ROS英译中
职场常用中英文互译
公司英語Hon Hai鴻海CMM Component module move機動元件整合IBSC Internet Business Solution Center國際互聯網應用中心PCEG Personal Computer Enclosure group個人電腦外設事業群（FOXTEQ）CCBG Connector&cable business group連接器&線纜事業群ESBG Enterprise system business group鴻富錦事業群SABG system assembly business group系統組裝事業群CPBG competition business groupNWE Net Work EnclosureNSE Network system enclosureNSG Network system groupNFE Network flexible enclosureFoxcavity = HZ = Hong Zhun鴻準Stamping tool shop I 沖模一廠Stamping tool shop II沖模二廠Prototype workshop樣品中心Steel factory裁剪廠PCE molding tooling workshop PCE塑模廠Hua Nan test and measurement center華南檢測中心MPE mobile phone enclosure手機外殼事業群MBE mobile phone and notebook enclosure 明塑厂MGE Alloy magnesium alloy enclosure鎂合金magnalium鎂鋁合金magnesium鎂金Engineer standard工標Document center (database center)資料中心Design Center設計中心Painting烤漆(廠)Stamping沖壓(廠)Education and Training教育訓練proposal improvement/creativesuggestion提案改善Technological exchange and study技術交流研習會Technology and Development Committee技術發展委員會3CComputer 電腦類產品Consumer electronics消費性電子產品Communication通訊類產品Corevalue（核心价值）Love愛心Confidence信心Decision決心Corporateculture(公司文Integration融合Responsibility責任Progress進步3TStrategyTime to market及時切入生產Time to volume及時大量生產Time to money及時大量交貨FourControlSystem四大管制系統Engineering control system工程管制系統Quality control system品質管制系統Manufacturing control system生產管制系統Management control system經營管制系統7Sseiri整理seiton整頓seiso清掃seiktsu清洁shitsuke教養Save節約Safety安全生意型態BTN Build To Need依客戶需求主動計劃生產BTI Build To Inerntory依分銷市場之通路商的訂單接單生產DTN Delivery To Need依客戶需求主動交貨DTO Delivery To Order依客戶交貨通知單交貨贏的經營策略Time To Market開發新產品要快 併行開發Time To Volume快速爬坡大量生產 同步製造Time To Money全球佈局,當地快速交貨 全球發貨PC產業八大技術問題High speed transmission高速傳輸Heat dissipation散熱EMI/RFI電磁波/高頻測試Acoustics噪音Power distribution電力分配Mechanical design結構Product styling & Cosmetics外觀Environmental環境PCE產品Level --1--IXLevel 1 Parts manufacturing,Non-paintdestamping parts+Molding parts組件製造,未烤漆沖壓組件+成型組件Level 2 Parts assembly +Cover painted組件組裝+烤漆上蓋Level 3 Computer case機箱Level 4 Computer case +SPS and /or Flat cable and /or Backplane 機箱+電源供應器和/或排線和/或背面底板Level 5 Level 4+FDD kittde with Heatsinkand /or fan層級4+驅動器、散熱片和/或風扇Level 6 Level 5+Mother board and test在第五層級上裝入主機板並測試Level 7 System kittde with I/Odevices (key board,mouse)& user manual&power cord accessories 備裝輸入/輸出裝置及用戶手冊和電源插線等附件Level 8 Assemly high-price &customer-optioned:CPU,DRAM,HDD,CD-ROM,Add-on cards 裝配高價值和客戶選定的項目:中央處理器,動態隨機存儲內存,硬盤驅動器,光驅,附加卡Level 9 Install OS and system test and ship-out安裝操作系統,測試和出貨Level 10 Sotware Download and DiagnosticTest.軟件下載,診斷測試,包裝標示Level 11 Racked Monitor with PC.systemand Diliver用PC系統進行包裝監控和傳遞progressthroughbusinesseffortFoxconn's Common Work Mottoes我們共同追求座右銘Increase Group Cooperation融合Aim for Constant Progressiveness進步Act Responsibly責任Foxconn's Daily Work Mottoes我們落實執行座右銘Maintain Quality of Work品質Aim for Safety in Procedures安全Always Self-learn學習Research Market Region市場遠景Establish Management Philosophy經營理念Plan Management Strategy經營策略Set Management Process經營目標Initiate Management Process工作流程Review and Evaluate Procedures流程合理化Standardize System of Procedures標準化Standardize System of Organization系統化Establish a Network of Information System資訊化progressthroughbusinesseffortdefinitions of Foxconn quality品質意義界定Quality is the starting point of company價值與尊嚴的起點,worthiness and dignity as well asthe lifeblood of company existence.公司賴以生存的命脈;Quality is our pursuit of 100% cuatomer追求客戶100%的滿意, satisfaction with our productsand process is key to success.過程是關鍵;Quality is disciplining ourselves to fulfill端正做事態度our potential,without falling shortdefinitions of a high potential individual人才評估準則An individual who has a creative mind.有思想的人An individual who is competent有能力的人An individual who is ambitious,motivated有意願的人and determined.Competitive and Knowledgeable workers of21世紀有競爭力的知識工作者the 21st CenturyA worker who has added value of處理資訊要有知識的附加價值knowledge during information processing.A worker who displays aggressiveness專業的知識執行力without fear of difficulties.A worker who exhibits an excellent learning敬業的工作精神ability.A worker who has a positive attitude團隊合作的工作態度towards in team work.to reflect on the past and to progress in the想自己過去/問自己的未來futureHave I improved the strenth of my working做事能力是否更成長?ability?Have I increased the capacity of my學習能力是否更進步learning ability?Have I improved the effectiveness and思考能力是否更慎密?clarity of my reasoning skills?Have I treated others in a mature and待人接物是否更成熟?professional manner than ever?to improve three abilities in response to提升三項能力problemsForesight ability to anticipate problems.預見問題的遠見能力Understanding ability to extract problems.提出問題的理解能力Constructive ability to solve problems.解決問題的建設能力progressthroughbusinesseffortChallenges of the New Willenium跨世紀挑戰Nurturing High Potential Indiviuals(HPI)人才培育Reengineering of Company Infrastructure系統改造SystemsDuplicating and/or Expanding of Strategic事業分殖Business UnitManufacturing throughout the Global全球製造3C Industry Strategies3C產業策略Move on a large scale with accurate格局.布局.步局resource allocation and Momentum.Quickly and accurately adapt to the快.變.準dynamic nature of the market."3T"strategies"3T"策略Enter markets at key times及時切入市場Accelerate product development time加速開發新產品Fast mold and die casting模具開發快Fast delivery time快速大量交貨Concurrent manufacturing techniques同步製造Rapid produce expansions爬坡快Global logistic resource allocation全球運籌布局Localize supply chains當地供應主要客戶Lower lead time交貨快Plan of Action for Market Change面對市場變化的對策Leverage quality to meet the need of global品質提升到全球競爭力competitivenessApply information technology/network系統資訊化/網絡化technology to our management system.Leverage knowledge and technological人員知識與技術執行能力的提高abilities of our employees.Implement manufacturing with製造地區化/交貨全球化localization;delivery with globalization.Accelerate new product development to開發速度必須超越時空remain at the forefront of technologyMaintain marketing channels and realize掌握行銷管道暸解市場動態market dynamics.Focus of Efforts for Gaining Common共同努力的重點AdvantagesEstablish system and organization建立制度與組織Establish advisor group建立慎謀能斷的謀士團隊Achieve efficiency追求效率及效果Fully implement information technology全力應用資訊科技作業系統system.Nurture human resource competency人才再造Establish independent Chinese塑造中國人獨特的國際企業文化Key to the Future Success of Hon Hai公司成功的關鍵Establish winning strategy建立贏得策略Nurture knowledgeable experts.培養知識專家Establish system implementation建立系統運作BTN Build to Need奪取市場策略BTCO Build to Confirmed Order 爭取市場策略BTI Build to Inventory分銷市場策略系統文件類CGOO China General PCE龍華廠文件IWS International Workman Standard工藝標準ISO International Standard Organization國際標準化組織GS General Specification一般規格部門&職務類PMC Production & Material Control生產和物料控制PCC Product control center生產管制中心PPC Production Plan Control生產計劃控制MC Material Control物料控制DC Document Center資料中心QE Quality Engineering品質工程(部)PD Product Department生產部LAB Laboratory實驗室IE Industrial Engineering工業工程R&D Research & Design設計開發部DCC Document Control Center資料中心DCC Delivery Control Center交易管制中心ME Manufacturing Engeneering制造工程IE Industrial Engeneering工業工程PE Products Engineering產品工程TE Test Engineering 測試工程EE Electronics engineering 電子工程MC Marerial Control 物 控DCDelivery Control 交 管Purchase 采 購Supervisor主 管IQC Incoming Quality Control 進料檢驗FQCFinal Quality Control 終 檢Secretary 秘 書Assistant助 理president 董事長operator 作業員position職務general manager 總經理special assistant特助deputy manager |'depjuti| =vice manager 副理deputy supervisor =vice supervisor 副課長group leader 組長line leader 線長supervisor課長responsible department負責單位Human Resources Department 人力資源部Head count人頭數production department 生產部門planning department 企劃部QC Section品管課stamping factory 沖壓廠painting factory 烤漆廠molding factory成型廠administration/general affairs dept.總務部production unit生產單位distribution department分發單位常用朮語PCN Process Change Notice 工序改動通知PMP Product Management Plan 生產管制計劃SIP Standard Inspection Procedure 製程檢驗標準程序SOP Standard Operation Procedure 製造作業規範IS Inspection Specification 成品檢驗規範BOM Bill Of Material 物料清單DWG Drawing圖面UL underwriters laboratories美國安規認證機構ASTM American Society For Testing and Materials美國試驗材料學會MRP I Material Requirement Planning 物料需求計劃MRP II Manufacturing Resource Planning 製造資源計劃ERPEnterprise Resource Planning企業資源計劃SCM Supply Chain Management供應鏈管理TPM Total Productive Maintenance全員生產性保全活動delivery deadline交貨期layout布置圖production capacity生產力education and training教育與訓練improvement proposal提案改善automation自動化one stroke一行程inch英寸quantity of physical invetory復盤點數量second countquantity of customs count會計師盤點數量Application status records of年終盤點卡與清冊使用一狀況明細表year-end physical inventory Listand physical inventory cardblank and waste sheet NO.空白與作廢單號material statistics sheet物料統計明細表meeting minutes會議記錄meeting type會別distribution department分發單位physical count quantity帳面數量difference quantity差異量common vocabulary for die模具工程常用詞匯engineeringPCE Personal Computer Enclosure個人電腦外殼PC Personal Computer個人電腦CPU Central Processing Unit中央處理器SGCC SGCC熱浸鍍鋅材料NHK North of HongKong中國大陸PRC People's Republic of China中國大陸U.S.A the United States of America美國E-MAIL Electrical-Mail電子郵件QTY Quantity數量REV Revision版本I/O Input/Output輸入/輸出C=0Critical=0极嚴重不允許ESD Electricity-static Discharge靜電排放ATTN Attention知會CC Carbon Copy副本復印相關人員APP Approve核準,認可,承認CHK Check確認AM Ante Meridian上午PM Post Meridian下午CDCompact Disk光碟CD-ROM Compact Disk Read-Only Memory 可讀光碟FDD Floppy Disk Drive 軟碟機HDD Hard Disk Drive 碟碟機REF Reference 僅供參考CONN Connector 連接器MAT'S Material材料T/P True Position 真位度TYP Type類型S/T Standard Time 標准時間P/M Product Market產品市場5W1H Who, What, When,Where,Why,How 人, 事, 時, 地, 因, 果5M Man,Machine,Material,Method,Measu rement人力,設備,物力,方法,量測4MIH Man,Material,Money,Method,Time 人力,物力,財力,方法,時間(資源)SQA Strategic Quality Assurance 策略品質保證DQA Design Quality Assurance設計品質保證MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 制造品質保證CAD Computer Aide Design電腦輔助設計CAE Computer Aided Engineering 電腦輔助工程CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing 電腦輔助制造CEM Contract Manufacture Service 合約委托帶工CFM Confirm証實﹑確認DIP Dual In-line Package 雙排線封裝DDP Delivery Duty Paid賣方負擔運費及關稅DQA Design Quality Assurance 設計品質保証DR Design Review設計審查EIA Electric Industrial Association 國際電工協會ECN Engineering Change Notice 工程變更通知ECR Engineering Change Request 工程變更需求EMI Electricity Magnetic Interference 電磁干擾ES Engineering Standard 工程標準EDA Estimate date of Arrive預估到貨日ETD Estimate date of Department 預估出貨日FAE Field Application Engineer 應用工程師FOB Free On Board離岸价格GQIS Global Quality Information System 全球品質資訊系統GSM Global System Mobil-Phone歐制數字移動電話系統4MTH Man, Material, Money, Method, Time,How人力,物力,財務,技術,時間(資源)DVD Digital Video DiskCAM Computer Aided Manufacturing 電腦輔助制造CAE Computer Aided Engineering 電腦輔助工程B2C Business to customer 企業對客戶（的電子商務模式）B2B Business to business企業對企業（的電子商務模式）AVL Approved vendor list合格供應商名冊FOB Free on Board 離岸價CIF Cash in Freight到岸價DDP Delivery Duty-paid 陸 運January﹑February﹑March﹑April﹑May﹑June﹑July﹑August﹑September ﹑October﹑November﹑December 1月﹑2月﹑3月﹑4月﹑5月﹑6月﹑7月﹑8月﹑9月﹑10月﹑11月﹑12月dimension尺寸范圍度confidential秘密的 機密的Orient東方的﹑亞洲Facility方便﹑設備﹑熟練Performance進行﹑工作情況Mount安裝﹑安置Enhance增加﹑提高Target目標﹑對象Proposal計劃﹑建議Headset耳機Handset手機Specification說明書﹑規格﹑規范Modular系數的﹑制成標準尺寸的Bronze青銅色的﹑青銅制的古銅色Ejection放逐﹑排斥lacation地點subject主題conclusion結論remark備注total合計upward向上downward向下weight重量total wt.