conspicuous_theory

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心理学名词——精选推荐

心理学名词——精选推荐

心理学名词1.从众(conformity)2.单纯曝光效果(mere exposure effect)3.模仿(modeling)4.跛足策略(self-handicapping)5.过度辩证效应(over justification effect)6.恋爱基模(love schema)7.习得无助(learned helplessness)关系8.睡眠效果(sleeper effect)9.破窗效(Broken Window Effect)10.联结与强化(linking vs. reinforcement)11.惩罚之前(before punishment)12.旁观者效应(bystander effect)13.消弱突现(extinction burst)14.自我实现预言(self-fulfilling prophecy)决定15.正义世界假说(a just world)16.自我评价维护理论(self-evaluation maintenance theory, SEM)17.自我中心偏误(egocentric bias)18.基本归因谬误(fundamental attribution error)19.印象的初始信息(primacy effect)20.虚假的一致(false consensus)21.服从(obedience)22.认知失调理论(cognitive dissonance theory)23.团体迷思(group thinking)心理学十大著名效应1.蝴蝶效应非线性,俗称“蝴蝶效应”。

什么是蝴蝶效应?先从美国麻省理工学院气象学家洛伦兹(Lorenz)的发现谈起。

为了预报天气,他用计算机求解仿真地球大气的13个方程式。

为了更细致地考察结果,他把一个中间解取出,提高精度再送回。

而当他喝了杯咖啡以后回来再看时竟大吃一惊:本来很小的差异,结果却偏离了十万八千里!计算机没有毛病,于是,洛伦兹(Lorenz)认定,他发现了新的现象:“对初始值的极端不稳定性”,即:“混沌”,又称“蝴蝶效应”,亚洲蝴蝶拍拍翅膀,将使美洲几个月后出现比狂风还厉害的龙卷风!蝴蝶效应是气象学家洛伦兹1963年提出来的。

