The Minimum Rank Problem a counterexample
杭电acm题目水题英文题目、翻译及ac源代码
1040 As Easy As A+BTime Limit: 2000/1000 MS (Java/Others) Memory Limit: 65536/32768 K (Java/Others)Total Submission(s): 26015 Accepted Submission(s): 11054Problem DescriptionThese days, I am thinking about a question, how can I get a problem as easy as A+B? It is fairly difficulty to do such a thing. Of course, I got it after many waking nights.Give you some integers, your task is to sort these number ascending (升序).You should know how easy the problem is now!Good luck!InputInput contains multiple test cases. The first line of the input is a single integer T which is the number of test cases. T test cases follow. Each test case contains an integer N (1<=N<=1000 the number of integers to be sorted) and then N integers follow in the same line.It is guarantied that all integers are in the range of 32-int.OutputFor each case, print the sorting result, and one line one case.问题描述这些天来，我在思考一个问题，我怎样才能得到一个简单的问题，因为A + B？这是相当困难做这样的事情。
2023年考研英语真题及解析
全国攻读硕士学位硕士入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 1 to how they can best 2 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 3 , but not justin ways that emphasize competition. 4 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 5 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 6 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 7 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 8 ，publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 9 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 10 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 11 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 12 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 13 visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 14 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 15 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 16 else without feelingguilty and without letting the other participants 17 . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 18 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 19 for roles that are within their 20 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.1. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice2. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance3. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure4. [A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because5. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance6. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed7. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise8. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense9. [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging10. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple11. [A] group [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation12. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security13. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely14. [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short15. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if16. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something17. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone18. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand19. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking20. [A] capability [B] responsibility [C] proficiency [D] efficiencySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Inter net. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game”of espionage—spying as a “profession.”These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-clic k spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes moneyby selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online .Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine,”says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.”Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.21. The emergence of the Net has .[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession22. Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to .[A] introduce the topic of online spying[B] show how he fought for the US[C] give an episode of the information war[D] honor his unique services to the CIA23. The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1,paragraph 3) most probablymeans .[A] causing the biggest trouble[B] exerting the greatest effort[C] achieving the greatest success[D] enjoying the widest popularity24. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that .[A] straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B] straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C] straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability[D] straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information25. Straitford is most proud of its .[A] official status[B] nonconformist image[C] efficient staff[D] military backgroundText 2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threateningadvances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statementsabout the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to .[A] call on scientists to take some actions[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement27. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is .[A] cruel but natural[B] inhuman and unacceptable[C] inevitable but vicious[D] pointless and wasteful28. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s .[A] discontent with animal research[B] ignorance about medical science[C] indifference to epidemics[D] anxiety about animal rights29. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,scientists should .[A] communicate more with the public[B] employ hi-tech means in research[C] feel no shame for their cause[D] strive to develop new cures30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is .[A] a well-known humanist[B] a medical practitioner[C] an enthusiast in animal rights[D] a supporter of animal researchText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucksor other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.31. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikelybecause .[A] cost reduction is based on competition.[B] services call for cross-trade coordination.[C] outside competitors will continue to exist.[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat.32. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the railindustry?[A] Indifferent.[B] Supportive.[C] Indignant.[D] Apprehensive.33. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that .[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business.34. The word “arbiters”(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those .[A] who work as coordinators.[B] who function as judges.[C] who supervise transactions.[D] who determine the price.35. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly causedby .[A] the continuing acquisition.[B] the growing traffic.[C] the cheering Wall Street.[D] the shrinking market.Text 4It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 yearsago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians —frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In , the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician,I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.36. What is implied in the first sentence?[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.37. The author uses the example of caner patients to show that .[A] medical resources are often wasted[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C] some treatments are too aggressive[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable38. The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of.[A] strong disapproval [B] reserved consent[C] slight contempt [D] enthusiastic support39. In contras to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care.[A] more flexibly [B] more extravagantly[C] more cautiously [D] more reasonably40. The text intends to express the idea that.[A]medicine will further prolong people’s lives[B]life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health carePart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.（41）Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.（42）Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political, science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is afield-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.（43）The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.（44）Tylor d efined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned behavior.（45）Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept w hich makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay entitled in which you should1）describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and2）point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)第一部分英语知识运用试题解析一、文章总体分析文章重要论述了教师们应当关注青少年在成长时期所经历旳情感、心智和生理上旳变化，并采用措施协助他们适应这些变化，健康成长。
2018年翻译硕士考研英语练习题及答案
2018年翻译硕士考研英语练习题及答案I. V ocabulary and grammar (30’)Multiple choicesDirections: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. Thousands of people turned out into the streets to _________ against the local authorities’ decision to build a highway across the field.A. contradictB. reformC. counterD. protest2. The majority of nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a _________.A. minorityB. scarcityC. rarityD. minimum3. Professor Johnson’s retirement _______ from next January.A. carries into effectB. takes effectC. has effectD. puts into effect4. The president explained that the purpose of taxation was to ________ government spending.A. financeB. expandC. enlargeD. budget5. The heat in summer is no less _________ here in this mountain region.A. concentratedB. extensiveC. intenseD. intensive6. Taking photographs is strictly ________ here, as it may damage the precious cave paintings.A. forbiddenB. rejectedC. excludedD. denied7. Mr. Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will _________.A. pull backB. pull upC. pull throughD. pull out8. Since the early nineties, the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand, always-available products and services that suit the customer’s _________ rather than the company’s.A. benefitB. availabilityC. suitabilityD. convenience9. The priest made the ________ of the cross when he entered the church.A. markB. signalC. signD. gesture10. This spacious room is ________ furnished with just a few articles in it.A. lightlyB. sparselyC. hardlyD. rarely11. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.A. would beB. will have beenC. wasD. were12. With some men dressing down and some other men flaunting their looks, it is really hard to tell they are gay or _________.A. straightB. homosexualC. beautifulD. sad13. His remarks were ________ annoy everybody at the meeting.A. so as toB. such as toC. such toD. as much as to14. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday.A. will comeB. was comingC. had been comingD. came15. _________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.A. I was and always will beB. I have to be and always will beC. I had been and always will beD. I have been and always will be16. Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful, we will have to install _________ solar heating device in our home.A. some type ofB. some types of aC. some type of aD. some types of17. I went there in 1984, and that was the only occasion when I ________ the journey in exactly two days.A. must takeB. must have madeC. was able to makeD. could make18. I know he failed his last test, but really he’s _________ stupid.A. something butB. anything butC. nothing butD. not but19. Do you know Tim’s brother? He is _________ than Tim.A. much more sportsmanB. more of a sportsmanC. more of sportsmanD. more a sportsman20. That was not the first time he ________ us. I think it’s high time we ________ strong actions against him.A. betrayed… takeB. had betrayed… tookC. has betrayed… tookD. has betrayed… takeII. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AThe Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Governments financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always hadbragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nati on’s symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”1. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant toA. maintain the present status among the nations.B. reduce legislative powers of England.C. create a better state of equality among the nations.D. grant more say to all the nations in the union.2. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph meansA. separatist.B. conventional.C. feudal.D. political3. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. people’s desire for devolution.B. locals’ turnout for the voting.C. powers of the legislative body.D. status of the national language.4. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?A. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight.5. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed isA. people’s mentality.B. pop culture.C. town’s appearance.D. possibilities for the people.Passage BThe miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food, warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labor unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands, many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in decline. Labor-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans realized that Socia l Security won’t provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k) is that it puts most of the responsibility for a pe rson’s economic fate back on the employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s worth when the employee retires.Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold. Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed pla n administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to.But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their 401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away fro m guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a 20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.6. Why does the author say at the beginnin g “The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history…”?A. Because the company has gone bankrupt.B. Because such events would never happen again.C. Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.D. Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.7. According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change inA. people’s outlook on life.B. people’s life styles.C. people’s living standard.D. people’s social values.8. Changes in pension schemes were also part ofA. the corporate lay-offs.B. the government cuts in welfare spending.C. the economic restructuring.D. the warning power of labors unions.9. Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly becauseA. the 401(k) made them responsible for their own future.B. Enron offered to add company stock to their investment.C. their employers intended to cut back on pension spending.D. Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan.10. Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?A. The 401(k) assets should be placed in more than one investment option.B. Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.C. Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.D. Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.Section 2 Answering questions (20’)Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions 1～3For 40 years the sight of thousands of youngsters striding across the open moorland has been as much an annual fixture as spring itself. But the 2,400 school pupils who join the grueling Dartmoor Ten Tors Challenge next Saturday may be among the last to take part in the May tradition. The trek faces growing criticism from environmentalists who fear that the presence of so many walkers on one weekend threatens the survival of some of Dartmoor’s internationally rare bird species.The Ten Tors Challenge takes place in the middle of the breeding season, when the slightest disturbance can jeopardize birds’ chances of reproducing successfully. Experts at the RSPB and the Dartmoor National Park Authority fear that the walkers could frighten birds and even crush eggs. They are now calling for the event to be moved to the autumn, when the breeding season is over and chicks should be well established. Organisers of the event, which is led by about 400 Territorial Army volunteers, say moving it would be impractical for several reasons and would mean pupils could not train properly for the 55-mile trek. Dartmoor is home to 10 rare species of ground-nesting birds, including golden plovers, dunlins and lapwings. In some cases, species are either down to their last two pairs on the moor or are facing a nationwide decline.Emma Parkin, South-west spokeswoman for the PASPB, took part in the challenge as a schoolgirl. She said the society had no objections to the event itself but simply wanted it moved to another time of year. “It is a wonderful activity for the children who take part bu t, having thousands of people walking past in one weekend when birds are breeding is hardly ideal,” she said. “We would prefer it to take place after the breeding and nesting season is over. There is a risk of destruction and disturbance. If the walkers put a foot in the wrong place they can crush the eggs and if there is sufficient disturbance the birds might abandon the nest.” Helen Booker, an RSPB upland conservation officer, said there was no research into the scale of the damage but there was little do ubt the walk was detrimental. “If people are tramping past continually it can harm the chances of successful nesting. There is also the fear of direct trampling of eggs.” A spokesman for the Dartmoor National Park Authority said the breeding season on the moor lasted from earlyMarch to mid-July, and the Ten Tors Challenge created the potential for disturbance for March, when participants start training.To move the event to the autumn was difficult because children would be on holiday during the training period. There was a possibility that some schools in the Southwest move to a four-term year in 2004, “but until then any change was unlikely. The authority last surveyed bird life on Dartmoor two year ago and if the next survey showed any further decline, it would increase pressure to move the Challenge,” he said.Major Mike Pether, secretary of the army committee that organises the Challenge, said the event could be moved if there was the popular will. “The Ten Tors has been running for 42 years and it has always been at this time of the year. It is almost in tablets of stone but that’s not to say we won’t consider moving if there is a consensus in favour. However, although the RSPB would like it moved, 75 per cent of the people who take part want it to stay as it is,” he said. Major Pether said the trek could not be moved to earlier in the year because it would conflict with the lambing season, most of the children were on holiday in the summer, and the winter weather was too harsh.Datmoor National Park occupies some 54 sq km of hills topped by granite outcrops known as “Tors” with the highest Tor-capped hill reaching 621m. The valleys and dips between the hills are often sites of bogs to snare the unwary hiker. The moor has long been used by the British Army as a training and firing range. The origin of the event stretches back to 1959 when three Army officers exercising on the moor thought it would provide a challenge for civilians as well as soldiers. In the first year 203 youngsters took up the challenges. Since then teams, depending on age and ability, face hikes of 35, 45 or 55 miles between 10 nominated Tors over two days. They are expected to carry everything they need to survive.1. What is the Ten Tors Challenge? Give a brief introduction of its location and history.2. Why is it suggested that the event be moved to the autumn or other seasons?3. What are the difficulties if the event is moved to the autumn or other seasons?Questions 4～5Mike and Adam Hurewitz grew up together on Long Island, in the suburbs of New York City. They were very close, even for brothers. So when Adam’s liver started failing, Mike offered to give him half of his. The operation saved Adam’s life. But Mike, who went into the hospital in seemingly excellent health, developed a complication—perhaps a blood colt—and died last week. He was 57. Mike Hurewitz’s death has prompted a lot of soul searching in the transplant community. Was it a tragic fluke or a sign that transplant surgery has reached some kind of ethical limit? The Mount Sinai Medical Center, the New York City hospital where the complex double operation was performed, has put on hold its adult living donor liver transplant program, pending a review of Hurewitz’s death. Mount Sinai has performed about 100 such operation s in the past three years.A 1-in-100 risk of dying may not seem like bad odds, but there’s more to this ethical dilemma than a simple ratio. The first and most sacred rule of medicine is to do no harm. “For a normal healthy person a mortality rate 1% is h ard to justify,” says Dr. John Fung, chief of transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. “If the rate stays at 1%, it’s just not going to be accepted.” On the other hand, there’s an acute shortage of traditional donor organs from people who have died in accidents or suffered fatal heart attacks. If family members fullyunderstand the risks and are willing to proceed, is there any reason to stand in their way? Indeed, a recent survey showed that most people will accept a mortality rate for living organ donors as high as 20%. The odds, thankfully, aren’t nearly that bad. For kidney donors, for example, the risk ranges from 1 in 2, 500 to 1 in 4, 000 for a healthy volunteer. That helps explain why nearly 40% of kidney transplants in the U.S. come from living donors.The operation to transplant a liver, however, is a lot trickier than one to transplant a kidney. Not only is the liver packed with blood vessels, but it also makes lots of proteins that need to be produced in the right ratios for the body to survive. When organs from the recently deceased are used, the surgeon gets to pick which part of the donated liver looks the best and to take as much of it as needed. Assuming all goes well, a healthy liver can grow back whatever portion of the organ is missing, sometimes within a month.A living-donor transplant works particularly well when an adult donates a modest portion of the liver to a child. Usually only the left lobe of the organ is required, leading to a mortality rate for living-donors in the neighborhood of 1 in 500 to 1 in 1, 000. But when the recipient is another adult, as much as 60% of the donor’s liver has to be removed. “There really is very little margin for error,” says Dr. Fung. By way of analogy, he suggests, think of a tree. “An adult-to-child living-donor transplant is like cutting off a limb. With an adult-to-adult transplant, you’re splitting the trunk in half and trying to keep both halves alive.”Even if a potential donor understand and accepts these risks, that doesn’t necessarily mean the operation should proceed. All sorts of subtle pressures can be brought to bear on such a decision, says Dr. Mark Siegler, director of the MacLean for Clinical Medical Ethics at the University of Chicago. “Sometimes the sicker the pa tient, the greater the pressure and the more willing the donor will be to accept risks.” If you feel you can’t say no, is your decision truly voluntary? And if not, is it the medical community’s responsibility to save you from your own best intentions?Transplant centers have developed screening programs to ensure that living donors fully understand the nature of their decision. But unexamined, for the most part, is the larger issue of just how much a volunteer should be allowed to sacrifice to save another human being. So far, we seem to be saying some risk is acceptable, although we’re still vaguer about where the cutoff should be. There will always be family members like Mike Hurewitz who are heroically prepared to make the ultimate sacrifice for a loved one. What the medical profession and society must decide is if it’s appropriate to let them do so.4. Describe in your own words the liver transplant between the two brothers Mike and Adam.5. What is the major issue raised in the article?III. Writing (30’)Some people see education simply as going to school or college, or as a means to secure good jobs; other people view education as a lifelong process. In your opinion, how important is education to people in the modern society?Write a composition of about 400 words on your view of the topic.翻译硕士英语模练习参考答案I. V ocabulary and grammar (30’)1-10 DABAC ACDDB11-20 AABBD ACBBCII. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)1. C2. A3. D4. B5. A6. D7. A8. C9. B 10. BSection 2 Answe ring questions (20’)Key points1. located in Dartmoor Park/with 54 sq km of hills covered by “Tors”/an event starting from 1959/young people walking over a distance of 55-mile trek in two days/in Spring (May)/ a kind of outdoor physical training2. enviro nmentalism/threatening of some “internationally rare bird species”/breeding season/nesting season/destroying eggs/frightening birds/declining of birds3. if moved to autumn/children “on holiday” during the training period/majority unwilling to change the time/if moved earlier: lambing season/winter: too harsh and cold4. Mike and Adam/one’s liver “failing”, Mike donated half of his liver/Adam survived/Mike, the healthy brother, due to the “complication” developed in the operation, died after the successful transplant5. when there is a risk of donors’ dying from organ transplant between family members/1 in 100 risk/higher or lower/Shall such transplant operations be encouraged?/different viewpoints/heated argumentIII. Writing (30’)Education as a Lifelong ProcessWhen we talk about education, we can easily think of schools, colleges and young people. As a matter of fact, education is so important in modern society that it can be viewed as a lifelong process.Firstly, it’s the requirement of fast-developing society to receive education despite of your age. Our world is changing dramatically with the development of new science and technology. A person who completed his education at school in the 1970s or the 1980s may have encountered new problems when he is working now. The problems might have something to do with his major or other aspects. For example an accountant now must master the skills of accounting through computers, which is a basic tool for him, so he should also learn how to apply his job in a computer no matter how old he is.Secondly, education creates human character and moralities. Through education, youth may learn how to make contributions to the world. And the old may learn new things to enrich their lives. Through education, a healthy person can become stronger and a disabled person can have a new hope on his life. Man can find great pleasure in education.Thirdly, our modem society has provided everyone with the chance to receive education. As long as you wish you could get education by attending night-schools, adult colleges, trainingcenters and even long-distance education through Internet and TV.In a word, knowledge is boundless, and life is limited. So education is a lifelong process.。
The arithmetic-arboreal residue structure of a
1
proving a theorem on relative elimination of quanti ers for henselian valued elds of characteristic 0, which extends the wellknown results of Macintyre 20] and Prestel-Roquette 22] on p-adically closed elds. A consequence of a purely algebraic nature, namely an isomorphism criterion for henselian valued elds of characteristic 0, algebraic over a common valued sub eld, is presented in 11]. The results of 3] and 11] are reconsidered in a larger framework in 19] by using the notion of tame extension. Note also that the mixed structures above are suitably modi ed in 24] to get quanti er elimination for a class of D-henselian elds. Roots of such mixed residue structures re ecting the additive as well as the multiplicative structure of a valued eld can be traced in classical papers of Hasse and Krasner. Quite recently I learned that structures of this type, namely Krasner's multiplicative quotient hyper elds of valued elds, occur in a special very important case in Deligne's paper 15]. On the other hand, having a di erent motivation, in the work 8] devoted to generalized trees as compatible families of \semiracks", I sketched the possibility of extending to Prufer domains Tits' construction 25] of the tree associated to a valuation ring. Meanwhile, in the works 4-7, 9, 10], I made a systematic study of the generalised trees and of some of their applications to the combinatorial group theory. As it is well known, in the last years various types of trees have been the subject of much investigation mixing very naive geometric considerations with sophisticated geometric and algebraic structures and techniques. A natural generalization of simplicial trees(i.e. acyclic connected graphs) was introduced in the fundamental paper 21] by Morgan and Shalen under the name of -trees. This notion is obtained from that of simplicial tree, interpreted in a natural way as metric space with an integer-valued distance 2
英语四六级成绩常见问题汇总
英语四六级成绩常见问题汇总Here are some common questions about CET-4 and CET-6 scores that students often have:1. How is the scoring system for CET-4 and CET-6?The scoring system for both CET-4 and CET-6 is based on a total of 710 points. The passing score varies depending on the difficulty of the test and the average performance of all test takers.2. What's the difference between CET-4 and CET-6?CET-4 is a basic proficiency test for college students, while CET-6 is a more advanced test. The vocabulary and reading comprehension passages in CET-6 are generally more challenging.3. How long does it take to get my score report?Score reports are usually released within a month after the test date. You can check your scores online or receive a hard copy of the report by mail.4. What should I do if I disagree with my score?If you think there's an error in your score, you can request a re-check. However, the chances of a significant change are quite low.5. Is there a minimum score I need to achieve for certain jobs or universities?Different employers and universities have different requirements. Some might require a specific score for CET-4 or CET-6, while others might not even consider the scores.6. Can I retake the test if I don't pass?。