總重量thumb大拇指forefinger食指midfinger中指little finger小指ring finger無名指engineering工程cost成本transportation運輸evaluation評估inquiry,search for查尋to stock,storage,in stock庫存receive領取to put file in order整理資料to put forward/hand in提報to notice通知to fill in填寫to collect,to gather收集for reference會計部存查expansion projects企划chairman主席on way location在途倉overseas location海外倉VS以及英文word縮寫1PP First Phase of Production Prove-Out第一階段生產驗證AIAG Automotive Industry Action Group車輛工業行動團體AIMS Automated Issues Matrix System自動問題追蹤系統APQP Advanced Product and Quality Planning先期產品質量計畫AWS Analytical Warranty System索賠分析系統BTS Build-To-Schedule按排程生產C&E Cause and Effect因果圖CC Critical Characteristic關鍵特性CP Confirmation Prototype驗證原型車Cpk Process Capability Index初期製程能力指數CPU Cost Per Unit每台費用CPV Capacity Planning Volume計畫產能數量CTQ Critical to Quality關鍵特性DCP Dynamic Control Planning動態控制系統DDL Direct Data Link資料直接鏈結DFMEA Design Failure Modes & Effects Analysis設計不良模式效應分析DMAIC Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control --6 Sigma Problem solving定義,量測,分析,改善,管制--六個標準差問題解決方法DPMO Defect per Million Opportunities每百萬機會中不良DPU Defect per Unit每台不良DTD Dock-To-Dock碼頭到碼頭DVP&R Design Verification Plan and Report設計驗證計畫與報告ES Engineering Specifications工程規範FCPA Ford Consumer Product Audit福特顧客產品稽核FSN Ford Supplier Network福特供應商網路FSP Ford Supplier Portal福特供應商網站FSS Full Service Supplier全服務供應商FTT First-Time-Through首次合格率GaugeR&RGage Repeatability & Reproducibility量具的重復性和再生性HIC High Impact Characteristic高影響特性JIT Just In Time及時生產KPIV Key Process Input Variable關鍵輸入變數KPOVKey Process Output Variable 關鍵輸出變數LRRLaunch Readiness Review 上線準備完成審核MP&LMaterial Planning and Logistics 材料規劃及物流MSMaterial Specifications 原料規格MSAMeasurement Systems Analysis 量測系統分析NIST National Institute of Standards andTechnology 國家技術標準研究院np ChartChart for monitoring defective-nonconforming individual products 不良數管制圖OEEOverall Equipment Effectiveness 設備綜合效率PDProduct Development 產品開發PEOProduct Engineering Office 產品工程辦公室PFMEAProcess Failure Modes & Effects Analysis 製程不良模式效應分析PMTProgram Module Team 計畫模組小組PPAPProduction Part Approval Process 生產性零盡審核流程PpkPerformance of process 長期製程能力PSWPart Submission Warrant 零件自主保證書PVAPercent Value Add 有增值的比例PVTPlant or Product Vehicle Team 車輛產品小組QOSQuality Operating System 品質操作系統QRQuality Rejects 不良拒收RPNRisk Priority Number 風險優先係數SCSignificant Characteristic 重要特性SDSSystem Design Specification 系統設計規格SEISoftware Engineering Institute 軟體工程協會SFMEASystem Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 系統不良模式效應分析SIMSupplier Improvement Metrics 供應商改進指標SMEDSingle Minute Change of Die 換模時間SPCStatistical Process Control 統計製程管制SREASupplier Request for Engineering Approval 供應商設變需求申請單STASupplier Technical Assistance 供應商品質輔導TGWThings Gone Wrong 造成的錯誤件VOVehicle Operations 福特裝配廠VOCVoice of the Customer 顧客聲音WERS Worldwide Engineering Release System 全球工程發佈體系統。
新视野大学英语第二版第一册_汉译英翻译题汇总
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U N I T11.I h a v e n e v e r c u l t i v a t e d a m u s t a c h e t h o u g h I’m s u r e o n e w o u l d e n h a n c e m yd i s t i n g u i s he d l o o k s a n d c a u s e w o m e n t o g i g g l e a s I p a s s e d a l o n g t h e b o u l e v a r d.尽管我确信蓄胡子会使我更加气度不凡，走在大街上会使女性发笑，但我从不留胡子.2.I t i n v i t e s c o m p l i m e n t s.它会招来别人的恭维。
3.I t i s o n e o f t h e p a r a d o x e s o f s o c i a l i n t e r c o u r s e t h a t a c o m p l i m e n t i s h a r d e r t o r e s p o n d t o t h a n a n i n s u l t.在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。
4.H e r e i s a n a r e a o f s m a l l t a l k t h a t m o s t o f u s a c t a w k w a r d l y.闲聊时来句恭维话，往往让我们大多数人不知所措。
5.S o m e o n e u t t e r s a p l e a s i n g,p r a i s e f u l r e m a r k i n o u r d i r e c t i o n a n d w e g r o wi n a r t i c u l a t e a n d o u r k n e e c a p s b e g i n t o v i b r a t e.有人对我们说上一句动听、赞美的话，我们就慌得说不出话来，膝盖开始瑟瑟发抖。
生化英文缩写
生物化学英文缩写第一章蛋白质氨基酸分类1、非极性脂肪族氨基酸Gly 甘氨酸Al a 丙氨酸Val缬氨酸L eu 亮氨酸Ile异亮氨酸Pro脯氨酸2、极性中性氨基酸Ser丝氨酸C ys 半胱氨酸Me t 蛋氨酸Asn天冬酰胺Gln 谷氨酰胺T hr 苏氨酸3、芳香族氨基酸Phe苯丙氨酸Trp色氨酸T yr 酪氨酸4、酸性氨基酸Asp天冬氨酸Glu 谷氨酸5、碱性氨基酸Lys赖氨酸Arg 精氨酸Hi s 组氨酸Hb血红蛋白Mb 肌红蛋白Pr P 阮病毒蛋白PI等电点CD 圆二色光谱NMR 核磁共振技术第二章核酸cAM P 环腺苷酸HG P 人类基因组计划hnR NA 不均一核RNAmGpp pN 7-甲基鸟嘌呤-三磷酸核苷CBP帽结合蛋白PAB P p oly（A）结合蛋白ORF开放阅读框DHU双氢尿嘧啶ψ假尿嘧啶核苷G，A 甲基化嘌呤snmR NA 非mRNA小RNAsnRNA核内小RN Asno RNA 核仁小RNAs cRNA胞质小RNAsiRN A 小片段干扰RNA第三章酶NAD尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸，辅酶INA DP 尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸，辅酶I I FMN黄素单核苷酸FAD黄素腺嘌呤核苷酸LDH乳酸脱氢酶CK 肌酸激酶PCR聚合酶链反应BAL二巯基丙醇P AM 解磷定第四章糖代谢S GLT Na依赖型葡萄糖转运体GL UT 依赖一类葡萄糖转运体G-6-P 6-磷酸葡萄糖PEK-1 6-磷酸果糖激酶-1P EP 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸FBP-2果糖二磷酸酶-2TAC三羧酸循环（TC A循环）GSH 谷胱甘肽UDPG尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖UDPG A尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸PKA蛋白激酶A第五章脂类代谢FA脂肪酸PG 前列腺素TX 血栓烷LTs 白三烯CM 乳糜微粒FFA 游离脂肪酸HSL激素敏感性甘油三酯脂酶AC P 酰基载体蛋白VLDL极低密度脂蛋白LD L 低密度脂蛋白IDL 中密度脂蛋白HD L 高密度脂蛋白SRS-A过敏反应的慢反应物质5-H PETE氢过氧化廿碳四烯酸PA 磷脂酸PIP磷脂酰肌醇-4，5-二磷酸IP 三磷酸肌醇RCDP康-亨综合症MV A 甲羟戊酸SC P 固醇载体蛋白CE 胆固醇酯LRP LD L受体相关蛋白HL肝脂酶FC游离胆固醇CERP胆固醇流出调节蛋白LCAT卵磷脂胆固醇脂肪酰转移酶第六章生物氧化Fe-S 铁硫中心C oQ 辅酶Q（泛醌）FP 黄素蛋白-2（人复合体2）Cyt细胞色素O SCP 寡霉素敏感蛋白DN P 二硝基苯酚mtDNA线粒体D NACP磷酸肌酸ROS 反应活性氧类（自由基）S OD 超氧物歧化酶第七章氨基酸代谢G PT 谷丙转氨酶ALT丙氨酸转氨酶G OT 谷草转氨酶AST天冬氨酸转氨酶IMP 次黄嘌呤核苷酸C PS-I氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶IAGA N-乙酰谷氨酸OCT鸟氨酸氨基甲酰转移酶5-HT 5-羟色胺FH 四氢叶酸SAM S-腺苷甲硫氨酸NOS一氧化氮合酶第八章核苷酸代谢HG PRT 次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶PRPP磷酸核糖焦磷酸6MP6-巯基嘌呤MTX甲氨蝶呤5-FU 5-氟尿嘧啶F UTP 三磷酸氟尿嘧啶核苷第九章物质代谢的联系与调节MS 中心性肥胖CC K 胆囊收缩素第十章DNA的生物合成E.coli大肠杆菌dN TP 脱氢三磷酸核苷（N代表任一碱基）DNA-pol DNA聚合酶SS B 单链DNA结合蛋白HDP 螺旋反稳定蛋白RF 复制因子/释放因子PCN A 增殖细胞核抗原CDK细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶hT R 人类端粒R NAhT P 人类端粒协同蛋白1h TRT 端粒酶逆转录酶T T 胸苷酸二聚体第十一章R NA的生物合成CT P 羧基末端结合域Inr转录起始子TF 转录因子PIC转录起始前复合物TPB TATA-结合蛋白CDK-9 周期蛋白依赖性激酶9C PSF 断裂和聚腺苷酸化特异性因子C StF 断裂激动因子PA P 多聚腺苷酸聚合酶P AB II腺苷酸结合蛋白I I第十二章蛋白质的生物合成rp 多种核糖体蛋白质EF 延长因子f Met N-甲酰甲硫氨酸T HFA N-甲酰四氢叶酸R BS 核糖体结合位点PA B/PAB P po ly A结合蛋白T F 触发因子HSP热休克蛋白P DI 蛋白质二硫键异构酶PPI肽-脯氨酰顺反异构酶POMC鸦片促黑皮质素原ACTH促肾上腺皮质激素β-LTβ酯酸释放激素α-MSHα-促黑激素CL IP 促肾上腺皮质激素样中叶肽SR P 信号肽识别颗粒IF N 干扰素第十三章基因表达调控AFP编码甲胎蛋白C AP 分解物基因激活蛋白IPTG异丙基硫代半乳糖苷TAF TAT A盒结合蛋白（TBP）相关因子UAS上游激活序列E BP 增强子结合蛋白bZ IP 碱性亮氨酸拉链bH LH 碱性螺旋-环-螺旋R NP 核糖体复合物TfR运铁蛋白受体IRE铁反应元件e IF 翻译起始因子R BP RNA结合蛋白R ISC 沉默复合体dsRN A 双链RNA第十四章基因重组与基因工程I S 插入序列bp 碱基对YAC 人工染色体载体cD NA 逆转录DNA第十五章细胞信息传导PDE磷酸二酯酶cG PK c GMP依赖性蛋白激酶（PKG）PLC磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶CDAG 二酯酰甘油PIK s 磷脂酰肌醇激酶CaM钙调蛋白PP蛋白磷酸酶HRE激素反应元件G PCR G蛋白偶联型受体P TK 酪氨酸激酶EGF表皮生长因子IκB NF-κB抑制蛋白β-ARβ-肾上腺素能受体XLA人类X染色体连锁低γ丢蛋白血症第十六章血液的生物化学Gal 半乳糖APP 急性时相蛋白质GR P C-反应蛋白IL-1白细胞介素-1A PR 急性时相反应物MHb高铁血红蛋白A LA δ-氨基-γ-酮戊酸UPG-I尿卟啉原I同合酶CPG I II 粪卟啉原II IEPO促红细胞生成素第十七章肝的生物化学GK 葡糖激酶MEOS肝微粒体乙醇氧化系统UGT葡糖醛酸基转移酶COMT可溶性儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶GST 谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶第二十章癌基因Rb基因视网膜母细胞瘤基因。
音乐术语完整版
alto男高音，女低音tenor次中音baritone上低音，男中音bass低音SOPranO女高音mezzo-soprano 女次高音SharP高半音符号，升号flat调号natural （Sign）本位号Staff t StaVe 五线谱A, B, C, D, E, F, G 唱名la, si, do, re, mi, fa, solG clef, treb Ie Clef 高音谱号F clef, bass clef 低音谱号C clef, tenor clef, alto Clef 中音谱号SemibreVe 全音符（美作:WhO I e note）minim 二分音符（美作:HaIfnote）dotted CrOtChet 四分音符（美作:dotted note, quarter note）quaver 八分音符（美作:e i ghth note）SemiqUaVer 十六分音符（美作:S i Xteenth note）demi semi quaver 三十二分音符（美作：th i rty-SeCOnd note）hemidemiSemiquaver 六十四分音符（美作:SiXty-fourth note）rest休止符CrOtChet rest 四分休止符（美作:quarter rest）SemitOne 半音PaUSe休止time, bar 拍子rhythm节奏three-four time 三四拍子SynCOPe, SynCOPation 切分音tone音程PitCh基音major key 大调minor key 小调SCaIe音阶arpeggio 琶音SOlfeggiO 视唱SOlmiZatiOn阶名唱法diapason, range 音域tuning fork 音叉metronome节拍器ChOrd和弦，谐音CadenCe 调音COUnterPOint多声部音乐IyriCs, WOrdS 歌词SCOre总谱，乐谱OrCheStra 乐队COndUCtOr乐队指挥baton乐队指挥棒band管乐队SOIO独奏,独唱duet, duo二重奏，二重唱trio三重奏,三重唱quartet, quartette四重奏,四重唱quintet五重奏，五重唱choir, ChOral SOCiety 合奏,合唱grand PianO三角钢琴，大钢琴keyboard 键盘key键PedaI踏板String琴弦hammer琴槌PianOIa自动钢琴harpsichord击弦古钢琴Organ管风琴reg is ter，Organ StOP 调音器harmonium 风琴barrel Organ手摇风琴bowed i nstruments 弓弦乐器VioIin小提琴ViOIa中提琴CellO, ViOlOnCe11o 大提琴COntrabass, double bass 低音提琴harp竖琴Zither齐特拉琴，九弦琴Iyre里拉琴，七弦琴IUte诗琴，硫特琴Chinese Iute,琵琶banJO班卓琴guitar吉他electric guitar 电吉他first String 第一弦bass String 低音弦SOUnd hole音孑匚SOUnd box 音箱mute, SOUrdine 弱音器bow弦弓PIeCtrum 拨子fret 品neck琴颈nut回纹柱bridge琴马，弦马WOOdWind (instrument)木管乐器flute横笛Pipe, ShaWm 芦笛harmonica, mouth Organ 口琴ObOe洋坝bagpipes 风笛accordion手风琴Engl ish horn, tenor oboe, COrangIaiS 英国管CIarinet单簧管bassoon低音管，巴松管brass instruments 铜管乐器doub I e bassoon t COntrabaSSOOn 倍低音管horn, trumpet 小号COrnet军号，短号trombone低音号SaXOPhOne 萨克管mouthp i ece 哨嘴reed簧片key键PiStOn活塞drurn, kett IedrUm 鼓tambourine 手鼓SmaI I tambourine 小手鼓bass drum低音鼓，大鼓drumstick 鼓槌Cymba IS 锐，钱XylOPhOne 木琴VibraPhOne 颤声器CaStanetS 响板《速度、力度、表情记号》速度记号一LargO最缓板AentOq 缓AdagiO慢板LarghettO甚缓板Andanrtte 行板Andant i no小行板MOderatO 中板Al IegrettO 稍快板Al IegrO(Al I "o)MOderatO 中庸的快板Al IegrO 快板Al IegrO ASSai很快的快板Al IegrO V i VaCe活泼的快板ViVaCe甚快板(活泼的)PreStO急板PreStiSSiInO 最急板PiU al IegrO速度转快MenO al IegrO速度转慢PiU InOSSO 更快POCO a POCO 逐渐地ACCeleradO=acce I 渐快RitardandO=rit・渐慢Ra11entando=RaI I.渐幔A tempo原速，速度还原TemPO PrimO=TemPO I原速，速度还原-一力度记号~PP PianiSSimO 最弱P PianO 弱mp MeZZO PianO 中弱mf MeZZO forte 中强f FOrte 强ff FOrtiSSimO 非常强cresc. 渐强CreSCendO 渐强＜渐强decresc.渐弱DeCreSCendO 渐弱＞渐弱dim DiminUendO 渐弱POCO稍微、略PiU更、愈＞：ACCerrtO加强地，突强，特重Sf SfOrZandO加强地，突强，特重fz forzatoo加强地，突强，特重rf. rfz. r inf. RinfOrZandO 加强地，突强，特重fp FOrte PianO加强地，突强，特重-一表情记号一AgitatO激动地，兴奋地An i mato精神焕发地APPaSSiOnnatO热情地，热烈地Br i 11 ante华丽的Cantabi Ie如歌般的COn brio辉煌灿烂的COn moto活跃的，稍快的COn SPiritO精神抖擞的DolCe甜蜜的，温柔的DOIOrOSO伤心的，悲痛的EnergiaCO用力的，加强的ESPreSSiVO富有表情的GraVe极缓慢的GraZiOSO优雅的LegatO圆滑的LeggierO轻快的MaeStOSO庄严的MarCatO加强的Molto很，甚MOrendO逐渐消失SCherZandO 诙谐的SOStenUtO音要持续的SUbitO突然的，立刻的ten. =tenuto音要尽量保持TranqUi I Io安静的，平静的ViVO活泼POCO a POCO 逐渐地ACCeleradO=acce I 渐快R i tardando=r i t.渐慢Ra 11 entando=Ra I I.渐慢A tempo原速，速度还原TemPO PrimO=TemPO I原速，速度还原常用术语：英汉对照Violin小提琴Viola中提琴CelIO大提琴DOUb I e bass低音提琴或大贝司flute长笛PiCCOIO 短笛Clarinet单簧管ObOe双簧管Engl ish horn 英国管bassoon 或fogotto 大管double bassoon 低音大管horn或FrenCh horn圆号或法国圆号trumpet 小号COrnet短号trombone 长号tuba大号kettIe drums 或timpani 定音鼓COmPane 排钟glockenspiel 钟琴Xy IOPhOne 木琴bass drum 大鼓Side drum 小鼓Cymba IS 钱gong 锣triangl三角铁tambour i ne 铃鼓harp竖琴PianO钢琴guitar吉他mando I i n曼陀林IUte鲁特琴Organ风琴Andant i no小行板MOderatO 中板Al IegrettO 稍快板AIlegrO(AIl,,o)MOderatO 中庸的快板Al IegrO 快板Al IegrO ASSai很快的快板Al IegrO ViVaCe活泼的快板ViVaCe甚快板（活泼的）PreStO急板PreStiSSimO 最急板PiU al IegrO速度转快MenO al IegrO速度转慢PiU mosso 更快POCO a POCO 逐渐地AcceIerado=ScceI 渐快R i tardando=r i t.渐慢Ra11entando=RaI I.渐慢A tempo原速，速度还原TemPO PrimO=TemPO I原速，速度还原音乐常用术语a tempo回原速abbandono无拘无束的，纵情的acoustic声音学的，音响效果的a CaPPe 11 a无伴奏合唱a CaPriCCio无事先准备的，随意发挥的accel加快的，acceIerado的缩写accentato加重音的，加重的adagio慢板agitato激动地AdagiO柔板AdagiO assai很慢的柔板AnClante 行板Andant i no小行板affettato矫柔造作的affettatamente装模作样的affβttuoso感情丰富的affrettando 快速的Al IegrettO non troppo不过分的小快板Al IegrettO POCO mosso 稍快的小快板album专集，音乐集alia marc i a进行曲风格al Ia如同........... 一样的alia francese法兰西风格alia POIaCCa波拉卡风格alia SPagnUOIa西班牙风格alia t UrCa 土耳其风格all arg逐渐加强，逐渐变慢，声音愈加饱满al Iegramente欢快的，兴致昂然的al IegriSSimO 极快的al IegrettO 稍快板al Iegro快板，急速的，快节奏的alt最高调，最高调的altieramβntθ 极快的alto Clef中音谱号amabi Ie和蔼可亲的，可爱的amorosamente温柔的，亲爱的amor os o温柔的，亲爱的andante行板，行板乐曲，缓幔的a nimato活泼的，富有生气的，快的aperto开朗的appassionato热情奔放的，热心的attacca紧接下段Bba I do勇敢的，豪壮的ba 11 ade叙事曲，歌谣barcarol Ie 船歌bar I 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so坚定地de I i Catamente精细的，娇柔的de I i CatO精细的，娇柔的deejay (DJ) 播放音乐的人，DJde I i CateZZa 细致的DOPP i o mov i men to 加倍快do lente怨诉地doIce温柔的，甜美的doIce OndeggiandO 温柔的颤动dolcissimo非常温柔的，甜美的doIente悲痛的，哀伤的doIoroso悲痛的doppio成倍，双重doppio IUnghezza di tempo 慢一倍doppio mov i men to 快一倍doub I e bass低音提琴double bar I ine 双小节线dim渐弱di地，用，自，的di SOPPiano用低音的，温柔的di SOPra如上边direct指挥disperato失望的，绝望的d i st i nto清晰的diVOtO诚恳的，忠诚的drammatico戏剧性的drum 鼓drumstick 鼓槌energico精力充沛地e与，而ed与，而eguaImente同样地，平稳地，均匀地eIegante幽雅的，高尚的en在……，・・・・・・地，按照……风格energico精力充足的entusiastico热情的，热烈的eroico英勇的，庄严的espressiove 有表情et与，而etude练习曲Ffantasy幻想曲fastoso华丽的,浮夸的fantastico 幻想地feroco粗野的，狂暴的fest i VO有朝气地f强ff很强fresco朝气蓬勃的，清新的french horn圆号，法国号fret琴柱，挡子fz突强forza力量f P强后即弱flebile悲哀的，沉痛的flat降调flat Sign 降号flute横笛，长笛，笛子finale终曲fiero勇猛的，骄傲的funebre悲哀的，凄惨的，葬礼的fur i oso狂暴地＞或＜重音记号GraVe庄板gaio快乐的，愉悦的generoso慷慨的，高尚的gl issando滑奏，钢琴上的刮奏glockenspiel 钟琴，铁琴grave沉重地grazioso幽雅的、优美地giocoso愉快的，游戏的，幽默的giusto合适的，恰当的gi and iOSO华丽地S壮丽地guerriero勇敢的，威武的guiros瓜（一种利用刮削摩擦发声的拉丁美洲乐器）guitar吉他harp竖琴harpsichord羽管钢琴（拨管古钢琴）Hi Fi Set高保真音响honky-tonk PianO 酒吧钢琴horn号，号角一些常用音乐词汇的英译中摘录了一些音乐词汇的中英译,有需要的朋友可以保存，以后省得查词典VibratiOn 振动SOUnd 音tone音（乐音）musical tone 乐音noise噪音acoust i cs 声学PSyChOaCOUStiCS 心理声学frequency 频率i ntens i ty 强度time时间WaVe form 波形PitCh音高IOUdneSS 响度duration 时值ti mbre 音色CtOne COIOr Or qua I i ⅛y)tuning fork 音叉PUre tOne 纯音COmP I ex tone 复音(COmPOS i te tone)OVertOne(s)泛音(al iqUOt tone, harmonics, f IageoIet tone 即UPPer PartiaIS) OVertOne SerieS 泛音歹UPartial (S)分音(Partial tone) fundamental (tone) 基音(f irst Partial) SteP 音级(SCaIe step, degree)acc i denta I (S)变音记号SharP升号flat降号double-sharp 重升号doub I e-f I at 重降号nature 还原号intonation 音准OCtaVe八度range 音域(COmPaSS)(VOiCe) register 音区SmaI I C小字组Cgreat C大字组CCOntra