生态学专业英语词汇

生态学专业英语词汇

absolute reproductive value 绝对生殖值abundance 多度abyssal zone 深海带acclimation 驯化accumulation horizon 淀积层aestivation 夏眠age structure 年龄结构age-specific life table 特定年龄生命表agroecosystem 农业生态系统alleles 等位基因allelochemic 异种信息素/种间外激素Allen’s rule 阿伦法则allogenic succession 异发演替allopatric speciation 异域性物种altruism 利他行为asexual reproduction 无性生殖association group 群丛组association table 群丛表association unit theory 群丛单位理论associations 群丛Autecology 个体生态学autogenic succession 自发演替autotrophs 自养生物Acid precipitation 酸沉降Acid rain 酸雨Agricultural eco-engineering 农业生态工程Agricultural ecology, agroecology 农业生态学Agricultural economical zoning 农业经济区位Agricultural resources 农业资源Agroecosystem 农业生态系统Agroforestry 农林业系统Allee’s principle 阿利氏群聚原则Allelochemicals 化感物质Allelopathy 化感作用Artificial auxiliary energy 人工辅助能Artificial direct regulation 人工直接调控Artificial information flow 人工信息流Auxiliary energy 辅助能balancing selection hypothesize 平衡说basal area 底面积Bergman’s rule 贝格曼规律bethal zone 半深海带biocoenosis 生物群落bioconcentration 生物浓缩biological enrichment 生物富集biomagnification 生物放大biomass 生物量biome 生物带bionomic strategy 生态对策biosphere 生物圈Biodynamic agriculture 生物动力农业Biogecochemical cycle 生物地球化学循环Biological agriculture 生物农业Biological control 生物防治Biological energy subsidies 生物辅助能Biological oxygen demand BOD 生化需氧量生化耗氧量Biomass 生物量Bionomic strategies 生态对策Biological micro-cycle 生物小循环bottle neck 瓶颈C3 plant C3植物C4 plant C4植物CAM plant CAM植物Capital flow 资金流Carrying capacity 环境容纳量Chemical ecology 化学生态学Chemical oxygen demand COD 化学耗氧量Chinese Ecological Agriculture 中国生态农业Climax 顶极群落Coase’s theory 高斯理论Coevolution 协同进化Commensalisms 偏利作用Community 群落Competition 竞争Competition exclusion principle 竞争排斥原理Components structure 组分结构Controlled availability fertilizers, CAFs 控效肥料Crop productivity potential 作物生产潜力cannibalism 同种相食carnivores 食肉动物carring capacity 负荷量catastrophic 灾难性因素chamaephytesCh 地上芽植物character displacement 特征替代cheliophytes 阴性植物climate climax 气候顶级climate school 气候学派climax community 顶级群落climax 顶级群落cline 渐变群closed community 封闭群落clumped 集群分布coadapted system 协同适应系统coarse grained 粗粒性分布co-dynamics 相互动态co-evolution 协同进化cohort 同生群cold desert 冷荒漠colonization 定居, 建群coloration 色泽communities in littoral zone 沿岸生物群落communities in the limnetic zone 湖沼带生物群落communities in the profundal zone 深水带生物群落Community ecology 群落生态学community matrix 群落矩阵community organization 群落组织community 群落companion species 伴生种compen-satory predation 补偿性捕食competition coefficient 竞争系数competition hypothesis 竞争假说competitive exclusion 竞争排除competive lottery 抽彩式竞争conservation 保守主义者conspicuousness 显著度constancy 恒有度contest competition 干扰竞争contest type of competition 争夺型竞争continental rise 大陆隆continental shelf 大陆架continental slope 大陆坡convergent adaptation 趋同适应convergent oscillation 趋同波动cost of gene recombination 基因重组价cost of mating 交配价cost of meiosis 减数分裂价courtship behavior 求偶行为coverage 盖度crude density 原始密度cryptophytesCr 隐芽植物Decomposer 分解者Desertification 土地沙漠化Detritus food chain 腐食食物链decomposition 分解作用delayed density dependence 延后密度制约density effect 密度效应density ratio 密度比density-dependent 密度制约density-independent 非密度制约deterministic model 决定模型detrial food chain 碎食物链detritus feeder 食碎生物development 发育differential species 区别种diffuse competition 分散竞争diominant-submissive 支配—从属directional selection 定向选择discrete generation 离散世代disruptive selection 分裂选择disturbance climax/disclimax 偏途顶级divergent oscillation 趋异波动dominance 优势度dominant species 建群种dominant species 优势种dominant-submissive 支配—从属关系dry desert 干荒漠dynamic classification 动态分类系统dynamic life table 动态生命表dynamic-composite life table 动态混合生命表earth nucleus 地幔earth’s crust 地核Ecological amplitude 生态幅ecological density 生态密度ecological dominance 生态优势ecological environment 生态环境ecological equivalent 生态等值种ecological factor 生态因子ecological force 生态力ecological invasion 生态入侵ecological natality 生态出生率ecological release 生态释放Ecology 生态学ecosystem development 生态系统的发育Ecosystem ecology 生态系统生态学ecosystem 生态系统acetone hypothesis 生态交错带假说ecotype 生态型ectoderm 外温动物edge effect 边缘效应etiolating phenomenon 黄化现象emergy 能值emigration 迁出endogenous migration 内因性迁移endoderm 内温动物environment hormone 环境激素environment 环境equilibrium theory 平衡理论euphonic zone 透光带euryecious 广栖的euryhaline 广盐性的euryhydric 广水性的euryphagic 广食性的eurythermal 广温性的eurytopic species 广适种eutrophication 富营养化evergreen hardwood forest 常绿硬材林Evolution ecology 进化生态学evolution force 进化力exogenous migration 外因性迁移exploitive competition 利用竞争exponetial growth 指数增长Eco-economical zoning 生态经济区位Ecological agriculture 生态农业Ecological agriculture model pattern 生态农业模式Ecological density 生态密度Ecological effect 生态效益Ecological efficiency 生态效率Ecological factor 生态因子Ecological engineering 生态工程Ecological pyramid 生态金字塔生态锥体Ecological succession 演替Ecological sustainability 生态持续性Ecology 生态学Economic effect 经济效益Economic externality 经济外部性Ecosystem 生态系统Ecotone 群落交错区生态交错区Ecotope 景观元素生态点Ecotype 生态型Edge effect 边缘效应Embodied energy 内含能Emergent property of system 系统的整合特性Energy analysis 能流分析Energy flow chart 能流图Energy flow path 能流路径Energy flow structure 能流结构Energy flowing 能量流Entropy 熵Eutrophication 