四章、第六章、第七章翻译)第一章1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,省市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
邀请参加重要会议的人数是可以变化的。
这些旁听者可以是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派的要员、工商联代表及其他。
他们要至少18岁，并且愿意参加会议。
旁听者可以通过政府部门以书面形式发表他们的意见。
Increasing Transparency增加透明度在部分城市和农村的基础上，今年的上半年，省已要求村及村以上的政府行政事务都要公开。
所有有关法律、规章和公民必须遵循的政府决定，只要不涉及政党和中央政府的，都要向公众公开。
具体容如下：经济社会发展战略，工作目标和它们的完成情况；重大决策和政策的主动过程；财政预算和执行情况；专用基金的分配和重要物资的购买；主要基本建设计划和它们的招投标；政府投资的公共福利项目；政府审批的项目及完成情况；政府向公众承事项的完成情况；有关公民、法人、组织权益的法律实施；重大事件的处理；-官员的选拔任用，公务员的录用，先进工作者的评价，员工调动的原则改革及公众关心的其他问题；政府机构的职能和官员的职责；工作容、条件、流程和时间以及工作效果；工作原则，承担义务、对违反应承担义务的起诉方法及调查结果；Apart from opening administrative affairs to society, various de partments of the Guangdong Provincial Government have been required t o open their internal system construction, work operations and manage ment, specifically the self-discipline of officials; income and expen diture of the department; management of the human resources, distribu tion of income to workers and staff members as well as their welfare treatment; and other issues.除了向社会公开行政事务，省已经要求各政府部门公开机关部结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，特别是官员的自律情况；部门的收入和经费开支情况，工作人员的收入分配和他们的福利待遇，以及其它事项。
《公共管理专业英语》部分课文翻译
1.1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开Citizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunit y to be a visitor at municipal government meetings, thanks to the gov ernment’s recent efforts to open its administration-adopting the Mea sures for Inviting Citizens to Listen to the Administrative Meeting, which came into effect on December 16, 2001.得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on admini strative affairs. The number of citizen listeners invited to very imp ortant meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies to the city’s people’s congress, members of the local committee of the Chinese Peo ple’s Political Consultative Conference, personages of democratic, m embers of the Association of Industry and Commerce and others. They m ust be at least 18 years of age, and willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
公共管理英语(修订版)-顾建光-教学内容 11
Public Management English
顾建光 主编
11. What Is Macro Social Work
• Words and Expressions
scarn. 创伤，伤痕 premisen. 前提，基础 to be embedded in深植入……，嵌入 maldistributionn. 分配不当 change agents变革者 ecosystem生态系统 destinyn. 命运
11. What Is Macro Social Work
• 学生试译：
1.11. Opening to the Public What IsAdministration Macro Social Work
(Source: William G. Brueggemann, The Practice of Macro Social Work, Wadsworth Group, 2002.）
学生试译：
11. What Is Macro Social Work
• Macro social workers apply a method called rational problemsolving to conditions that cause social problems. Rational problemsolving was conceived as a way of decisionmaking over 350 years ago and has been gradually applied to economic, political, and organizational problems in modern society.
《公共管理英语》部分课文翻译
第一章1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
邀请参加重要会议的人数是可以变化的。
这些旁听者可以是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派的要员、工商联代表及其他。
他们要至少18岁，并且愿意参加会议。
旁听者可以通过政府部门以书面形式发表他们的意见。
Increasing Transparency增加透明度在部分城市和农村的基础上，今年的上半年，广东省已要求村及村以上的政府行政事务都要公开。
所有有关法律、规章和公民必须遵循的政府决定，只要不涉及政党和中央政府的机密，都要向公众公开。
具体内容如下：经济社会发展战略，工作目标和它们的完成情况；重大决策和政策的主动过程；财政预算和执行情况；专用基金的分配和重要物资的购买；主要基本建设计划和它们的招投标；政府投资的公共福利项目；政府审批的项目及完成情况；政府向公众承事项的完成情况；有关公民、法人、组织权益的法律实施；重大事件的处理；官员的选拔任用，公务员的录用，先进工作者的评价，员工调动的原则改革及公众关心的其他问题；政府机构的职能和官员的职责；工作内容、条件、流程和时间以及工作效果；工作原则，承担义务、对违反应承担义务的起诉方法及调查结果；除了向社会公开行政事务，广东省已经要求各政府部门公开机关内部结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，特别是官员的自律情况；部门的收入和经费开支情况，工作人员的收入分配和他们的福利待遇，以及其它事项。
了解政府的行政行为是公民基本权力之一，政务公开是政府的应尽的职责。
公开行政信息是已经是政府管理中必不可少的部分。
同时，政务公开也是WTO的一项主要原则，被列在WTO的大部分文件中。
在中国加入WTO后，被要求在这方面做得更好。
中国的政府职能转变落后于它的经济增长。
顾建光《公共管理英语》课文翻译.解析
《公共管理英语》部分翻译(目前缺第四章、第六章、第七章翻译)第一章1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
邀请参加重要会议的人数是可以变化的。
这些旁听者可以是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派的要员、工商联代表及其他。
他们要至少18岁，并且愿意参加会议。
旁听者可以通过政府部门以书面形式发表他们的意见。
Increasing Transparency增加透明度在部分城市和农村的基础上，今年的上半年，广东省已要求村及村以上的政府行政事务都要公开。
所有有关法律、规章和公民必须遵循的政府决定，只要不涉及政党和中央政府的机密，都要向公众公开。
具体内容如下：经济社会发展战略，工作目标和它们的完成情况；重大决策和政策的主动过程；财政预算和执行情况；专用基金的分配和重要物资的购买；主要基本建设计划和它们的招投标；政府投资的公共福利项目；政府审批的项目及完成情况；政府向公众承事项的完成情况；有关公民、法人、组织权益的法律实施；重大事件的处理；-官员的选拔任用，公务员的录用，先进工作者的评价，员工调动的原则改革及公众关心的其他问题；政府机构的职能和官员的职责；工作内容、条件、流程和时间以及工作效果；工作原则，承担义务、对违反应承担义务的起诉方法及调查结果；Apart from opening administrative affairs to society, various de partments of the Guangdong Provincial Government have been required t o open their internal system construction, work operations and manage ment, specifically the self-discipline of officials; income and expen diture of the department; management of the human resources, distribu tion of income to workers and staff members as well as their welfare treatment; and other issues.除了向社会公开行政事务，广东省已经要求各政府部门公开机关内部结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，特别是官员的自律情况；部门的收入和经费开支情况，工作人员的收入分配和他们的福利待遇，以及其它事项。
顾建光：《公共管理英语》(修订版)--词汇汇总培训讲学
顾建光：《公共管理英语》(修订版)--词汇汇总Lesson 1citizen 公民 municipal government 市政府 administrative affairs 行政事务transparency 透明度 accomplishment 成就，成绩 financial budget 财政预算implementation 实施，实行 obligation 义务，责任 lag behind 落后于bulletin 公告，公报 natural disaster 自然灾害 to grant 授予，认可license 许可证 booth 货摊，小摊 civil affairs 国内事务domicile registration 居民登记 matrimonial registration 婚姻注册e-government 电子政府 to facilitate 使更容易 regulation 规章制度，条例healthcare 医疗卫生 Handling Affairs Online 在线事务办理to retain 保留，保存Lesson 2bureaucracy 官僚机构，官僚作风 bureaucratic constrain 官僚式约束to inhibit 抑制，约束 citizenry 平民，公民 to espouse 信奉cynic 愤世嫉俗者 to render 表现，使成为 quasi-market 准市场to streamline 使简化，使有效率，使现代化 slacken off 放慢，放缓in conjunction with 与。