C大字二组CUnaCCented OCtaVe 小字组OneTined OCtaVe 小字一组(One-1 ine)two-1 i ned OCtaVe 小字二组(two-1 i ne) three -I inβd OCtaVe 小字三组(three-Iine) four-1 ine OCtaVe 小字四组(four-1 ine) temperament 乐律tempered SCaIe 平均律(equa I temperamerτt) just intonat iOn 纯律PitCh name 音名enharmonic notes 等音(WhO I e) tone 全音half-tOne 半音natura I ha I f~tone 自然半音natural tone自然全音ChrOmatiC tone 变化全音ChrOmatiC ha I f~tone 变化半音notat i On记谱法Staff乐谱treble CIef高音谱号bass Clef低音谱号Clef 谱号(G clef, F clef, C Clef)note (S)音符rest (S)休止符breve二全音符SemibreVe 全音符(WhOIe note, 美)Ininim 二分音符(half note,美)CrOtChet 四分音符(quarter note,美)quaver 八分音符(eighth note,美)SemiqUaVer 十六分音符(SiXteenth note, 美)demi semi quaver 三十二分音符(thi rty-SeCOnd note, 美)Hemidernisemi quaver 六十四分音符(SiXty-fourth nOte, 美) dot附点doubIe dot复附点dotted note附点音符dotted rest附点休止符SCOre总谱Ieger I ine(S)加线(Iedger I ine(S))head符头Stem符干hook 符尾(tail)SPaCe 间tie延音线PaUSe 延长号(hold, fermata)bar 小节(bar I i ne 小节线，measure)I egato连音，连奏StaCCatO斷音，靳奏SOStenUto 持音trembolo 震音gl issando 滑音relative PitCh相对音高（听觉）absolute PitCh绝对音高（听觉）Sight-Singing 视唱f ixβd-do固定唱名法movab Iβ-do音调唱名法Iyra乐徽rhythm节奏rhythmic Pattern 节奏型accent重音SynCOPation 切分音meter 拍子(t ime)duple meter (S)二拍子(2/2, 2/4, 2/triple meter (S)三拍子(3/2,3/4,3/quadruple meter (S)四拍子(4/2,4/4,4/COmmOn Ineter 普通拍子(4/4)SimPIe Ineter (S)单拍子COmPOUnd meter (S) 复拍子COmPOUnd dup Ie meter (S)复二拍子(6/2, 6/4, 6/COmPOUnd triple meter (S)复三拍子(9/4,9/COmPOUnd quadruple meter (S)复四拍子(12/4,12/8,12/16)quintuple meter 五拍子time Signature 拍号multi -meter变化拍子i rregular meter （不规则）混合拍子（7/4,11/7）MetrOnome 节拍机（M. M. =MaIZerSdup I et 二连音tr i p I et三连音quadruplet 四连音quintuplet 五连音SeXtUP I et六连音SePtUP I et七连音tempo速度dynamics 力度tempo mark(s)速度标记dynamic mark(S)力度标记InOde调式(狭指教会调式；广指调式) SCaIe音阶tonal ity 调性atona I i ty无调性bi tonal ity双重调性POIytonaI ity 多调性major大调minor小调key Signature 调号Perrtaton i C 五声的natural自然的melodic旋律的harmonic和声的WhO Ie-tone 全音的ChrOmatiC半音的ascend i ng 上行descending 下行SCaIe degree （调式）音级ton i c (I)主音，主和弦SUPertOniC(I I) 上主音，上主和弦mediant (IlI)中音，中音和弦SUbdOminant(IV)下属音，下属和弦domi nant (V)属音，属和弦SUbmediant (VI)下中音，下中音和弦(SUPer-dominant) Ieading tone(VIl)导音，字和弦(SUbtOniC)broken ChOrd分解和弦altered ChOrd 变和弦false ChOrd 假和弦resolution 解决relative keys关系大小调Paral IeI keys同主音调interval 音程IneIOdiC i nterva I 旋律音程harmon i C i nterva I 和声音程root 根音(fundamental)SCale SteP 音级(音级数：number Of SCaIe SteP) SimPIe interval 单音程COmPOUnd i nterva I 复音程enharmonic intervals 等音程inVerSiOn 转位(COmPIemeDt)IninOr小（音程）major大（音程）PerfeCt完全，纯（音程）augmented 增（音程）diminished 减（音程）doub I e-augmented 倍增（音程）double-diminished 倍减（音程）UniSOn 同度，一度（Prime）SeCOnd 二度third三度fourth四度fifth五度SiXth六度SeVenth 七度OCtaVe八度ninth九度tenth十度e I eventh 十一度twe I fth 十二度tri-tone三全音diatoniC interval 自然（音程）ChrOmatiG interval 变化（音程）COnSOnant协和（音程S和弦）dissonant不协和（音程、和弦）ChOrCl和弦triad三和弦major triad大三和弦minor triad小三和弦diminished triad 减三和弦augmented triad 增三和弦root POSition 原位first inversion 第一转位SeCOnd i nvers i On 第二转位third inversion 第三转位SiXth ChOrd 六和弦SiXth-four ChOrd四六和弓玄SeVenth ChOrd 七和弦dominant SeVenth ChOrd 属七和弦diminished SeVenth ChOrd 减七和弦ninth ChOrd 九和弦augmented SiXth ChOrd 增六和弦Added-S iXth ChOrd 加六度和弦fourth ChOrd四度和弦tone-cluster 音簇harmony和声学harmonic analysis 和声分析fund i Ona I harmony 功能和声InodUlatiOn 转调transρosition 移调ChrOmatiC SCaIe 半音阶d iatoniC SCale 自然音阶PaSSing tone 经过音neighboring tone 辅助音(auxi I iary tone, UPPer Or IOWer) antiCiPatiOn 先现音SUSPenSiOn 延留音Ornament (S)装饰音trill颤音mordent 波音(UPPer mordent)inver ted mordent 逆波音(IOWer morden t; 早期称SChnel Ier)doubIe mordent 复波音i nverted tUrn 回音arpeggio 琶音me I Ody旋律repetition 重复Unity 统一Variety 变化VariatiOn 变奏theme With VariatiOn 主题与变奏COmPar i SOn 对比augmentat ion 展开CI i max高潮SeqUenCe 模进melodic SeqUenCe 旋律模进harmonic SeqUenCe 和声模进melodic PrOgreSSiOn 旋律进行melodic COntOUr 旋律轮廓motive动机deve I OPInent 发展thematiC material 主题材料PhraSe乐句PhraSing 分句PeriOd乐段CadenCe 终止PerfeCt CadenCe 完全终止imperfect CadenCe 不完全终止half CadenCe 半终止authβnt ic CadenCe 正格终止PI aga I CadenCe 变格终止irτterrupte d CadenCe 阻碍终止deceptive CadenCe 伪终止musical form 曲式One-Part form 一段式，一部曲式binary form 二段式，二部曲式（AB）rounded binary form （有再现的）二段式ternary form三段式，三部曲式（ABA）four-part form 四段式five-part form 五段式VariatiOn form 变奏曲式(A, AlJ A2, A3∙∙∙) StrOPhiC form 分节歌(a, a, a, a…)rondo form 回旋曲式(ABACA)SOnata form奏鸣曲式expos it ion 呈示部deve I OPlnent 展开部recapitulation 再现部rondo SOnata form回旋奏鸣曲式movement 乐章PreIUde前奏（曲）interlude 间奏（曲）COda尾声trio三声中部CadanZa华彩乐段mus i Ca I form体裁reduction改编（缩编）trio三重奏quartet四重奏quintet五重奏OPera歌剧ballet芭蕾ChOrUS合唱ChOir合唱团ChOral music合唱音乐Cantata康塔塔mass弥撒OratOriO清唱剧PaSSiOn受难曲SymPhOny交响曲COnCertO协奏曲SOnata奏鸣曲SOnat i na小奏鸣曲band军乐队band music 军乐etude练习曲march进行曲jazz爵士乐OVertUre 序曲ba I I ata叙事曲inter mezzo 间奏曲WaltZ圆舞曲，华尔兹a I I emande阿勒曼德COUrante库朗特Sarabande萨拉班德gigue吉格bourree 布歹U POIOnai Se波洛涅兹tarantel Ia塔兰台拉govottβ加沃特ChaCOnne 恰空PaSSaCagI ia帕萨卡利亚CaPriCCiO随想曲fantasia幻想曲IUIIaby摇篮曲tango探戈habanera哈巴涅拉InadrigaI 牧歌ChOral众赞歌reguiem安魂曲SymPhOn i C POem 交响诗toccata托卡塔Serenade小夜曲nocturn 夜曲rhapsody狂想曲minuet小步舞曲recitative 宣叙调aria咏叹调SOngS WithOUt WOrd 无词歌inventiOn创意曲SCherZO谐谑曲mazurka玛祖卡POlka波尔卡fox trot狐步舞blues布鲁斯rumba伦巴disco迪斯科SUite组曲fugue赋格乐器部分nstrumentai music 器乐musical instrument 乐器instrumentat ion 乐器法OrCheStra管弦乐队OrCheStratiOn 配器法COndUCtOr 指挥COnCert master 首席POd i Um指挥台WOOd Wind instrumerrts 木管乐器。
英文名一览,英文名字大全,常见女英文名和男性英文名字中英对照[精品]
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【常见男英文名一览】1、字母A开头的男性英文名：Aaron亚伦Abel亚伯 (Abelard的昵称)Abraham亚伯拉罕Adam亚当Adrian艾德里安Aidan艾登/艾丹Al va阿尔瓦Alex亚历克斯 (Ale xander的昵称) Alexander亚历山大Alan艾伦 (常变形为Eilian,Allan,Ailin) Albert艾伯特Alfred阿尔弗雷德Andrew安德鲁Andy安迪 (Andrew的昵称)Angus安格斯Anthony安东尼Apollo阿波罗Arnold阿诺德Arthur亚瑟Augus t奥古斯特Aus tin奥斯汀2、字母B开头的男性英文名：Ben本 (所有Ben开头的英文名的昵称) Benjamin本杰明Bert伯特Bens on本森Bill比尔Billy比利Blake布莱克Bob鲍伯Bobby鲍比Brad布拉德Brandon布兰登Brant布兰特Brent布伦特Brian/Bryan布赖恩Brown布朗Bruce布鲁斯3、字母C开头的男性英文名字：Caleb迦勒Cam eron卡梅伦Carl卡尔Carlos卡洛斯Cary凯里Cas par卡斯帕Cecil塞西Charles查尔斯Cheney采尼Chris克里斯 (Chris tian,Chris topher的昵称) Chris tian克里斯蒂安Chris topher克里斯多夫Clark克拉克Cliff柯利弗Cody科迪Cole科尔Colin科林Cosm o科兹莫4、字母D开头的男性英文名字：Daniel丹尼尔Denny丹尼Darwin达尔文David大卫Dennis丹尼斯Derek德里克Dick狄克Donald唐纳德Douglas道格拉斯Duke杜克Dylan迪伦5、字母E开头的男英文名：Eddie埃迪Edgar埃德加Edis on爱迪生Edmund艾德蒙Edward爱德华Edwin艾德文Elijah以利亚Elliott艾略特Elvis埃尔维斯Eric埃里克 (Frederick的昵称)Ethan伊桑Eugene柳真Evan埃文Enterprise企业英语培训6、字母F、G开头的男英文名：Ford福特Francis弗兰克思Frank弗兰克 (Francis,Franklin的昵称)Franklin富兰克林Fred弗瑞德Gabriel加百利Gaby加比 (Gabriel的昵称)Garfield加菲尔德Gary加里Gavin加文Geoffrey杰弗里George乔治Gino基诺Glen格林Glendon格林顿7、字母H、I开头的男英文名字：Hank汉克Hardy哈帝Harris on哈里森Harry哈利Hayden海顿Henry亨利Hilton希尔顿Hugo雨果Hunk汉克Howard霍华德Henry亨利Ian伊恩Ignativs伊格纳缇伍兹 (其变形为Ignace伊格纳茨,Ignatz伊格纳兹) Ivan伊凡Is aac艾萨克Is aiah以赛亚/艾塞亚8、字母J开头的男英文名字：Jack杰克Jackson杰克逊Jacob雅各布James詹姆士 (Jacob的英文形式)Jason詹森Jay杰伊Jeffery杰弗瑞Jerom e杰罗姆Jerry杰瑞 (Gerald,Jerem iah,Jerom e的昵称) Jesse杰西Jim吉姆 (Jam es的昵称)Jimm y吉米 (Jam es的昵称)Joe乔 (Jos eph的昵称)John约翰Johnny约翰尼(亦译为:乔尼)Jonathan乔纳森Jordan乔丹Jose/Jos eph约瑟夫Joshua约书亚Jus tin贾斯汀8、字母K、L开头的男生英文名：Keith凯斯Ken肯 (Ken结尾名字的昵称)Kennedy肯尼迪Kenneth肯尼斯Kenny肯尼 (Kenneth的昵称)Kevin凯文Kyle凯尔Lance兰斯Larry拉里 (Lawrence的昵称)Laurent劳伦特Lawrence劳伦斯Leander利安德尔Lee李Leo雷欧 (Leander,Leonard,Leopold的昵称) Leonard雷纳德Leopold利奥波特Les lie 莱斯利Loren劳伦 (同Lauren)Lori劳瑞 (同Lorry)Lorin劳瑞恩Louis路易斯Luke卢克/路加9、字母M、N开头的男生英文名：Marcus马库斯Marcy马西Mark马克Marks马科斯Mars马尔斯Mars hal马歇尔Martin马丁Mar vin马文Mas on梅森Matthew马修Max马克斯Michael迈克尔Mickey米奇Mike麦克Nathan纳撒尼尔NathanielNeil尼尔Nels on尼尔森Nicholas尼古拉斯Nick尼克Noah诺亚Norm an诺曼10、字母O、P、Q开头的男生英文名：Oliver奥利弗Os car奥斯卡Owen欧文Patrick帕特里克/派翠克Paul保罗Peter彼得Philip菲利普Phoebe菲比Quentin昆廷11、字母R开头的男生英文名：Randall兰德尔(同Randal)Randolph伦道夫Randy兰迪 (Randall,Randolph的昵称) Ray雷Raym ondReed列得Rex雷克斯Richard理查德Richie里奇 (同Rick,Ricky,Ritchie.) Riley赖利/瑞利Robert罗伯特Robin罗宾 (Robert,Robins on的昵称) Robins on罗宾逊/鲁宾逊Rock洛克Roger罗杰Ronald罗纳德Rowan罗文Roy罗伊Ryan赖安12、字母S开头的男生英文名字：Sam萨姆/山姆 (Samson,Sam uel的昵称) Samm y萨米 (Sams on,Samuel的昵称) Samuel塞缪尔Scott斯考特Sean肖恩 (John的爱尔兰形式)Shawn肖恩 (同Sean)Sidney西德尼Simon西蒙Solom on所罗门Spark斯帕克Spencer斯宾塞Spike斯派克Stanley斯坦利Steve史蒂夫Steven史蒂文 (同Stephen)Stewart斯图尔特Stuart斯图亚特13、字母T开头的男生英文名字：Terence特伦斯Terry特里 (Terence的昵称)Ted泰德Thomas托马斯Tim提姆Tim othy蒂莫西Todd托德Tomm y汤米 (Thomas的昵称)Tom汤姆 (Thomas的昵称)Thomas托马斯Tony托尼 (Anthony的昵称)Tyler泰勒14、字母U、V、W、X、Y、Z开头的男英文名：Ultram an奥特曼Ulyss es尤利塞斯Van范Vern弗恩 (Vernon的昵称)Vernon弗农Victor维克多Vincent文森特Warner华纳Warren沃伦Wayne韦恩Wes ley卫斯理William威廉Willy威利/维利Zack扎克Zachary圣扎迦利【常见女英文名一览】1、字母A开头的女英文名：Abigail阿比盖尔Abby艾比 (Abigail的简写)Ada艾达 (Adelaide的简写)Adelaide阿德莱德Adeline艾德琳Alexandra亚历桑德拉Ails a艾丽莎Aim ee艾米Alexis亚历克西斯Alice爱丽丝Alicia艾丽西娅Alina艾琳娜Allis on艾莉森Al ys sa艾莉莎/爱丽丝娅Am anda阿曼达Am y艾美Am ber安伯Anas tas ia阿纳斯塔西娅 (昵称Stacey)Andrea安德莉亚Angel安琪Angela安吉拉Angelia安吉莉亚Angelina安吉莉娜Ann安 (Hannah的英文形式)Anna安娜Anne安妮 (同Ann)Annie安妮 (Ann的昵称)Anita安尼塔 (Ann的西班牙写法)Ariel艾莉尔April阿普里尔As hley艾许莉/阿什利/艾希礼Audrey欧蕊Avi va阿维娃 (同Avivahc和Avivi)2、字母B开头的女英文名：Barbara笆笆拉Barbie芭比Beata贝亚特Beatrice比阿特丽斯 (同Beatrix)Becky贝基 (Rebecca的昵称)Bella贝拉 (Is abella的昵称)Bess贝斯Bette贝蒂Betty贝蒂 (Eli zabeth的昵称)Blanche布兰奇Bonnie邦妮Brenda布伦达 (Brandon及Brendan的女性形式) Brianna布莱安娜Britney布兰妮Brittany布列塔尼3、字母C开头的女性英文名：Cam ille卡米尔Candice莰蒂丝Candy坎蒂Carina卡瑞娜Carm en卡门Carol凯罗尔Caroline卡罗琳Carry凯丽Carrie凯莉 (Carol及Caroline的昵称,同Kerry)Cass andra卡桑德拉Cass ie凯西 (Catherine,Cass andra的昵称)Catherine凯瑟琳 (Katherine的英文形式,同Katherine) Cathy凯茜 (Catherine的昵称,同Kathy)Chelsea切尔西Charlene沙琳 (同Caroline,Charlotte)Charlotte夏洛特Cherry切莉Cheryl雪莉尔 (Charlotte的另一形式,亦同Sheryl) Chloe克洛伊Chris克莉丝 (Chris tine,Kris tine的简写,同Kris)Chris tina克里斯蒂娜 (同Chris tine)Chris tine克里斯汀Chris ty克里斯蒂 (Chris tine的简写)Cindy辛迪 (Cinderella,Cynthia,Lucinda的昵称)Claire/Clair克莱尔Claudia克劳迪娅Clem ent克莱门特Cloris克劳瑞丝Connie康妮 (Cons tance的昵称)Cons tance康斯坦斯Cora科拉Corrine科瑞恩Crys tal科瑞斯特尔 (同Krys tal)4、字母D、E开头的女性英文名：Dais y戴茜Daphne达芙妮Darcy达茜Dave戴夫(David的昵称)Debbie黛比 (Deborah,Debra的昵称)Deborah黛博拉Debra黛布拉Dem i黛米Diana黛安娜Dolores德洛丽丝Donna堂娜Dora多拉Doris桃瑞丝Edith伊迪丝Editha伊迪萨Elaine伊莱恩Eleanor埃莉诺Elizabeth伊丽莎白Ella埃拉Ellen爱伦Ellie艾莉 (Eleanor, Ellen的昵称)Em erald艾米瑞达Em ily艾米丽Emma艾玛Enid伊妮德Elsa埃尔莎 (Elizabeth的昵称)Erica埃莉卡 (Eric的女性形式)Es telle爱斯特尔Es ther爱丝特Eudora尤杜拉Eva伊娃Eve伊芙Evelyn伊夫林5、字母F、G开头的女性英文名字：Fannie芬妮 (同Frances,Fanny)Fay费怡Fiona菲奥纳Flora福罗拉Florence弗罗伦丝Frances弗郎西丝 (Francis的女性形式) Frederica弗雷德里卡Frieda弗里达Flta上海英语外教Gina吉娜 (Angelina,Regina的昵称) Gillian吉莉安 (Juliana的异体)Gladys格拉蒂丝 (Claudia的威尔斯形式) Gloria格罗瑞娅Grace格瑞丝Grace格瑞丝Greta格瑞塔 (Margaret的昵称)Gwendolyn格温多琳6、字母H、I开头的女性英文名字：Hannah汉娜Haley海莉Hebe赫柏Helena海伦娜Hellen海伦 (亦作:Helen)Henna汉纳Heidi海蒂 (Adalheid, Adelaide的昵称)Hillary希拉里/希拉蕊/希拉莉Ingrid英格丽德Is abella伊莎贝拉Is hara爱沙拉Irene艾琳Iris艾丽丝Ivy艾维7、字母J开头的女英文名字：Jacqueline杰奎琳Jade小玉Jamie詹米 (James的女性形式)Jane简 (John的女性名词)Janet珍妮特 (同Jane)Jasmine贾斯敏Jean姬恩 (Jane的苏格兰形式)Jenna珍娜Jennifer詹妮弗Jenny詹妮 (同Jennie;Jane,Jennifer的昵称)Jessica杰西卡 (Jessee的女子形式)Jessie杰西 (Jasmine, Jess ica的昵称; Janet的苏格兰形式) Jill姬尔 (Gillian的昵称)Joan琼 (同Jane;John的女性形式)Joanna乔安娜Jocelyn乔斯林Joliet乔莉埃特Josephine约瑟芬Josie乔茜(同Josephine)Joy乔伊Joyce乔伊斯 (Jos ephine的昵称)Judith朱迪丝Judy朱蒂 (Judith的昵称)Julia朱莉娅Juliana朱莉安娜Julie朱莉June朱恩8、字母K、L开头的女英文名字：Karen凯琳 (Katherine的丹麦形式)Karida卡瑞达Katherine凯瑟琳 (同Catherine)Kate凯特 (Katherine的昵称)Kathy凯西 (Katherine,Katherleen的昵称;同Cathy, Kathie) Katie/Kate/Katy卡蒂Katrina卡特里娜Kay凯 (Katherine的昵称;同Kaye)Kayla凯拉Kelly凯莉Kels ey凯尔西Kimberly特里娜Kitty基蒂 (Catherine的昵称)Lareina莱瑞拉Lass ie蕾西Laura劳拉 (Lawrence的女性形式)Lauren罗兰/劳伦Lena莉娜 (Helena的昵称)Lydia莉迪娅Lillian莉莲 (亦作lilian)Lily莉莉Linda琳达lindsay琳赛Lis a丽莎 (Elizabeth的别名)Liz莉兹 (Elizabeth的昵称)Lora/Laura洛拉Lorraine罗琳Louisa路易莎Louise路易丝Lucia露西娅Lucy露茜Lucine露西妮Lulu露露 (Louis e,Louisa的昵称)Lydia莉迪娅/莉蒂亚Lynn林恩9、字母M开头的女英文名字：Mabel梅布尔/玛佩尔Madeline马德琳Maggie玛姬 (Margaret的昵称)Mam ie玛米 (Margaret, Mary 的昵称)Manda曼达Mandy曼迪 (Am anda,Manda,Melinda的昵称) Margaret玛格丽特Mariah玛丽亚 (同Mary)Marilyn玛里琳/玛丽莲/玛丽琳Martha玛莎Ma vis梅维丝Mary玛丽Matilda玛蒂尔达Maureen莫琳Ma vis梅维丝Ma xine玛克辛May梅Ma ym e梅米Megan梅甘Melinda梅琳达Melissa梅利莎Melody美洛蒂Mercedes默西迪丝Meredith梅瑞狄斯Mia米娅Michelle米歇尔 (Michael的女性形式)Milly米莉 (Cam ille,Em ily,Melissa的简称) Miranda米兰达Miriam米里亚姆Mi ya米娅Molly茉莉Monica莫尼卡Morgan摩尔根/摩根10、字母N、O开头的女生英文名：Nancy南茜 (Nan的别名)Natalie娜塔莉Natas ha娜塔莎 (亦作natas cha))Nicole妮可Nikita尼基塔Nina尼娜 (Anna的昵称)Nora娜拉/诺拉Norm a诺玛Nydia尼迪亚Octavia奥克塔维亚Olina奥琳娜Olivia奥利维亚Ophelia奥菲莉娅Oprah奥帕 (同Opera,Opie)11、字母P、Q、R开头的女生英文名：Pamela帕梅拉Patricia帕特丽夏Patty芭迪 (Mathilda,Matilda,Martha的昵称) Paula保拉Pauline波琳 (同Paula)Pearl珀尔Peggy帕姬 (Margaret的昵称)Philomena菲洛米娜Phoebe菲比Phyllis菲丽丝Polly波莉Pris cilla普里西拉Quentina昆蒂娜 (Quentin的女性形式) Rachel雷切尔Rebecca丽贝卡Regina瑞加娜Rita丽塔 (Margaret的昵称)Ros e罗丝Roxanne洛克萨妮Ruth露丝11、字母S开头的女生英文名字：Sabrina萨布丽娜Sally萨莉Sandra桑德拉 (Alexandra的昵称) Samantha萨曼莎Sami萨米Sandra桑德拉Sandy桑迪 (Andra的昵称)Sarah/Sara莎拉Savannah萨瓦纳/萨瓦娜Scarlett斯佳丽/斯嘉丽Selm a塞尔玛Selina塞琳娜Serena塞丽娜Sharon莎伦 (同Sarah)Sheila希拉Shelley/Shelly雪莉 (同Sheila,Shelby,Shirley) Sherry雪丽 (同Charlotte,Cher,Sarah,Shirley) Shirley雪莉Sierra斯莱瑞Silvia西尔维亚Sonia索尼亚Sophia索菲娅Stacy丝塔茜 (Anas tas ia的昵称)Stella丝特拉 (Es telle的昵称)Stephanie斯蒂芬妮Sue苏 (Sus an的昵称)Sunny萨妮 (Sonia的昵称)Susan苏珊12、字母T、U、V开头的女生英文名字：Tam ara塔玛拉Tamm y苔米 (Tam ara的昵称)Tanya/谭雅坦尼娅 (Tatiana的昵称)Tas ha塔莎Teresa特莉萨Tess苔丝 (Tess a,Teresa的昵称)Tiffany蒂凡妮Tina蒂娜Tonya棠雅/东妮亚Tracy特蕾西Ursula厄休拉Vanessa温妮莎Venus维纳斯Vera维拉Vicky维姬 (Victoria的昵称)Victoria维多利亚Violet维尔莉特Virginia维吉妮亚Vita维达Vi vian薇薇安13、字母W、X、Y、Z开头的女英文名：Wanda旺达Wendy温蒂 (Gwen dolyn,Wanda的昵称) Whitney惠特尼Wynne韦恩Winnie温妮Yolanda尤兰达Yvette伊薇特 (同Yvonne)Yvonne伊温妮Zara莎拉Zelda塞尔达Zoey/Zoe佐伊Zora卓拉。