2016年英语专八考试真题及答案
QUESTION BOOKLETTEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2016)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 150 MINPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN]SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear ONE interview. The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A, B, C and D, and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the questions.Now, listen to the Part One of the interview. Questions 1 to 5 are based on Part One of the interview.1. A. Maggie’s university life.B. Her mom’s life at Harvard.C. Maggie’s view on studying with Mom.D. Maggie’s opinion on her mom’s major.2. A. They take exams in the same weeks.B. They have similar lecture notes.C. They apply for the same internship.D. They follow the same fashion.3. A. Having roommates.B. Practicing court trails.C. Studying together.D. Taking notes by hand.4. A. Protection.B. Imagination.C. Excitement.D. Encouragement.5. A. Thinking of ways to comfort Mom.B. Occasional interference from Mom.C. Ultimately calls when Maggie is busy.D. Frequent check on Maggie’s grades.Now, listen to the Part Two of the interview. Questions 6 to 10 are based on Part Two of the interview.6. A. Because parents need to be ready for new jobs.B. Because parents love to return to college.C. Because kids require their parents to do so.D. Because kids find it hard to adapt to college life.7. A. Real estate agent.B. Financier.C. Lawyer.D. Teacher.8. A. Delighted.B. Excited.C. Bored.D. Frustrated.9. A. How to make a cake.B. How to make omelets.C. To accept what is taught.D. To plan a future career.10. A. Unsuccessful.B. Gradual.C. Frustrating.D. Passionate.PART II READING COMPREHENSION [45 MIN] SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE(1)There was music from my neighbor’s house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor-boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes（滑水板）over cataracts of foam. On weekends Mr. Gatsby’s Rolls-Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with scrubbing-brushes and hammer and garden-shears, repairing the ravages of the night before.(2)Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fruiterer in New York –every Monday these same oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid of pulpless halves. There was a machine in the kitchen which could extract the juice of two hundred oranges in half an hour, if a little button was pressed two hundred times by a butler’s thumb.(3)At least once a fortnight a corps of caterers came down with several hundred feet of canvas and e nough colored lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby’s enormous garden. On buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors-d’oeuvre（冷盘）, spiced baked hams crowded against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold. In themain hall a bar with a real brass rail was set up, and stocked with gins and liquors and with cordials（加香甜酒）so long forgotten that most of his female guests were too young to know one from another.(4)By seven o’clock the orchestra has arrived– no thin five-piece affair but a whole pitful of oboes and trombones and saxophones and viols and cornets and piccolos and low and high drums. The last swimmers have come in from the beach now and are dressing upstairs; the cars from New York are parked five deep in the drive, and already the halls and salons and verandas are gaudy with primary colors and hair shorn in strange new ways, and shawls beyond the dreams of Castile. The bar is in full swing, and floating rounds of cocktails permeate the garden outside until the air is alive with chatter and laughter and casual innuendo and introductions forgotten on the spot and enthusiastic meetings between women who never knew each other’s names.(5)The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun and now the orchestra is playing yellow cocktail music and the opera of voices pitches a key higher. Laughter is easier, minute by minute, spilled with prodigality, tipped out at a cheerful word.(6)The groups change more swiftly, swell with new arrivals, dissolve and form in the same breath –already there are wanderers, confident girls who weave here and there among the stouter and more stable, become for a sharp, joyous moment the center of a group and then excited with triumph glide on through the sea-change of faces and voices and color under the constantly changing light.(7)Suddenly one of these gypsies in trembling opal, seizes a cocktail out of the air, dumps it down for courage and moving her hands like Frisco dances out alone on the canvas platform. A momentary hush; the orchestra leader varies his rhythm obligingly for her and there is a burst of chatter as the erroneous news goes around that she is Gilda Gray’s understudy from the Folies. The party has begun.(8)I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby’s house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited – they went there. They got into automobiles which bore them out to Long Island and somehow they ended up at Gatsby’s door. Once there they were introduced by somebody who knew Gatsby, and after that they conducted themselves according to the rules of behavior associated with amusement parks. Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all, came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission.(9)I had been actually invited. A chauffeur in a uniform crossed my lawn early that Saturday morning with a surprisingly formal note from his employer –the honor would be entirely Gatsby’s, it said, if I would attend his “little party” that night. He had seen me several times and had intended to call on me long before but a peculiar combination of circumstances had prevented it – signed Jay Gatsby in a majestic hand.(10)Dressed up in white flannels I went over to his lawn a little after seven and wandered around rather ill-at-ease among swirls and eddies of people I didn’t know –though here and there was a face I had noticed on the commuting train. I was immediately struck by the number of young Englishmen dotted about; all well dressed, all looking a little hungry and all talking in low earnest voices to solid and prosperous Americans. I was sure that they were selling something: bonds or insurance or automobiles. They were, at least, agonizingly aware of the easy money in the vicinity and convinced that it was theirs for a few words in the right key.(11)As soon as I arrived I made an attempt to find my host but the two or three people of whom I asked his whereabouts stared at me in such an amazed way and denied so vehemently any knowledge of his movements that I slunk off in the direction of the cocktail table – the only place in the garden where a single man could linger without looking purposeless and alone.11.It can be inferred form Para. 1 that Mr. Gatsby ______ through the summer.A.entertained guests from everywhere every weekendB.invited his guests to ride in his Rolls-Royce at weekendsC.liked to show off by letting guests ride in his vehiclesD.indulged himself in parties with people from everywhere12.In Para.4, the word “permeate” probably means ______.A.perishB.pushC.penetrateD.perpetrate13.It can be inferred form Para. 8 that ______.A.guests need to know Gatsby in order to attend his partiesB.people somehow ended up in Gatsby’s house as guestsC.Gatsby usually held garden parties for invited guestsD.guests behaved themselves in a rather formal manner14.According to Para. 10, the author felt ______ at Gatsby’s party.A.dizzyB.dreadfulC.furiousD.awkward15.What can be concluded from Para.11 about Gatsby?A.He was not expected to be present at the parties.B.He was busy receiving and entertaining guests.C.He was usually out of the house at the weekend.D.He was unwilling to meet some of the guests.PASSAGE TWO(1)The Term “CYBERSPACE” was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and expanded on it a couple of years later in a novel, “Neuromancer”, whose main character, Henry Dorsett Case, is a troubled computer hacker and drug addict. In the book Mr Gibson describes cyberspace as “a consensual hall ucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators” and “a graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system.”(2)His literary creation turned out to be remarkably prescient（有先见之明的）. Cyberspace has become shorthand for the computing devices, networks, fibre-optic cables, wireless links and other infrastructure that bring the internet to billions of people around the world. The myriad connections forged by these technologies have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to tap into humanity’s collective store of knowledge every day.(3)But there is a darker side to this extraordinary invention. Data breaches are becoming ever bigger and more common. Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through such attacks. Among the most prominent recent victims has been Target, whose chief executive, Gregg Steinhafel, stood down from his job in May, a few months after the giant American retailer revealed that online intruders had stolen millions of digital records about its customers, including credit- and debit-card details. Other well-known firms such as Adobe, a tech company, and eBay, an online marketplace, have also been hit.(4) The potential damage, though, extends well beyond such commercial incursions. Wider concerns have been raised by the revelations about the mass surveillance carried out by Western intelligence agencies made by Edward Snowden, a contractor to America’s National Security Agency (NSA), as well as by the growing numbers of cyber-warriors being recruited by countries that see cyberspace as a new domain of warfare. America’s president, Barack Obama, said in a White House press release earlier this year that cyber-threats “pose one of the gravest national-security dangers” the country is facing.(5)Securing cyberspace is hard because the architecture of the internet was designed to promote connectivity, not security. Its founders focused on getting it to work and did not worry much about threats because the network was affi liated with America’s military. As hackers turned up, layers of security, from antivirus programs to firewalls, were added to try to keep them at bay. Gartner, a research firm, reckons that last year organizations around the globe spent $67 billion on information security.(6)On the whole, these defenses have worked reasonably well. For all the talk about the risk of a “cyber 9/11”, the internet has proved remarkably resilient. Hundreds of millions of people turn on their computers every day and bank online, shop at virtual stores, swap gossip and photos with their friends on social networks and send all kinds of sensitive data over the web without ill effect. Companies and governments are shifting ever more services online.(7)But the task is becoming harder. Cyber-security, which involves protecting both data and people, is facing multiple threats, notably cybercrime and online industrial espionage, both of which are growing rapidly. A recent estimate by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), puts the annual global cost of digital crime and intellectual-property theft at $445 billion – a sum roughly equivalent to the GDP of a smallish rich European country such as Austria.(8)To add to the worries, there is also the risk of cyber-sabotage. Terrorists or agents of hostile powers could mount attacks on companies and systems that control vital parts of an economy, including power stations, electrical grids and communications networks. Such attacks are hard to pull off, but not impossible. One precedent is the destruction in 2010 of centrifuges （离心机）at a nuclear facility in Iran by a computer program known as Stuxnet.(9)But such events are rare. The biggest day-to-day threats faced by companies and government agencies come from crooks and spooks hoping to steal financial data and trade secrets. For example, smarter, better-organized hackers are making life tougher for the cyber-defenders, but the report will argue that even so a number of things can be done to keep everyone safer than they are now.(10)One is to ensure that organizations get the basics of cyber-security right. All too often breaches are caused by simple blunders, such as failing to separate systems containing sensitive data from those that do not need access to them. Companies also need to get better at anticipating where attacks may be coming from and at adapting their defences swiftly in response to new threats. Technology can help, as can industry initiatives that allow firms to share intelligence about risks with each other.(11)There is also a need to provide incentives to improve cyber-security, be they carrots or sticks. One idea is to encourage internet-service providers, or the companies that manage internet connections, to shoulder more responsibility for identifying and helping to clean up computers infected with malicious software. Another is to find ways to ensure that software developers produce code with fewer flaws in it so that hackers have fewer security holes to exploit.(12)An additional reason for getting tech companies to give a higher priority to security is that cyberspace is about to undergo another massive change. Over the next few years billions of new devices, from cars to household appliances and medical equipment, will be fitted with tiny computers that connect them to the web and make them more useful. Dubbed “the internet of things”, this is already making it possible, for example, to control home appliances using smartphone apps and to monitor medical devices remotely.(13)But unless these systems have adequate security protection, the internet of things could easily become the internet of new things to be hacked. Plenty of people are eager to take advantage of any weaknesses they may spot. Hacking used to be about geeky college kids tapping away in their bedrooms to annoy their elders. It has grown up with a vengeance.16.Cyberspace is described by William Gibson as ______.A. a function only legitimate computer operators haveB. a representation of data from the human systemC.an important element stored in the human systemD.an illusion held by the common computer users17.Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the meaning of the first fourparagraphs?A.Cyberspace has more benefits than defects.B.Cyberspace is like a double-edged sword.C.Cyberspace symbolizes technological advance.D.Cyberspace still remains a sci-fi notion.18.According to Para. 5, the designing principles of the internet and cyberspace security are______.A.controversialplimentaryC.contradictoryD.congruent19.What could be the most appropriate title for the passage?A.Cyber Crime and Its Prevention.B.The Origin of Cyber Crime.C.How to Deal with Cyber Crime.D.The Definition of Cyber Crime.PASSAGE THREE(1)You should treat skeptically the loud cries now coming from colleges and universities that the last bastion of excellence in American education is being gutted by state budget cuts and mounting costs. Whatever else it is, higher education is not a bastion of excellence. It is shot through with waste, lax academic standards and mediocre teaching and scholarship.(2)True, the economic pressures – from the Ivy League to state systems – are intense. Last year, nearly two-thirds of schools had to make midyear spending cuts to stay within their budgets. It is also true (as university presidents and deans argue) that relieving those pressures merely by raising tuitions and cutting courses will make matters worse. Students will pay more and get less. The university presidents and deans want to be spared from further government budget cuts. Their case is weak.(3)Higher education is a bloated enterprise. Too many professors do too little teaching to too many ill-prepared students. Costs can be cut and quality improved without reducing the number of graduates. Many colleges and universities should shrink. Some should go out of business. Consider:●Except for elite schools, admissions standards are low. About 70 percent of freshmen atfour-year colleges and universities attend their first-choice schools. Roughly 20 percent go to their second choices. Most schools have eagerly boosted enrollments to maximize revenues (tuition and state subsidies).●Dropout rates are high. Half or more of freshmen don’t get degrees. A recent study ofPhD programs at 10 major universities also found high dropout rates for doctoral candidates.●The attrition among undergraduates is particularly surprising because college standardshave apparently fallen. One study of seven top schools found widespread grade inflation.In 1963, half of the students in introductory philosophy courses got a B – or worse. By 1986, only 21 percent did. If elite schools have relaxed standards, the practice is almost surely widespread.●Faculty teaching loads have fallen steadily since the 1960s. In major universities, seniorfaculty members often do less than two hours a day of teaching. Professors are “socialized to publish, teach graduate students and spend as little time teaching (undergraduates) as possible,” concludes James Fairweather of Penn State University in a new study. Faculty pay consistently rises as undergraduate teaching loads drop.●Universities have encouraged an almost mindless explosion of graduate degrees. Since1960, the number of masters’ degrees awarded annually has risen more than fourfold to 337,000. Between 1965 and 1989, the annual number of MBAs (masters in business administration) jumped from 7,600 to 73,100.(4)Even so, our system has strengths. It boasts many top-notch schools and allows almost anyone to go to college. But mediocrity is pervasive. We push as many freshmen as possible through the door, regardless of qualifications. Because bachelors’ degrees are so common, we create more graduate degrees of dubious worth. Does anyone believe the MBA explosion has improved management?(5)You won’t hear much about this from college deans or university presidents. They created this mess and are its biggest beneficiaries. Large enrollments support large faculties. More graduate students liberate tenured faculty from undergraduate teaching to concentrate on writing and research: the source of status. Richard Huber, a former college dean, writes knowingly in a new book (“How Professors Play the Cat Guarding the Cream: Why We’re Paying More and Getting Less in Higher Education”): Presidents, deans and trustees ... call for more recognition of good teaching with prizes and salary incentives.(6)The reality is closer to the experience of Harvard University’s distinguished pal eontologist Stephen Jay Gould: “To be perfectly honest, though lip service is given to teaching, I have never seriously heard teaching considered in any meeting for promotion... Writing is the currency of prestige and promotion.”(7)About four-fifths of all students attend state-subsidized systems, from community colleges to prestige universities. How governors and state legislatures deal with their budget pressures will be decisive. Private schools will, for better or worse, be influenced by state actions. The states need to do three things.(8)First, create genuine entrance requirements. Today’s low standards tell high school students: You don’t have to work hard to go to college. States should change the message by raising tuitions sharply and coupling the increase with generous scholarships based on merit and income. To get scholarships, students would have to pass meaningful entrance exams. Ideally, the scholarships should be available for use at in-state private schools. All schools would then compete for students on the basis of academic quality and costs. Today’s system of general tuition subsidies provides aid to well-to-do families that don’t need it or to unqualified students who don’t deserve it.(8)Next, states should raise faculty teaching loads, mainly at four-year schools. (Teaching loads at community colleges are already high.) This would cut costs and reemphasize the primacy of teaching at most schools. What we need are teachers who know their fields and can communicate enthusiasm to students. Not all professors can be path-breaking scholars. The excessive emphasis on scholarship generates many unread books and mediocre articles in academic journals. “You can’t do more of one (research) without less of the other (teaching),”says Fairweather. “People are working hard – it’s just where they’re working.”(10)Finally, states should reduce or eliminate the least useful graduate programs. Journalism (now dubbed “communications”), business and education are prime candidates. A lot of what they teach can – and should – be learned on the job. If colleges and universities did a better job of teaching undergraduates, there would be less need for graduate degrees.(11)Our colleges and universities need to provide a better education to deserving students. This may mean smaller enrollments, but given today’s attrition rates, the number of graduates20.It can be concluded from Para.3 that the author was ______ towards the education.A.indifferentB.neutralC.positiveD.negative21.The following are current problems facing all American universities EXCEPT ______.A.high dropout ratesB.low admission standardsC.low undergraduate teaching loadsD.explosion of graduate degrees22.In order to ensure teaching quality, the author suggests that the states do all the followingEXCEPT ______.A.set entrance requirementsB.raise faculty teaching loadsC.increase undergraduate programsD.reduce useless graduate programs23.“Prime candidates” in Para. 10 is used as ________.A.euphemismB.metaphorC.analogyD.personification24.What is the author’s main argument in the passage?A.American education can remain excellent by ensuring state budget.B.Professors should teach more undergraduates than postgraduates.C.Academic standard are the main means to ensure educational quality.D.American education can remain excellent only by raising teaching quality. SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE25.From the description of the party preparation, what words can you see to depict Gatby’sparty?26.How do you summarize the party scene in Para. 6?PASSAGE TWO27.What do the cases of Target, Adobe and eBay in Para. 3 show?28.Why does the author say the task is becoming harder in Para. 7?29.What is the conclusion of the whole passage?PASSAGE THREE30.What does the author mean by saying “Their case is weak” in Para. 2?31.What does “grade inflation” in Para. 3 mean?32.What does the author mean when he quotes Richard Huber in Para. 5?PART III LANGUAGE USAGE [15 MIN]The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. Y ou should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write theword you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end ofthe line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the word in theblank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET THREE as instructed.Translate the underlined part of the following text from Chinese into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.流逝，表现了南国人对时间最早的感觉。
Low-Rank Matrix Optimization Problems
Low-Rank Matrix Optimization Problems1. the rank minimization problem随着科技的发展，数据容量越来越大，从一维的形式逐渐发展到多维的形式，例如图像、视频、网络数据等等，所以有了矩阵秩最优化问题，例如在图像视频处理上需要压缩其存储体积，需要将视频中不太关注的东西做相应的处理。
找到最小秩需满足的条件：()m i n Xrank X subject t imize o X C∈ (1)当X 是对角阵，0()()rank X diag X =，问题简化为0 -norm minimization 。
引入Semidefinite Embedding 定理，问题可化为,,1((,))min 20?X Y Z T rank blkdiag Y Z YX subject to imize X CX Z ⎡⎤≥∈⎢⎥⎣⎦(2)2. solve the rank minimization problema) Nuclear norm heuristic首先问题可等价为求X 最小核范数,当0T X X =≥时，再次转化为求解Tr(X)的问题，由Equivalent SDP Formulation 最终等价于:,,1()20?minX Z T Y Tr Y Z YX subject to im X C ize X Z +⎡⎤≥∈⎢⎥⎣⎦(3)b) Log-det heuristicmi log det()n XX I subject t Cze o X imi δ+∈ (4)有log?i iX I X I δσδ+=+∑,0()()rank X X σ=。
泰勒展开有 ()()1()logdet()logdet()(()())k k k X I X I Tr X I X X δδδ-+≈+++- (5)(1)()1argmin (())k k X Tr X I X δ+-=+(6)对于通常的非方阵X 由PSD 得，log det((,))in ,m XTblkdiag Y Z I Y X subject to C X C X miz Z i e δ+⎡⎤∈∈⎢⎥⎣⎦(7)由下式得到(1)(1)(1),,k k k X Y Z +++：()()1((,)) n ,mi k k XTTr blkdiag Y Z I YX subject to C X C X Z imize δ-+⎡⎤∈∈⎢⎥⎣⎦(8)c) Matrix factorization based methodrank(X)≤r ,则X 可以表示为X=FG ，F 为m×r维，G 为r×n维。
Robust Principal Component Analysis
∗ John Wright† , Arvind Ganesh† , Shankar Rao† , and Yi Ma†
Department of Electrical Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Visual Computing Group Microsoft Research Asia
Abstract. Principal component analysis is a fundamental operation in computational data analysis, with myriad applications ranging from web search to bioinformatics to computer vision and image analysis. However, its performance and applicability in real scenarios are limited by a lack of robustness to outlying or corrupted observations. This paper considers the idealized “robust principal component analysis” problem of recovering a low rank matrix A from corrupted observations D = A + E . Here, the error entries E can be arbitrarily large (modeling grossly corrupted observations common in visual and bioinformatic data), but are assumed to be sparse. We prove that most matrices A can be efficiently and exactly recovered from most error sign-and-support patterns, by solving a simple convex program. Our result holds even when the rank of A grows nearly proportionally (up to a logarithmic factor) to the dimensionality of the observation space and the number of errors E grows in proportion to the total number of entries in the matrix. A by-product of our analysis is the first proportional growth results for the related but somewhat easier problem of completing a low-rank matrix from a small fraction of its entries. We propose an algorithm based on iterative thresholding that, for large matrices, is significantly faster and more scalable than general-purpose solvers. We give simulations and real-data examples corroborating the theoretical results.
高二英语数学难题挑战策略单选题40道
高二英语数学难题挑战策略单选题40道1. In the academic conference, the professor emphasized the ______ of accurate data analysis.A. importanceB. importanceanceC. importantD. importantly答案：A。
选项A“importance”是名词，意为“重要性”；选项B 不存在；选项C“important”是形容词，意为“重要的”；选项D“importantly”是副词，意为“重要地”。
此句需要一个名词，所以选A。
2. The student was confused by the ______ meanings of these two scientific terms.A. similarB. sameC. differentD. various答案：C。
选项A“similar”意为“相似的”；选项B“same”意为“相同的”；选项C“different”意为“不同的”；选项D“various”意为“各种各样的”。
根据“confused”可知是两个术语的意思不同，所以选C。
3. The research paper requires a ______ summary of the main findings.A. briefB. longC. detailedD. complicated答案：A。
选项A“brief”意为“简短的”；选项B“long”意为“长的”；选项C“detailed”意为“详细的”；选项D“complicated”意为“复杂的”。
研究论文通常需要简短的总结，所以选A。
4. The scientist made a ______ discovery in the field of physics.A. remarkableB. commonC. usualD. normal答案：A。
2011年全国考研英语(二)试题及答案
2011年全国考研英语（二）试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on Answer Sheet 1 (10 points)Individuals and businesses have legal protection for intellectual property they create and own. Intellectual property _1_from creative thinking and may include products _2_ processes and ideas. Intellectual property is protected _3_ misappropriation (盗用) Misappropriation is taking the intellectual property of others without _4_ compensation and using it for monetary gain.Legal protection is provided for the _5_ of intellectual property. The three common types of legal protection are patents copyrights and trademarks.Patents provide exclusive use of inventions. If the U.S. Patent Office _6_ a patent it is confirming that the intellectual property is _7_. The patent prevents others from making using or selling the invention without the owner’s _8_ for a period of 20 years.Copyright are similar to patents _9_ that they are applied to artistic works. A copyright protects the creator of an _10_ artistic or intellectual work such as a song or a novel. A copyright gives the owner exclusive rights to copy _11_ display or perform the work. The copyright prevents others from using and selling the work. The _12_ of a copyright is typically the lifetime of the author _13_ an additional 70 years.Trademarks are words names or symbols that identify the manufacturer of a product and _14_ it from similar goods of others. A servicemark is similar to a trademark _15_ is used to identify service.A trademark prevents others from using the _16_ or a similar word name or symbol to take advantage of the recognition and _17_ of the brand or to create confusion in the marketplace. _18_ registration a trademark is usually granted for a period of ten years. It can be _19_ for additional ten-year periods indefinitely as _20_ as the mark’s use continues.1. A. retrieves B. deviates C. results D. departs2. A. services B. reserves C. assumptions D. motions3. A. for B. with C. by D. from4. A. sound B. partial C. due D. random5. A. users B. owners C. masters D. executives6. A. affords B. affiliates C. funds D. grants7. A. solemn B. sober C. unique D. universal8. A. perspective B. permission C. conformity D. consensus9. A. except B. besides C. beyond D. despite10. A. absolute B. alternative C. original D. orthodox11. A. presume B. stimulate C. nominate D. distribute12. A. range B. length C. scale D. extent13. A. plus B. versus C. via D. until14. A. distract B. differ C. distinguish D. disconnect15. A. or B. but C. so D. whereas16. A. identical B. analogical C. literal D. parallel17. A. ambiguity B. utility C. popularity D. proximity18. A. From B. Over C. Before D. Upon19. A. recurred B. renewed C. recalled D. recovered20. A. long B. soon C. far D. wellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A B C or D. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1 (40 points)Text 1Within a large concrete room cut out of a mountain on a freezing-told island just 1000 kilometers from the North Pole could lie the future of humanity.The room is a vault (地下库) designed to hold around 2 million seeds representing all known varietie s of the world’s crops. It is being built to safeguard the world’s food supply against nuclear war climate change terrorism rising sea levels earthquakes and the collapse of electricity supplies. “If the worst came to the worst this would allow the world to reconstruct agriculture on this planet.” says Cary Fowler director of the Global Crop Diversity Trust an independent international organization promoting the project.The Norwegian (挪威的) government is planning to create the seed bank next year at the request of crop scientists. The $3 million vault will be built deep inside a sandstone mountain on the Norwegian Arctic island of Spitsbergen. The vault will have metre-thick walls of reinforced concrete and will be protected behind two airlocks and high-security doors.The vault’s seed collection will represent the products of some 10000 years of plant breeding by the world’s famers. Though most are no longer widely planted the varieties contain vital genetic properties still regularly used in plant breeding.To survive the seeds need freezing temperatures. Operators plan to replace the air inside thevault each winter when temperatures in Spitsbergen are around -18℃. But even if some disaster meant that the vault was abandoned the permanently frozen soil would keep the seeds alive. And even accelerated global warming would take many decades to penetrate the mountain vault.“This will be the world’s most secure gene bank” says Fowler. “But its seeds will only be used when all other samples have gone for some re ason.”The project comes at a time when there is growing concern about the safety of existing seed banks around the world. Many have been criticized for poor security ageing refrigeration (冷藏) systems and vulnerable electricity supplies.The scheme won UN approval at a meeting of the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome in October 2005. A feasibility study said the facility “would essentially be built to last forever”.21. The Norwegian vault is important in that _________________.A. the seeds in it r epresent the rarest varieties of world’s crops.B. the seeds in it could revive agriculture if the worst thing should happenC. it is built deep in a mountain on a freezing-cold Arctic islandD. it is strong enough against all disasters caused by man and nature22. The seed bank project was proposed by __________.A. the Norwegian governmentB. Norwegian farmersC. Spitsbergen residentsD. agricultural scientists23. The seeds in the vault will be stored ____________________.A. as samples of world crop varietiesB. as products of world plant breedingC. for their valuable genetic propertiesD. for their resistance to plant diseases24. For the seed bank project to be successful the most important factor is probably________.A. constructing tight airlocksB. maintaining high securityC. keeping freezing temperaturesD. storing large quantities of seeds25. Which of the following statements is true?A. The Norwegian vault models after existing seed banksB. The Spitsbergen seed bank is expected to last 10000 yearsC. The existing seed banks have potential problemsD. The UN financed the Spitsbergen seed bankText 2Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation manufacturing and trade and distribution. The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed volume and regularity of shipments and communications making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.In agriculture the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators the cotton presses the warehouses and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation’s farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them. In manufacturing the transformation was marked by the emergence of a “new factory system” in which plants became larger more complex and more systematically organized and managed. And in distribution the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber the wholesaler and the mass retailer. These changes radically altered the nature of work during the half century between 1870 and 1920.To be sure there were still small workshops where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the sweatshops in city tenements where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piecework basis. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building. But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920 the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned as did the size of the average plant. (The Baldwin Works had 600 employees in 1855 3000 in 1875 and 8000 in 1900.) By 1920 at least in the northeastern United States where most of the nation’s manufacturing wage earners were concentrated three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100 employees and 30 percent worked in factories with more than 1000 employees.26. What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?A. New technological developments had little effect on farmers.B. The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.C. Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.D. Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.27. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as part of the “new factory system?”A. A change in the organization of factories.B. A growth in the complexity of factories.C. An increase in the size of factories.D. An increase in the cost of manufacturing industrial products.28. Which of the following statements about manufacturing before 1870 can be inferred from the passage?A. Most manufacturing activity was highly organized.B. Most manufacturing occurred in relatively small plants.C. The most commonly manufactured goods were cotton presses.D. Manufacturing and agriculture each made up about half of the nation’s economy.29. The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Paragraph 3 because it wasA. a well-known metal-worksB. the first plant of its kind in PhiladelphiaC. typical of the large factories that were becoming more commonD. typical of factories that consisted of a single building30. The word “presided over” in Paragraph 3 are closest in meaning toA. managedB. led toC. worked inD. producedText 3In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines (JAL) jet crashed its president Yasumoto Takagi called each victim’s family to apologize and then promptly resigned. And in 1987 when a subsidiary of Toshiba sold sensitive military technology to the former Soviet Union the chairman of Toshiba gave up his post.These executive actions which Toshiba calls “the highest form of apology” may seem bizarre to US managers. No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash which may have been caused by a faulty Boeing repair.The difference between the two business cultures centers around different definitions of delegation. While US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employees Japanese executives delegate only authority—the responsibility is still theirs. Although the subsidiary that sold the sensitive technology to the Soviets had its own management the Toshiba top executives said they “must take personal responsibility for not creating an atmosphere throughout the Toshiba group that would make suc h activity unthinkable even in an independently run subsidiary.”Such acceptance of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan. School principals in Japan have resigned when their students committed major crimes after school hours. Even if they do not quit Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways such as taking the first pay cut when a company gets into financial trouble. Such personal sacrifices even if they are largely symbolic help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business.Harvard Business School professor George Lodge calls the ritual acceptance of blame “almost a feudal (封建的) way of purging (清除) the community of dishonor” and to some i n the United States such resignations look cowardly. However in an era in which both business and governmental leaders seem particularly good at evading responsibility many US managers would probably welcome an infusion (灌输) of the Japanese sense of responsibility If for instance US automobile company executives offered to reduce their own salaries before they asked their workers to take pay cuts negotiations would probably take on a very different character.31. Why did the chairman of Toshiba resign his position in 1987?A. In Japan the leakage of a state secret to Russians is a grave crime.B. He had been under attack for shifting responsibility to his subordinates.C. In Japan the chief executive of a corporation is held responsible for the mistake made by its subsidiaries.D. He had been accused of being cowardly towards crises that were taking place in his corporation.32. According to the passage if you want to be a good manager in Japan you have to ________.A. apologize promptly for your subordinates' mistakesB. be skillful in accepting blames from customersC. make symbolic sacrifices whenever necessaryD. create a strong sense of company loyalty33. What’s Professor George Lodge’s attitude towards the resignations of Japanese corporate leaders?A. sympatheticB. biasedC. criticalD. approving.34. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Boeing had nothing to do with the JAL air crash in 1985.B. American executives consider authority and responsibility inseparable.C. School principals bear legal responsibility for students' crimes.D. Persuading employees to take pay cuts doesn’t help solve corporate crises.35. The passage is mainly about ______________.A. resignation as an effective way of dealing with business crisesB. the importance of delegating responsibility to employeesC. ways of evading responsibility in times of crisesD. the difference between two business culturesText 4The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style characterized by sinuous lines floral and vegetable motifs and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one bringing together elements of Japanese art motifs of ancient cultures and natural forms. The glass obxxxxjects of this style were elegant in outline although often deliberately distorted with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically termed “art glass.” Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and reliedfor its effect upon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer successfully combining ancient Egyptian Japanese and Persian motifs.The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915 although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920’s. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First World War. The basic tenet of the movement—that function should determine form—was not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: form should be simple surfaces plain and any ornament should be baxxxxsed on geometric relationships. This new design concept coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast stark outline and complex textural surfaces.36. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?A. Design elements in the Art Nouveau styleB. The popularity of the Art Nouveau styleC. Production techniques for art glassD. Color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau style37. What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?A. To compare different Art Nouveau stylesB. To give examples of famous Art Nouveau artistsC. To explain why Art Nouveau glass was so popular in the United StatesD. To show the impact Art Nouveau had on other cultures around the world38. What does the author mean by stating that “function should determine form” (para 3 line 6)?A. A useful obxxxxject should not be attractiveB. The purpose of an obxxxxject should influence its formC. The design of an obxxxxject is considered more significant than its functionD. The form of an obxxxxject should not include decorative elements39. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason Functionalism became popular was that itA. clearly distinguished between art and designB. appealed to people who liked complex painted designsC. reflected a common desire to break from the pastD. was easily interpreted by the general public40. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about Functionalism?A. Its design concept avoided geometric shapes.B. It started on a small scale and then spread gradually.C. It was a major force in the decorative arts before the First World WarD. It was not attractive to architects and designersPart BDirections: Read the following text and then answer the questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitle. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1 (10 points)Growth in the market for glass craftsHistorical development of glassArchitectural experiments with glassA former glass technologyComputers and their dependence on glassWhat makes glass so adaptableExciting innovations in fiber opticsGlass in one form or another has long been in noble service to humans. As one of the most widely used of manufactured materials and certainly the most versatile it can be as imposing as a telescope mirror the width of a tennis court or as small and simple as a marble rolling across dirt. The uses of this adaptable material have been broadened dramatically by new technologies: glass fiber optics—more than eight million miles—carrying telephone and television signals across nations; glass ceramics serving as the nose cones of missiles and as crowns for teeth; tiny glass beads taking radiation doses inside the body to specific organs; even a new type of glass fashioned of nuclear waste in order to dispose of that unwanted material.41. _____________________________________On the horizon are optical computers. These could store programs and process information by means of light—pulses from tiny lasers—rather than electrons. And the pulses would travel over glass fibers not copper wire. These machines could function hundreds of times faster than today’s electronic computers and hold vastly more information. Today fiber optics are used to obtain a cleaner image of smaller and smaller obxxxxjects than ever before—even bacterial viruses. A new generation of optical instruments is emerging that can provide detailed imaging of the inner workings of cells. It is the surge in fiber optic use and in liquid crystal displays that has set the U.S. glass industry (a 16 billion dollar business employing some 150000 workers) to building new plants to meet demand.42. ______________________________________But it is not only in technology and commerce that glass has widened its horizons. The use of glass as art a tradition going back at least to Roman times is also booming. Nearly everywhere it seems men and women are blowing glass and creating works of art. “I didn’t sell a piece of glass until 1975” Dale Chihuly said smiling for in the 18 years since the end of the dry spell he has become one of the20th century. He now has a new commission—a glass sculpture for the headquarters building of a pizza company—for which his fee is half a million dollars.43. ______________________________________But not all the glass technology that touches our lives is ultra-modern. Consider the simple light bulb; at the turn of the century most light bulbs were hand blown and the cost of one was equivalent to half a day’s pay for the average worker. In effect the invention of the ri bbon machine by Corning in the 1920s lighted a nation. The price of a bulb plunged. Small wonder that the machine has been called one of the great mechanical achievements of all time. Yet it is very simple: a narrow ribbon of molten glass travels over a moving belt of steel in which there are holes. The glass sags through the holes and into waiting moulds. Puffs of compressed air then shape the glass. In this way the envelope of a light bulb is made by a single machine at the rate of 66000 an hour as compared with 1200 a day produced by a team of four glassblowers.44. _______________________________________The secret of the versatility of glass lies in its interior structure. Although it is rigid and thus like a solid the atoms are arranged in a random disordered fashion characteristic of a liquid. In the melting process the atoms in the raw materials are distributed from their normal positioning the molecular structure; before they can find their way back to crystalline arrangements the glass cools. Thisl ooseness in molecular structure gives the material what engineers call tremendous “formability” which allows technicians to tailor glass to whatever they need.45. ______________________________________Today scientists continue to experiment with new glass mixture and building designers test their imaginations with applications of special types of glass. A London architect Mike Davies sees even more dramatic buildings using molecular chemistry. “Glass is the great building material of the future the ‘dynamic skin’ ” he said. “Think of glass that has been treated to react to electric currents going through it glass that will change from clear to opaque at the push of a button that gives you instant curtains. Think of how the tall buildings in New York could perform a symphony of colors as the glass in them is made to change colors instantly.” Glass as instant curtains is available now but the cost is exorbitant. As for the glass changing colors instantly that may come true. Mike Davies’s vision may indeed be on the way to fulfillment.Section III Translation46. Directions: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your version on Answer Sheet 2 (15 points)The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that were occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinction between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater i mpact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are lixxxxnking people to a global village or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact for example the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake fo cused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events they developed some perception of these realities.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions: Read the following Chinese and write an abstract of 80-100 words. You should write your abstract on Answer Sheet 2. (10 points)高崚、杨威被华中科技大学“劝退”，暴露出这样一个问题，一些运动员上学，只是名义上的，他们并没有真正走进课堂，也没有读一些应该读的书。
高考核心单词985(乱序)
survive vt。
幸免于vi.活下来occupyvt。
占领，占有；忙碌especially ad.特别,尤其，格外 potential a.潜在的n。
潜能bargain n。
交易 vi。
议价，成交 globe n。
地球，世界,地球仪jazz n.爵士音乐，爵士舞曲independent a.独立的,自主的potn。
锅essay n.短文，散文,小品文glance vi。
看一下 n.一瞥 base n。
基础，底层，基地scarevt.惊吓vi。
受惊grocer n.杂货商headmaster n. 英中小学校长,男舍监destroy vt.破坏，消灭occupationn。
占领，占据;职业,工作swallowvt.咽vi.吞，咽n.燕子harvest n.收获，收成 vt.收割 detect vt.察觉,发觉，侦察grey n。
/a。
灰色(的)scenen。
情景;景色indeed ad。
真正地，确实journalistn。
记者,新闻工作者mineral n.矿物a。
矿物的convince vt。
使确信,使信服schedulevt.安排n.时间表,计划表operan。
歌剧traditionn.传统，惯例 hardship n.艰难，困苦positive a。
确定的；积极的；正的escape vi.逃跑,逸出 n。
逃跑debt n.债务，欠债absorb vt。
吸收，使专心convenient a.便利的，方便的 minimum n。
最小量a.最小的uniforma.一样的n.制服trickn.诡计;窍门vt.哄骗handkerchief n。
手帕 accordingly ad.因此，依照ontoprep。
到…上scholarship n.奖学金fortnight n。
两星期，十四天 horrible a。
可怕的,极可憎的error n.错误，谬误，差错 musical a.音乐的absence n.缺席，不在场,缺乏declare vt。
少干计划英语分数线
少干计划英语分数线In recent years, there has been a lot of discussion and debate about the minimum passing score for English exams. Some people argue that the passing score should be raisedin order to ensure that only the most proficient English speakers are able to pass the exam. Others believe that the passing score should be lowered in order to give more people the opportunity to pass and demonstrate their English proficiency.There are several factors to consider when determining the minimum passing score for an English exam. One factor is the level of proficiency that is required for success in a particular field or industry. For example, if someone is seeking a job in an English-speaking country, they may need to demonstrate a higher level of English proficiency in order to be successful. On the other hand, if someone is simply looking to demonstrate basic English skills for everyday communication, a lower passing score may be more appropriate.Another factor to consider is the impact of raising or lowering the passing score on test-takers. Raising thepassing score may result in fewer people passing the exam, which could be seen as unfair or discriminatory. Lowering the passing score may make it easier for more people to pass the exam, but it could also lead to a decrease in the overall proficiency of English speakers.Ultimately, the minimum passing score for an English exam should be determined based on a careful consideration of these factors, as well as input from experts in the field of English language education. It is important to strike a balance between ensuring that the exam is a meaningful measure of English proficiency and providing opportunities for a wide range of individuals to demonstrate their skills.近年来，关于英语考试的及格分数进行了大量的讨论和辩论。
ASA（美国麻醉师协会）病情分级5篇
ASA（美国麻醉师协会）病情分级5篇第一篇：ASA(美国麻醉师协会)病情分级ASA分级标准美国麻醉师协会（ASA）于麻醉前根据病人体质状况和对手术危险性进行分类，共将病人分为五级。
ASA分级标准是：第一级：体格健康，发育营养良好，各器官功能正常。
围手术期死亡率0.06%-0.08%；第二级：除外科疾病外，有轻度并存病，功能代偿健全。
围手术期死亡率0.27%0.40%；第三级：并存病情严重，体力活动受限，但尚能应付日常活动。
围手术期死亡率1.82%-4.30%；第四级：并存病严重，丧失日常活动能力，经常面临生命威胁。
围手术期死亡率7.80%-23.0%；第五级：无论手术与否，生命难以维持24小时的濒死病人。
围手术期死亡率9.40%-50.7%；第六级：确证为脑死亡，其器官拟用于器官移植手术。
一、二级病人麻醉和手术耐受力良好，麻醉经过平稳。
三级病人麻醉有一定危险，麻醉前准备要充分，对麻醉期间可能发生的并发症要采取有效措施，积极预防。
四级病人麻醉危险性极大，即使术前准备充分，围手术期死亡率仍很高。
五级为濒死病人，麻醉和手术都异常危险，不宜行择期手术。
简单解释：I：无基础疾病II：存在基础疾病，但没有影响正常生活III：存在基础疾病，影响正常生活IV：存在严重基础疾病，明显影响生活V：无论手术与否，病人都可能在24小时内死亡大于65岁及急诊都要在基础上加一级第二篇：美国麻醉师麻醉住院医生的训练目标：培养在整个麻醉领域(entire scope of anesthesiology)里能胜任工作(competent)的麻醉医生监管机构（机构简介在末尾）：全美住院医生注册管理委员会American Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education(ACGME)? 美国麻醉资格评定委员会American Board of Anesthesiology(ABA)? 美国麻醉医生协会American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)? 住院医生计划评估委员会 Residency Review Committee(RRC)住院医生训练的质量控制（轮转按月为单位）每个月个人导师对住院医生的评价 Mentor feedback(monthly)? 本月内所有主治医生对住院医生的评价 Faculty review(monthly)? 临床技能评估委员会住院医生的评价Clinical competence committee(CCC)review ? 每年的全国范围的笔试 Annual in-training examinations(ABA / ASA)? RRC 对整个训练计划的评估 RRC review of the program对住院医生月月评估所有主治医生都参与 By all faculty members ? 评估项目包括：o 知识水平Knowledge o 动手能力Skills o 职业规范Professionalism(with patients, colleagues, self)? 不合格着需要重复轮转，留院察看，开除，有违法者按法律程序处理Unsatisfactory ratings may lead to repeating of rotations, probation, termination, or prosecution对主治医生年年评估所有住院医生都参与 Performance of the faculty by residents ? 不记名式Anonymous ? 对主治医生工资有一定影响Faculty’s salary is partially influenced ? 评估项目包括：o 教学能力 teaching abilities o 对教学的热心程度 commitment to the educational program o 临床知识水平clinical knowledge o 学术能力 scholarly activitiesACGME 和 RRC 对训练医院年年平估 ? 评估项目包括：o 主治医生整体质量 Assessment of facility quality o 医院手术量和病种 Case volume and variety o 是否全面发展（教学，科研，文章，等）Comprehensiveness of program(research, teaching, publications)o 是否有违章行为（如住院医生工作超过每周80小时等）Whether ACGME rules are followed, e.g.the 80 hr/wk).o 住院医生对自己训练单位的评价Resident response ? 不合格的训练计划有可能被留名察看，或取消，失去联邦资助Unsatisfactory ratings may lead to probation and removal of program, thus loss of federal funding第一年：基础年 CB or PGY-1 轮转单位有内科，外科，儿科（包括新生儿），ICU等第二到第四年：临床麻醉年CA 1-3, PGY 2-4 轮转制，学习基础和高级麻醉 Consist of training in basic and advanced anesthesia 普通手术室学习包括有: ? 普外 General surgery ? 耳鼻喉，口腔外科ENT/Oral surgery ? 骨外，脊柱外科 Ortho/Spine ? 创伤，烧伤Trauma / burn专科学习包括有: ? 疼痛，胸心麻醉，小儿麻醉，脑外麻醉，产科麻醉，区域麻醉，术前门诊，术后监护室，ICU，等Pain, cardiothoracic, pediatric, neuro, obstetric, regional, preoperative evaluation, postoperative unit, ICU, etc.住院医师学习途径 ? 日常工作Daily work ? 院外读书（每年500美元买书经费）At home reading –Highly encouraged ? 科里提供的图书和学习电脑和软件Departmental library and computers ? 手术室中学徒式教学 One-on-one teaching ? 每天早上（6点左右）讲课 Morning lectures ? 病例讨论 M & M(Mortality and Morbidity)conferences ? 每月大查房Grand rounds ? 难题讨论Problem-based Learning Discussion(PBLD)? 每月读书会 Journal clubs ? 不定期讲习训练班，如困难气道，区域麻醉等Workshops, such as difficult airway, regional blocks, ect.? 越来越多的医院开始使用麻醉训练模拟器Increasingly popular: anesthesia simulators麻醉训练模拟器模拟真正的手术室，正规的麻醉和监护仪器，模拟人做病人，可以发出锣音，模拟气胸，气道组织可以肿胀，发硬，等，由上级医生扮演外科医生（找岔，出难题）。
excel2013 不符合某条件的最小值
excel2013 不符合某条件的最小值1.这个问题太复杂了，我无法解决。
This problem is too complicated for me to solve.2.我需要更多的信息才能做出决定。
I need more information before I can make a decision.3.你给我的数据不完整，我无法进行计算。
The data you provided is incomplete, so I can't perform the calculation.4.这个要求超出了我的能力范围。
This requirement is beyond my capability.5.对不起，我无法完成您的要求。
I'm sorry, I am unable to fulfill your request.6.这个操作不是我现在能够做的。
This operation is not something I can do at the moment.7.我需要更多的时间来处理这个问题。
I need more time to deal with this issue.8.我目前的资源不足以满足您的要求。
My current resources are not sufficient to meet your requirements.9.这个任务对我来说太困难了。
This task is too difficult for me to handle.10.我无法按照您的要求进行操作。
I am unable to perform the operation as per your request.11.这个条件太严格，我无法达到。
This condition is too strict for me to meet.12.我需要更多的培训才能胜任这项工作。
I need more training in order to be competent for this job.13.对不起，我的能力有限，无法满足您的要求。
高校取消绩点 英语作文
高校取消绩点英语作文英文回答：Canceling the GPA system in universities has been a topic of debate in recent years. Some argue that it is necessary to eliminate the GPA system as it puts unnecessary pressure on students and fails to accurately reflect their abilities. On the other hand, others believe that the GPA system is an important indicator of academic performance and should not be abolished. In my opinion, canceling the GPA system in universities can have both positive and negative consequences.One of the main advantages of canceling the GPA system is that it can reduce the stress and competition among students. Currently, students are often obsessed with achieving high GPAs, which can lead to unhealthy competition and a focus on grades rather than learning. Without the GPA system, students may be more motivated to explore their interests and engage in a more holisticapproach to education. They can focus on acquiring knowledge and skills rather than just aiming for high grades.Furthermore, canceling the GPA system can promote a more comprehensive evaluation of students' abilities. The GPA system mainly measures academic performance based on grades, but it fails to consider other important aspects such as creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. By eliminating the GPA system, universities can adopt alternative methods of assessment, such as project-based assignments, presentations, and group work. These assessments can provide a more accurate reflection of students' abilities and better prepare them for the real world.However, there are also potential drawbacks to canceling the GPA system. Without the GPA system, it may be more difficult for employers and graduate schools to evaluate the academic performance of students. The GPA serves as a standardized measure that allows for easy comparison among students. If the GPA system is abolished,employers and graduate schools may have to rely on other factors, such as personal statements and recommendation letters, which can be subjective and less reliable.In conclusion, canceling the GPA system in universities can have both positive and negative consequences. On one hand, it can reduce stress and promote a more comprehensive evaluation of students' abilities. On the other hand, it may make it more challenging for employers and graduate schools to assess academic performance. Ultimately, the decision to cancel the GPA system should be carefully considered, taking into account the potential benefits and drawbacks.中文回答：高校取消绩点制度近年来一直是一个争议话题。
csgo英语术语
csgo英语术语1. Frag - To eliminate an enemy player.2. Eco round - A round where a team saves money to buy weapons in a future round.3. Force buy - A round where a team spends all their money to buy weapons and equipment.4. AWP - A powerful sniper rifle in the game.5. Eco ace - A situation where a player eliminates the whole enemy team singlehandedly using only a pistol.6. Smurfing - A term used when experienced players create new accounts to play against lower skilled opponents.7. Clutch - A situation where a player is the last one standing on their team and manages to win the round against multiple enemies.8. No-scope - Shooting without aiming down the scope of a sniper rifle.9. Spray control - The skill of controlling the recoil pattern of a weapon by making small mouse movements.10. Boosting - When a higher skilled player plays on a lower skilled player's account to increase their rank.11. Flashbang - A type of grenade that blinds and disorients enemies temporarily.12. Defuse kit - An item that reduces the time required to defuse the bomb.13. Entry fragger - A player whose role is to be the first one to engage the enemy and get key kills.14. T-side (Terrorist side) - The attacking team in a round.15. CT-side (Counter-Terrorist side) - The defending team in a round.16. Rotating - When players move from one bombsite to another in response to the enemy team's strategy.17. Wallbang - Shooting through a wall to damage or eliminate an enemy on the other side.18. Boost spot - A specific location where players can boost each other to gain a height advantage.19. Fake - A strategy where one part of the team pretends to attacka bombsite to distract the defenders, while the rest of the team attacks another bombsite.20. Knife round - A round at the beginning of the game where players use knives instead of guns to determine the starting side.。
退役大学生士兵考研专项计划英语最低分