结合起来 status quo 现状reward and appraisal system 奖励与褒扬制度 to reshuffle 改组commitment 承诺Lesson 3public administration 公共管理，公共行政 decentralization 分权化liberalization 自由化 thrust 冲击 centralization 权力集中化diagnosis 诊断，判断 impetus 推动力，刺激 permanent tension 长期的压力 revenue 财政收入 revival 复兴，恢复 consolidation 联合，统一autonomy 自治，自治权 infrastructure 基础设施 jurisdiction 司法权，裁判权innovation 创新，革新 responsiveness 回应 interdependence 互相依赖remit 汇出 at odds 争议，争吵 local authority 地方政府central authority 中央政府 ceiling 上限，天花板 performance 绩效，成就emergence 出现 statute 条例，法令Lesson 4private sector 私营部门，民营部门 to generate 产生，造成judicial services 法律服务 know-how 技术秘诀 regulation 管制oversight 疏忽，失察 entrepreneur 企业家gross national income（GNI）国民总收入Euromoney 欧洲货币 creditworthiness 信贷价值 public sector 公共部门 vibrant 充满活力的，活跃的 to levy 征税 progressivity 进步incentive 动机monopoly 垄断 budget 预算 accessibility 可达性，可获得性affordability 可承担，可负担性 stark 完全的，巨大的Lesson 5community 社区 interpersonal 人与人之间的 predisposition 倾向to embody 使具体化，具体表现 indelible 不可或缺的，永恒的to exile 放逐，流散 to transcend 超越 static 静止的，静态的heritage 遗产，继承物Lesson 6performance management 绩效管理 to forge 打造，锤炼 diagnostic 诊断的 integrative 综合的，一体化的 holistic 总体的，全部的mission 使命unitarist 一元论的 a logical progression 一种逻辑级数performance appraisal 绩效评估 diagnosis 诊断Lesson 7indicator 指标 in aggregate 总起来看，总起来说system of national accounts 国民账户体系 statistics 统计，统计数据currency 流通货币 gross national income（GNI）国民总收入unincorporated business 综合经营的商业 multiple exchange rate 多重汇率Lesson 8disparity 不同，差距 coastal 沿海的 interior 内陆的financial sector 经济部门 surge 波动，汹涌 drought 干旱housing mortgage loan 住宅抵押贷款 disposable income 税后收入，可支配收入to trigger 引发，引起 state-owned enterprises 国有企业fiscal revenue 财政收入 expenditure 支出，花费 allowance 津贴，补助 extra-budgetary funds 预算外资金 unauthorized spending 未授权的花费treasury bond 国库券 stock market 股票市场 A-share A股Indices（index的复数）指标，指示物 quota 配额 to rebound 反弹tandem 纵列的 consecutive fiscal stimulus 连续的财政鼓励 rebate rate 折扣率aggravate deflationary 加重通货紧缩 phytosanitary 植物检疫的，控制植物病害的Lesson 9well-off 小康的，富裕的 incomprehensive 范围有限的 to shake off 摆脱，甩掉to illustrate 例示，说明 multiplication scenario 乘法情境division scenario 除法情境 to conform to the tide of the times 符合时代潮流to endeavor to foster 努力培育 household contract system 家庭联产承包责任制initiative 进取性 to usher in 引进 wrestling 对抗，斗争resource shortage 资源短缺 positive factor 积极因素，有利因素hegemony 霸权unswervingly boost 坚定不移地推进Lesson 10recipient 接受者 foreign direct investment（FDI）外商直接投资momentum 动力，势头 be attributed to 归因于，由于。
MPA《公共管理英语》unit翻译(全)
MPA《公共管理英语》unit翻译(全)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Unit 1 Opening administration to the public 政府公共管理向社会开放P3 Para.1安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议,这主要得益于2001年12月16日正式生效并实施的邀请市民旁听政府一些行政管理方面会议的行政事务公开改革措施。
P3 Para.2每次市政管理会议都邀请10名市民参加。
受邀参加重要会议的人数是可以变化的。
这些旁听者可以是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派的要员、工商联代表及其他人士。
旁听人员必须年满18岁，并且自愿出席旁听。
P3 Para.3旁听者可以通过政府部门以书面形式发表他们的意见。
Increasing Transparency增加透明度P3 Para.4在一些城市和国家试点项目的基础之上，广东省要求省内县或县级以上的政府在今年上半年实现政务公开。
P4 Para.5所有要求人们遵守的法律、规章以及行政决策，只要不涉及到党和中央政府的机密，都应该向公众公开，具体内容如下：具体内容如下：-经济社会发展策略，工作目标和它们的完成情况（成果）；-制定重大决策和政策的程序；-财政预算和执行情况；-特种基金的分配和使用以及重要物资（材料）的购买；-重大建设项目资金和它们的招投标；-政府投资的公共福利项目；-政府审批（审查批准）的工程及完成情况；-政府向公众承诺事项的完成情况；-有关公民、法人、组织权利和利益（权益）的法律实施；-大事故的处理情况；-官员的选拔任用，公务员的录用，先进工作者的表彰，机构改革中员工的调动及公众关注的其他事项；-管理部门的职能和官员的职责；-工作内容、状态条件、流程和处理事务的时间安排表以及工作效果；-工作原则，承担义务、对违反应承担义务的申诉方法及案子的调查处理结果；P4 Para.6除了向社会公开行政事务，广东省政府的各个机构部门也被要求开放其内部体制结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，特别是官员的自律情况；部门的收入和经费开支情况，人力资源的管理，工作人员的收入分配和他们的福利待遇，以及其它事项。
(完整版)公共管理英语(修订版)-顾建光-全文翻译Unit2
Why Public Management Reform?为什么要进行公共管理改革？Public management reform is usually thought of as a means to an end, not an end in itself. 公共管理改革通常被认为是一种达到目的的手段，而并非目的本身。
To be more precise we should perhaps say that it potentially a means to multiple ends. 更准确说，我们可以认为它是一种潜在地达到多种目的的手段。
These include making saving (economies) in public expenditure, improving the quality of public services, making the operation of government more efficient, and increasing the chances that the policies which are chosen and implemented will be effective. 这些目的包括：节约公共开支（经济），提高公共服务的质量，使政府的运作更加有效，增加被选用的和实施的政策变得有效的机会。
On the way to achieving these important objectives, public management reform may also serve a number of intermediate ends, including those of strengthening the control of politicians over the bureaucracy, freeing public officials1from bureaucratic constrains which inhibit their opportunities to manage and enhance the government’s accountability to the legislature and the citizenry for its policies and programs. 在实现这些重要目标的同时，公共管理改革还可能为一系列中间目标提供服务，包括强化政治家对官僚的控制和把公务员从官僚政治的束缚中解放出来，这些束缚阻碍了他们在政策和计划实施中管理和提升政府对立法部门和公民所负责任的机会。
公共管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
公共管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料外文翻译The New Public Management SituationNo doubt, many countries in the world, and both developed countries and developing countries, in the late 1980s and early 1990s began a continuous public sector management reform movement. The reform movement is still in many aspects government continue to the organization and management of the influence. People in these reforms view repudiating them. Critics especially in Britain and the United States, critics say the new mode of various problems exist, but also does not have the international prevailing reform of public management, could not be called paradigm. Criticism from almost every aspect of the change. Most of the academic criticismbelong to the mouth. Different schools of thought in detail discussion, The academic journal articles and abstraction, from reality. At the same time, in the practice of public management and implementation of the reform and the change. As I in other articles in the thought, in most countries, the traditional public administrative mode for public management mode has been replaced. The reform