加工中心中英对照
数控机床中英文对照表ABS和REL——在法那克系统中，按这两个键分别来切换当前机床的相对坐标和绝对坐标AL L——全选，程序编辑时用PR GRM——程序（pr ogram）的缩写，用于查看程序NEX T——查看程序和查看参数时，下一页OP RT——在法那克系统中，选择编辑程序时，也就是按下PRGRM后，再按这个键，才能输入程序号HOST，CONE CT——这两个是在系统与外界通信时用的，我没试过，不知道什么作用HE LP——查看帮助信息SHIF T——换档键，有些键有两个字符，按下这个键，用来输入顶部那个字符AL TER——程序修改键，编辑程序时用IN SERT——程序插入键，编辑程序时用E OB——程序结束符，在编辑程序时，没段程序结束时，要加这个符号CAN——取消键，用来取消输入IN PUT——输入键，用来输入程序或参数P OS——按此键显示当前机床位置画面PR OS——按此键显示当前程序画面OFFS ET——按此键显示刀具偏置画面SETT ING——按此键显示刀具偏置设定画面S YSTEM——按此键显示系统信息及系统状态画面G RAPH——按此键显示加工时刀具轨迹的图形画面C USTOM——按此键显示用户宏程序画面手动数据输入 (MD I)直接数字控制方法 (DN C)控制器单元或机控制器单元（MCU）法拉克：ALT ER 修改程序及代码INSR T 插入程序DEL ET 删除程序EO B 完成一句 (EN D OFBLOCK)CAN取消(E DIT 或 MDIMODE情况下使用)INP UT 输入程序及代码OUTP UT ST ART 输出程序及指令OFF SET 储存刀具长度、半径补当值AUX GRAP H 显示图形PRG RM 显示程序内容ALARM显示发生警报内容或代码PO S 显示坐标DGO NS PA RAM 显示自我诊断及参数功能RESE T 返回停止CUR SOR 光标上下移动PAGE上下翻页常见机床报警信息中英文对照T W ORD E RROR（T 码错误）LO W OIL LEVE L （油位低）SP INPLE FAUL T （主轴故障）S PINDL E ALA RM （主轴报警）EXTER NAL E MG ST OP （急停按钮被按下）AC NOTREADY（交流盘未准备好）SPIN PLE L UBE F 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快速修调R PA RParam eters Acti ve(NC K mem oty a rea f or Rparam eternumbe rs) R 参数有效，NCK中用于R参数号的存储器区RTSReque st To Send(cont rol s ignal from seri al da ta in terfa ces)发送请求：来自串行接口的控制信号S BL Si ngleBlock单段SBL2Singl e Blo ck De codin g 译码单段SE A Set tingDataActiv e(mem ory a rea f or se tting data in N CK) 设定数据有效：用于N CK 中设定数据的存储区S D Set tingData设定数据SKPSkipBlock程序段跳跃SM Sign al Mo dule信号模块SPFSub P rogra m Fil e 子程序文件S PS Pr ogram mable Logi c Con troll er 可编程逻辑控制器SR K Cut ter R adius Comp ensat ion 刀尖半径补偿SSF K Lea dscre w Err or Co mpens ation丝杠螺距误差补偿SSISeria l Syn chron ous I nterf ace 串行同步接口SWSoftw are 软件TE A Tes tingDataActiv e(wit h ref erenc e tothe m achin e dat a) 测试数据有效：与机床数据有关T O Too l Off set 刀具补偿TOA T ool O ffset Acti ve(me moryareafor t ool o ffset) 刀具补偿有效，用于刀补的存储区T RANSM IT Tr ansfo rm Mi lling into Turn ing(c oordi nateconve rsion on turni ng ma chine s for mill ing)铣床转换为车床：车床坐标换算用于铣削加工VS A Fee d dri ve(sp indle) 主轴进给驱动V Bit type PLCvaria ble P LC变量类型：位VB By te ty pe PL C var 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辐射外文翻译 中英文
本外文翻译含中英文，前面英文，后面中文。
Mobile Phone Radiation Induces Reactive OxygenSpecies Production and DNA Damage in HumanSpermatozoa In VitroAbstractBackgroundIn recent times there has been some controversy over the impact of electromagnetic radiation on human health. The significance of mobile phone radiation on male reproduction is a key element of this debate since several studies have suggested a relationship between mobile phone use and semen quality. The potential mechanisms involved have not been established, however, human spermatozoa are known to be particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress by virtue of the abundant availability of substrates for free radical attack and the lack of cytoplasmic space to accommodate antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the induction of oxidative stress in these cells not only perturbs their capacity for fertilization but also contributes to sperm DNA damage. The latter has, in turn, been linked with poor fertility, an increased incidence of miscarriage and morbidity in the offspring, including childhood cancer. In light of these associations, we have analyzed the influence of RF-EMR on the cell biology of human spermatozoa in vitro.Principal FindingsPurified human spermatozoa were exposed to radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) tuned to 1.8 GHz and covering a range of specific absorption rates (SAR) from 0.4 W/kg to 27.5 W/kg. In step with increasing SAR, motility and vitality were significantly reduced after RF-EMR exposure, while the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species and DNA fragmentation were significantly elevated (P<0.001). Furthermore, we also observed highly significant relationships between SAR, the oxidative DNA damage bio-marker, 8-OH-dG, and DNA fragmentation after RF-EMR exposureConclusionsRF-EMR in both the power density and frequency range of mobile phones enhances mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation by human spermatozoa, decreasing the motility and vitality of these cells while stimulating DNA base adduct formation and, ultimately DNA fragmentation. These findings have clear implications for the safety of extensive mobile phone use by males of reproductive age, potentially affecting both their fertility and the health and wellbeing of their offspringlistIntroduction (1)Results (2)RF-EMR disrupts human sperm motility and vitality and induces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (2)RF-EMR has a negative impact on human spermatozoa over a range of SAR values (4)Reactive Oxygen Species are central to the RF-EMR response (5)RF-EMR induces oxidative DNA damage (8-OH-dG) (6)RF-EMR induces DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa (7)Discussion (9)Methods (12)Ethics Statement (12)Reagents and Solutions (12)Human spermatozoa (12)Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation and Waveguide (13)Dihydroethidium Assay (14)MitoSOX Red (MSR) Assay (15)Assay for 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) (15)TUNEL Assay (16)Analysis by Flow Cytometry (16)Statistics (17)References (17)IntroductionMale infertility is a distressingly common condition affecting about 1 in 20 of the male population [1]. In a majority of cases, the male partner produces sufficient numbers of spermatozoa to achieve fertilization but there are functional defects in these cells that prevent conception from occurring [2]. Despite several decades of research, the causes of such functional deficiencies in human spermatozoa remain largely unresolved. However, one contributory factor that has recently emerged is the quality of the sperm DNA delivered to the oocyte at the moment of fertilization [3]. Fragmentation of DNA in the male germ line has been associated with impaired fertilization, poor embryonic development, high rates of miscarriage and an increased incidence of morbidity in the offspring, including childhood cancer [3], [4]. In view of the seriousness of these clinical outcomes, attention has recently focused on the environmental and genetic factors that might be involved in the aetiology of DNA damage in the male germ line.These investigations have suggested that one of the environmental factors potentially involved in the etiology of DNA damage in human spermatozoa is an increased exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted from mobile phones. This association was initially suggested by an epidemiological study which found negative correlations between mobile phone usage and various attributes of semen quality, particularly motility [5]. This was immediately followed by an experimental study involving exposure of male mice to RF-EMR, which revealed a significant impact on the integrity of both the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes [6]. Recently, the negative impact of mobile phone usage on semen quality in human males was confirmed in a study that found the duration of exposure to be correlated with defects in sperm count, motility, viability, and normal morphology [7]. In light of these data, there is now an urgent need to determine whether exposure of human spermatozoa to RF-EMR can also induce DNA damage and to resolve the cellular mechanisms involved.Several studies have found an association between human health and exposure to RF-EMR, with emphasis on a range of clinical conditions including childhood leukaemia, brain tumours, genotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease [8], [9]. While the cellular mechanisms underpinning these effects have not been completely resolved, it has been suggested that oxidative stress could be a key factor [10]. However, extensive analysis of the importance of oxidative stress in mediating the pathological effects of RF-EMR has generated conflicting results, possibly due to differences in the fundamental redox susceptibility of the cell lines employed in these analyses [11]. In this context, it is significant that human spermatozoa are uniquely sensitive to oxidative stress for a variety of reasons. Firstly, these cells arelargely devoid of the cytoplasm that in somatic cells houses the antioxidant enzymes that offer a first line of defense against free radical attack [12]. Secondly, these cells possess abundant targets for the induction of peroxidative damage including polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA [12]–[14]. Thirdly, these cells are professional generators of reactive oxygen species, that appear to emanate largely from the sperm mitochondria and, possibly, plasma membrane NAD(P)H oxidases [15], [16]. Thus if any cell type would be vulnerable to the oxidative stress reportedly generated on exposure to RF-EMR, it would be human spermatozoa.In light of these considerations, we have conducted a careful analysis of the biological consequences of exposing human spermatozoa to RF-EMR. The study design involved overnight exposure to RF-EMR at a defined frequency (1.8 GHz), over a range of SAR values that both covered the emission characteristics of mobile phones and generated sufficient dose-response data to shed light on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Moreover, the temperature of the incubations was maintained at 21°C to avoid any secondary heating effects. The results clearly demonstrate that exposure to this type of radiation not only stimulates free radical generation by the sperm mitochondria but also creates a state of oxidative stress characterized by the formation of oxidative base adducts and DNA fragmentation. These data clearly have important implications for the safety of mobile phone use and highlight the potential importance of RF-EMR in the etiology of male infertility and childhood disease.ResultsRF-EMR disrupts human sperm motility and vitality and induces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) productionIn an initial experiment, functional human spermatozoa isolated from the high density region of Percoll gradients and suspended in BWW medium were exposed to RF-EMR at an SAR of 27.5 W/kg. This exposure induced a highly significant decline in both vitality (p<0.001; Figure 1A) and motility (p<0.01; Figure 1B) compared with the unexposed controls. Exposed spermatozoa also produced significantly higher amounts of ROS than background levels as measured by both the dihydroethidium (DHE) (p<0.001; Figure 1C) and MitoSOX red (MSR) probes (p<0.001; Figure 1D) suggesting that free radical generation had been initiated as a consequence of RF-EMR and that the mitochondria were significantly involved in this response.Figure 1. RF-EMR exposure decreases motility and vitality of human sperm while also inducing intracellular ROS.Percoll-purified spermatozoa (5×106 cells) were suspended in 1 ml BWW in a 35 mm Petri dish and placed within the waveguide while control cells placed outside the waveguide. A frequency of 1.8 GHz at a SAR of 27.5 W/kg was used and all samples were incubated for 16 h at 21°C. A, Sperm vitality was significantly reduced from the control value of 82%±4% to 29%±4% for the exposed cells (***p<0.001). B, Sperm motility was also significantly reduced from the control value of 82%±4% to 28%±1% (**p<0.01). C, ROS production was increased after RF-EMR exposure such that 28%±1% of the cells were producing ROS, while only 7%±0.4% of the controls contributed to ROS production (***p<0.001). D, 24%±1% of the exposed cells generated mitochondrial ROS, while the only 12%±1% of the control cells produced ROS from this source (***p<0.001). All results are based on 4 independent samples. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446.g001RF-EMR has a negative impact on human spermatozoa overa range of SAR valuesIn light of these results we then extended the range of SAR values over which the consequences of RF-EMR radiation were examined (0.4 W/kg–27.5 W/kg) to include the values covered by conventional mobile phones (0.5 W/kg–1.5 W/kg).High quality spermatozoa selected in discontinuous Percoll gradients displayed a decline in both vitality and motility after exposure to RF-EMR in a dose- dependent manner. The control populations maintained an average vitality of 89%; however, significant reductions in vitality were observed at exposure levels as low as 1.0 W/kg (p<0.01) (Figure 2A). Similarly, the control populations maintained motilities at an average of 86% over the incubation period, however after exposure to RF-EMR at levels of 1.0 W/kg, motility was observed to significantly decrease to 68% (p<0.05) and decreased still further at higher SAR exposures (Figure 2B).Figure 2. RF-EMR exposure reduces motility and vitality of human spermatozoa, in an SAR dependent manner.Percoll-purified spermatozoa (5×106 cells) were suspended in 1 ml BWW in a 35 mm Petri dish and placed within the waveguide while control cells (closed circles) were placed outside the waveguide. Cells in the waveguide were exposed to 1.8 GHz RF-EMR at SAR levels of 0.4, 1.0 2.84.3 10.1 and 27.5 W/kg (open circles) for 16 h at 21°C. Both vitality and motility were reduced ina dose dependent manner. A, Vitality was significantly reduced at a SAR of 1.0 W/kg from 89%±3% to 65%±1% (**p<0.01). B, Motility was also significantly reduced at a SAR of 1.0 W/kg from 86%±2% to 68%±2% (*p<0.05). All results are based on 4 independent samples.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446.g002Reactive Oxygen Species are central to the RF-EMR response Exposure of human spermatozoa to RF-EMR over a range of SAR levels resulted in a dose-dependent activation of ROS generation, as detected by the DHE probe (Figure 3A). In this analysis, a significant increase in ROS positive cells was observed after exposure at 1.0 W/kg (p<0.05); thereafter ROS production rose rapidly with SAR values up to 4.3 W/kg and then began to plateau reaching a peak of 30% at the highest exposure levels assessed (Figure 3A). To determine whether such increases in ROS production might originate from the sperm mitochondria, MSR was employed as a probe. Spermatozoa exposed to increasing levels of RF-EMR, generated a significant, dose-dependent increase in ROS generation by the mitochondria. The response rose rapidly following RF-EMR exposure reaching statistical significance (p<0.001) at an SAR value 2.8 W/kg at which point 16% of the exposed cells were MSR positive. At SAR values above 4.3 W/kg, RF-EMR induced mitochondrial ROS begun to plateau reaching 30% at the maximal SAR values assessed (Figure 3B). By plotting the DHE positive cells against the MSR response for the entire data set (Figure 3D) we observed an extremely strong correlation (R2 = 0.823) between these signals, suggesting that a majority of the ROS production elicited by RF-EMR involved electron leakage from the mitochondrial electron transport chain.Figure 3. RF-EMR induces ROS generation in human spermatozoa, in an SAR-dependent manner unrelated to thermal effects.Percoll-purified spermatozoa (5×106 cells) were suspended in 1 ml BWW in a 35 mm Petri dish and placed within the waveguide while control cells placed outside the waveguide (closed circles). Cells in the waveguide were exposed to 1.8 GHz RF-EMR at SAR levels between 0.4 and 27.5 W/kg (open circles) for 16 h at 21°C. Also, purified sperm cells were subjected to incubation temperatures ranging from 21°C–50°C for 2 h. As the power levels were increased, the cellular generation of ROS increased in a dose-dependent manner. ROS levels were also observed to increase as a result of incubation temperature, but such results were not significant until the temperature exceeded 40°C. A, ROS generation (DHE response) was significantly increased from control levels after exposure to 1.0 W/kg (*p<0.05) and above (***p<0.001). B, RF-EMR induces ROS generation by the sperm mitochondria as monitored by MSR; significant increases were observed at SAR values of 2.8 W/kg (***p<0.001) and above. All results are based on 4 independent samples. C, In order to control for thermal effects, the impact of temperature of cellular ROS generation was monitored; a significant increase in ROS generation was observed as temperatures rose above 40°C (p<0.001). D, Across the entire data set, the total level of ROS generation by human spermatozoa (DHE positive cells) was highly correlated with the level of ROS generation by the mitochondria (MSR positive cells: R2 = 0.823).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446.g003In order to control for bulk thermal effects of RF-EMR exposure, spermatozoa were also incubated at temperatures ranging from 21°C–50°C for 2 h (Figure 3C). This analysis did reveal an effect of heat on free radical generation by human spermatozoa possibly due to the activation of an apoptotic response, however these effects were only significant above 40°C. Thus at the temperature at which these experiments were performed (21°C) the highest observed RF-EMR-induced temperature rise (+0.4°C at 27.5 W/kg), could not of itself account for the increased ROS response observed across the range of SAR settings evaluated in this study.RF-EMR induces oxidative DNA damage (8-OH-dG)In order to determine whether the ROS generation induced on exposure of human spermatozoa to RF-EMR resulted in a state of oxidative stress, we monitored the expression of8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), a marker for oxidative damage to sperm DNA. As the SAR level was increased, the amount of oxidative DNA damage expressed in the spermatozoa became elevated (Figure 4A). A significant increase in 8-OH-dG expression became apparent at low SAR values (<5.0 W/kg) rising to a maximum of around 20% at the highest levels of exposure (27.5 W/kg). By plotting the 8-OH-dG positive cells against the MSR signal (Figure 4B) it was apparent that a strong positive correlation existed between the two parameters (R2 = 0.727); thehigher the level of mitochondrial ROS generation, the greater the degree of oxidative DNA damage in the spermatozoa.Figure 4. RF-EMR induces oxidative DNA damage in human spermatozoa.Following Percoll fractionation, 5×106 high density, spermatozoa were suspended in 1 ml BWW. The cells were placed in 35 mm Petri dishes and placed inside a waveguide. 5×106 cells in 1 ml BWW were placed outside the waveguide as a control (closed circle). The cells in the waveguide were exposed to 1.8 GHz RF-EMR at SAR levels between 0.4 and 27.5 W/kg (open circles) and all samples were incubated for 16 h at 21°C. Following incubation, Fe2+ and H2O2 was added to cells to act as a positive control, incubated for 1 h, then 100 µl 2 mM DTT/BWW solution was added and incubated for 45 min at 37°C. Cells were fixed and labeled with 100 µl charcoal purified anti-8-OH-dG, FITC tagged antibody at a dilution of 1:50, incubated at 21°C for 1 h, washed and then assessed by flow cytometry. A, As the power levels were increased, the amount of oxidative DNA damage expressed also increased. A significant amount of oxidative DNA damage was observed in cells exposed to 2.8 W/kg (*p<0.05) RF-EMR and above (**p<0.01; ***p<0.001). Results are based on 4 independent samples. B, The levels of 8-OH-dG expression were positively correlated with the levels of ROS generation by the mitochondria (R2 = 0.727).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446.g004RF-EMR induces DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa To determine whether the oxidative DNA base damage precipitated by RF-EMR-induced ROS generation had any impact on DNA stand breaks in human spermatozoa, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was utilized. As illustrated in Figure 5A, human spermatozoa responded to RF-EMR exposure, with a significant increase in DNA strand breaks atan SAR of 2.8 W/kg (p<0.05) that increased rapidly with rising SAR values and then reached a plateau so that at the highest SAR level assessed (27.5 W/kg), 29% of the cells expressed significant DNA fragmentation. This DNA damage was highly correlated with free radical generation by the sperm mitochondria giving a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.861 (Figure 5B). Moreover, the level of DNA fragmentation was highly correlated with 8-OH-dG formation (R2 = 0.725; Figure 5C) such that sperm cells exhibiting high levels of oxidative DNA damage, also possessed high levels of DNA fragmentation.Figure 5. RF-EMR induces DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa.Following Percoll fractionation, 5×106 high density spermatozoa were resuspended in 1 ml BWW, pipetted into 35 mm Petri dishes and placed inside a waveguide. 5×106 cells in 1 ml BWW were placed outside the waveguide as a control (closed circle). The cells in the waveguide were exposed to 1.8 GHz RF-EMR at SAR levels between 0.4 and 27.5 W/kg (open circles) and all samples were incubated for 16 h at 21°C. Following incubation, cells were fixed; DNase-I was used as a positive control. After 1 h incubation at 37°C, 50 µl of label and enzyme master mixes were added to the cells and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. Cells were then washed and assessed by flow cytometry. A, Significant levels of DNA fragmentation was observed in exposed spermatozoa at 2.8 W/kg (*p<0.05) and above (***p<0.001). B, DNA fragmentation was positively correlated with ROS production by the mitochondria as monitored by MSR (R2 = 0.861). C, 8-OH-dG was also positively correlated with DNA fragmentation (R2 = 0.725). Results are based on 4 independent samples.