2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试第二外语考研真题试卷

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上海海事大学民法2014年—2018年考研真题考研试题

2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）
考试科目代码623 考试科目名称民法
一、名词解释（共8小题，每小题5分，总分40分）
1.自助行为
2.回赎
3.除斥期间
4.连带责任
5.同时履行抗辩权
6.消极侵权行为
7.占有改定
8.行纪
二、问答题（共5小题，每小题12分，总分60分）
1.民法上的物有哪些法律特征？
2.试述效力待定法律行为与可撤销民事行为的区别。

3.简述代理权滥用的构成条件及类型。

4.试述死亡宣告撤销的法律后果。

5.简述预期违约的概念和特点。

三、论述题（共1小题，总分25分）
1.试论按份共有人的权利和义务。

1 / 2。

2014年上海海事大学外国语学院255二外俄语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2014年上海海事大学外国语学院255二外俄语考研真题及详解一、词组中俄互译。

（15分）1. 文化古迹【答案】памятник культуры2. 去上海出差【答案】ехать в командировку в Шанхай3. 参加比赛【答案】принимать участие в конкурсе4. 医治病人【答案】лечить больного5. 为主人的健康干杯【答案】выпить за здоровье хозяина6. выставкалёгкойпромышленности【答案】轻工业展览会7. представлятьнашкласснаконкурсе【答案】在比赛中介绍我们的班级8. отдатьмобильниквпочинку【答案】把手机送去修理9. обеденныйперерыв【答案】午休10. загоратьнапляже【答案】在海滨浴场晒太阳二、从А, Б, В, Г四个选项中选择正确的答案填空。

（20分）1. Фестиваль _____ много иностранных туристов.А. приведётБ.привлекаетВ. проводитГ.приезжает【答案】Б【解析】句意：汇演吸引了很多外国游客。

привлекать表示“吸引，引起兴趣”。

привести表示“带到，领到；导致”。

проводить表示“度过，送别”。

приезжать表示“到达，来到”。

2. Вы не знаете, как _____ чувствует Анна Петровна？А. тебяБ.у себяВ. себяГ.себе【答案】В【解析】句意：您知道安娜·彼得罗夫娜感觉怎么样吗？чувствоватьсебякак为固定搭配，“感觉自己怎么样”。

3. К друзьям не могу поехать, _____ у меня сломалась машина.А. чтобыБ.чтоВ. поэтомуГ.потому что【答案】Г【解析】句意：我不能去朋友们那儿了，因为我的车坏了。

2014年研究生考试英语二题目pdf

2014年研究生考试英语二题目pdf全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Sorry, but I cannot provide a document that contains the content of the 2014 Graduate Entrance Examination English II Question PDF, as it is likely copyrighted material. However, I can provide a general overview of the topics typically covered in such exams if that would be helpful to you. Let me know if you are interested.篇2Unfortunately, I cannot provide a specific document about the 2014 Postgraduate Entrance Examination English Level Two question topics in PDF format. However, I can offer a general overview of what might have been covered in that exam.The 2014 Postgraduate Entrance Examination English Level Two test likely included questions on reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, and writing skills. The reading comprehension section may have included passages from various sources, such as newspapers, magazines, or academicjournals. The questions would have tested the ability to understand the main ideas, details, and author's purpose.Vocabulary questions may have tested knowledge of synonyms, antonyms, and contextual meanings of words. Grammar questions might have covered topics like verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, prepositions, and articles.The writing section may have required candidates to write an essay or short answer responses to prompts on various topics, such as education, technology, society, or culture. It would have assessed the ability to organize ideas, use appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and support arguments with evidence.Overall, the 2014 Postgraduate Entrance Examination English Level Two test would have aimed to evaluate candidates' proficiency in the English language and their ability to communicate effectively in academic and professional settings.If you are preparing for a similar exam, it is essential to practice reading and comprehending English texts, expand your vocabulary, review grammar rules, and practice writing essays on different topics. Good luck with your exam preparation!篇3Sorry, but I can't provide a specific document about the 2014 postgraduate entrance exam English II question PDF as it is a copyrighted material. However, I can provide you with some general information about the postgraduate entrance exam in English.The postgraduate entrance exam in English is an important evaluation tool used by universities and colleges to assess the English proficiency of candidates applying for postgraduate programs. The exam usually consists of multiple-choice questions, reading comprehension passages, and essay writing.In the English II section of the exam, candidates are typically tested on their vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, and writing skills. The questions may cover a wide range of topics including literature, history, science, and current events.Preparing for the postgraduate entrance exam in English requires practice and dedication. Candidates should regularly practice their English skills by reading English books, newspapers, and magazines, watching English movies and TV shows, and listening to English podcasts and radio programs.In addition to practicing English skills, candidates should also familiarize themselves with the format of the exam and the types of questions that may be asked. Taking practice exams andseeking guidance from English teachers or tutors can also be helpful in preparing for the exam.Ultimately, success in the postgraduate entrance exam in English requires hard work, determination, and a strong command of the English language. By putting in the effort to improve their English skills and prepare effectively for the exam, candidates can increase their chances of scoring well and gaining admission to their desired postgraduate program.。