退役大学生士兵考研专项计划英语最低分全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hello everyone! Today I want to talk about the "Minimum Score for Retired University Student Soldiers to Participate in the Postgraduate Entrance Examination Plan" in a more kid-friendly way.First of all, let's break down this topic into smaller parts. "Retired University Student Soldiers" means students who used to be soldiers and are now studying in university. "Postgraduate Entrance Examination Plan" is a special program for those students who want to continue their studies and pursue a master's degree. And the "Minimum Score" is the lowest score you need to get to be eligible for this plan.Now, let's talk about why this topic is important. You see, being a soldier is a very brave and honorable thing to do. But after serving in the military, some soldiers may want to further their education and improve their skills. That's where the Postgraduate Entrance Examination Plan comes in. It gives thema chance to continue their studies and achieve their academic goals.But in order to participate in this plan, these retired university student soldiers need to meet certain requirements, one of which is getting a minimum score in the entrance examination. This score acts as a benchmark to ensure that only qualified candidates are admitted into the program.So, if you are a retired university student soldier who wants to join the Postgraduate Entrance Examination Plan, make sure to study hard and aim for that minimum score. It may not be easy, but with determination and effort, you can reach your goal.In conclusion, the "Minimum Score for Retired University Student Soldiers to Participate in the Postgraduate Entrance Examination Plan" is a great opportunity for those who want to further their education. So, let's work hard and strive for success! Thank you for listening.篇2Hey guys, guess what? I heard about this special program called the Retired University Soldier Graduate Program which helps soldiers who have retired from the military to prepare for the graduate entrance exam! Isn't that cool?So, the program is for soldiers who want to continue their education after serving in the army. They can take classes to help them improve their English, math, and other subjects that they need to know for the entrance exam. And get this, the program even guarantees a minimum score for the English section of the exam!I think it's great that these soldiers are being given the opportunity to further their education and pursue their dreams. It takes a lot of courage and dedication to serve in the military, and I'm sure they will do amazing things in their academic pursuits too.I'm really inspired by these soldiers who are taking on this challenge, and I hope they all do really well on the exam. Who knows, maybe one day we'll see them walking around campus with their graduate degrees in hand!So, let's cheer on these retired soldiers as they work hard to achieve their goals. Go soldiers, go!篇3Title: My Journey to the Minimum Score in the Special Plan for Retired College Student Soldiers Taking the Postgraduate Entrance Exam ()Hey everyone, my name is Peter and I want to share with you all about my journey to achieving the minimum score in the Special Plan for Retired College Student Soldiers taking the postgraduate entrance exam. It was definitely not easy, but I managed to push through and succeed in the end.First of all, let me give you some background information. I am a retired college student soldier, which means I served in the army for a few years before deciding to pursue my studies again. When I heard about the Special Plan for retired soldiers like me to take the postgraduate entrance exam, I knew I had to seize this opportunity.English has always been a challenging subject for me, but I was determined to overcome my weaknesses. I started by setting a daily study schedule and sticking to it religiously. I practiced reading English articles, listening to English podcasts, and watching English movies to improve my language skills.I also enrolled in an English language course to strengthen my grammar and vocabulary. The teachers were really supportive and pushed me to work harder. Slowly but surely, I started seeing improvements in my English proficiency.As the exam date approached, I intensified my study sessions and focused on practicing past exam papers. I made sure to time myself and simulate exam conditions to prepare myself mentally for the real thing.Finally, the day of the exam arrived and I was feeling nervous but confident. I gave it my all and poured my heart into every question. When the results came out, I was overjoyed to see that I had achieved the minimum score required for the Special Plan.It was a moment of triumph for me and I couldn't be prouder of myself. This experience has taught me the importance of perseverance and hard work. If you set your mind to something and work diligently towards it, anything is possible.So, to all my fellow retired college student soldiers out there, don't give up on your dreams. Keep pushing forward and believe in yourself. With dedication and determination, you can achieve anything you set your sights on. I wish you all the best in your future endeavors. Thank you for listening to my story!篇4Title: The Lowest Score in the Special Plan for Retired College Student Soldiers Taking the Postgraduate Entrance ExamHey everyone, I wanna talk about the lowest score in the special plan for retired college student soldiers taking the postgraduate entrance exam. Sounds like a mouthful, right? But don't worry, I'll break it down for you!So basically, there's this program for soldiers who have served in the military and then want to go back to school to get their master's degree. But here's the thing - in order to be eligible for this program, you have to have a certain score on the entrance exam. And the lowest score you can get is called the "lowest score in the special plan for retired college student soldiers taking the postgraduate entrance exam."Now, you might be wondering why this score is so important. Well, let me tell you - getting a good score on the entrance exam is super important for getting into a good grad school. And if you want to take part in this special program, you need to meet a certain standard. That's where the lowest score comes in.So if you're thinking about joining the military and then going back to school, make sure you study hard and aim for that lowest score. It might sound easy, but trust me, it's not. But with determination and hard work, you can do it! Good luck to all the future soldier scholars out there!篇5Title: My Journey as a Retired Soldier Participating in the Special Plan for College Graduates to Take the Postgraduate Entrance Exam with the Minimum ScoreHey everyone, I want to share with you my experience as a retired soldier participating in the special plan for college graduates to take the postgraduate entrance exam with the minimum score. It was a challenging but rewarding journey that taught me the importance of perseverance and determination.When I first heard about the special plan, I was excited to have the opportunity to continue my education and pursue my dream of furthering my studies. As a retired soldier, I knew that this would be a great chance for me to broaden my horizons and learn new skills.The road to preparing for the postgraduate entrance exam was not easy. I had to balance work, studies, and personal life, but I never gave up. I joined study groups, attended online courses, and dedicated countless hours to studying for the exam. There were times when I felt overwhelmed, but I pushed through and kept my eye on the prize.On the day of the exam, I was nervous but confident. I had put in the hard work and was ready to show what I was capable of. When the results came out, I was overjoyed to see that I had passed with the minimum score. It was a testament to my dedication and perseverance.I'm now on my way to starting a new chapter in my life as a postgraduate student. The special plan has opened doors for me and allowed me to pursue my dreams. I'm grateful for the opportunity and proud of how far I've come.To all my fellow retired soldiers out there, don't be afraid to chase your dreams and take on new challenges. With hard work and determination, anything is possible. Keep pushing forward, and never give up on yourself. The sky's the limit!篇6Hey guys, today I want to talk to you about the "Retired College Student Soldier Enrolling Plan for Postgraduates" and the minimum score for the English exam.As you all know, this plan is for soldiers who have retired from the army and want to pursue further studies in postgraduate programs. And guess what? The minimum score for the English exam is 60 out of 100! That's right, you only needto get 60 points to pass the English exam and be eligible for the program.Now, some of you might be thinking, "60 points? That's easy peasy!" But let me tell you, it's not as easy as it seems. You need to study hard, practice your English skills, and be prepared for the exam. Don't underestimate the importance of English in the program, as it will play a crucial role in your success.So, how can you improve your English skills and get that minimum score of 60? Well, here are a few tips for you:1. Practice, practice, practice! The more you practice your English, the better you will get. Try reading English books, watching English movies, and listening to English songs to improve your language skills.2. Take English classes or hire a tutor to help you with your studies. They can provide you with guidance and support to improve your English proficiency.3. Don't be afraid to make mistakes. Learning a new language can be challenging, but making mistakes is part of the process. Don't be afraid to practice speaking English with others and learn from your errors.4. Set goals for yourself. Whether it's learning a new word every day or practicing English for an hour each day, setting goals will help you stay motivated and focused on improving your English skills.Remember, getting that minimum score of 60 in the English exam is achievable if you put in the effort and dedication. So, keep studying hard and believe in yourself. You can do it! Good luck, soldiers!篇7Title: My Journey to Join the Retired Soldiers University Graduates Taking the National Entrance Exam in China ProgramHi, everyone! I am so excited to share with you all about my journey to join the Retired Soldiers University Graduates Taking the National Entrance Exam in China Program. This program is specially designed for retired soldiers who are also university graduates, like me, to pursue further studies.First of all, let me tell you a little bit about myself. I am a retired soldier with a strong passion for learning. After serving in the army for years, I decided to continue my education and pursue my dream of becoming a professional in my field. When I heard about the special program for retired soldiers like me, Iknew it was the perfect opportunity for me to further my studies and achieve my goals.The program requires us to take the National Entrance Exam in China, also known as the Gaokao, with a minimum English score. As someone who has been out of school for quite some time, I knew it would be a challenge for me to prepare for the exam. However, with determination and hard work, I was able to overcome the obstacles and achieve the minimum English score required to join the program.During my preparation for the exam, I dedicated countless hours to studying English grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. I also practiced speaking and listening skills with my fellow retired soldiers who were also preparing for the exam. With their support and encouragement, I was able to improve my English abilities and reach the minimum score needed to qualify for the program.Now that I have successfully joined the program, I am excited to continue my studies and pursue my dream of obtaining a higher education degree. I am grateful for this opportunity to further my education and expand my knowledge in my chosen field. I am confident that with hard work anddetermination, I will be able to achieve success in the program and make my dreams a reality.In conclusion, joining the Retired Soldiers University Graduates Taking the National Entrance Exam in China Program has been a challenging but rewarding experience for me. I am grateful for the opportunity to further my education and pursue my dreams. I hope that my story will inspire others to never give up on their goals and dreams, no matter how difficult the journey may be. Thank you for listening to my story, and I wish you all the best in your own pursuits and endeavors.篇8Title: My Experience in the Minimum ScoreSoldier-to-Graduate Student Exam PlanHey guys, today I wanna share with you my story about the Minimum Score Soldier-to-Graduate Student Exam Plan. It's a super cool program that helps soldiers who are retiring to continue their education by taking the entrance exam for graduate school. And guess what? I got in with the minimum score required!So, let me tell you how it all started. After serving in the army for several years, I decided that I wanted to go back to schooland further my education. But I didn't have a lot of time to prepare for the graduate school entrance exam, so I was super nervous. Luckily, my buddy told me about this awesome program that allows soldiers to apply for graduate school with just the minimum passing score on the exam.I applied for the program and went through the interview process, and before I knew it, I was accepted into my dream graduate program! I couldn't believe it, I was so excited and grateful for this opportunity.But let me tell you, preparing for the exam was not easy. I had to study day and night, but with the help of my friends and family, I was able to stay focused and motivated. And when the day of the exam finally arrived, I gave it my all and did my best.And you know what? I passed with the minimum score required! I was over the moon, and I couldn't believe that all my hard work had paid off. I was so proud of myself and grateful for the support I received along the way.Now, I'm starting my journey as a graduate student, and I couldn't be more excited. This program has given me a second chance at pursuing my dreams, and I am so grateful for the opportunity.So, if you're a soldier who is thinking about furthering your education, I highly recommend checking out the Minimum Score Soldier-to-Graduate Student Exam Plan. It's a great way to continue your education and reach your goals, no matter what challenges you may face.Thanks for listening to my story, and remember, never give up on your dreams! Keep pushing forward, and you can achieve anything you set your mind to. Go for it!