of public department responded to the realities of several interrelated problems, including: the function of public sector provide public services of low efficiency, Economic theory of change, Private sector related changes impact of globalization, especially as a kind of economic power, Technology changes made decentralization and better control globally becomes possible. The administrative management can be divided into three stages: the development of distinct phases,and public administration before traditional pattern and public management reform stage. Each stage has its own management mode. From a stage of transition to the next stage is not easy, from the traditional public administration to public administration has not yet completed the transition. But it was only a matter of time. Because the new mode of theoretical basis is very strong. The new public management movement ", "although this name, but it is not only a debate in the booming, and in most developed countries have taken the best management mode of expression. The traditional administrative mode than it's age is a great reform, but that time has passed.A traditional patternObviously, in the late 19th century bureaucracy system theory, not sound already exists some form of administrative management. Public administration has a long history, and it is the concept of a government and the rise of civilization as history. As the case Glad2den Osama bin laden (point), a model of administrative since the government appears has existed. First is endowed with founder or leader, then is the social or administrative person to organizers of eternity. Administration management or business is all in social activities, although not among factors, but the glow of social sustainable development is of vital importance. Recognized administrative system in ancient Egypt is already exists, its jurisdiction from the Nile flooding caused by the year to build the pyramids irrigation affairs. China is adopted in the han dynasty, Confucian norms that government should be elected, not according to the background, but according to the character and ability, the government's main goal is to seek the welfare of the people. In Europe, various empire - Greek, Roman, and the holy Roman, Spain'sadministrative empire, they first by the central through various rules and procedures. Weber's thought, "modern" medieval countries develop simultaneously with "bureaucratic management structure development". Although these countries in different ways, but they have common features, it can be called before modern. Namely, the administrative system of early essence is the personification of, or the establishment in Max Weber's "nepotism" basis, i.e. to loyal to the king or minister certain human foundation, not is personified, With allegiance to the organization or individual basis rather than for the foundation. Although there are such a viewpoint that administration itself not only praise from traditional mode, the characteristic of early but often leads to seek personal interests corruption or abuse of power. In the early administrative system, we now feel very strange approach has the functions of government administration is generally behavior. All those who walk official tend to rely on friends or relatives for work or buy officer, which means the money to buy the first officer or tax officials, and then out to the customer to money, which is the first to buy officer recovery investment cost, and can make a fortune. America in the 19th century FenFei system of "political parties" means in the ruling changed at the same time, the government of all administrative position is changed. Modern bureaucracy is before "personal, traditional, diffusion and similar and special", and according to the argument, modern Weber bureaucracy is "impersonal, rational, concrete, achievement orientation and common". Personalized government is often inefficient: nepotism means incompetent not capable person was arranged to positions of leadership, FenFei political corruption, in addition to making often still exist serious low efficiency. The enormoussuccess of traditional administrative pattern that early practice looks strange. Specialization and not politicized administrative in our opinion is so difficult to imagine that trace, there exist other system. Western administrative system even simple selection of officials to pass theexam, until 1854, Britain and north G..M. Trevelyan report after Northcote - began to establish in China, although the system has long passage.The traditional public administrative patternIn the late 19th century, additionally one kind of pattern on the world popular, this is the so-called traditional administrative pattern. Its main theoretical basis from several countries, namely, the American scholars and Germany Woodrow Wilson of Max Weber's, people put their associated with bureaucracy model, Frederick Tyler systematically elaborated the scientific management theory, the theory of the private sector from America, for public administration method was provided. And the other theorists, Taylor without focusing on public sector, but his theory was influential in this field. The three traditional public administration mode is theorist of main effect. In other countries, plus G..M. Trevelyan and North America, the state administration of administrative system, especially the Wilson has produced important influence. In the 19th century, the north G..M. Trevelyan and put forward through the examination and character, and appointed officials put forward bias and administrative neutral point of view. The traditional administrative pattern has the following features:1. The bureaucracy. The government