2014年上海海事大学研究生入学考试211翻译硕士英语考研真题

小（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目代码211 考试科目名称翻译硕士英语Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A),B), C) and D). Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet.1.It is customary for the bride and groom to __________ their wedding ceremony the evening before theoccasion.A) rehearse B) reciteC) relieve D) reiterate2.The students dormitory is __________ to the school campus.A) adjunct B) absentC) adolescent D) adjacent3.The whole house was in a dilapidated condition; the door __________ on its hinges and the floorboardswere nearly rotten.A) screeched B) squealedC) squeaked C) sledged4.After Obama announced that he planned to run for president, the telephone at campaign headquarters rang__________.A) incisively B) incessantlyC) impartially D) impatiently5.Because she was a few minutes late, she __________ into class and sat in the back of the room.A) crawled B) tiptoedC) rambled D) stumbled6.During the long __________ last year, the farmers had to irrigate their crops.A) drought B) questC) threat D) sleet7.Almost every manager needs an assistant whom he can __________ to take care of problems that mayoccur in his absence.A) count to B) count onC) count for D) count of8.Tom doesn’t even know that angles of less than 90 degrees are called __________ angles.A) obtuse B) focalC) acute D) converging9.One of the __________at the post office is for local mail and the other one is for out-of-town mail.A) slides B) slatsC) slots D) slips10. It is important to boost the morale of the soldiers as low morale can render an army __________.A) sterile B) barrenC) dissolute D) impotent11.Schools should not __________ poor children of the opportunity for learning.A) deprive B) impressC) improvise D) derive12. As there were no other choices, we decided to pay for the furniture on the __________ plan.A) deposit B) debitC) installment D) creditrry was so __________ in his reading that he forgot about his meat cooking in the oven.A) enlivened B) engrossedC) engraved D) enlightened14.Finally, the powerful ruler __________ a rebellion and punished the instigators.A) supported B) reinstatedC) resigned D) suppressed15.The spy used a __________ name while dealing with his counterpart.A) fictitious B) fictileC) fidgety D) fiery16.Nothing is better than a cup of tea to __________ my thirst after playing tennis for two hours.A) quash B) quenchC) quit D) quell17.Christopher Columbus was the first person to __________ under the patronage of Queen Isabella of Spain.A) wander B) navigateC) circumvent D) explore18.After receiving the insulting letter, Ian became __________.A) fugitive B) revengefulC) resentful D) furious19.To some people in the west, marriage is an ___________ institution.A) obsolete B) ancientC) archaic D) extant20.The government is engaged in a project to __________ the hostile element of society.A) dignify B) pacifyC) satisfy D) certify21.The swimmer __________ from the water and climbed onto the boat.A) emerged B) submergedC) merged D) entered22.The city maintains very many Chinese traditions which are among the highest achievements of those whocreated the __________ we now enjoy.A) inheritance B) geneticsC) estate D) heritage23.She worked __________ from a desire to live a full life either in favorable or unfavorable conditions.A) assertively B) persistentlyC) resiliently D) insistently24.We have heard that his face was badly __________ in the crash last night.A) browsed B) breachedC) bruised D) brooded25.The very idea of your taking part in the beauty competition is __________.A) alphabetic B) absurdC) abnormal D) abrupt26.The clerk in the patent office said to his boss, “Look, I am not drunk. I’m as __________ as a judge.”A) sober B) steadyC) somber D) clear27.My continual __________ kept the other workmen awake at night during the past weeks when we werestaying together.A) snarling B) snoringC) sneering D) snoozing28.It is very convenient for you to replace any part of the machine, for they are all __________.A) mechanized B) normalizedC) standardized D) modernized29.She wants to set up a school to __________ her skills and knowledge to the young generation.A) impede B) inheritC) impart D) intervene30.He is considered one of the geniuses in our school, but I think his paintings are quite __________.A) meager B) mediumC) moderate D) mediocrePart II Reading Comprehension (40%) Directions:There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decideon the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Items 31 to 34 are based on the following passage:Perhaps the most challenging is the set of skills required to produce a written assignment, the most common means by which student learning is evaluated. This demands a critical evaluation of a potentially large amount of required reading.The reading required to perform writing tasks requires a set of effective strategies with which many students may be unfamiliar. The texts themselves may vary greatly in both content and style from subject to subject but all require the same critical analysis of conceptually complicated material.Similarly, the experience of speaking before an audience will almost certainly be a new experience for most undergraduates. Again, students are expected to critically evaluate issues and to contribute to the discussion or analysis. Participation in these discussions often forms part of a student’s course assessment and those who fail to express themselves may gain lower grades.Many students find the experience of attending university lectures to be a confusing and frustrating experience. The lecturer speaks for one or two hours perhaps illustrating the talk with slides, writing up important information on the blackboard, distributing reading material and giving out assignments. The new student sees the other students continuously writing on notebooks and wonders what to write. Very often the student leaves the lecture with notes which do not catch the main points and which become hard even for the student himself to understand.Most institutions provide courses which assist new students to develop the skill they need to be effectivelisteners and notetakers. If these are unavailable there are many useful study-skill guides which enable learners to practice these skills independently. In all cases it is important to tackle the problem before actually starting your studies. If you leave it until after your course begins, you may find that you are not able to study and to learn how to study at the same time.It is important to acknowledge that most students have difficulty in acquiring the language skill required in college study. One way of overcoming these difficulties is to attend the language and study-skill classes which most institutions provide throughout the academic year. Another basic strategy is to find a study partner with whom it is possible to identify difficulties, exchange ideas and provide support.The acquisition of effective language and study skills is a process which continues throughout undergraduate life and is itself a fundamental component of a university education.31. The passage is mainly about ________.A) the necessity of getting much knowledgeB) the training of writing at collegeC) the importance of acquiring a set of effective study skillsD) the training of reading ability32.When a student has difficulties acquiring language skills, it is advisable for him orher to __________.A) turn to the teacher immediately B) exchange ideas with a partnerC) seek advice from books D) memorize more words33. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A) Most students are confused by traditional teaching.B) Most teachers fail to teach students how to learn.C) Taking notes in class is not so important.C)Learning how to learn is just as important as what to learn.34. When speaking before an audience, it is important for a student to ________.A) give his own comments B) speak clearly enoughC) show his knowledge from books D) notice others’ reactionPassage 2Items 35 to 38 are based on the following passage:Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978—87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace—all that re-engineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improvingquality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bon Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish —“the worst sort of ambulance-chasing”.35. According to the author, the American economic situation is___________.A) not as good as it seems B) at its turning pointC) much better that it seems D) near to complete recovery36. The official statistics on productivity growth ____________.A) exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB) fall short of businessmen’s anticipationC) meet the expectation of business peopleD) fail to reflect the true state of economy37. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain” because _______.A) he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”B) he does not think the productivity revolution worksC) he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD) he has conclusive evidence for the revival of business38. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A) Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.B) New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C) The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.D) The consultants are a bunch of go-for-nothings.Passage 3Items 39 to 42 are based on the following passage:The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms. “She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt.” More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivation, abilities, ideas, and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly—perhaps with a two-second glance.We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being noticed, a person interacting with others, particularly with those who are known to you so you can compare the observed person’s behavior with the known others’ behavior, observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for, deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person’s responses to specific stimuli; asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her, and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person—questions, self-disclosures and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are oftenimprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still known very little about him. If we accept the idea that we won’t ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior. Ironically, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g., secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosures and truthful statements).39. What do we learn from the first paragraph?A) People are better described in cold, objective terms.B) The difficulty of getting to know a person is usually underestimated.C) One should not judge people by their appearance.D) One is usually subjective when assessing other people’s personality.40. It can be inferred from Berger’s suggestions that __________.A) people do not reveal their true self on every occasionB) in most cases we should avoid contacting the observed person directlyC) the best way to know a person is by making comparisonsD) face-to-face interaction is the best strategy to uncover41.In developing personal relationships, secrets and deceptions, in the author’sopinion, are __________.A) personal matters that should be seriously dealt withB) barriers that should be done away withC) as significant as disclosures and truthful statementsD) things people should guard against42. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is _________.A) to give advice on appropriate conduct for social occasionsB) to provide ways of how to obtain information about peopleC) to call the reader’s attention to the negative side of people’s charactersD) to discuss the various aspects of getting to know peoplePassage 4Items 43 to 46 are based on the following passage:Dr. Thomas Starzl, like all the pioneers of organ transplantation, had to learn to live with failure. When he performed the world’s first liver transplant 25 years ago, the patient, a three-year-old boy, died on the operating table. The next four patients didn’t liv e long enough to get out of the hospital. But more determined than discouraged, Starzl and his colleagues went back to their lab at the University of Colorado Medical School. They devised techniques to reduce the heavy bleeding during surgery, and they worked on better ways to prevent the recipient’s immune system from rejecting the organ — an ever-present risk. Now, thanks to further refinements, about two thirds of all liver-transplant patients are living more than a year.But the triumphs of the transplant surgeons have created yet another tragic problem: a severe shortage of donor organs. “As the results get better, more people go on the waiting list and there’s wider disparity between supply and need,” says one doctor. The American Council on Transplan tation estimated that on any given day 15,000 Americans are waiting for organs. There is no shortage of actual organs; each year about 25,000 healthy people die unexpectedly in the United States, usually in accidents. The problem is that fewer than 20 percent become donors.This trend persists despite laws designed to encourage organ recycling. Under the federal UniformAnatomical Gift Act, a person can authorize the use of his organs after death by signing a statement. Legally, the next of kin can veto these posthumous gifts, but surveys indicate that 70 to 80 percent of the public would not interfere with a family member’s decision. The bigger roadblock, according to some experts, is that physicians don’t ask for donations, either because they fear offend ing grieving survivors or because they still regard some transplant procedures as experimental.When there aren’t enough organs to go round, distributing the available ones becomes a matter of deciding who will live and who will die. Once donors and potential recipients have been matched for body size and blood type, the sickest patients customarily go to the top of the local waiting list. Beyond the seriousness of the patient’s condition, doctors base their choice on such criteria as the length of time th e patient has been waiting, how long it will take to obtain an organ and whether the transplant team can gear up in time.43. One factor causing death on organ transplantation is ___________.A) heavy bleeding during surgeryB) destruction of patients’ immune systemC) objection from patients to taking organs of othersD) doctors’ lack of confidence44. In the U.S. there is a long waiting list for organs because __________.A) there is a shortage of actual organsB) only a few people become organ donorsC) doctors have set a limit to the number of organ recipientsD) transplant surgery is still experimental45. There would be many more organ donors if ____________.A) laws are designed to encourage organ recyclingB) people can’t legally prevent a family member from donating his organC) doctors are more willing to ask for donationsD) transplant surgery is more successful46. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A) Dr. Starzl and Transplant SurgeryB) Transplant Surgery in the U.S.C) The Future of Transplant SurgeryD) Success in Transplant Surgery and Shortage of OrgansPassage 5Items 47 to 50 are based on the following passage:The beginnings of marine biology can be traced back to the renowned Greek philosopher Aristotle of the 3rd century B.C. In certain respects, he was a greater marine biologist than any who followed him, for he made many notable observations with no books to guide him and no microscope with which to see fine details. He studied chiefly the seashore animals of the Greek Coast. In the words of Charles Singer, an English historian of science, Aris totle has left an “imperishable account of some of the things he has seen with his own eyes”. There was no study of seashore life comparable with that of Aristotle until almost the beginning of the nineteenth century. In the first part of that century, biologists of England and Norway made many striking contributions to man’s knowledge of life in the sea. The leader in these discoveri es was Edward Forbes, who classified ocean life according to the depths in which it was found. In Forbes’, methods of dredging the greatdeeps had not been invented. Generalizing from studies he made in shallow depth, Forbes was convinced that there was no life on the bottom below 50 meters. This was an error, to be sure, but a very stimulating one, for scientists set to work to put Forbes’ theory to the test. Within twenty years after his death, they had proved that such types of animals as sea stars, worms, and mollusks lived on the ocean bottom at depths of more than one and one-half kilometers. From later explorations by the Danish ship Galathea and Russian ship Vitiazmen they came to know that such creatures occur on the bottom in the deepest parts of the ocean —The Philippine trench and the Kurile Kamchatka trench, more than ten kilometers beneath the surface of the sea.The Challenger expedition was organized by men who were students of Forbes and were carrying out the work that he started. The resul ts of the expedition, which added immeasurably to man’s knowledge of the ocean and of the creatures that dwell there, were published in fifty huge volumes. They are still a model for contributors to the sciences of oceanography and marine biology.47. As a marine biologist, Aristotle’s greatness lies in his __________.A) study of the Greek coastB) long-lived account of his studyC) being a famous philosopherD) study of the Greek coast by making observations with no books to guide him48. Edward Forbes is so important to be mentioned here for __________.A) he is Aristotle’s followerB)the error he made in his discovery stimulated other scientists to find out the truthC) he made a great errorD) he was the leader of the English and Norwegian biologists in the 19th century49. At last men found out that __________.A) there was no life on the bottom below 550 metersB)there were some animals living on the ocean bottom at depths of more thanone and one-half kilometersC)sea stars and some other animals lived on the bottom in the deepest parts of the oceanD) worms could not live on the bottom of the ocean50. Which of the following is not true?A) Marine biology can be traced back to the beginning of human history.B)Before the 19th century, Ari stotle’s study of seashore life was beyond compare.C) “Challenger” was the name of an expeditionary ship.C)Man’s knowledge of the ocean owes a lot to Forbes’ students who made the “Challenger” expedition.Part III Writing (30%)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic Job Problems for University Graduates.Please base your composition on the topic and the outlines given and yourcomposition is required to contain about 600 words.1.To state that many graduates cannot find a job related to their specialty or of their interest.2.To give possible reasons for the status quo.3.To suggest some solutions to the problems.。