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446.g005DiscussionWhile a high proportion of the male population suffers from infertility associated with defective sperm function [17], the etiology of this condition remains largely unresolved. Notwithstanding the general paucity of information in this area, recent studies have highlighted the interesting finding that male infertility patients are frequently characterized by high levels of DNA damage to their spermatozoa [18]. In light of these data, we have hypothesized that the disruption of sperm fertilizing potential and the concomitant presence of high levels of DNA damage in the sperm nucleus involves a common causative mechanism in the form of oxidative stress [19].Oxidative stress has been known for some time to limit the fertilizing potential of human spermatozoa through the induction of peroxidative damage to the sperm plasma membrane [13], [20]. Oxidative stress is also known to be associated with DNA damage in human spermatozoa [21]. Furthermore, the source of the free radicals responsible for generating such stress appears to be the mitochondria [15]. However, the factors responsible for inducing the mitochondria to leak electrons and propagate the production of ROS have not been elucidated. The research described in this article suggests that one of the key environmental factors involved in the stimulation of sperm mitochondria to produce high levels of ROS, might be excess exposure to RF-EMR from sources such as mobile phones.In a pilot study, human spermatozoa were found to respond to RF-EMR (at 1.8 GHzwith a SAR of 27.5 W/kg) with a range of negative changes including dramatic declines in both sperm vitality and motility. We also observed significant increases in both cytoplasmic ROS levels (DHE) as well as mitochondrial ROS levels (MSR) after RF-EMR exposure. We have previously shown that the chemical induction of mitochondrial ROS production with rotenone can precipitate a state of oxidative stress leading to high levels of lipid peroxidation and a loss of sperm motility [15]. Therefore, these data highlight the particular vulnerability of human spermatozoa to oxidative attack and the potential significance of sperm mitochondria in the generation of free radicals.To assess whether similar effects could be observed at lower power densities, closer to the SAR values associated with mobile phones (0.5–1.5 W/kg) a dose-dependent analysis was conducted. In addition to the conventional assessments of motility and vitality, assays were included to assess the potential for RF-EMR to induce sperm DNA damage and further, whether the DNA damage was oxidative in nature. Confirmation of the detrimental effects of RF-EMR on human sperm was again observed. Over the power density range employed, a significant (P<0.001) dose-dependent response for all sperm parameters was observed, including motility, vitality, ROS generation by the whole cell, ROS generation by the mitochondria, oxidative DNA damage and DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, the profiles of all the observed effects with respect to SAR were intriguingly similar, suggesting a common underlying mechanism.Specifically, all of the responses examined showed an extremely rapid change at low SAR exposures that then reached a plateau at a point where around 30% of the sperm population was affected. This suggests that while we were careful to use only Percoll-purified, high quality spermatozoa in this analysis, there exists within this cell population, a cohort of spermatozoa that are particularly vulnerable to the induction of oxidative stress by RF-EMR. These spermatozoa may have compromised mitochondria, poorly remodeled chromatin or a combination of such factors [15], [22]. Heterogeneity within the sperm population is a feature of the human condition. However, this does not mean that a majority of spermatozoa would not, ultimately, be affected by RF-EMR in vivo; much would depend on the duration of exposure. In vitro, we are limited by the inability of human spermatozoa to survive for more than 24 hours in a simple defined culture medium. In vivo, spermatozoa may take up to a week to move from the seminiferous tubules in the testes to the cauda epididymis and during the whole of this time they would be vulnerable to RF-EMR exposure [23].We recognize that these studies were conducted using spermatozoa suspended in a simple defined culture medium rather than the epididymal plasma in which they would be suspended in vivo. Nevertheless the fact that effects on sperm quality havepreviously been observed in both whole animal radiation experiments [3] and in epidemiological studies of human subjects exposed to various levels of mobile phone radiation [5], [7], [24], emphasizes the biological and clinical relevance of these findings. Moreover, another recent study has found that exposing human spermatozoa to mobile phone radiation for 1 hour leads to significant declines in motility and vitality in concert with an increase in cellular reactive oxygen species generation [25]. The levels of RFEMR exposure were not quantified in this study nor were the sources of ROS identified. Nevertheless, these findings reinforce the general conclusions generated in this paper, particularly with respect to central role played by oxidative stress. The ever-increasing prevalence of mobile communications technology means that humans are now exposed to higher amounts of RF-EMR than ever before. Mobile phones are commonly carried in bags or in pockets in very close proximity to the body. In addition to this, these devices can be stored adjacent to the same part of the body for extended periods of time. In this context, exposure of the male reproductive system to RF-EMR is clearly a significant issue.The particular significance of the present study is that it not only demonstrates a direct effect of RF-EMR on sperm motility, vitality and DNA integrity but also identifies a potential causative mechanism involving electron leakage from the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the induction of oxidative DNA damage. In part, these mechanistic insights have been achieved because the cell type used in these studies, the human spermatozoon, has an extremely simple cellular architecture, lacking significant cytosol and possessing few cellular organelles other than the sperm nucleus, flagellum and mitochondria. One consequence of this structure is that these cells are uniquely vulnerable to oxidative stress. Moreover, such stress is already known to induce the functional and structural lesions observed in this study including both a loss of motility mediated by peroxidative damage to the sperm plasma membrane, as well as the formation of DNA base adducts in the sperm nucleus that ultimately lead to DNA fragmentation [26], [27].Notwithstanding the specialized nature of mammalian spermatozoa, the mechanisms suggested by this study may also apply to RF-EMR-mediated damage in other cell types. The RF-EMR used for communications, including mobile phone networks, is not of high enough power to be classed as ionizing radiation. The latter has sufficient energy to pull away electrons, dramatically altering the properties of affected molecules and typically creating extremely reactive radical species. RF-EMR does not contain sufficient energy for these processes. Nevertheless, this form of radiation may have other effects on larger scale systems such as cells and organelles, which stem from the perturbation of charged molecules and the disruption of electron flow [28], [29]. Mitochondria have one of the largest standing membrane potentials in the body and their energetic functions are entirely dependent on the regulated movement of electrons and protons within the inner mitochondrion membrane.Theoretically, such fluxes might be susceptible to disruptions in local electric fields induced by RF-EMR, offering a potential link between this form of radiation and the non-thermal biological effects observed in this study.This study clearly demonstrates that RF-EMR can damage sperm function via mechanisms that involve the leakage of electrons from the mitochondria and the creation of oxidative stress. These findings have immediate implications for the high rates of male infertility seen in our species, a majority of which is idiopathic. Furthermore, the fact that sperm DNA is damaged by this form of radiation has additional implications for the health and wellbeing of children born to fathers who have experienced high levels of occupational or environmental exposure to RF-EMR around the time of conception. Overall, these finding raise a number of related health policy and patient management issues that deserve our immediate attention. Specifically we recommend that men of reproductive age who engage in high levels of mobile phone use, do not keep their phones in receiving mode below waist level.MethodsEthics StatementThis study was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the University of Newcastle (H-712-0799). All patients provided written informed consent for the collection of samples and subsequent analysis.Reagents and SolutionsAll chemicals and reagents used in this research were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) unless stated otherwise. All reagents used were of research grade. All fluorescent probes were purchased from Molecular Probes Inc. (Eugene, OR). Biggers, Whitten and Whittingham (BWW) media supplemented with 1 mg/ml polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used in all experiments [30]. It was prepared fresh as required and kept at 37°C with an osmolarity in the range of 290–310 mOsm/kg. Human spermatozoaInstitutional and State Government ethical approval was secured for the use of。
证券投资中英文对照术语
《证券投资学》英文词汇实物资产real assets金融资产financial assets资产负债表balance sheet现金流量表statement of cash flows损益表income statement会计收入accounting earnings帐面价值book value流动比率current ratio速动比率quick ratio酸性测试比率acid test ratio资产周转率asset turnover (ATO)应收帐款平均收款期或应收天数average collection period or day’s receivvables 积极管理active management积极型资产组合active portfolio美式期权、欧式期权American depository \ European depository看涨期权call option看跌期权put option套利arbitrage套利定价理论arbitrage pricing theory资产配置决策asset allocation decision资本配置决策capital allocation decision银行贴现收益率bank discount yield银行承兑汇票banker’s acceptance基差basis基差风险basis risk二叉树模型binomial model布莱克舒尔斯顶界公式Black-Scholes formula大宗交易block transactions普通股common stock优先股preferred stock债券bond面值par value公司债券corporate bonds可赎回债券callable bond可卖回债券put bond可转换债券convertible bond信用债券或无担保债券debenture or unsecured bond现金/债券选择cash \ bond selection经纪人市场brokered market佣金经纪人commission broker牛市、熊市bullish \ bearish经济周期business cycle赎回保护期call protection资本利得capital gains资本市场capital market资本市场线capital market line (CML)现金交割cash delivery现金等价物cash equivalents清算所clearinghouse交易所exchanges股票交易所stock exchanges场外交易市场over-the-counter market抵押品collateral有担保的抵押债务collateralized mortgage obligation封闭型（共同）基金closed-end (mutual) fund整个资产组合complete portfolio固定增长模型constant growth model或有债权contingent claim交叉持股cross holdings经常项目current account衍生资产derivative asset衍生证券derivative security红利折现模型discounted dividend model (DDM)红利支付率dividend payout ratio可分散风险diversifiable risk分散化diversification有效分散化efficient diversification道氏理论Dow theory久期duration有效率边界efficient frontier欧洲美元Eurodollars超额收益excess return名义利率nominal interest rate真实利率real interest rate实际复利realized compound yield汇率exchange rate汇率风险exchange rate risk(利率的)预期假定expectations hypothesis (of interest rates) 预期收益expected return面值face value因素模型factor model金融资产financial assets金融中介financial intermediary财政政策fiscal policy固定收益证券fixed-income security浮动利率债券floating-rate bond外汇市场foreign exchange market外汇互换foreign exchange swap利率互换interest rate swap远期合约forward contract远期利率forward interest rate期货合约futures contract期货期权futures option期货价格futures price基本面分析fundamental analysis套期保值hedging持有期收益holding-period return指数模型index model指数期权index option通货膨胀inflation首次公开发行initial public offering内部信息inside information内幕交易insider trading清偿价值liquidation value(企业的)内在价值intrinsic value（of a firm）期权的内在价值intrinsic value of an option投资银行investment bankers投资级债券investment-grade bond垃圾债券junk bond投资组合investment portfolio一价定律law of one price流动性liquidity流动偏好理论liquidity preference theory流动性溢价liquidity premium市场或系统风险market or systematic risk非系统风险nonsystematic risk交易所的会员或席位membership or seat on a exchange 最小方差边界minimum-variance frontier最小方差资产组合minimum-variance portfolio最优风险资产组合optimal risky portfolio现代资产组合理论modern portfolio theory (MPT)资产组合管理portfolio management货币政策monetary policy货币市场money market抵押担保证券mortgage-backed security转手证券pass-through security单因素模型single-factor model单指数模型single-index model多因素CAPM模型multifactor CAPM共同基金mutual fund开放型基金open-end fund纳斯达克Nasdaq消极投资策略passive investment strategy 消极管理passive management消极型资产组合passive portfolio消极策略passive strategy波峰peak市盈率price-earnings ratio市盈率效应P/E effect公司利润再投资率plowback ratio溢价premium原生证券primitive security衍生证券derivative security一级市场primary market二级市场secondary market本金principal利润率profit margin公开发行public offering私募private placement随机漫步random walk资产收益率return on assets (ROA)股本收益率return on equity (ROE)销售收益率return on sales (ROS)风险套利risk arbitrage风险厌恶risk-averse风险中性risk-neutral风险偏好者risk lover无风险资产risk-free asset无风险收益率risk-free rate风险溢价risk premium风险资产risk asset证券化securitization证券分析security analysis证券市场线security market line证券选择security selection有效市场假定efficient market hypothesis 强有效市场假定strong-form EMH半强有效市场假定semistrong-form EMH 弱有效市场假定weak- form EMH资产分割separation property短期利率short interest rate空头头寸short position套期hedge卖空short sale投机speculation投机级债券speculative-grade bong即期利率spot rate股票选择上stock selection股票拆分stock split止损指令stop-loss order对敲straddle技术分析technical analysis基本分析利率期限结构term structure of interest rate时间价值time value三级市场third market国库券treasury bill中长期国债treasury bond or note承销underwriting波动性风险volatility risk认股权证warrant周末效应weekend effect充分分散化的资产组合well-diversified portfolio 收益率曲线yield curve到期收益率yield to maturity零息票债券zero-coupon bond零投资组合zero-investment portfolio。