shall, according to the principle of bureaucratic rank and organization. The German sociologist Max Weber bureaucracy system of a classic, andanalysis. Although the bureaucracy in business organizations and other tissues, but it is in the public sector got better and longer.2. The best way of working and procedures are in full manual detail codes, for administrative personnel to follow. Strictly abide by these principles will run for the organization provides the best way.3. Bureaucratic service. Once the government policy areas in, it will be through the bureaucracy to provide public products and service providers.4. In political and administrative two relations, political and administrative managers generally think of administrative affairs can be separated. Administration is the implement instruction, and any matter policy or strategic affairs shall be decided by the political leaders, which can ensure that the democratic system.5. Public interests are assumed to individual civil servants, the only motive for public service is selfless paying.6. Professional bureaucracy. Public administration is viewed as a kind of special activities, thus requirements, obscure, civil servants neutral equal employment and lifelong service to any political leaders.7. The administrative task is to carry out the meaning of the written instructions and not others assume the personal responsibility.Through the comparison of the early administrative pattern, we can better understand the main advantages and Webber system differences. Webber system and it is the most important mode of various before the difference: the rule-based impersonal system replaced the personification of administrative management system. An organization and its rules than any of the people are important organization. Bureaucracy is itsoperation and how to respond to customer must is personified. As Weber has demonstrated that the modern office management ", will be incorporated into various regulations deeply touched it. The modern public administration by law theory, to command certain affairs authority has been awarded the legitimate public authority. This does not grant an institution specific cases through some instructions. It only matters is abstractly control some issues. In contrast, through personal privileges and give concession regulation of all affairs. The latter is completely dominated by the hereditary system, at least these affairs is not the traditional infringement is this situation."It is very important. Early administration based on personal relationships, be loyal to relatives, protect, leaders or political, rather than on the system. Sometimes, the early administration is politically sensitive, because of the administrative organs of the staff is appointed, they also politicians arms or mainstream class. However, it is often autocratic, autocratic administration may be unfair, especially for those who can't or unwilling to input personal and political game. One of the basic principles for with weber impersonal system to completely eliminate autocratic - at least in ideal condition is so. File exists, the reference principle of parallel and legal basis in the same environment means will always make the same decision. Below this kind ofcircumstance is not only more efficient, and the citizen and bureaucratic hierarchy know myself.Other differences were associated with this. In various regulations and impersonal basis, will naturally formed strict hierarchy. Personal rating system and its provisions in the left unchanged. Although Webber emphasizes the entire system, but he also noticed the bureaucracy of the organization andindividual term.The traditional administrative mode won great success, it is widely adopted by governments around the world. Theoretically or in practice, it shows the advantage. And before the corruption flourished, it is more efficient than system, and the thought of individual professionalization civil servants and amateur service has a great progress. However, this model is also exposed the problems that shows that the model can even said outdated, also can say is outdated.The theory of public administration has been difficult to describe the pillar. Political control theory has problems. Administrative means follow instructions, so people demand a well-ordered transceiver method. Instruction between implementers and has a clear division. But this is not the reality, and with the public service domain expands the scale and more impossible. The traditional mode of another theoretical pillar - bureaucracy theory is no longer considered particularly effective form of organization. Formal bureaucracy could have its advantages, but people think it often training to routineer and innovators, Encourage executives rather than risk aversion risk-taking, encourage them to waste instead of effective use of scarce resources. Webb was the bureaucracy is regarded as an ideal type ", "but now this ideal type is inert, cultivate the progressive, leads to low efficiency, these mediocrity and is believed to be the public sector of the special disease. It is also criticized. Actually, the word "bureaucracy in today's more likely as low efficiency of synonyms.The new public management modeIn the 1980s, the public sector is a traditional administrative pattern of new management methods of defects. This methodcan alleviate some of the problems of traditional pattern, also means that the public sector operation aspects has changed significantly. The new management method has many names: management of "individualism", "the new public administration", based on the market of public administration ", after the bureaucracy model "or" entrepreneurial government ". To the late 