2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题

2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目代码624 考试科目名称刑法一、名词解释（30分，每小题5分）1、我国刑法中的紧急避险2、危险犯3、单位犯罪4、附加刑5、空白罪状6、危险驾驶罪二、问答题（40分、每小题10分）1、解释我国刑法中的“从旧兼从轻原则”。

2、结合刑法修正案《八》，回答我国刑法中累犯的规定。

3、我国刑法中不作为犯罪的成立条件。

4、牵连犯的成立条件三、论述题（40分，每小题20分）1、回答我国刑法中空间效力的规定。

2、结合刑法修正案《八》，回答我国刑法中的假释制度。

四、案例分析题（40分，每小题10分）1、刘某（男性、出生于1991年3月6日）在2009年3月7日教唆李某（男性、出生于1993年3月7日）将邻居家的电视偷出（价值5000余元）。

2010年4月8日刘某与陈某（男性、出生于1990年1月7日）在凌晨3点前往某单位盗窃，并窃得500元。

（1）回答刘某和李某的行为是否构成共同犯罪（2分）？并说明理由（2分）（2）结合刑法及相关司法解释的规定，回答刘某与陈某4月8日盗窃行为是否构成犯罪？（1分）并说明理由（2分）（3）回答刘某是否可以从轻、减轻处罚？（1分）并说明理由（2分）2、李某欲杀死仇人王甲,于是在半夜持枪来到王甲家中,在看到床上躺着的王乙（王甲的弟弟）时，李某误以为就是王甲而开枪射击，导致王乙当场死亡。