中国及世界旅游景点英文翻译
中国及世界旅游景点英文翻译中国旅游景点英语对照长城the Great Wall八达岭长城Great Wall at Badaling or Badaling Great Wall居庸关Juyongguan Pass or Juyonguan Great Wall慕田峪长城Great Wall at Mutianyu天安门广场Tian'anmen Square 人民大会堂the Great Hall of the People人民英雄纪念碑Monument to the People's Heros琉璃厂Glass Street昆明湖Kunming Lake 北海公园Beihai Park白马寺White Horse Temple 天坛Temple of Heaven颐和园the Summer Palace紫禁城the Forbidden City故宫博物院the Palace Museum 太和殿the Hall of Supreme Harmony中和殿the Hall of Central Harmony 保和殿the Hall of Preserving Harmony祈年殿the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest乾清宫Palace of Heavenly Purity 金水桥the Golden Devine Might神武门the Gate of Devine Might 午门the Meridian Gate 御花园the Imperial Garden 回音壁Echo Wall 圜丘the Circular Mound Altar万寿山Longevity Hill 清东陵Eastern Royal Tombs of the Qing Dynasty避暑山庄the Imperial Mountain Summer Resort毛主席纪念堂Chairman Mao Zedong Memorial Hall革命历史博物馆the Museum of Revolutionary History少年宫the Children's Palace紫金山天文台Purple and Gold Hills Observation okky民族文化宫the Cultural Palace for Nationalities劳动人民文化宫Working People's Cultural Palace北京工人体育馆Beijing Worker's Stadium周口店遗址Zhoukoudian Ancient Site全国名胜景点仙人洞Fairy Cave黄果树瀑布Huangguoshu Falls西山晴雪the Sunny Western Hills after Snow龙门石窟Longmen Stone Cave苏州园林Suzhou Gardens庐山Lushan Mountain天池Heaven Pool蓬莱水城Penglai Water City大雁塔Big Wild Goose Pagoda华山Huashan Mountain峨嵋山Emei Mountain石林Stone Forest白云山White Cloud Mountain布达拉宫Potala Palace大运河Grand Canal滇池Dianchi Lake杜甫草堂Du Fu Cottage都江堰Dujiang Dam鼓浪屿Gulangyu Islet观音阁Goddess of Mercy Pavilion归元寺Guiyuan Buddhist Temple甘露寺Sweet Dew Temple黄花岗七十二烈士墓Mausoleum of the 72 Martyrs华清池Huaqing Hot Spring昭君墓Zhaojun's Tomb毛泽东故居Mao Zedong's former Residence周恩来故居Zhou Enlai's former Residence越秀公园Yuexiu Park岳阳楼Yueyang Tower南湖公园South Lake Park漓江Lijiang River寒山寺Hanshan Temple静心斋Heart-East Study黄鹤楼Yellow Crane Tower黄山Huangshan Mountain天下第一关the First Pass Under Heaven桂林山水Guilin Scenery with Hills and Waters秦始皇兵马俑Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses Figurines世界旅游景点翻译The Taj Mahal 泰姬陵The Roman Coliseum 古罗马竞技场The Eiffel Tower 埃菲尔铁塔The Statue Of Liberty 自由女神像The Forbidden City 故宫The Great Wall Of China 长城Big Ben 大本钟Machu Picchu 马丘比丘The Acropolis 雅典卫城Angkor Wat 吴哥窟Red Square 红场Stonehenge 史前巨石柱群Sydney Opera House 悉尼歌剧院Leaning Tower Of Pisa 比萨斜塔Victoria Falls 维多利亚瀑布Grand Canyon 大峡谷Mount Everest 珠穆朗玛峰Louvre Museum 卢浮宫The Tower Of London 伦敦塔Millennium Wheel 伦敦眼British Museum 大英博物馆The Terracota Warriors 秦始皇兵马俑Versailles Palace 凡尔赛宫The Brandenburg Gate 勃兰登堡门Buckingham Palace 白金汉宫The Temple Of Heaven 天坛The Trevi Fountain 许愿泉Golden Gate Bridge 金门大桥Arc De Triomphe 凯旋门The Champs Élysées 香榭丽舍大街The State Hermitage Mus. 冬宫博物馆The Cibeles Square 西贝莱斯广场El Prado Museum 普拉多博物馆The Summer Palace 颐和园oriental Pearl TV Tower 东方明珠电视塔Potala Palace 布达拉宫St. Peter's Basilica 圣彼得大教堂St. Peter's Square 圣彼得广场The Himalayas 喜马拉雅山Mount Fuji, Japan 日本富士山Taj Mahal, India 印度泰姬陵Angkor Wat, Cambodia 柬埔寨吴哥窟Nairobi National Park, Kenya 肯尼亚内罗毕国家公园Cape of Good Hope, South Africa 南非好望角Pyramids, Egypt 埃及金字塔The Nile, Egypt 埃及尼罗河Sydney Opera House, Australia 悉尼歌剧院Notre Dame de Paris, France 法国巴黎圣母院Effiel Tower, France 法国艾菲尔铁塔Arch of Triumph, France 法国凯旋门Elysee Palace, France 法国爱丽舍宫Louvre, France 法国卢浮宫Kolner Dom, Koln, Germany 德国科隆大教堂Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy 意大利比萨斜塔Colosseum in Rome, Italy 意大利古罗马圆形剧场Red Square in Moscow, Russia 莫斯科红场Big Ben in London, England 英国伦敦大笨钟Buckingham Palace, England 白金汉宫Hyde Park, England 英国海德公园London Tower Bridge, England 伦敦塔桥Westminster Abbey, England 威斯敏斯特大教堂Monte Carlo, Monaco 摩洛哥蒙特卡罗The Mediterranean 地中海The Americas 美洲Niagara Falls, New York State, USA 美国尼亚加拉大瀑布Bermuda 百慕大Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 美国夏威夷火奴鲁鲁Panama Canal 巴拿马大运河Yellowstone National Park, USA 美国黄石国家公园Statue of Liberty, New York City, USA 美国纽约自由女神像Times Square, New York City, USA 美国纽约时代广场The White House, Washington DC., USA 美国华盛顿白宫World Trade Center, New York City, USA 美国纽约世界贸易中心Central Park, New York City, USA 美国纽约中央公园Yosemite National Park, USA 美国尤塞米提国家公园Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA 美国亚利桑那州大峡谷Hollywood, California, USA 美国加利佛尼亚好莱坞Disneyland, California, USA 加利佛尼亚迪斯尼乐园Las Vegas, Nevada, USA 美国内华达拉斯威加斯Miami, Florida, USA 美国佛罗里达迈阿密Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, USA 纽约大都会艺术博物馆北海公园Beihai Park故宫博物院the Palace Museum革命历史博物馆the Museum of Revolutionary History 天安门广场Tian'anmen Square毛主席纪念堂Chairman Mao Zedong Memorial Hall 保和殿the Hall of Preserving Harmony中和殿the Hall of Central Harmony长城the Great Wall午门the Meridian Gate紫金山天文台Purple and Gold Hills Observation okky 紫禁城the Forbidden City御花园Imperial Garden颐和园Summer Palace天坛Temple of Heaven周口店遗址Zhoukoudian Ancient Site太和殿the Hall of Supreme Harmony祈年殿the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest少年宫the Children's Palace烽火台the Beacon Tower人民大会堂the Great Hall of the People清东陵Eastern Royal Tombs of the Qing Dynasty乾清宫Palace of Heavenly Purity民族文化宫the Cultural Palace for Nationalities劳动人民文化宫Working People's Cultural Palace北京工人体育馆Beijing Worker's Stadium仙人洞Fairy Cave黄果树瀑布Huangguoshu Falls西山晴雪the Sunny Western Hills after Snow避暑山庄the Imperial Mountain Summer Resort龙门石窟Longmen Stone Cave苏州园林Suzhou Gardens庐山Lushan Mountain天池Heaven Pool蓬莱水城Penglai Water City大雁塔Big Wild Goose Pagoda华山Huashan Mountain峨嵋山Emei Mountain石林Stone Forest白马寺White Horse Temple白云山White Cloud Mountain布达拉宫Potala Palace大运河Grand Canal滇池Dianchi Lake杜甫草堂Du Fu Cottage都江堰Dujiang Dam鼓浪屿Gulangyu Islet观音阁Goddess of Mercy Pavilion归元寺Guiyuan Buddhist Temple甘露寺Sweet Dew Temple黄花岗七十二烈士墓Mausoleum of the 72 Martyrs华清池Huaqing Hot Spring昭君墓Zhaojun's Tomb毛泽东故居Mao Zedong's former Residence周恩来故居Zhou Enlai's former Residence越秀公园Yuexiu Park岳阳楼Yueyang Tower南湖公园South Lake Park中山公园Zhongshan Park武侯祠Temple of Marquis漓江Lijiang River寒山寺Hanshan Temple静心斋Heart-East Study黄鹤楼Yellow Crane Tower黄山Huangshan Mountain天下第一关the First Pass Under Heaven桂林山水Guilin Scenery with Hills and Waters秦始皇兵马俑Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses Figurines。
eve中英文对照
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英语单词精解系列[高中译林模块9单元3]三十八
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英语单词精解系列[高中译林模块9单元3]三十八purity音标_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 英[’pjʊərɪtɪ] 美[’pjʊrəti]释义_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n. [化学] 纯度；纯洁；纯净；纯粹n. (Purity)人名；(肯)普丽蒂短语_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ purity ring:贞洁指环;贞洁戒指;纯化环;表演者Purity Stele:贞节旌表spectrum purity:频谱纯度;光谱纯度purity water:纯水;纯化水Purity Statement:纯净宣言;纯洁宣言;我很相信这段话radiochemical purity:放射化学纯度;化学纯度;放射化学纯varietal purity:品种纯度;品种的真实性和纯度colorimetric purity:彩色纯度;亮度纯度;辉度纯度;翻译radioisotopic purity:放射线同位素的纯度;放射同位素纯度;noble音标_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 英[’nəʊb(ə)l] 美[’nobl]附加_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [ 比较级nobler 最高级noblest ]释义_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ adj. 高尚的；贵族的；惰性的；宏伟的n. 贵族vt. 抓住；逮捕n. (Noble)人名；(英、法、意)诺布尔；(西)诺夫莱；(阿拉伯)努布莱短语_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Noble County:诺布尔县noble lie:高贵谎言;违心地说谎Donna Noble:唐娜·诺布尔noble spirit:浩然之气;浩然气概;贵族精神;浩然的正气Forrest Noble:诺伯尔SINGLE NOBLE:独身贵族;单身贵族;单身贵族跳棋;正在翻译Noble Hotel:名门饭店;名门饭店巴西烤肉;天悦大酒店;诺贝尔酒店noble gases:稀有气体;惰性气体;贵气体;钝气noble art:彩色样式同质的调和;地区;区域例句_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _1.ADJ If you say that someone is a noble person, you admire and respect them because they are unselfish and morally good. 高尚的[表赞许]例：He was an upright and noble man who was always willing to help in any way he could.他是一个正直、高尚的人，总是愿意尽其所能来帮忙。
史上最恐怖的12个英文单词
史上最恐怖的12个英文单词 (老外也受不了)评论(13)发表时间：2006年8月25日 4时0分[%repeat_0 match="/data/option"%] [%=@title%] [%=@count%]票 [[%=@percent%]％][%_repeat_0%]史上最恐怖的12个英文单词 (老外也受不了)偶看到这的时候感觉学英语真是绝望啊～～～1,honorificabilitudinitatibus这个字是由27个字母组成的。
出现在大文豪莎士比亚的剧本「空爱一场」love's labour's lost里，意思是「不胜光荣」。
2. antidisestablishmentarianism这个字是由28个字母组成的。
根据范克和华格若尔斯编的「英语新标准辞」里面的解释，这个字的意思是「反对教会与国家分开学说」。
它曾被英国首相格来斯顿william ewart gladstone，1809-1898引述过一次。
3. floccinaucinihilipipification这个字是由29个字母组成的。
「牛津英文辞典」里就有这个字，意思是「把某事的价值加以抹杀的行为或习惯」。
4. supercalifragilisticexpiadocious这个字是由34个字母组成的。
出现在一部名叫mary poppins的电影里，意思是「好」。
5. hepaticocholecystostcholecys*enterostomy这个字是由40个字母组成的。
出现在高德编的「医学辞典」里，为一个外科术语，亦即在胆囊与胆管之间或肠子与胆囊之间接人工管子的手术。
6. pneumonoultramicyoscpicailicovolcanoconiosis这个字是由45个字母组成的。
出现在韦氏辞典第八版的版本中意思是「吸入硅酸盐细末或石英岩灰而形成的肺尘埃沉着病」。
矿工特别容易得这种病。
别再用中国人的方法背英语单词了
别再用中国人的方法背英语单词了，英国人是这样背...请大家想一想，英语是谁发明的？英国人呗！英国人认不认识汉语？不认识！那么英国人在学英语单词的时候需不需要记住单词的汉语意思？不需要，英国人的英语课本里根本就没有汉字，何谈记住单词的汉语意思？那么既然英国人学英语不需要记住(甚至根本就见不到)单词的汉语意思，那么中国人学英语为什么要去记住单词的汉语意思呢？这种做法大家不觉得奇怪吗？然而由于中国人学英语时都在背单词的汉语意思，因此大家反而觉不出“背汉字”有什么奇怪的了。
其实仔细想一想，这个行为真的很奇怪，奇怪的根源不在于行为本身，而在于中国人普遍不会直接识别英语单词的意思，因而只好靠汉语符号来机械地帮助记忆英语单词的意思，这样去学英语不仅多此一举，而且必然会陷入苦海无边的符号记忆灾难中。
其实英语单词和汉字一样，存在着很多的“偏旁部首”，知道了偏旁部首你就可以根据它们直接来猜测单词的意思，虽不说百分之百猜准，但起码可以猜测个大概，至少在别人告诉过你单词的意思后你可以恍然大悟地领会它，这样就可以大大增强你对英语单词“见字识意”的能力，做到真正认识一个单词，而把它的汉语意思仅做为一般参考。
举几个例子来说吧：比如单词representative，请别急着告诉我你认识这个单词，其实你不见得“认识”这个单词，你仅是凭着你的记忆力记住了这串英语字母和两个汉字符号“代表”之间的对应关系，这样去学英语你会多费劲？下面我来告诉你这个单词为什么是“代表”的意思。
re在英语里是一个偏旁部首，它是“回来”的意思；pre也是一个偏旁部首，是“向前”的意思；sent也是一个偏旁部首，是“发出去、派出去”的意思；a仅是偏旁部首之间的一个“连接件”，没了它两个辅音字母t就要连在一起了，发音会分不开，会费劲，因此用一个元音字母a隔开一下；tive也是一个偏旁部首，是“人”的意思。
那么这几个偏旁部首连在一起是什么意思呢？re-pre-sent-a-tive，就是“回来-向前-派出去-的人”，即“回来征求大家的意见后又被派出去替大家讲话的人”，这不就是“代表”的意思吗！这么去认识一个单词才是真正“认识”了这个单词，把它认识到了骨子里。
GMP常用术语互译及解释汇编
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门全安 rooD ycnegremE
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统系件文 metsyS noitatnemucoD 告报程历发开 stroper yrotsih tnempoleved 售销 noitubirtsid
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医学细胞生物学-细胞生物学英译汉
细胞分裂与细胞周期cell division 细胞分裂cell cycle 细胞周期mitosis 有丝分裂meiosis 减数分裂amitosis 无丝分裂prophase 前期prometaphase 前中期spindle 纺锤体kinetochore microtubule 动粒微管polar microtubule 极微管metaphase 中期anaphase 后期telophase 末期cytokinesis 胞质分裂contractile ring 收缩环meiosisⅠ第一次减数分裂meiosisⅡ第二次减数分裂synapsis 联会bivalent 二价体aster 星体tetrad 四分体synaptonemal complex，SC 联会复合体recombination nodule 重组小结chiasma 交叉chiasma terminalization 交叉端化direct division 无丝分裂interphase 分裂间期mitosis,M期分裂期cyclin 细胞周期蛋白cyclin-dependent kinase，Cdk细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶Cdk inhibitor，CKI Cdk激酶抑制物maturation promoting factor，MPF成熟促进因子checkpoint 检测点growth factor 生长因子chalone 抑素V-oncogene 癌基因proto-oncogene 原癌基因cellular oncogene，C-onc 细胞癌基因anti oncogene 抑癌基因mitotic apparatus 有丝分裂器cytostatic factor,CSF 细胞静止因子细胞的内膜系统ribosome 核糖体endoplasmic reticulum, ER 内质网RER 粗面内质网SER 滑面内质网microsome 微粒体signal hypothesis 信号假说SRP 信号肽识别颗粒SRP-R 信号肽识别颗粒受体Golgi complex 高尔基复合体lysosome 溶酶体residual body 残余小体lipofusion 脂褐质siderosome 含铁小体multivesicular 多泡体myelin figure 髓样结构peroxisome 过氧化物酶体microbody 微体细胞膜与物质的穿膜运输membrane lipid 膜脂phospholipid 磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇glycolipid 糖脂intrinsic protein 内在蛋白integrator protein 整合蛋白transmembrane protein 跨膜蛋白extrinsic protein 外在蛋白peripheral protein 周边蛋白lipid anchored protein 脂锚定蛋白lipid-linked protein 脂连接蛋白cell coat 细胞外被glycocalyx 糖萼liquid-crystal state 液晶态lateral diffusion 侧向扩散 flip-flop 翻转运动 rotation 旋转运动 flexion 弯曲运动 microdomain 微区 lipid rafts 脂筏 passive diffusion 被动扩散 membrane transport protein 膜运输蛋白 carrier protein 载体蛋白 channel protein 通道蛋白 facilitated diffusion 易化扩散 P-class ion pump P-型离子泵 symport 共运输 antiport 对向运输 aquaporin ，AQP 水孔蛋白 vesicular transport 小泡运输 endocytosis 胞吞作用 exocytosis 胞吐作用 microvillus 微绒毛 cilia 纤毛 flagella 鞭毛 ruffle 褶皱 lamellipodium 片状伪足细胞衰老与细胞死亡 cell senescence 细胞衰老 cell death 细胞死亡 Hayflick life span Hayflick 界限 senescence-associated β- galactosidase ，SA-βgal β-半乳糖苷酶 senescence associated gene 衰老相关基因 longevity gene 抗衰老基因 premature senescence 早熟性衰老 necrosis 细胞坏死 apoptosis 细胞凋亡 apoptotic bodies 凋亡小体 programmed cell death, PCD 程序性细胞死亡 phosphatidylserine, PS reactive oxygen species, ROS 活性氧类物质 permeability transition pores, PT pores 线粒体渗透转变孔 anoikis 失巢凋亡 autophagy 细胞自噬 micro-autophagy 微自噬 macroautophagy 巨自噬 chaperone-mediated autophagy,CMA 