篇9Oh my goodness! Did you hear about the special plan for retired college student soldiers to take the entrance exam for graduate studies with a minimum score in English? It's like super exciting news! Let me tell you all about it!So, like, there are these college students who were in the military and now they're like retired or whatever. And they wanna go to grad school to keep learning and stuff. But they're like worried about taking the entrance exam, especially in English, 'cause it's like so tough, right?But then this cool plan came up where they can take the exam but with a lower passing score in English! How awesome is that? It's like a special plan just for them to help them out. Theycan still show they're smart and ready for grad school, even if English isn't their strongest subject.I think it's really cool that they're doing this 'cause these students worked hard in the military and now they wanna keep learning and growing. And with this plan, they can totally do that without stressing too much about English. It's like a big weight off their shoulders, you know?I hope more people hear about this plan and support it'cause it's such a great opportunity for retired college student soldiers. They deserve all the help and encouragement they can get as they take this next step in their education journey. Go team!篇10Hello everyone, I'm a retired soldier who used to serve in the army, and now I am preparing to take the postgraduate entrance examination through the Special Plan for Retired Soldiers. Today, I want to talk to you about the minimum score for the English test.English is a very important subject in the postgraduate entrance examination, and it is also a subject where many retired soldiers may have difficulties. However, don't worry too much, aslong as we work hard and study diligently, we can definitely achieve good results!First of all, in order to achieve a minimum passing score in the English test, we must have a solid foundation in English grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. We need to review basic grammar rules, learn more vocabulary, and practice reading English articles regularly.Secondly, listening and speaking are also very important parts of the English test. We need to practice listening to English audio materials, such as English songs, movies, or podcasts, and try to speak English as much as possible in our daily life.Furthermore, writing is another key aspect of the English test. We need to improve our writing skills by practicing writing essays, reports, and articles. We should pay attention to the structure of our writing, the coherence of our ideas, and the accuracy of our grammar and vocabulary.In addition, we can also take advantage of various online resources and English learning materials, such as English learning websites, mobile apps, and English language courses. These resources can help us improve our English skills and prepare for the English test.In conclusion, achieving the minimum score for the English test in the postgraduate entrance examination is not an easy task, but with hard work, perseverance, and determination, we can definitely succeed. Let's study together, support each other, and strive for our goals! Good luck to all of us!。
建议别人挑选学科的英语作文
建议别人挑选学科的英语作文The more you grow up, the more you will realize your responsibility to yourself. Every choice is crucial and may determine the direction of a person's life. I think people in this life, the first choice is the high school entrance examination, then the selection, and then the college entrance examination.... the high school entrance examination and the college entrance examination are undoubtedly very important, but, the choice of subjects is more important. Because of it, more can determine a person's career and direction.Probably from the beginning of the liberal arts and science, and then to the later six choose three, or one plus two, reason, all accounted for the vast majority, and physics is particularly important.A students love history since childhood, to junior high school, history is almost the first time, physics is just the opposite, on the edge of failing, later before the exam, under the cruel attack physics, back the experiment answer, summarize the multiple choice questions, just let the physics pass. Student A decided to choosehistory, chemistry and biology in high school. Later in high school, A student physics has been about 20, and history every big test, are very poor, gradually lost confidence, plus the family are suggested to choose physics, later in the high school, chose physics (biology, chemistry is internal).Then student A began to study physics seriously, because he had not been completely divided, so the mid-term exam should be fully taken. Student A was busy with physics for half a semester of physics, not as high in the history exam. From then on, A students began to struggle everywhere, impetuous, the results also began to plummet. That A student is me, later, I told myself: don't complain about it, this is your own road. But still not reconciled ah! Always have the idea of want to change the subject, finally under the cruel, put all the information related to the history are all thrown away, probably there are many hundreds of learning cases, seriously remember full, very distressed, sad to cry. Now think about it, maybe from the beginning of my waver, history and I gradually go far away, people always eat the bowl looking at the pot, but forget, maybe the pot, than the bowl is also bad. I also often comfort myself, thenext life, must choose history, but I guess, the first time there is no choice, the second time will not choose, no matter how guilty in the heart. Think of an inappropriate metaphor, if history is the moon, physics is sixpence, I will certainly choose sixpence, but, people ah, choose, do not regret, because there is no room for regret.There is nothing wrong with choosing history, and physics is it wrong. What is wrong is that I made a choice and hesitated. In fact, behind the selection of subjects, is also the epitome of all the choices, no matter what choice is made, as long as you go down, always out of a road, what should remember is: no matter what choice is made, don't hesitate after the event.。
CPDA考试真题与答案-4
CPDA考试真题与答案-410.时间序列若无季节变动，则其各月（季）季节指数为0.正确答案：×11.一个硬币掷10 次，其中5 次正面向上的概率是0.5。
正确答案：×12.DBSCAN算法对异常值敏感，因此要在聚类前进行异常值分析。
正确答案：×13.在假设检验中,当我们做出拒绝原假设而接受备择假设的结论时,表示原假设是错误的。
正确答案：×14.召回率（recall）指预测为正的样本中实际为正的样本所占比例。
正确答案：×15.逻辑回归只能用于二分类问题，即输出只有两种，分别代表两个类别。
正确答案：×二、单选题1.Apriori算法用下列哪个做项目集(Itemset)的筛选？A、最小信赖度(Minimum Confidence)B、最小支持度(Minimum Support)C、交易编号(TransactionID)D、购买数量正确答案：B2.为调查我国城市女婴出生体重：北方n1=5385，均数为3.08kg，标准差为0.53kg；南方n2=4896，均数为 3.10kg，标准差为0.34kg，经统计学检验，p=0.0034<0.01，这意味着（）A、南方和北方女婴出生体重的差别无统计学意义B、南方和北方女婴出生体重差别很大C、由于P值太小，南方和北方女婴出生体重差别无意义D、南方和北方女婴出生体重差别有统计学意义但无实际意义正确答案：D3.预测分析中将原始数据分为训练数据集和测试数据集等，其中训练数据集的作用在于（）A、用于对模型的效果进行无偏的评估B、用于比较不同模型的预测准确度C、用于构造预测模型D、用于选择模型正确答案：C4.一个射手连续射靶22次，其中3次射中10环，7次射中9环，9次射中8环，3次射中7环．则射中环数的中位数和众数分别为（）A、8，9B、8，8C、8.5，8D、8.5，9正确答案：B5.一般来说，当居民收入减少时，居民储蓄存款也会相应减少，二者之间的关系是（）A、负相关B、正相关C、零相关D、曲线相关正确答案：B6.下表为一交易数据库，请问A → C 的信赖度(Confidence)为（）A、75%B、50%C、60%D、66.7%正确答案：D7.如何利用「体重」以简单贝式分类(Naive Bayes)预测「性别」？A、选取另一条件属性B、将体重正规化为到0~1 之间C、将体重离散化D、无法预测正确答案：C8.以下哪个属于时间序列的问题？（）A、信用卡发卡银行侦测潜在的卡奴B、基金经理人针对个股做出未来价格预测C、电信公司将人户区分为数个群体D、以上皆是正确答案：B9.数据缺失(Null Value)处理方法可分为人工填补法及自动填补法，下列哪种填补法可得到较准确的结果？A、填入一个通用的常数值，例如填入"未知/UnknownB、把填补遗缺值的问题当作是分类或预测的问题C、填入该属性的整体平均值D、填入该属性的整体中位数正确答案：B10.某市有各类书店500家，其中大型50家，中型150家，小型300家。
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The Minimum Rank Problem:a counterexampleSwastik KoppartyComputer Science and Artificial Intelligence LaboratoryMITCambridge,MA,U.S.A.E-mail:swastik@andK.P.S.Bhaskara RaoDepartment of Mathematics and Computer ScienceIndiana State UniversityTerre Haute,IN 47802U.S.A.E-mail:bkopparty@AbstractWe provide a counterexample to a recent conjecture that the minimum rank of every sign pattern matrix can be realized by a rational matrix.We use one of the equivalences of the conjecture and some results from projective geometry.As a conse-quence of the counterexample we show that there is a graph for which the minimum rank over the reals is strictly smaller than the minimum rank over the rationals.We also make some comments on the minimum rank of sign pattern matrices over different subfields of R .AMS classification:15A09,15A21,15A48,15A57Keywords:Sign pattern matrix;Minimum rank;1IntroductionThe main reference for this paper is [1]in which the conjecture and its equivalences appear.A matrix whose entries are from the set {+,−,0}is called a sign pattern matrix .A matrix with real entries is called a real matrix and a matrix with rational entries is called a rational matrix.For a real matrix B ,sgn(B )is the sign pattern matrix obtained by replacing each positive (respectively,negative,zero)entry of B by +(respectively,−,0).If A is a sign pattern matrix and F is a subfield of R ,the sign pattern class of A over F is defined byQ F (A )={B :B is a matrix with entries in F and sgn(B )=A }.a r X i v :0708.1707v 2 [m a t h .C O ] 18 S e p 2007For a sign pattern matrix A and a subfield F of R,the minimum rank of A over F, denoted mr F(A),is defined asmr F(A)=minB∈Q F(A){rank B}.In[1],the authors made the following basic conjecture:For any m×n sign pattern matrix A,mr R(A)=mr Q(A).They showed that the conjecture holds in certain special cases.In[1],it was also shown that the above conjecture is equivalent to another conjecture, namely,For any real matrices D,C,and E,with DC=E,there are rational matrices D∗,C∗,and E∗such that sgn(D∗)=sgn(D),sgn(C∗)=sgn(C),sgn(E∗)=sgn(E),and D∗C∗=E∗.In the following section,we shall give an example to show that this conjecture is not true.We also show that there is a graph for which the minimum rank over the reals is strictly smaller than the minimum rank over the rationals.In the last section we make some comments on the minimum rank of sign pattern matrices over different subfields of R.2The CounterexampleConsider a configuration C(from[2],p.92)of nine points and nine lines given by A,B,C, D,E,F,G,H,I,and nine lines ABEF,ADG,AHI,BCH,BGI,CEG,CFI,DEI,DFH as drawn in Figure1below starting with a regular pentagon.Let 1, 2,..., 9be the nine lines in Figure1and let the equation of i be a i x+b i y+c i= 0.Let the nine points(with real coordinates)be(x i,y i),i=1,2, (9)Let D be the9×3matrix whose i th row is(a i,b i,c i)and C be the3×9matrix whose j th column is the transpose of the row(x i,y i,1).Let DC=E.E is a9×9matrix whose (i,j)th element is0if the j th point is on the i th line and=0if the j th point is not on the i th line.The incidences of the9points on the9lines are exactly dictated by the zero and nonzero elements of E.The result on p.93of[2]states that(the incidence structure)C cannot be realized with nine points with rational coordinates.Suppose now that there are rational matrices D∗, C∗,and E∗such that D∗C∗=E∗and the zero non-zero pattern of E∗is same as the zero non-zero pattern of E.Since the third row of C∗has nonzero elements,by dividing each column of C∗and the corresponding column of E∗by a nonzero rational number we may assume that the third row of C∗has all1 s.Now,let the j th column of C∗be the transposeof(x∗j ,y∗j,1).If D∗is the9×3matrix whose i th row is(a∗i,b∗i,c∗i),then the j th point(x∗j,y∗j)will be on the line a∗i x+b∗iy+c∗i=0if and only if(x j,y j)is on i for i=1,2,...,9.Thisis because D∗C∗=E∗and E∗and E have the same zero non-zero pattern.Hence(a∗i ,b∗i)for i =1,2,...,9will be nine points with rational coordinates with the same structure ofC .Hence there are no rational matrices D ∗,C ∗,E ∗such that D ∗C ∗=E ∗and E ∗has the same zero pattern as E .Hence there are no rational matrices D ∗,C ∗and E ∗such that D ∗C ∗=E ∗and sgn(D ∗)=sgn(D ),sgn(C ∗)=sgn(C ),sgn(E ∗)=sgn(E ).The above procedure actually gives a real 12×12matrix B = I 3C D E,such that rank(B )=3,for which there is no rational matrix F such that rank(F )=3and F and B have the same zero non-zero pattern.If A = 0B B T 0,then A is a 24×24symmetric real matrix for which there is no rational matrix A ∗such that sgn(A )=sgn(A ∗)and rank(A )=rank(A ∗).This in turn gives us a bipartite graph G on 24points (with 12points on each side)whose incidence matrix has the zero non-zero pattern of A .For this graph the minimum rank over the rationals is strictly more than that over the reals (this rank being 6).Note that in [1]it was shown that for every real matrix B of rank 2there is a rational matrix F of rank 2such that B and F have the same sign pattern.3General ResultsIncidence structures with properties such as that of Figure 1were first constructed system-atically by Maclane [3]using the “von Staudt algebra of throws”.Theorem 3of that paper states:Theorem 1(Maclane [3])Let K be a finite algebraic field over the field of rational num-bers.Then there exists a matroid M of rank 3which can be represented by a matrix with elements of K ,while any other representation of M by a matrix of elements in a number-field K 1requires K 1⊃K .Using this theorem along with the argument of the previous section gives us the following general result.Theorem 2Let K be a subfield of R ,finite and algebraic over Q .Then there exists a sign pattern matrix A ,such that for any field K 1⊂R with K ⊆K 1,mr K (A )<mr K 1(A ).In contrast,the situation completely changes for purely transcendental extensions.Theorem 3Let F be a subfield of R ,and let α∈R be transcendental over F .Then for any sign pattern matrix A ,mr F (α)(A )=mr F (A ).Proof It is clear that for any sign pattern matrix A ,mr F (α)(A )≤mr F (A ).To prove the reverse inequality,it suffices to show that for any matrix M with entries in F (α),there exists a matrix M ∗with entries in F such that rank(M ∗)≤rank(M )and sgn(M ∗)=sgn(M ).Let M be an m×n matrix with entries in F(α).By multiplying M by a suitable element of F[α],it suffices to prove the theorem when M has entries in F[α](which is isomorphic to a polynomial ring,sinceαis transcendental over F).For each i∈[m],j∈[n],let M ij=P ij(α),where P ij is a polynomial with coefficients in F.Asαis transcendental, P ij(α)=0if and only if P ij is the zero polynomial.Thus we may pickβ∈F sufficiently close toα,so that for each i,j,P ij(β)has the same sign as P ij(α).Now let g:F[α]→F be the substitution homomorphism(of rings)with g(α)=β.Define M∗to be the matrix whose(i,j)entry is g(M ij)=P ij(β).By construction,sgn(M∗)=sgn(M).Let r=rank(M).Consider any S⊆[m],T⊆[n] with|S|=|T|=r+1.We know that the S×T minor of M vanishes.Thus the determinant|( M ij i∈S,j∈T)|=0.The corresponding minor of M∗equals the determinant |( g(M ij) i∈S,j∈T)|which,using the fact that g is a homomorphism,equals the determinant g(|( M ij i∈S,j∈T)|)=g(0)=0.Thus we have shown that any(r+1)×(r+1)minor of M∗also vanishes,which gives us the result.References[1]Marina Arav,F.J.Hall,Selcuk Koyuncu,Z.Li,and Bhaskara Rao,Rational realiza-tions of the minimum rank of a sign pattern matrix,Linear Algebra Appl.409(2005), 111-125.[2]Branko Grunbaum,Convex Polytopes Graduate Texts in Mathematics,Springer(1967).[3]Saunders Maclane,Some Interpretations of Abstract Linear Dependence in Terms ofProjective Geometry,American Journal of Mathematics,Vol.58,No.1.(Jan.,1936), pp.236-240.For the configuration mentioned, as above, the nine points are A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I, and the nine lines are ABEF, ADG, AHI, BCH, BGI, CEG, CFI, DEI and DFH drawn on the plane, starting with the regular pentagon for which G, E, F, H are four of the vertices.Figure1:。