李某在离开时发现王乙的钱包中有现金3000元，于是将其带走。

之后，李某主动投案自首并提供线索帮助破获一起重大刑事案件。

（1）李某的杀人行为是否构成故意杀人既遂？（2分）结合刑法中的认识错误理论，说明理由。

（2分）（2）李某在杀死王乙后将其钱包内现金取走的行为构成抢劫罪还是盗窃罪？（1分）说明理由。

（2分）（3）李某的辩护人认为李某自首并有重大立功表现，对李某应当减轻、从轻处罚，这个观点是否正确？（1分）说明理由。

2014考研英语(二)真题及答案解析

2014考研英语(二)真题及答案解析2014考研英语（二）真题及答案解析一、试题部分Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Thinner isn't always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by thehealth professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. ___17___ very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, ___18___ in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity ___19___. My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities.Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign__20___ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D]example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance[D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals[D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn[D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward10. [A] so [B] while [C] since [D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal[D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity[D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated[D] monitored16. [A] compared [B] combined [C] settled[D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored[D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and MichaelNorton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for your buck." It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of itwatching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of "Happy Money" are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors' policy ideas, which range from mandating moreholiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A]A big house [B]A special tour [C]A stylish car [D]A rich meal22. The author's attitude toward Americans' watching TV is________.[A]critical [B]supportive [C]sympathetic[D]ambiguous23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that_______.[A]consumers are sometimes irrational[B]popularity usually comes after quality[C]marketing tricks are after effective[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money_______.[A]has left much room for readers'criticism[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to______.[A]balance feeling good and spending money[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you're more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the "above average effect", or "illusory superiority", and shown that, forexample, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others-all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we're hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves' from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is "an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation". If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which must did- theygenuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. "I don't think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion", says Epley. "It's a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves'. If you are depressed, you won't be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley 's study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don't even recognize the person in the picture as themselves, Face book therefore ,is a self-enhancer's paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos,the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it's not that people's profiles are dishonest, says Catalina toma of Wiscon-Madison university ,"but they portray an idealized version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people's______.[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defence28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______.[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29. The word "Viscerally"(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook isself-enhancer's paradise becausepeople can _____.[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional life styles[C]share their intellectual pursuits[D]withhold their unflattering sidesText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housingsector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that GeorgeOsborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ?4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to everreturn to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.36. The author believes that the housing sector__[A] has attracted much attention[B] involves certain political factors[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] has lost its real value in economy37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__[A] increased its home supply[B] offered spending opportunities[C] suffered government biases[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______.[A] allow greater government debt for housing[B] stop local authorities from building homes[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.[A]lower the costs of registered providers[B]lessen the impact of government interference[C]contribute to funding new developments[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities40. The author believes that after 2015,the government may______.[A]implement more policies to support housing[B]review the need for large-scale public grants[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme[D]stop generous funding to the housing sectorPartBDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the leftcolumn that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)Uncommon Ground - Land Art in BritainThe term Land Art brings to mind epic interventions in the land such as Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty, 6,500 tons of basalt, earth and salt projecting into Utah's Great Salt Lake, or Roden Crater, an extinct volcano in Arizona, which James Turrell has been transforming into an immense naked-eye observatory since 1979.Richard Long's A Line Made By Walking, however, involved nothing more strenuous than a 20-minute train ride from Waterloo. Having got off somewhere in suburbia, the artist walked backwards and forwards over a piece of grass until the squashed turf formed a line - a kind of drawing on the land.Emerging in the late Sixties and reachinga peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.The message of this survey of British land art - the most comprehensive to date - is that the British variant, typified by Long's piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long's photograph of his work is the work. Since his "action" is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographsand relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain's best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard's very funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn't apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman's yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can't help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay.A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn'tabout imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.[A] originates from a long walk that the artist took41. Stone Circle [B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art42. Olaf Street Study [C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.43. Across the Park [D] represents the elegance of the British land art44. Towards Avebury [E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art45. Seven days [F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors[G] contains images from different parts of the same photograph.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that's perpetually half fall. But that's exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn't recommend. "Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality." says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar, realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, forthe future about what works and what doesn't. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn't matter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions: Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John,a local student. Write him to email to1)tell him about your living habits, and2)ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on answer sheet.Do not use your own name.Part B48. Directions: Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)You should1. interpret the chart, and2. give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)二、答案部分1. [B] concluded2. [A ]protective3. [[C] Likewise4. [A] indicator5. [D] concern6.[A]in terms of7. [C] equals 8. [C] in turn 9.[D] straightforward10. [B] while 11. [A]shape 12.[B] qualify13. [C] normal 14. [D] tendency15. [B] pictured16. [D] associated 17. [A]Even 18.[D] grounded19.[C] policies 20.[B] againstPart AText 121.[B] A special tour 22.[A] critical23.[D] rarity generally increases pleasure24.[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase25.[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spentText 226. [A ]our self-ratings are unrealistically high27. [C] intuitive response28. [B]believe in their attractiveness29. [A] instinctively30. [D] withhold their unflattering sidesText 436. [B]involves certain political factors37. [C]suffered government biases38. [A] allow greater government debt for housing39. [C] contribute to funding new developments40. [D] stop generous funding to the housing sectorPart B41 .[D] represents the elegance of the British land art42 .[E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art43 .[G] contains images from different parts of the same photograph44 .[C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition45 . [A] originates from a long walk that the artist took46. 翻译参考：(逐句对照)Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that's perpetually half full. 大多数人将乐观定义为永远快乐，总觉得杯子里的水还有一半。

2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试俄语考研真题试卷

2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目：俄语I.词组中俄互译(15分)1. 文化古迹2. 去上海出差3. 参加比赛4. 医治病人5. 为主人的健康干杯6. выставка лѐгкой промышленности7 представлять наш класс на конкурсе8. отдать мобильник в починку9. обеденный перерыв10.загорать на пляжеII.从А, Б, В, Г四个答案中选择正确的答案填空(20分)1. Фестиваль ______ много иностранных туристов.А. приведѐт Б привлекаетВ. проводит Г. приезжает2. Вы не знаете, как _______ чувствуетАнна Петровна？А. тебя Б. у себяВ. себя Г. себе3. К друзьям не могу поехать, _______ у меня сломалась машина.А. чтобы Б. чтоВ. поэтому Г. потому что4. Он требовал, ________ мы хорошо отдохнули после соревнования.А. что Б. чтобыВ. как Г. как бы5. По китайской традиции Весенний праздник отмечают _____ родных и друзей.А. в кругу Б. в кругеВ. накруте Г. к кругу6. -- Мне__________ звонилвчера вечером？-- Нет, никто.А. кто-нибуть Б. кто-тоВ. кое-кто Г. кто7. Еслиэто платье вам ___________, я вам даю другого размера.А. большое Б. узкоеВ. велико Г. широкое8. Я долго не звонил моим родителям—мне______,А. никогда Б. некогдаВ. никогда не Г. некогда ни9 .Втакую хорошую погоду ей не _________дома.А. сидит Б. сиделВ. сидится Г. сиделась10.Это произошло на уроке русского языка, ________ все слушали звукозапись.А. когда Б. гдеВ. что Г. как11. -- Садитесь пожалуйста. Ну, на что мы _______?-- У меня болит голова.А. жалеемБ. жалуемВ. жалуемся Г. пожалеем12. Я не знаю, _____ он говоритпо-английски.А. еслиБ. развеВ. какГ. чтобы13. Они приехали оттуда, ________ сестра Антона училась 5 лет назад.А. где Б. тамВ. откуда Г куда14. _________ было 22 года, когда его приняли в институт.А. мой дядя Б. моего дядиВ. моим дядиГ.моему дяде15. Библиотека находится в _________ от нашего общежития.А. два шага Б. оба шагаВ. двумя шагами Г.двух шагах16. Молоко не свежее, не _______ его .А. покупай Б. купиВ. покупает Г. купит17. Мы разговаривали с художниками, _________произвели на посетителей сильное впечатление.А. произведения которых Б. которые произведенияВ. произведениями которых Г. произведениями которыми18. Мы ______ в Москвупочти каждый год.А. ехали Б. ездилиВ. шли Г. поехали19. Я звонил Пѐтру в семь часов вчера вечером, но ____________ дома.А. его нет Б. у него нетВ. его небыло Г.у него не было20. ______________ было весело, когда она жила в деревне.А. Сестра Б.У сестрыВ. СестройГ. СестреIII. 在下列各句的空白处填入适当的前置词，并将括号里的词变成适当形式。

2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语语法与翻译考研真题试卷.