1990s, people tend to use "and the concept of new public administration". Although the new public management, but for many of the names of public management of department of actual changes happened, people still have a consensus. First, no matter what, it is called mode with traditional represents a significant change of public administration, different more attention and managers of the individual responsibility. Second, it is clear to get rid of the classical bureaucracy, thereby organization, personnel, term and conditions more flexible. Third, it stipulates the organization and personnel, and it can target according to the performance indicators measuring task completion. Also, to plan the assessment system for more than ever before, and also can be more strictly determine whether the government plans to achieve its objectives. Fourth, the senior executives are more likely to color with political government work, rather than independent or neutral. Fifth, the more likely the inspection by the market, buyers of public service provider and distinguish "helmsman, with the rower to distinguish". Government intervention is not always refers to the government by means of bureaucracy. Sixth, appeared through privatization and market means such as inspection, contract of government function reduce trend. In some cases, it is fundamental. Once happened during the transformation from the important changes to all connected with this, the continuity of the steps arenecessary.Holmes and Shand as a useful characteristics of generalization. They put the new public management paradigm, the good as management method has the following features: (1) it is a more strategic or structure of decision-making method (around the efficiency, quality and service). (2) decentralization type management environment replaced concentration level structure. The resource allocation and service delivery closer to supply, we can get more itself from the customers and related information and other interest groups. (3) can be more flexible to replace the method of public products supply directly, so as to provide cost savings of the policy. (4) concernedwith the responsibility, authority as the key link of improving performance, including emphasize clear performance contract mechanism. (5) in the public sector, and between internal to create a competitive environment. (6) strengthen the strategic decision-making ability, which can quickly, flexible and low cost to manage multiple interests outside change and the response.(7) by request relevant results and comprehensive cost reports to improve transparency and responsibility. (8) general service budget and management system to support and encourage the change.The new public management and realize a result that no one in the best way. Managers in endowed with responsibility and without being told to get results. Decision is a management job duties, if not for achieving goals, managers should assume responsibility.ConclusionThe government management over the past 150 years experienced three modes. First is the personification of modernadministrative mode, or when the pattern of its defects and increasingly exposed to improve efficiency, it is the second mode of traditional bureaucracy model is replaced. Similarly, when the traditional administrative mode problems, it is the third model is the new public management, from the government to alternative market. Since 1980s, the dominance of the market as the 1920s to 1960s dominant bureaucracy. In any kind of government, market and bureaucratic system are coexisting, just a form at some stage dominant, and in another stage of another kind of form, the dominant. The new public management is increasingly weakened and bureaucracy in the public administration field market dominant period.In reality, the market and bureaucracy, mutual complement each other. The new public management may not be completely replace the bureaucracy, as in 1989, the eastern Europe before bureaucracy could not instead of the market. But the new public management movement is early traditional bureaucracy, many functions can be and often by market now. In a bureaucracy system for organizational principle is weakened environment, market solutions will be launched. Of course not all market prescription can succeed, but this is not the issue. The government of new public management will be a toolbox dowsed solutions. If the scheme of the ineffective, the government will from the same source for other solutions. The theory behind the government management has already happened, we can use the term "paradigm" to describe it. In public administration academia, many of the new public management denial of critics. But their criticism of the government reform quickly. In the new public management mode, another a kind of new mode, but certainly not returned tothe traditional administrative pattern.新公共管理的现状毫无疑问,世界上许多国家,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,在20世纪80年代后期和90年代初期都开始了一场持续的公共部门管理变革运动。
顾建光《公共管理英语》课文翻译
《公共管理英语》部分翻译(目前缺第四章、第六章、第七章翻译)第一章1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
邀请参加重要会议的人数是可以变化的。
这些旁听者可以是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派的要员、工商联代表及其他。
他们要至少18岁，并且愿意参加会议。
旁听者可以通过政府部门以书面形式发表他们的意见。
Increasing Transparency增加透明度在部分城市和农村的基础上，今年的上半年，广东省已要求村及村以上的政府行政事务都要公开。
所有有关法律、规章和公民必须遵循的政府决定，只要不涉及政党和中央政府的机密，都要向公众公开。