分子伴侣介导的自噬 cell shrinkage 细胞皱缩 chromatin condensation 染色质凝聚 DNA ladders DNA 梯状条带细胞生物学的研究方法resolution ，R 分辨率 light microscopy 光学显微镜 fixation 固定 embedding 包埋 section 切片 staining 染色 phase contrast microscope 相差显微镜 Fluorescence microscope 荧光显微镜 fluorescence microscope 荧光显微镜transmission electron microscope, TEM透射电子显微镜ultrastructure 超微结构submicroscopic structures 亚显微结构 Scanning electron microscope （SEM ） 扫描电子显微镜 flowcytometer, FCM 流式细胞技术 cell fractionation 细胞分级分离 sedimentation coefficient ，S 沉降系数 Differential centrifugation 差速离心 velocity sedimentation 速度沉降 isodensity centrifugation 等密度离心 column chromatography 柱层析 in vitro cell culture 体外细胞培养 primary culture 原代培养 secondary culture 继代培养 explan 外植体 primary culture 原代培养物 cell line 细胞系cell strain 细胞株cell clone 细胞克隆cell fusion 细胞融合cell hybridization 细胞杂交natural fusion 自然融合artificial induced fusion 人工诱导融合cytochemistry 细胞化学技术enzyme-cytochemistry 酶细胞化学immunocytochemistry 免疫细胞化学细胞的基本概念与分子基础procaryotic cell 原核细胞nucleoid 拟核cell wall 细胞壁mycoplasma 支原体bacteria 细菌peptidoglycan 肽聚糖plasmid 质粒mesosome 中间体eucaryotic cell 真核细胞cell membrane 质膜cytoplasm 细胞质nucleus 细胞核virus 病毒viroid 类病毒prion 朊病毒线粒体outer membrane 外膜inner memebrane 内膜intermembrane space 膜间隙matrix 基质porin 孔蛋白cristae 嵴elemetary particle 基粒intermembrane space 膜间隙Tim 内膜转位子Tom 外膜转semiautonomous organelle半自主性细胞器endosymbiosis theory 内共生起源学说non-endosymbiosis theory非内共生起源学说cellular respiration 细胞呼吸chemiosmotic hypothesis 化学渗透假说ATP synthase ATP合酶mPT 线粒体通透性改变mitochondrial disorders 线粒体疾病细胞骨架和细胞运动cytoskeleton 细胞骨架microfilament 微丝microtubule 微管intermediate filament 中间纤维actin 肌动蛋白globular actin, G-actin 球状肌动蛋白filamentous actin, F- actin纤维状肌动蛋白tonfilament 张力丝myofilament 肌丝neurofilament 神经丝nucleation phase 成核阶段elongation phase 延长阶段steady-state phase 稳定期阶段phalloidin 鬼笔环肽cytochalasin 细胞松弛素microfilament-associated protein微丝结合蛋白myosin 肌球蛋白microvilli 微绒毛stress fiber 应力纤维tubulin 微管蛋白microtubule associated protein， MAP微管结合蛋白protofilament 原纤维assembly 组装disassembly 去组装microtubule organizing center MTOC微管组织中心centrosome 中心体centriole 中心粒dynamic instability 动态不稳定性colchicine 秋水仙素taxol 紫杉酚kinesin 驱动蛋白dynein 动力蛋白intermediate filament，IF 中间纤维tetramer 四聚体cyto-keratin 胞质角蛋白skeleton 骨骼蛋白intermediate filament associated protein，IFAP 中间纤维的结合蛋白cell motility 细胞运动细胞核cell nucleus 细胞核nuclear envelope 核膜inner nuclear membrane 内核膜outer nuclear membrane 外核膜perinuclear space 核周隙nuclear pore complex, NPC 核孔复合体karyophilic protein 亲核蛋白nuclear localization signal, NLS核定位信号exportin 输出蛋白chromatin 染色质chromosome 染色体genome 基因组unique sequence 单一序列middle repetitive sequence中度重复序列highly repetitive sequence高度重复序列replication origin 复制源centromere 着丝粒telomere 端粒histone 组蛋白core histone 核小体组蛋白linker histone 连接组蛋白nonhistone 非组蛋白Euchromatin 常染色质heterochromatin 异染色质barr body 巴氏小体nucleosome 核小体satellite 棒状小体细胞分化Cell Differentiation 细胞分化totipotent nucleus 全能性细胞核cell determination 细胞决定transdetermination 转决定stability 稳定性dedifferentiation 去分化transdifferentiation 转分化cellular reprogramming 细胞重编程induced pluripotent stem cells, iPS细胞诱导多能干细胞differential expression 差异表达housekeeping protein 管家蛋白luxury protein 奢侈蛋白luxury gene 奢侈基因polyploidy 多倍体polyteny 多线体maternal effect gene, MEG 母体效应基因temporal specificity 时间特异性stage specificity 阶段特异性locus control region, LCR 基因座控制区spatial specificity 空间特异性master control gene 细胞分化主导基因combinatory control 组合调控homeobox 同源异形框histone code 组蛋白密码microRNA 微小RNA embryonic induction 诱导或胚胎诱导regeneration 再生。
南农802植物生理学2015回忆版
今年又考了符号题和选择题！！！2015年802植物生理学（南京农业大学）回忆版一名词解释（大约15个）共质体花熟状态韧皮部装载有益元素光合补偿点抗性锻炼末端氧化酶三重反应双光增益现象呼吸跃变激素受体临界日长极性运输生理中性盐二汉译英（10个）PSI; RuBPcase; reactive oxygen species；PCD ;HSP; phytochrome ；late embryogenesis abundant protein ；alternative oxidase；salicylic acid三选择题（10个）。
四简答题（9个，每个5分）1 同化物分配原则（2011年原题）2 C3植物和C4植物的异同（2012年真题）3简述光敏素的特征（2010年原题）4简述赤霉素的生理效应5 影响植物呼吸的因素6 诱导成花的条件7 根据小麦、玉米的穗上芽现象说明它们的共同生理特征，以及如何应对8 长时间涝灾，植物叶片为何萎蔫、变黄五论述题（三个，每个10分）1 设计试验，探究植物同化物的运输途径、运输方向、运输速度。
简述试验，说明试验原理。
2 论述如何利用植物激素指导农业。
3 植物应对非生物逆境的一般策略。
一、名词解释（60分）抗氰呼吸、临界日长、交叉适应、脱春化作用、御逆性、双光增益现象、花熟状态、乙烯的三重反应、共质体运输、有益元素、希尔反应、根压、光形态建成（共二十个）二、英译汉（十个10分）Ps2（光合系统）、Rubisco、ROS、PCD、phytochrome、AOX交替氧化酶、三、选择题（十题20分）四、简答题（九题45分）植物同化物的分配原则玉米与小麦的干湿芽及如何防治赤霉素的生理功能判断有益元素的标准C4、c3植物的主要区别如何证明光合作用中氧气的来源五、论述题（三题45分）论述植物的适应环境抵御不良环境的生理策略用实验证明植物生长素的运输是在韧皮部，测定运输的速率及同化物主要为蔗糖物质。
中英文翻译对照
PARAOXONASE-1 ACTIVITY IN SUBFERTILE （低生育力）MEN AND RELATIONSHIP TO SPERM PARAMETERS2008对氧磷酶1活性在低生育力男性及精子参数的关系该文提到特发性不育男性与精液异常低生育男性比较，前者显示高ROS水平，PON-1活性改变无统计学意义，后者PON-1活性降低有统计学意义AbstractOxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of male infertility. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a high density lipoprotein associated antioxidant enzyme that prevents oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Our aims of the study were to investigate i) Seminal PON-1 activity in subfertile men ii) whether it had any relationship with semen parameters. The study included 28 idiopathic subfertile, 32 subfertile male with abnormal semen parameters and 30 fertile volunteers. Seminal PON-1 activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Seminal total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) were determined by using colorimetric methods. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated as [(TOS/TAS) ×100]. TOS and OSI were significantly higher and PON-1 activity and TAS were significantly lower in subfertile men than in idiopathic subfertile men and fertile donors. PON-1 activity was also strongly correlated with sperm concentration (r=0.68, p<0.0001), motility (r=0.58, p<0.0001) and morphology (r=0.62, p<0.0001) in overall group. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis revealed a high diagnostic value for PON-1 activity with respect to male factor subfertility, with an area under curve of 0.95 (95% confidence interval (CI) =0.89-1.01), sensitivity = 97 % and specificity = 88%. Men with abnormal semen parameters have decreased levels of PON-1 activity in their seminal plasma. This may play an important role in the pathogenesis of male factor subfertility.摘要在男性不育症的发病机制，氧化应激有牵连。
ros测定方法
ros测定方法ROS也就是活性氧，它的测定方法还挺有趣的呢。
一种常见的方法是化学发光法。
这就像是给ROS装上了一个小信号灯。
有专门的化学试剂，当它们和ROS相遇的时候，就会产生发光现象。
就好像两个好朋友见面，特别兴奋，然后就发出光芒来告诉我们：“ROS在这儿呢！”不过呢，这个方法需要一些比较精密的仪器来检测发光的强度，这样才能准确知道ROS的量。
还有比色法。
这有点像给ROS做个色彩测试。
通过特定的反应，让ROS和一些试剂发生作用后产生颜色变化。
就像变魔术一样，本来无色或者一种颜色，和ROS一接触就变成另一种颜色啦。
然后我们可以用比色计去测量颜色的深浅，颜色越深呢，就说明ROS的含量越高。
这方法比较简单直接，不需要特别复杂的设备，就像我们用眼睛看颜色一样，不过当然是用仪器看的更准啦。
荧光法也很常用哦。
想象一下，ROS在这个方法里就像个小明星，在特定的荧光试剂下会闪闪发光。
我们通过检测荧光的强度来确定ROS的量。
这种方法很灵敏呢，就像小猫咪的耳朵一样，能很敏锐地捕捉到ROS的存在。
但是呢，荧光容易受到很多因素的干扰，就像小明星可能会被周围的灯光或者环境影响一样，所以做这个测定的时候要很小心地排除干扰因素。
电子自旋共振法就比较高大上啦。
它能直接检测到ROS的未成对电子，就像能直接看到ROS的小秘密一样。
不过这个方法的仪器可就不便宜啦，就像豪车一样，不是谁都能轻松拥有的。
但是它的准确性那可是相当高的，对于那些对ROS测定要求特别精确的研究来说，这个方法就像一个超级英雄一样厉害。
不管是哪种方法，都像是我们探索ROS这个小世界的工具。
就像探险家有不同的工具去探索未知的大陆一样，科学家们也用这些方法去了解ROS在生物体内的奥秘呢。
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Connect to-------连接，把...联系起来Login-------进入(系统)，登录password-----密码keep password---保存密码secure mode-----安全模式load previous session-----导入之前的会话note---------笔记, 记录save--------保存remove-------脱掉; 去掉; 摘下tools-------工具;remove all addresses------移除所有的地址clear cache------清除高速缓存export addresses----输出地址import addresses----输入; 引入地址interfaces list-------网卡列表interfaces------网卡Ethernet------以太网EoIP Tunnel-----隧道协议Vlan------将端口分配给一个vrrp-----单备份组bonding------粘合Wireless tables-----无线，符录interfaces-----------端口状态和设置Nstreme Dual ------。
双的Access List-----访问列表Registration--------登记标记Connect list--------连接列表Security Profiles-------按全剖面图Bridge------桥，网桥，界线bridge--------桥，网桥，界线Ports-------港口。
Filters-------过滤器BrouteNat---------网址解析Hosts---------文件解释Settings---------设置关键帧IP addresses-----IP 地址Network--------激活已配置网络接口的脚本程序Broadcast---------广播Dst address-----目标地址Protocol-----协议src port-----传出流的源端口dst port-----要映射的端口any port-----任何端口In Interface-----路由器接收包的接口名Out interface-----路由器转发包的接口名Packet mark-----标记包Connection Mark-----标记连接Routing Mark-----（标记路由）为标记的数据包选择一个网关Connection Type-----连接类型Advanced-----高级的Src address list-----源地址列表Dst addrress list-----目标地址列表Layer7 Protocol-----第7层协议Content-----内容，目录Connection Bytes-----连接可用字节Src MAC Address-----源MAC地址Out Bridge Port-----桥出去的端口In Bridge Port-----进入桥的端口Ingress priority-----优先进入DSCP(TOS)-----区分服务标记域与区分服务标记TCP MSS-----TCP扫描，通信Packet Size-----包位数，包大小Random-----无规则的，任意的，随机的IPv4 options-----IPv4 可选项IPMP options-----IPMP 可选项Extra-----额外的Connection Limit-----连接限制，权限Limit-----限制，权限Dst Limit-----传送探测数据,权限Nth-----次的Time-----时间，日期Src Address Type-----源地址类型Dst Address Type-----目标地址类型Psd Hotspot-----检测热点IP Fragment-----IP 段落, 片段, 碎片, 断片Action-----动作accept-----接受；承认，认可jump-----转移netmap-----网络地图passthrough------的规则执行后，还可以进入下一条规则（穿过；经历；遭受）redirect-----重新导向redurn-----same-----同一的，相同的Statistics-----统计信息Bytes-----可用字节Packets-----数据包Rate-----比率，速率Packet Rate-----数据包速率Mangle-----板材矫直机new mangle rule-----新桥规则Address Lists-----地址列表Layer7 Protocols-----第7层协议Socks-----Access-----访问，接近，通路Connection-----连接，结合，接头Upnp-----框架，映射失败的原因external-----外部的；客观的internal-----内，内部的，内在的Traffic Flow-----交通流量Version-----显示版本信息，系统硬、软件状态v9 Template Refresh-----刷新V9模板，样板v9 Template Timeout-----V9模板，样板，超时IP Traffic Accounting-----IP流量统计Take Snapshot-----简短描述，快照, 快相Traffic Accounting-----流量统计WEB Access-----WEB 访问，选项卡Ip Service List-----IP服务列表IP packing-----IP 包装Packing simple-----简单的包Unpacking-----拆开，拆箱，拆封Aggregated Size-----聚合大小，号码Neighbor list-----命令显示的所有信息列表Discovery Interfaces-----发现端口，设置DNS-----域名服务器Static-----静止的，静态的TTL-----测光，晶体管晶体管逻辑cache-----高速缓存WEB Proxy-----WEB代理access-----访问，接近Rediredt to-----Direcect-----Connections-----连接DHCP Client-----DHCP客户，客户机Hostname-----主机名Client ID-----客户，客户机，IDAdd Default Route-----添加默认路由Use Peer Dns-----用户对等的DNS服务器Use Peer NTP-----用户，网络时间协议Status-----状况，地位Gateway-----网关，入口；门口；通道Dhcp server-----仿冒者攻击，DHCP服务器Expires After-----到期以后Primary DNS-----初级的，原始的，域名服务器Secondary DNS-----第二个域名服务器（DNS）Primary Ntp-----源有的网络协议Secondary Ntp-----第二的网络时间协议DHCP Server-----动态主机配置协议，服务器Relay-----继电器，中继Lease Time-----租借，时间Delay Threshold-----延期, 延缓; 推迟，入门, 开端, 开始Networks-----网络结构Leases-----租赁协议Make static-----制造静态的check status----- 检查情况0ptions-----可选项value-----数值，价值code-----代码，编码Alerts-----报警，提防的Valid Servers-----有效的，确实的，服务器Alert Timeout-----报警，提防，超时；暂停Unknown Servers-----未知数；未知量，服务器Hotspot-----热点、热区Keepalive timeout-----检验数据是否流动，超时Server Profiles-----Login by-----登录，进入Trial-----试验，尝试HTTP Cookie Lifetime-----超文本协议的寿命ssl certificate-----安全套接层协议，证明书Trisal Uptime Limit-----正常运行时间，权限Active-----主动的，活跃的，激活Service Ports-----服务端口，港口Walled Garden-----Walled Garden IP list-----Cookies-----的写入与读取IPsecPolicies-----策略encrypt-----加密，把……加密编码level require-----增加等级需求,没用Manual sa-----手册,指南,手动,自动的,信号衰减news Ipsec peer-----Auth Method-----自生的，源地的，方法，办法Exchange Mode-----交换；换地，方式，调式Proposal check-----建议，计划，检查，核对Hash Algorithm-----散列算法，杂凑算法Encryption Algorithm-----编码算法，加密算法DH graoup----- DPD interval-----DPD间隔，区间Route Peers-----路由，对等，也可以Proposals-----Manual SAs-----手动文件设置读保护密码时验证操作的合法性INstalled SAs-----安置，安装，保护密码时验证操作下次记录从routing开始！！Route Filters-----路由过虑器Matchers-----边界匹配器chain----- 链链条槽prefix-----前缀Prefix Length-----前缀长度Match Chain-----匹配的连接Distance-----距离，间隔，直接地Scope-----范围；余地，机会Target Scope-----目标范围Pref Source-----Routing Mark-----标记期望的数据包，设置一个Route Comment-----注释路由，标记路由Action-----动作，行动，作用Set Distance-----固定的，已经确定的Set Scope-----集合，范围，作用域Set Target Scope-----集合，目标（标志），范围，作用域Set Pref Source-----Set Nexthop-----Set Routing Mark-----（集合）配置标记期望的数据包，设置一个Set Route Comment-----配置注解（注释）路由Set Check Gateway-----修改，检查，核对，网关Set Disabled-----修改：禁用的New Rip Interface-----新Rip使连接, 使协调Networks-----网络Neighbours----网上邻居Keys-----无钥匙，密钥Routes-----路线new ospf interface-----dst enddst end time-----....终止时间, 结束时间ResourcesLicense-----执照；许可证software id-----软件idupgradable untillevel-----等级;程度featuresexpires inAuto UpgradeAvailable packagesUpgrade Package SourcesLoggingrules-----章则topics-----信息控制系统prefix-----习惯用语action-----作用, 动[操]作, 行动HistoryConsoleScript ListSelect all-----选择, 挑选,全部的, 全体Run ScriptJobsScheduler-----调度程序start datestart timeinterval-----间隔; 间歇on event-----局; 时态; 故障Watchdog-----监督者Reboot on failurewatchdog timer-----监视时钟watch address-----注视; 注意,Traceroute-----追踪者, 跟踪程序Traceroute topacket size-----包位数, 包大小New Terminal--------新终端, 终点; 极限。