2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目代码812 考试科目名称英语语法与翻译I. Choose from the following four choices marked A, B, C and D in each sentence the one that best suits the sentence, and write the corresponding capital letters in the numbered groups in the ANSWER SHEET (see the following model). There are 70 sentences in all, each of which is worth one point.(70 points)MODEL: 01-05: AAABC, 06-10: AAABC11-15: AAABC, 16-20: AAABC1. Traditionally, Samoan parents left speaking to children ______ their older siblings.A. forB. toC. ofD. at2. My beliefs about the varieties of language from which I may choose, based on my perceptions of their use and users, ______ account for my management decisions:A. helpB. helpsC. helpedD. helping3. The foes were ambushed on the way of withdrawal, namely, they ______.A. got beatB. got beatenC. get beatenD. get beat4. Don’t worry about the seats. T here are ______ chairs in the room.A. bothB. a large amount ofC. plenty ofD. a great deal of5. “In a study of immigrant former Soviet families in Israel, Kopeliovich (2006) found that some children appear to be more susceptible to internal influence and others to external: the one family in which she found strong Russian maintenance had only two children.” ______ is the subject (or doer) of the verb “had” underlined.A. KopeliovichB. maintenanceC. RussianD. family6. In the garden near the river, tourists are attracted by the hives surrounded by a ______ of bees.A. swarmB. shoalC. herdD. flock7. She must have worked all night, for, you see, she is with ______ eyes.A. sinkingB. sunkenC. sunkD. sink8. Literacy of course permitted scattered Jewish traders to keep contact with their partners and families. Which of the following is the predicate of the sentence?A. permitted scatteredB. scatteredC. permittedD. keep9. The exploration of the religious domain has shown the existence of pressure for language policy and ______ specific management policies applied by major religions.A. inB. forC. atD. of10. The cadets spent ______ their time working out the issue.A. halfB. mostC. moreD. both11. Thirdly, religious institutions, each with its own internal policy structure -- rabbis, priests, and imams passing on beliefs and practices to congregants -- constitute an important external factor adding to the pressures on its members and on their families. What is the predicate verb in this sentence?A. passingB. structureC. constituteD. adding12. In vain _____ to get in touch with the Embassy.A. did they tryB. tried theyC. they triedD. they have tried13. We ______recommend the book as a reference book for the freshmen.A. prettyB. highlyC. highD. prettily14. For educational systems, the decision on additional languages may be set at the top or left to individual schools. The word “left” is ______A. a nounB. an adjectiveC. a verb(past participle)D. a verb(past tense)15. You ______all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.A. can not have doneB. must not have doneC. shouldn’t have doneD. needn’t have done16. Computers can be so many complex things, which _______ considered miraculous in the past.A. can beB. have beenC. would have beenD. had been17. The international flight was cancelled because of the flu epidemic. The underlined word means ______.A. call offB. call upC. call forD. call on18. The teaching of _______ is clearly labeled as a foreign language varies considerably.A. howB. whatC. asD. when19. The general practice in systems where all the words uttered in court are recorded and transcribed to form a record that might be consulted on appeal to a higher court is that anything in another language must be translated into the official language, the resulting translation (right or wrong) constituting the official record. Which is the predicate verb of the main sentence？A. are recorded and transcribedB. might be consultedC. isD. must be translated20. Over time, the greater complexity of language engineering (another term tried by some) was recognized, so that it would have to include “a broad range of different sociolinguistic situations at different levels of enlargement (from nation to firm), of a broad range of different interests and population groups (from women to refugees), under widely different communicative circumstances (of media, channels, information processing), and foremost, of the different ideological and real, global and local sociopolitical conditions.” In this sentence, ______ are in the parallel in grammar？A. of different sociolinguistic situations; of a broad range of different interests and population groups; of thedifferent ideological and real, global and local sociopolitical conditionsB. of enlargement; of a broad range of different interests and population groups; under widely different communicative circumstances; of the different ideological and real, global and local sociopolitical conditionsC. of different sociolinguistic situations: of enlargement; of a broad range of different interests and population groups; of the different ideological and real, global and local sociopolitical conditionsD. of enlargement; of a broad range of different interests and population groups; of the different ideological and real, global and local sociopolitical conditions21. It’s rather hard to draw a _______ line between the two things.A. clean-cutB. clear-cuttingC. clean-cuttingD. clear-cut22. I did not turn up in the party the day before yesterday, because I ______ forgot it.A. cleanB. clearlyC. cleanlyD. clear23. ______, I’ll have a try.A. To sink or to swimB. Sink or swimC. To sink or swimD. Sinking or swimming24. The Justice Minister of South Africa expressed regret that the law courts continued to be run in English and Afrikaans and supported the ANC position that the policy must be changed. Which two words are in parallel in grammar？A．continued and supported B. expressed and supportedC．expressed and changed D. continued and changed25. He knows little of physics, and ______ of math.A. even moreB. still lessC. no lessD. still more26. There is no man ______ errs.A. whoB. whichC. butD. that27. In ______ are called maintenance programs, the endpoint will still maintain some time for the home language, perhaps once a day for enrichment or one or two subjects still taught in the home language.A. whileB. thatC. whatD. when28. As long as there is a ______ of hope for the success, we will make 100% efforts to prepare.A. fitB. flightC. bundleD. flash29. Let’s ______ we have a million US dollars.A. make believeB. take believeC. feel likeD. let drop30. There ______ out to be in many situations in which organizations (and nations too for that matter) would benefit from a language policy, but do not see it as of high enough priority to develop one.A. turningB. turnsC. turnedD. turn31. He did it in ______ time it took me.A. the one-thirdB. half aC. the doubleD. one-third the32. Who lives in the ______ house?A. new big classical-styleB. classical-style new bigC. new classical-style bigD. big new classical style33. Confounding the issue are the two opposed views brought to language policy questions: the belief that the main goal of language policy is linguistic convergence in order to build national unity and social cohesion, and the contrasting belief that the main goal of language policy must be to maintain linguistic diversity. The subject of the sentence is ______.A. confounding the issueB. the issueC. the belief…and the contrasting beliefD. views34. She made a point ______ coming late so that everyone would look at her.A. forB. ofC. inD. with35. As a general rule, schools teach the literary or written standard form of a language. Under the influence of language teaching ideologies like the Direct Method or the Audio-lingual Method or the Communicative approach, they may add the spoken language, but usually as a small part of the curriculum. The underlined pronoun “they” refers to ______.A. ideologiesB. the Direct Method or the Audio-lingual Method or the Communicative approachC. schoolsD. Some people afore-mentioned36. The post office is only ______ away.A. a stone’s throwB. stone’s throwC. stone throwD. a stone throw37. ______ income tax, rates, and the cost of repairs to the house, Mr. Corder has saved very little this year.A. Thanks toB. What withC. Along withD. Except for38. I was afraid of the tent ______ down during the night.A. being fallenB. fallenC. fallingD. fell39. ______ rain, the football match will be postponed.A. In the consequence ofB. In defiance ofC. In danger ofD. In the event of40. In this section, I propose to look at some cases of community language activism similar to those that have been described but more like the Māori case, where there is no anticipation of the minority ever becoming a majority, than the Hebrew and other nationalist cases where language activism was part of a movement towards autonomy an d eventual independence. In this complex sentence, the phrase “some cases of community language activism” is modified by ______?A. noneB. “similar to those that have been described”C. “similar to those that have been described” and “more like the Māori case”D. “similar to those that have been described” and “more like the Māori case, where there is no anticipation of the minority ever becoming a majority, than the Hebrew and other nationalist cases where language activism was part of a movement to wards autonomy and eventual independence”41. We came to Sichuang Province with an eye to visiting the _______ area.A. poverty-strikingB. poverty-strickenC. poor-strikingD. poor-stricken42. Many a student at this university contemplated ______ to the West of China after graduation.A. to goB. goC. goingD. gone43. The trainer has his students _______ a lot of warming-up exercises each time.A. doneB. to doC. doingD. do44. “As time went on, the Palestine Jewish community took on more of the characteristics of a resistance movement, especially after the publication by the British government of the White Paper threatening to close down Jewish emigration to Palestine just at the time that the Nazi destruction of the European Jewish communities was getting under way.” Which is “the White Paper” used to modify?A. resistance movementB. Jewish communityC. British governmentD. publication45. To teach students English is my ______ duty.A. boundB. bindingC. bindedD. bounden46. He’s dealt _______ and square with me.A. fairB. fairlyB. firm D. firmly47. Earlier scholarship dealing with what Nekvapil (2006) thinks can still be labeled language planning was generally confined to the activities of the governments of independent nation-states. _______ is the predicate verb(s) in the sentence?A. dealing withB. thinksC. can be labeledD. was confined48. _______he uttered the words there was a dead silence.A. DirectlyB. ClearlyC. RightlyD. Ferociously49. Our working assumption in the following will be that local governments will undertake language management to deal with local internal problems – if there is multilingualism, they must establish official or working languages for internal use and for providing services for citizens. The underlined pronoun “they” refers to ______?A. problemsB. somebody elseC. local governmentsD. citizens50. The lady standing at the corner was a little of ______, I suppose.A. the coquetteB. coquetteC. a coquetteD. coquettes51. Fishman similarly shows how the contemporary status of Yiddish has been buoyed by the addition of sacred ______ political arguments.A. beyondB. beneathC. overD. to52. ______ irritation occur, discontinue use immediately.A. WouldB. MightC. CouldD. Should53. We have never known him ______ his temper before.A. to loseB. loseC. to losingD. losing54. Concerns about the falling standard of English (and the resultant lack of competitiveness), the unemployment rate of the ethnic Malays who are largely monolingual and the continued segregation of the races prompted the then Minister of Education, Musa Mohamed, ______ that beginning from January 2003 a Malay-English mixed-medium education would be implemented in national schools.A. declaringB. to declareC. declareD. having declared55. I’d rather you ______ to the library now.A. goB. wentC. had goneD. have gone56. After my speech, I heard a ______ of cough from the corner of the auditorium.A. displayB. pealC. fitD. slice57. “Efforts to strengthen human rights include providing access to government services for linguistic minorities and education in Kazakh and other minority languages. ” This sentence pattern belongs to _______.A. SVOCB. SVOAC. SVOD. SVC58. Being lost in the woods, Thomson was at his ______.A. wit’s endB. wits’ endsC. wits’ endD. wit’s ends59. Mr. Lambert, _____we have made rapid progress in physics, is one of the best teachers in our school.A. whose helpB. of whomC. with whose helpD. with who60. This revealed two generalizations that serve to correct linguicentrism, the tendency to assume language is central. What is the relationship between “linguicentrism” and “tendency” in the sentence?A. no relationB. attributiveC. appositionD. adverbial?61. The woman with strong ambition was finally unsuccessful, ______?A. was the womanB. wasn’t the womanC. was sheD. wasn’t she62. He is about to take the floor ______ language management, which is holding the attention of many experts in the world.A. esteemingB. evadingC. retardingD. respecting63. People hate ______ queues everywhere.A. there to beB. there beingC. there beD. there is64. Finally, we sketched language services (translation and interpreting), the rapid recent expansion of which attests the slowness with which other more permanent language management activities achieve worthwhile results. The underlined word “which” refers to ______.A. language servicesB. slownessC. language management activitiesD. expansion65. I ______ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so due to the fact that was very late.A. had meantB. meantC. have meantD. mean66. He is ______ than his brother.A. more sportsmanB. more of a sportsmanC. more sportsman enoughD. more enough of a sportsman67. “A language community as Hockett (1958) for instance used the term might be the English-speaking world, the complexity of which we realize since Kachru (1986) identified the many varieties which constitute World English, or the Francophone world (although francophonie is more a political than a linguistic concept), or at the other extreme, the last remaining speakers of a dying language.” ______ are in the parallel in grammar in this above sentence？A. the English-speaking world; the complexity; the Francophone world and at the other extremeB. the English-speaking world; the Francophone world and at the other extremeC. the English-speaking world; the Francophone world and the last remaining speakers of a dying languageD. World English; the Francophone world and the last remaining speakers of a dying language68. Law and order ______ different things to people with different political opinions.A. meantB. meansC. meanD. have meant69. He may have shortcomings and faults, but he is a good student for ______.A. all thisB. all thoseC. all thatD. all these70. The criminal even threatened ______ the president.A. murderingB. to murderC. to murderingD. murderII.Point out the sentence types of the following, and then enlarge and complicate these sentences without changing their sentence types, and finally underline the original sentence elements. There are five sentences in all, each of which is worth four points. (20 points) Eg. The governments shall take measures. →SVO: For the sake of popularizing Putonghua and the standardized Chinese characters, the governments at various levels and the relevant departments under them shall take measures.1. The survival of a forest depends on rainfall.2. The deed tarnished his reputation.3. Any effort would require the applicant to prepare.4. Immigrant advocates say the Deferred Action has worked well.5. A school is a school.III. Translate from Chinese to English. (30 points)我冒了严寒，回到相隔二千余里，别了二十余年的故乡去。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题及答案解析