具体内容如下：经济社会发展战略，工作目标和它们的完成情况；重大决策和政策的主动过程；财政预算和执行情况；专用基金的分配和重要物资的购买；主要基本建设计划和它们的招投标；政府投资的公共福利项目；政府审批的项目及完成情况；政府向公众承事项的完成情况；有关公民、法人、组织权益的法律实施；重大事件的处理；-官员的选拔任用，公务员的录用，先进工作者的评价，员工调动的原则改革及公众关心的其他问题；政府机构的职能和官员的职责；工作内容、条件、流程和时间以及工作效果；工作原则，承担义务、对违反应承担义务的起诉方法及调查结果；Apart from opening administrative affairs to society, various de partments of the Guangdong Provincial Government have been required t o open their internal system construction, work operations and manage ment, specifically the self-discipline of officials; income and expen diture of the department; management of the human resources, distribu tion of income to workers and staff members as well as their welfare treatment; and other issues.除了向社会公开行政事务，广东省已经要求各政府部门公开机关内部结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，特别是官员的自律情况；部门的收入和经费开支情况，工作人员的收入分配和他们的福利待遇，以及其它事项。
顾建光《公共管理英语》修订版词汇汇总
Lesson1citizen 公民municipalgovernment 市政府administrativeaffairs 行政事务行政事务 transparency 透明度accomplishment 成就，成绩financialbudget 财政预算财政预算 implementation 实施，实行obligation 义务，责任lagbehind 落后于落后于 bulletin 公告，公报naturaldisaster 自然灾害togrant 授予，认可授予，认可 license 许可证booth 货摊，小摊civilaffairs 国内事务国内事务domicileregistration 居民登记matrimonialregistration 婚姻注册婚姻注册e-government 电子政府tofacilitate 使更容易regulation 规章制度，条例规章制度，条例 healthcare 医疗卫生HandlingAffairsOnline 在线事务办理在线事务办理toretain 保留，保存保留，保存Lesson2 bureaucracy 官僚机构，官僚作风bureaucraticconstrain 官僚式约束官僚式约束 toinhibit 抑制，约束citizenry 平民，公民toespouse 信奉信奉cynic 愤世嫉俗者torender 表现，使成为quasi-market 准市场准市场tostreamline 使简化，使有效率，使现代化slackenoff 放慢，放缓放慢，放缓 inconjunctionwith 与。
结合起来statusquo 现状现状rewardandappraisalsystem 奖励与褒扬制度toreshuffle 改组改组commitment 承诺承诺Lesson3publicadministration 公共管理，公共行政decentralization 分权化liberalization 自由化thrust 冲击centralization 权力集中化权力集中化diagnosis 诊断，判断impetus 推动力，刺激permanenttension 长期的压力revenue 财政收入revival 复兴，恢复consolidation 联合，统一联合，统一autonomy 自治，自治权infrastructure 基础设施jurisdiction 司法权，裁判权 innovation 创新，革新responsiveness 回应interdependence 互相依赖互相依赖 remit 汇出atodds 争议，争吵localauthority 地方政府地方政府centralauthority 中央政府ceiling 上限，天花板performance 绩效，成就绩效，成就 emergence 出现statute 条例，法令条例，法令Lesson4privatesector 私营部门，民营部门togenerate 产生，造成产生，造成judicialservices 法律服务know-how 技术秘诀regulation 管制管制oversight 疏忽，失察entrepreneur 企业家企业家grossnationalincome grossnationalincome（（GNI GNI）国民总收入）国民总收入）国民总收入 Euromoney 欧洲货币creditworthiness 信贷价值publicsector 公共部门vibrant 充满活力的，活跃的tolevy 征税progressivity 进步incentive 动机动机 monopoly 垄断budget 预算accessibility 可达性，可获得性可达性，可获得性affordability 可承担，可负担性stark 完全的，巨大的完全的，巨大的Lesson5community 社区interpersonal 人与人之间的predisposition 倾向倾向toembody 使具体化，具体表现indelible 不可或缺的，永恒的不可或缺的，永恒的toexile 放逐，流散totranscend 超越static 静止的，静态的静止的，静态的heritage 遗产，继承物遗产，继承物 Lesson6performancemanagement 绩效管理toforge 打造，锤炼diagnostic 诊断的integrative 综合的，一体化的holistic 总体的，全部的mission 使命使命 unitarist 一元论的alogicalprogression 一种逻辑级数一种逻辑级数performanceappraisal 绩效评估diagnosis 诊断诊断Lesson7indicator 指标inaggregate 总起来看，总起来说总起来看，总起来说systemofnationalaccounts 国民账户体系statistics 统计，统计数据统计，统计数据 currency 流通货币grossnationalincome grossnationalincome（（GNI GNI）国民总收入）国民总收入）国民总收入unincorporatedbusiness 综合经营的商业multipleexchangerate 多重汇率多重汇率 Lesson8 disparity 不同，差距coastal 沿海的interior 内陆的内陆的financialsector 经济部门surge 波动，汹涌drought 干旱干旱housingmortgageloan 住宅抵押贷款disposableincome 税后收入，可支配收入税后收入，可支配收入 totrigger 引发，引起state-ownedenterprises 国有企业国有企业fiscalrevenue 财政收入expenditure 支出，花费allowance 津贴，补助extra-budgetaryfunds 预算外资金unauthorizedspending 未授权的花费未授权的花费 treasurybond 国库券stockmarket 股票市场A-shareA 股Indices Indices（（index 的复数）指标，指示物quota 配额torebound 反弹反弹tandem 纵列的consecutivefiscalstimulus 连续的财政鼓励rebaterate 折扣率折扣率 aggravatedeflationary 加重通货紧缩phytosanitary 植物检疫的，控制植物病害的害的 Lesson9well-off 小康的，富裕的incomprehensive 范围有限的toshakeoff 摆脱，甩掉摆脱，甩掉 toillustrate 例示，说明multiplicationscenario 乘法情境乘法情境divisionscenario 除法情境toconformtothetideofthetimes 符合时代潮流符合时代潮流 toendeavortofoster 努力培育householdcontractsystem 家庭联产承包责任制家庭联产承包责任制 initiative 进取性tousherin 引进wrestling 对抗，斗争对抗，斗争resourceshortage 资源短缺positivefactor 积极因素，有利因素hegemony 霸权unswervinglyboost 坚定不移地推进坚定不移地推进Lesson10recipient 接受者foreigndirectinvestment foreigndirectinvestment（（FDI FDI）外商直接投资）外商直接投资）外商直接投资momentum 动力，势头beattributedto 归因于，由于。
公共管理系统英语各单元全文翻译
Unit 1Opening Administration to the PublicCitizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunity to be a visitor at municipal(市政的) government meetings, thanks to the government's recent efforts to open its administration-adopting t he Measures for Inviting Citizens to listen to the Administrative Mee ting, which （生效，实施）on December 16, 2001. 安徽省蚌埠市的群众现在有机会出席旁听市政府的召开的会议了，这主要是得益于市政府最近采用并制定的开放式行政管理的措施而邀请市民出席旁听政府的一些行政管理方面的会议。
Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on adminis trative affairs行政事务. The number of citizen listeners invited to very important meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies（代表） to the city's people's congress, members of the local committee of t he Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, personages（要人，名流） of democratic parties, members of the Association of Indus try and Commerce and others. They must be at least 18 years of age, a nd willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.邀请出席每一次行政事务会议旁听的市民，受邀旁听市民的人数是根据会议的重要程度而定的。
公共管理英语(修订版)-顾建光-教学内容 10
学生试译：
10. The Largest Recipient of Foreign Capital
• “China will open more areas and make more efforts to regulate market access for foreign investors to further their investment in China.” Shi assured.
10. The Largest Recipient of Foreign Capital
• Words and Expressions
conglomeratesn. 联合企业 BuildOperateTransfer model建设—经营—移交模式 （BOT模式） securitiesn. 有价证券 the Global Venture Investors Association 国际风险投资者协会 transactionn. 交易，业务
学生试译：
1.10. Opening Administration Public The Largest Recipientto ofthe Foreign Capital
(Source: Beijing Review, Decemipient of Foreign Capital
• At the China Conference: The Year of Capital, held in Beijing on December 4, Shi Guangsheng, Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, said that in 2002, for the first time, China became the largest recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world. He predicted that this years FDI in China would exceed $50 billion.