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题及答案解析2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题及答案解析Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C orD on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)①Thinner isn’t always better. ②A number of studies have 1 that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. ③And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually 2 . ④For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ⑤ 3 among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an 4 of good health.①Of even greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.②It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. ③BMI 7 body mass divided by the square of height. ④An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. ⑤Between 25 and 30 is overweight. ⑥And over 30 is considered obese. ⑦Obesity, 8 , can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.①While such numerical standards seem9 , they are not. ②Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. ③Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,10 others with a low BMI may be in poor11 . ④For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low.⑤Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.①Today we have a(an) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. ②The overweight are sometimes 15 in the media with theirfaces covered. ③Stereotypes 16 with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. ④Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. ⑤17 very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.①Negative attitudes toward obesity,18 in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 . ②My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. ③Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. ④Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign 20 childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since[D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] qualify [C] retire[D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored16. [A]compared [B] combined [C] settled[D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet[D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with[D] withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1①What would you do with $590m? ②This is now a question for Gloria MacKenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history.③If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read “Happy Money” by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.①These two academics use an array of behavioural research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive.②Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes.③Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. ④What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. ⑤It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. ⑥These purchases often become more valuable with time—as stories or memories—particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.①This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” ②It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).③Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.④This is apparently the reasonMacDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib—a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.①Readers of “Happy Money” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. ②Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. ③Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. ④Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. ⑤But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A] A big house.[B] A special tour.[C] A stylish car.[D] A rich meal.22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is __________.[A] critical[B] supportive[C] sympathetic[D] ambiguous23. McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that __________.[A] consumers are sometimes irrational[B] popularity usually comes after quality[C] marketing tricks are after effective[D] rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, “Happy Money” __________.[A] has left much room for readers’ criticism[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to__________.[A] balance feeling good and spending money[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2①An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are.②We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. ③Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.①We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. ②We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. ③We stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.①Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. ②Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identifyan original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. ③Visual re cognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. ④If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image—which most did—they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.①Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. ②Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhance the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities.③In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. ④“I don’t think the findings that we having h ave are any evidence of personal delusion,” saysEpley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.”⑤If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.①Knowing the results of Epley’s study, it makes sense that why people hate photographs of themselves so viscerally—on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves. ②Facebook therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyle.③It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison university, but they portray an idealised version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that __________.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our needs for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s __________.[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defence28. Epley found that people with higherself-esteem tended to __________.[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to __________.[A] instinctively[B] occasionally[C] particularly[D] aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook isself-enha ncer’s paradise because people can__________.[A] present their dishonest profiles[B] define their traditional life styles[C] share their intellectual pursuits[D] withhold their unflattering sidesText 3①Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. ②Tears, be they of sorrow, anger or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. ③The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy was the provocation. ④The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. ⑤But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are ofteninappropriate and may even be counterproductive.①Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. ②Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological response, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.①Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. ②Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention.③So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.①Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress. ②University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated twoimportant chemicals from emotional tears. ③Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. ④Tears shed because of exposure to a cut onion would contain no such substance.①Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.①At Tulane University’s Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication (药物), to determine whether a contact lens fits properly or why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and t he effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.①At Columbia University, Dr. Linsy Farris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. ②Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.31. It is known from the first paragraph that __________.[A] shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to American[B] crying may often irritate people or even result in tragedy[C] crying usually wins sympathy from other people[D] one who sheds tears in public will be blamed32. What does “both those responses to tears” (Line 6, Para, 1) refer to?[A] Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.[B] The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.[C] The tear shedder’s apology and the observer’s effort to stop the crying.[D] Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.33. “Counterproductive” (Line 7, Pa ra. 1) most probably means “_________”.[A] having no effect at all[B] leading to tension[C] producing disastrous impact[D] harmful to health34. What does the author say about crying?[A] It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.[B] It must have a role to play in man’s survival.[C] It is meant to get attention and assistance.[D] It usually produces the desired effect.35. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?[A] Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.[B] Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.[C] Emotional tears can give rise to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases.[D] Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.Text 4①When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy thefocus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. ②Housing is seldom mentioned.①Why is that? ②To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. ③We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. ④Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. ⑤It is hard to jostle for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere.⑥But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.①Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. ②Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.①The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this.②It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps toaddress our urgent housing need.①There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. ②The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. ③Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.①Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.①But it is not just down to the government.②While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ￡4.5 billion programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then.③The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if it returns to power.④The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants.⑤We need to adjust to this changing climate.While the government's commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.36. The author believes that the housing sector __________.[A] has attracted much attention[B] involves certain political factors[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] has lost its real value in economy37. It can be learned that affordable housing has __________.[A] increased its home supply[B] offered spending opportunities[C] suffered government biases[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may __________.[A] allow greater government debt for housing[B] stop local authorities from building homes[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would __________.[A] lower the costs of registered providers[B] lessen the impact of government interference[C] contribute to funding new developments[D] relieve the ministers of responsibilities40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may __________.[A] implement more policies to support housing[B] review the need for large-scale public grants[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme[D] stop generous funding to the housing sectorPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. (10 points) Uncommon Ground—Land Art in Britain①The term Land Art brings to mind epic interventions in the land such as Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty, 6,500 tons of basalt,earth and salt projecting into Utah’s Great Salt Lake, or Roden Crater, an extinct volcano in Arizona, which James Turrell has been transforming into an immense naked-eye observatory since 1979.①Richard Long’s A Line Made By Walking, however, involved nothing more strenuous than a 20-minute train ride from Waterloo. ②Having got off somewhere in suburbia, the artist walked backwards and forwards over a piece of grass until the squashed turf formed a line, a kind of drawing on the land.①Emerging in the late Sixties and reachinga peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. ②Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used thephysical substance of the land itself as their medium.①The message of this survey of British land art—the most comprehensive to date—is that the British variant, typified by Long’s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. ②Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work is the work. ③Since his “action” is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment.①That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.①Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefiedside of the form. ②The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect. ③Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls.④Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.①Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.①Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District orthe Wiltshire Downs. ②While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. ③Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.①In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay.②A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. ③British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. ④It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.41. Stone Circle42. Olaf Street Study 43. Across the Park 44. Towards Avebury 45. Seven days [A] originates from a long walk that the artist took[B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art[C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition [D] represents the elegance of the British land art[E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art[F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors[G] contains images from different parts of the same photographSection III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down—say, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to behuman. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him an email to1) tell him about your living habits, and2) ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)答案及解析Section I Use of English1. [试题考点]语义关系+动词辨析。

2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试俄语试卷

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2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目代码256考试科目名称二外英语Part I. Vocabulary and Grammar （1×30=30%）In this section there are 30 sentences, and after each there are four choices marked A, B, Cand D. Choose the ONE that best fits into each sentence and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1.Johnson isn't tired of Shanghai, it seems, but appearances can be _________.A. deceptiveB. receptiveC. perceptiveD. intuitive2.Jeremy said he agreed but his voice lacked ________.A. inspirationB. convictionC. imitationD. preoccupation3.Be brave. The world community should not _________ in the face of this economic recession.A. shuffleB. flinchC. stakeD. avoid4.Water is the softest substance in the world, but yet it can _______ the hardest rock.A. plowB. trespassC. prevailD. penetrate5.Many of the girls from the South seemed to be _______ with excitement on seeing the snow.A. addictedB. annoyedC. infusedD. lamented6.I believe that people should live in houses that allow them to ________ from the harshrealities of life.A. witherB. retreatC. carveD. avoid7.He is waiting for them to recognize him and eventually they do, much to his _________.A. nominationB. gratificationC. justificationD. obligation8.What you do for a living is critical to where you settle and how you live ––– and the__________ is also true.A. converseB. reverseC. backD. access9.People develop on-line relationships with folks on the other side of the globe, but at theexpense of the time that would have otherwise been __________for involvements with theirpeers in reality.A. simulatedB. fragmentedC. availableD. alienated10.He's a wanted killer, and the police have been given strict instructions to __________ him atall costs.A. comprehendB. supplementC. complimentD. apprehend11.The hundred or so pictures he took the next day _______ the fullest photographic record ofnuclear destruction in existence.A. compromiseB. attributeC. constituteD. distribute12.The photograph display the fate of a single city, but their meaning is _______, since whathappened to Nagasaki can happen to any city in the world.A. universalB. unearthlyC. usualD. united13.The human imagination had stumbled to _______ in the wreckage of the first ruined citywithout reaching even the outskirts of the second.A. fragilityB. exhaustionC. existenceD. continuation14.In his research, Professor Danes found the _______ of human beings to fight after they'vebeen defeated.A. affectionB. fragilityC. resiliencyD. tapestry15.In prosperity our friends know us, but in ________ we know our friends.A. realityB. attachmentC. advertisingD. adversity16. The lower-paid spend a __________ large amount of their earnings on food.A. myopicB. pervasivelyC. disproportionatelyD. insidiously17. Children from __________ families are usually addicted to computer games for comfort.A. blatantB. dysfunctionalC. illiterateD. self-reliant18. By the end of the evening she had abandoned all __________ of being interested.A. pretenseB. exertionC. simulationD. idiocy19. His rise to fame was quite __________ ––– in less than eighteen months he was a household name.A. promisingB. prominentC. phenomenalD. outstanding20.We thought that feminism was about liberating women from enforced domestic and maternal ___________.A. practiceB. drudgeryC. regularityD. boredom21.After a long, hot, and _______ journey we fell asleep the moment our heads touched thepillows.A. intensiveB. arduousC. harshD. rigid22.Visitors are often __________ by the maze of streets in Shanghai.A. clutteredB. mixedC. bewilderedD. committed23.The freshmen embrace with ________ their new life on the university campus.A. sincerityB. solitudeC. courageD. gusto24.Her daughters were eagerly called to ___________ of her joy.A. payB. partakeC. departD. part25.So show up on time for meetings and appointments, always call if you’re going to be late fordinner, ______ your duties and responsibilities.A. live up toB. be accustomed toC. be used toD. be attentive to26.Driven by strong __________, he has been working hard at English.A. impulseB. motivationC. emotionD. mood27.All the performances and seminars were highly _________ to the National Day celebrations.A. associativeB. restrictedC. pertinentD. suitable28.It is beyond doubt that Shakespeare takes _______ over any other playwright throughout theworld.A. prideB. precedenceC. primeD. proceeding29.There is a _______ difference between “egoism” and “individualism”.A. subtleB. enormousC. smallD. striking30. What worries the principal about these students is their _______ ––– they seem to have nodesire to expand their horizons.A. confidenceB. commonsenseC. competenceD. complacencyPart II. Reading Comprehension (1×20=20%) There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, Television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences listed “biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors” as all playing their parts.Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this time, well over 1,000 studies point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.”Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connection.The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read ‘aggressive’ or ‘non-aggressive’ words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.31. Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games?A) There is a lot of violence in the real world today.B) Som ething has gone wrong with today’s society.C) Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.D) Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.32. What is the skeptics’ (Line 3. Para. 3) view of media violence?A) Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.B) Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers.C) A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.D) The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.33. The author uses the term “alarmists” (Line 1. Para. 5) to refer to those who ________.A) use standardized measurements in the studies of media violenceB) initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on realityC) assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behaviorD) use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior34. In refuting the alarmists, the author advances his argument by first challenging ________.A) the source and amount of their dataB) the targets of their observationC) their system of measurementD) their definition of violence35. What does the author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?A) More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.B) It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled.C) The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading.D) He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists.Passage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question: are immigrants good or bad for the economy? The American public overwhelmingly thinks they're bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net boost to the economy. Immigrants provide cheap labor, lower the prices of everything from farm produce to new homes, and leave consumers with a little more money in their pockets. So why is there such a discrepancy between the perception of immigrants' impact on the economy and the reality?There are a number of familiar theories. Some argue that people are anxious and feel threatened by an inflow of new workers. Others highlight the strain that undocumented immigrants place on public services, like schools, hospitals, and jails. Still others emphasize the role of race, arguing that foreigners add to the nation's fears and insecurities. There's some truth to all these explanations, but they aren't quite sufficient.To get a better understanding of what's going on, consider the way immigration's impact is felt. Though its overall effect may be positive, its costs and benefits are distributed unevenly. David Card, an economist at UC Berkeley, notes that the ones who profit mo st directly from immigrants’ low-cost labor are businesses and employers ––– meatpacking plants in Nebraska, for instance, or agricultural businesses in California. Granted, these producers’ savings probably translate into lower prices at the grocery store, but how many consumers make that mental connection at the checkout counter? As for the drawbacks of illegal immigration, these, too, are concentrated. Native low-skilled workers suffer most from the competition of foreign labor. According to a study by George Borjas, a Harvard economist, immigration reduced the wages of American high-school dropouts by 9% between 1980-2000.Among high-skilled, better-educated employees, however, opposition was strongest in states with both high numbers of immigrants and relatively generous social services. What worried them most, in other words, was the fiscal burden of immigration. That conclusion was reinforced by another finding: that their opposition appeared to soften when that fiscal burden decreased, as occurred with welfare reform in the 1990s, which curbed immigrants’ access to certain benefits.The irony is that for all the overexcited debate, the net effect of immigration is minimal. Even for those most acutely affected ––– say, low-skilled workers, or California residents ––– the impact isn't all that dramatic. "The unpleasant voices have tended to dominate our perceptions," says Daniel Tichenor, a political science professor at the University of Oregon. "But when all those factors are put together and the economists calculate the numbers, it ends up being a net positive, but a small one." Too bad most people don't realize it.36. What can we learn from the first paragraph?A) Whether immigrants are good