公共管理英语(修订版)_顾建光_全文翻译Unit2
Why Public Management Reform?为什么要进行公共管理改革？Public management reform is usually thought of as a means to an end, not an end in itself. 公共管理改革通常被认为是一种达到目的的手段，而并非目的本身。
To be more precise we should perhaps say that it potentially a means to multiple ends. 更准确说，我们可以认为它是一种潜在地达到多种目的的手段。
These include making saving (economies) in public expenditure, improving the quality of public services, making the operation of government more efficient, and increasing the chances that the policies which are chosen and implemented will be effective. 这些目的包括：节约公共开支（经济），提高公共服务的质量，使政府的运作更加有效，增加被选用的和实施的政策变得有效的机会。
On the way to achieving these important objectives, public management reform may also serve a number of intermediate ends, including those of strengthening the control of politicians over the bureaucracy, freeing public officials1 from bureaucratic constrains which inhibit their opportunities to manage and enhance the government’s accountability to the legislature and the citizenry for its policies and programs. 在实现这些重要目标的同时，公共管理改革还可能为一系列中间目标提供服务，包括强化政治家对官僚的控制和把公务员从官僚政治的束缚中解放出来，这些束缚阻碍了他们在政策和计划实施1公务员、国家公职人员、政府官员中管理和提升政府对立法部门和公民所负责任的机会。
顾建光《公共管理英语》课文翻译
《公共管理英语》部分翻译(目前缺第四章、第六章、第七章翻译)第一章1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
邀请参加重要会议的人数是可以变化的。
这些旁听者可以是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派的要员、工商联代表及其他。
他们要至少18岁，并且愿意参加会议。
旁听者可以通过政府部门以书面形式发表他们的意见。
Increasing Transparency增加透明度在部分城市和农村的基础上，今年的上半年，广东省已要求村及村以上的政府行政事务都要公开。
所有有关法律、规章和公民必须遵循的政府决定，只要不涉及政党和中央政府的机密，都要向公众公开。
具体内容如下：经济社会发展战略，工作目标和它们的完成情况；重大决策和政策的主动过程；财政预算和执行情况；专用基金的分配和重要物资的购买；主要基本建设计划和它们的招投标；政府投资的公共福利项目；政府审批的项目及完成情况；政府向公众承事项的完成情况；有关公民、法人、组织权益的法律实施；重大事件的处理；-官员的选拔任用，公务员的录用，先进工作者的评价，员工调动的原则改革及公众关心的其他问题；政府机构的职能和官员的职责；工作内容、条件、流程和时间以及工作效果；工作原则，承担义务、对违反应承担义务的起诉方法及调查结果；Apart from opening administrative affairs to society, various departments of the Guangdong Provincial Government have been required to open their internal system constructi on, work operations and management, specifically the self-d iscipline of officials; income and expenditure of the depar tment; management of the human resources, distribution of i ncome to workers and staff members as well as their welfare treatment; and other issues.除了向社会公开行政事务，广东省已经要求各政府部门公开机关内部结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，特别是官员的自律情况；部门的收入和经费开支情况，工作人员的收入分配和他们的福利待遇，以及其它事项。
公共管理英语课文翻译
Unit 10The Largest Recipient of Foreign Capital引资第一大国At the China Conference政治协商会上: The Year of Capital, held in Beiji ng on December 4, Shi Guangsheng石广生, Minister of Foreign Trade and Ec onomic Cooperation, said that in 2002, for the first time, China became the lar gest recipient接受者of foreign direct investment (FDI)外商直接投资in the w orld. He predicted that this year's FDI in China would exceed $ 50 billion. 在12月4日于北京举行的“中国会议：资本年”上，外经贸部部长说，2002年中国第一次成为世界上吸收外国直接投资的“第一引资大国”。
据他预计，中国今年利用外国直接投资将超过500亿美元。
Shi noted that this achievement has been accomplished through positive, ra tional理性的and effective measures for utilizing foreign capital利用外资, unde r an overall situation of opening. 石广生表示：这一成就的取得是与全面开放的情况下，积极、理性及有效地利用国外投资分不开的。
China has maintained a strong momentum in utilizing foreign capital中国在利用外资过程中保持一种强劲的动力, while the FDI was declining globally然而，直接利用外资在全球正呈下降趋势. Latest statistics from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (MOFTEC)对外贸易经济合作部的最新统计显示show that by October 2002, the number of newly approved foreig n-funded enterprises外资企业had reached 27,630, an increase of 35 percent ov er the same period of last year; contractual foreign capital hit契约性外资达$ 75 billion, a rise of 36 percent: and actual use of foreign capital came to实际使用外资达$ 44. 7 billion, up 20 percent. 中国在全球外资直接投资不断下降的情况下，中国依然保持着利用外资的强劲势头。
公共管理英语[修订版]_顾建光_全文翻译Unit
![公共管理英语[修订版]_顾建光_全文翻译Unit](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/7ac53864e45c3b3567ec8bdc.png)
Why Public Management Reform?为什么要进行公共管理改革？Public management reform is usually thought of as a means to an end, not an end in itself. 公共管理改革通常被认为是一种达到目的的手段，而并非目的本身。
To be more precise we should perhaps say that it potentially a means to multiple ends. 更准确说，我们可以认为它是一种潜在地达到多种目的的手段。
These include making saving (economies) in public expenditure, improving the quality of public services, making the operation of government more efficient, and increasing the chances that the policies which are chosen and implemented will be effective. 这些目的包括：节约公共开支（经济），提高公共服务的质量，使政府的运作更加有效，增加被选用的和实施的政策变得有效的机会。
On the way to achieving these important objectives, public management reform may also serve a number of intermediate ends, including those of strengthening the control of politicians over the bureaucracy, freeing public officials1 from bureaucratic constrains which inhibit their opportunities to manage and enhance the government’s accountability to the legislature and the citizenry for its policies and programs. 在实现这些重要目标的同时，公共管理改革还可能为一系列中间目标提供服务，包括强化政治家对官僚的控制和把公务员从官僚政治的束缚中解放出来，这些束缚阻碍了他们在政策和计划实施1公务员、国家公职人员、政府官员中管理和提升政府对立法部门和公民所负责任的机会。
《公共管理英语》部分课文翻译