or bad for the economy has been puzzling economists.B) The American economy used to thrive on immigration but now it's a different story.C) The consensus among economists is that immigration should not be encouraged.D) The general public thinks differently from most economists on the impact of immigration.37. In what way does the author think ordinary Americans benefit from immigration?A) They can access all kinds of public services.B) They can get consumer goods at lower prices.C) They can mix with people of different cultures.D) They can avoid doing much of the manual labor.38. Why do native low-skilled workers suffer most from illegal immigration?A) They have greater difficulty getting welfare support.B) They are more likely to encounter interracial conflicts.C) They have a harder time getting a job with decent pay.D) They are no match for illegal immigrants in labor skills.39. What is the chief concern of native high-skilled, better-educated employees about the inflow of immigrants?A) It may change the existing social structure.B) It may pose a threat to their economic status.C) It may lead to social instability in the country.D) It may place a great strain on the state budget.40. What is the irony about the debate over immigration?A) Even economists can't reach a consensus about its impact.B) Those who are opposed to it turn out to benefit most from it.C) People are making too big a fuss about something of small impact.D) There is no essential difference between seemingly opposite opinions.Passage ThreeQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.Several recent studies have found that being randomly assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood of conflict.Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and compel students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye –––– the only black student on his freshman year floor ––– said that "if you're surrounded by whites, you have something to prove."Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings. "This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race," she said.At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing."One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly," said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. "This is the definition of integration.""I've experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes and reinforced stereotypes," said one Penn resident advisor (RA). The RA of two years added that while some conflicts "provided more multicultural acceptance and melding" there were also "jarring cultural confrontations."The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.41. What can we learn from some recent studies?A) Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable.B) Students of different races are prejudiced against each other.C) Interracial lodging does more harm than good.D) Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.42. What does Sam Boakye's remark mean?A) White students tend to look down upon their black peers.B) Black students can compete with their white peers academically.C) Black students feel somewhat embarrassed among white peers during the freshman year.D) Being surrounded by white peers motivates a black student to work harder to succeed.43. What does the Indiana University study show?A) Interracial roommates are more likely to fall out.B) Few white students like sharing a room with a black peer.C) Roommates of different races just don't get along.D) Assigning students' lodging randomly is not a good policy.44. What does Alec Webley consider to be the "definition of integration"?A) Students of different races are required to share a room.B) Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.C) Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.D) The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.45. What does Grace Kao say about interracial lodging?A) It is unscientific to make generalizations about it without further study.B) Schools should be cautious when making decisions about student lodging.C) Students' racial background should be considered before lodging is assigned.D) Experienced resident advisors should be assigned to handle the problems.Passage FourQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigor and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us.This decline in vigor with the passing of time is called ageing. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and disease we shall eventually "die of old age", and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favor of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer –––– on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigor with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things "wear out".Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if given the chance to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present). But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never repair itself –––– it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. We could, at one time, repair ourselves ––––well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose this power; an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can knock us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduced by half again.46. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Our first twelve years represent the peak of human development.B. People usually are unhappy when reminded of ageing.C. Normally only a few of us can live to the eighties and nineties.D. People are usually less likely to die at twelve years old.47. The word "it" in the last sentence of Paragraph Two refers toA. remaining alive until 65.B. remaining alive after 80.C. dying before 65 or after 80.D. dying between 65 and 80.48. What is ageing?A. It is usually a phenomenon of dying at an old age.B. It is a fact that people cannot live any longer.C. It is a gradual loss of vigor and resistance.D. It is a phase when people are easily attacked by illness.49 . What do the examples of watch show?A. Normally people are quite familiar with the ageing process.B. All animals and other organisms undergo the ageing process.C. The law of thermodynamics functions in the ageing process.D. Human's ageing process is different from that of mechanisms.50. Which of the following best fits the style of this passage?A. Argumentation.B. Exposition.C. Narration.D. Description.Part III.Cloze (0.5×20=10%) There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) after the passage. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Have you ever wondered what our future is like? Practically all people _51_ a desire to predict their future _52_. Most people seem inclined to _53_ this task using causal reasoning. First we _54_ recognize that future circumstances are _55_ caused or conditioned by present ones. We learn that getting an education will _56_ how much money we earn later and that swimming beyond the reef may bring an unhappy _57_ with a shark.Second, people also learn that such _58_ of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. That is, the effects occur more often when the causes occur than when the causes are _59 , but not always. Thus, students learn that studying hard _60_ good grades in most instances, but not every time. Science makes these concepts of causality and probability more _61_ and provides techniques for dealing _62_ them more accurately than does causal human inquiry. In looking at ordinary human inquiry, we need to _63_ between prediction and understanding. Often, even if we don't understand why, we are willing to act _64_ the basis of a demonstrated predictive ability.Whatever the primitive drives _65_ motivate human beings, satisfying them depends heavily on the ability to _66_ future circumstances. The attempt to predict is often played in a _67_ of knowledge and understanding. If you can understand why certain regular patterns _68_, you can predict better than if you simply observe those patterns. Thus, human inquiry aims _69_ answering both "what" and "why" question, and we pursue these _70_ by observing and figuring out.51. [A]exhibit [B]exaggerate [C]examine [D]exceed52. [A]contexts [B]circumstances [C]inspections [D]intuitions53.[A]underestimate [B]undermine [C]undertake [D]undergo54. [A]specially [B]particularly [C]always [D]generally55. [A]somehow [B]somebody [C]someone [D]something56. [A]enact [B]affect [C]reflect [D]inflect57. [A]meeting [B]occurrence [C]encounter [D]contact58. [A]patterns [B]designs [C]arrangements [D]pictures59. [A]disappointed [B]absent [C]inadequate [D]absolute60.[A]creates [B]produces [C]loses [D]protects61.[A]obscure [B]indistinct [C]explicit [D]explosive62.[A]for [B]at [C]in [D]with63.[A]distinguish [B]distinct [C]distort [D]distract64.[A]at [B]on [C]to [D]under65.[A]why [B]how [C]that [D]where66.[A]predict [B]produce [C]pretend [D]precede67.[A]content [B]contact [C]contest [D]context68.[A]happen [B]occur [C]occupy [D]incur69.[A]at [B]on [C]to [D]beyond70.[A]purposes [B]ambitions [C]drives [D]goalsPart IV. English-Chinese Translation (10×1=10%) Translate the following passage into Chinese on the ANSWER SHEET.It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed. It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice. Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is inherently impossible of achievement. Many men in past ages devoted their lives to a search for the philosopher’s stone and the elixir of life. No doubt, if they could have found them, they would have conferred great benefits upon mankind, but as it was their lives were wasted.Part V. Chinese-English Translation (2×5=10%) Translate the following sentences into English on the ANSWER SHEET，each with the word or phrase in the bracket.1. 他由于对诗歌的杰出贡献被美国许多大学授予名誉学位。