Opening Administration to the Public政务公开Citizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunit y to be a visitor at municipal government meetings, thanks to the gov ernment’s recent efforts to open its administration-adopting the Mea sures for Inviting Citizens to Listen to the Administrative Meeting, which came into effect on December 16, 2001.得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on admini strative affairs. The number of citizen listeners invited to very imp ortant meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies to the city’s people’s congress, members of the local committee of the Chinese Peo ple’s Political Consultative Conference, personages of democratic, m embers of the Association of Industry and Commerce and others. They m ust be at least 18 years of age, and willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
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Why Public Management Reform?为什么要进行公共管理改革？Public management reform is usually thought of as a means to an end, not an end in itself. 公共管理改革通常被认为是一种达到目的的手段，而并非目的本身。
To be more precise we should perhaps say that it potentially a means to multiple ends. 更准确说，我们可以认为它是一种潜在地达到多种目的的手段。
These include making saving (economies) in public expenditure, improving the quality of public services, making the operation of government more efficient, and increasing the chances that the policies which are chosen and implemented will be effective. 这些目的包括：节约公共开支（经济），提高公共服务的质量，使政府的运作更加有效，增加被选用的和实施的政策变得有效的机会。
On the way to achieving these important objectives, public management reform may also serve a number of intermediate ends, including those of strengthening the control of politicians over the bureaucracy, freeing public officials1from bureaucratic constrains which inhibit their opportunities to manage and enhance the government’s accountability to the legislature and the citizenry for its policies and programs. 在实现这些重要目标的同时，公共管理改革还可能为一系列中间目标提供服务，包括强化政治家对官僚的控制和把公务员从官僚政治的束缚中解放1公务员、国家公职人员、政府官员出来，这些束缚阻碍了他们在政策和计划实施中管理和提升政府对立法部门和公民所负责任的机会。
Last, but not least, one should mention the symbolic and legitimacy benefits of management reform. 最后，但并非最不重要的是，我们还应该注意公共管理改革的象征性与合法性意义。
For politicians these benefits consist partly of being seem to be doing something. 这些好处对于政治家而言，至少可被人们认为他们正在有所作为。
Announcing reforms, criticizing bureaucracy, praising new management techniques, promising improved services for the future, restructuring ministries and agencies—all these activities help to attract favorable attention to the politicians who espouse2them. 比如宣布进行改革，批评官僚主义，表扬新的管理技术，许诺在未来改进服务，重组部门和办事机构——所有这些活动都能把有利的注意力吸引到主张这些事情的政治家身上。
A cynic3might observe that, in these days when the power of individual governments to act independently is increasingly called into questions4by a complex interplay of local, national and international constrains, the one thing that ministers usually can do—with the appearance of dynamism5but at little immediate cost—is to announce changes in their own machinery6of governance. 一个愤世嫉俗的人可能会发现，近来，由于地方、国家和国际限制等复杂的相互作用，单个政府独立行动的权力（能力）日益受到质疑，政府部长们通常所能做的事情——以充满活力的面貌出现却仅需极小的直2支持、赞成、信奉3玩世不恭者、愤世嫉俗者、好挖苦人的人、好嘲笑的人4对……表示怀疑、认为有问题、对……表示异议、非难、怀疑、质疑5活力6机械、机构、机制接代价——就是在他们自己管辖机构内部宣布改革。
There are also legitimacy benefits for those senior officials who, almost invariably, play important parts in shaping and implementing such initiatives. They may gain in reputation by association with “modernizing” and “streamlining” activities. 这对那些在提出和执行这样的倡议时几乎总要扮演重要角色的高级官员们也有合法性的好处。
他们可能会因这些“现代化”和“合理化”（流程优化）的工作而赢得声誉。
If management reform really does produce cheaper, more efficient government, with higher-quality services and more effective programs, and if it will simultaneously enhance political control, free managers to manage, make government more transparent and boost7 the images of those ministers and mandarins8most involved, then it is little wonder that it has been widely trumpeted9. 如果管理改革真会产生一个能提供高质量服务和有效计划的更廉价、更高效的政府，如果它同时还会强化政治控制，让管理者放手去管理，使政府更透明，并且能提升最积极参与的部长和官员们的形象，那么它被广泛鼓吹也就不足为奇。
Unfortunately, however, matters are not so simple. 不幸的是，事情并非如此简单。
There is a good deal of evidence to show that management reforms can go wrong. 众多证据表明，管理改革会走入歧途。
They may fail to produce the claimed benefits. 它们可能无法产生那些宣称的好处。
They may even generate7促进、增加、提高、改善、宣传8国语、官话、满清官吏、旧中国的官员、官僚9吹喇叭、吹嘘perverse10effects that render the relevant administrative progresses worse (in some important senses) than they were previously. 它们甚至可能导致相反（不当）的结果，从而使相关的行政过程（在某些重要的方面）变得比以前更糟。
When a local authority “home help” (domestic care) service for elderly and disabled people is reshaped along quasi-market lines, with a split between the authority purchasing the service and the providing it, we may consider this a typical “reform”.比如，某个地方当局一项为老人和残疾人提供“家庭帮助”（家庭照顾）的计划按照准市场的原则进行了重新修改，将购买服务的当局和提供服务的成员分离开来，我们可将此视为一项典型的“改革”。
When, however, we discover that the contract drawn up for the service is 700 pages long and that the actual service provided seems to have changed very little in either quality or quantity, then doubt sets in11. 然而，如果我们发现，为这项服务而起草的合同文件厚达700页，而实际提供的服务在数量上和质量上只有非常小的改变时，质疑就开始产生了。
We wonder if more trust between the parties concerned might not be a more efficient option, enabling a much shorter contract (or no contract at all) and radically reduced monitoring costs. 我们会想，在相关方之间建立更多的信任也许会是更好的选择，这样，合同文件就会简短得多（甚至可能根本不需要合同），并且会大大减少监督费用。