富营养化Exponential growth form 种群指数增长模式External benefit 收益外泄External cost 成本外摊Feed back 反馈作用First law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律Fish pond-dike system 基塘系统Flow 流Food chain 食物链Food chain structure 食物链结构Food web 食物网Free energy 自由能First law of resources economic 资源经济学第一定律Functional component adundence 功能组分冗余facultative parthenogenesis 孤雌生殖facultative parthenogenesis 兼性孤雌生殖facultative 兼性因素family selection 家庭选择farmland ecosystem 农田生态系统fecundity schedule 生育力表fecundity 生育力feedback 反馈feeding niches 取食生态位filter food 滤食性生物fine grained 细粒性分布finite rate of increase 周限增长率fitness 合适度floristic-structural classification 植物区系—结构分类系统fluctuation 波动food chain 食物链formation group 群系组formation 群系formation 植物群系foundational niche 基础生态龛freshwater ecology 淡水生态学freshwater ecosystem 淡水生态系统function response 功能反应gamete selection 配子选择gaps 缺口gaseous cycle 气体循环geng pool 基因库geographic variation 地理变异geographical theory of speciation 物种形成geometric growth 几何级数增长geophytesG 地下芽植物global ecology 全球生态gradient hypothesis 梯度假说grain 粒性grazer 牧食生物grazing food chain 捕食食物链greenhouse effect 温室效应gregarization pheromone 聚集信息素gross primary production 总初级生产力group selection 群体选择growth form 生长型guild 同资源团habal zone 深渊带habitat 生境heath 石楠群丛height 高度hemicryptophytesHe 地面芽植物herbivore 植食herbivores 植食动物heterotrophic succession 异养演替heterotrophs 异养生物hibernation 冬眠homeostasis 内稳态homeostasis 自调节稳态homeostatic organism 内稳态生物homeostatic process 内稳定过程human demography 人口统计学Human ecology 人类生态学humus 腐殖质hydrarch succession 水生演替hydrosere 水生演替系列immigration 迁入importance value 重要值individual converse rate 个体转化率industrial melanism 工业黑化现象inner capacity increase 内禀增长力inner-environment 内环境instantaneous rate of increase 瞬间增长率intensity 强度interference competition 干扰竞争interference competition 干扰竞争intermediate disturbance hypothesis 中度干扰假说internal distribution pattern 内分布型interspecfic relationship 种间关系intertidal zone 潮间带intraspecific relationship 种内关系inversely density dependent 反密度制约Island ecology 岛屿生态学iteroparity 多次繁殖生物iteroparous 多次生殖Jordan’s rule 约丹定律keystone species 关键种kin selection 亲属选择kin selection 亲属选择k-strategists k-策略者land cover 土地覆盖land use 土地利用Landscape ecology 景观生态学law of constant final yield 最后产量衡值法则law of the minimum 最小因子法则law of tolerance 耐受性法则layer 层leached layer 淋溶层leaf area index 叶面积指数leaf area indexLAS 叶面积指数lentic ecosystem 静水生态系统life cycle 生活周期life expectancy 生命期望life form spectrum 生活型谱life form 生活型life history strategy 生活史对策life history 生活史lifespan 生活年限lifetime 寿命limit of tolerance 忍受性限度littoral zone 沿岸带lotic ecosystem 流水生态系统macroclimate 大气候macrofauna 大型生物Marine ecology 海洋生态学marine ecosystem 海洋生态系统maximum natality 最大出生率maximum sustained yield 最大持续生产量megafauna 巨型生物mexofauna 中型生物microclimate 小气候microcolony 微菌落microcommunities 小群落micro-ecosystem 微生态系统micro-environment 微环境microfauna 小型生物microplankton 小型浮游生物migration 迁徙modular organism 构件生物modules 构件Molecular ecology 分子生态学monoclimax theory 单元演替顶级monocultute 单种养殖monogamy 单配偶制monpohagous 单食性monsoon forest 季风林mortality curve 死亡曲线mortality 死亡率mosaic 镶嵌性natality 出生率n-dimensional niche n 维生态龛negative feedback 负反馈net primary productionGP 净初级生产力neutrality controversy 中性说论战niche compression 生态位压缩niche separation 生态位分离niche shift 生态位分离niche 生态位non-equilibrium theory 非平衡理论non-homeostatic organism 非内稳态生物obiotic component 非生物成分ocean-current 洋流ohort life table 同群生命表omnivores 杂食动物open community 开放群落open shrublands 稀疏灌丛opportunist 机会主义者ordination 排序ornamentation 修饰panclimax 泛顶级pantropical 泛热带区parabiosphere 副生物圈parasites 寄生生物parasitoidism 拟寄生parent material 母质层parental care 亲代关怀parental investment 亲本投资patchiness 斑块性per capita growth rate 每员增长率perclimax 前顶级peritrophic mycorrhizae 周边营养性菌根phanerophytesPh 厄尔尼诺El Nino photoperiodism 光周期现象phyplankton 浮游植物physiognomy 外貌Physiological ecology 生理生态学physiological natality 生理出生率phytochrom 色素pioneer community 先锋群落pjarapatric speciation 邻域性物种plankon 浮游生物Poission distribution 泊松分布polyandry 一雌多雄制polyclimax theory 多元顶级理论polygamy 多配偶制polygyny 一雄多雌制polymorphism 多型现象polyphagous 多食性的Population ecology 种群生态学population 种群porosity 粒间空隙positive feedback 正反馈postclimax 超顶级predation 捕食者predator 捕食者present reproductive value 当年繁殖价值prevail climax 优势顶级prey 猎物prezygotic mechanism 合子前隔离primary production 初级生产primary succession 初级演替primary succession 原生演替principle of allocation 分配原理principle of competitive exclusion 竞争互斥原理production rate 生产率production 生产量productivity 生产力progressive succession 进展演替protogynous hermaphriodism 雌雄同体pyramid of energy 能量金字塔radiation adaptation 趋异适应random 随机分布rare species 偶见种reaction time lag 反应滞时reactive species 反映性物种realized natality 实际出生率realized nick 实际生态龛regressive succession 逆行演替relative frequency 相对频度relative reproductive value 相对生殖值reproduction effect 生殖成效reproductive cost 繁殖成本reproductive pattern 生殖格局reproductive time lag 生殖滞时reproductive value 生殖值residual reproductive value 剩余繁殖价值resilient stability 恢复稳定性resistant stability 抵抗稳定性Restoration ecology 恢复生态学richness 丰度r-k continuum of strategies r-k略连续系统r-strategists r-策略者saprovores 食腐者savanna woodland 热带稀树草原林地scavenger 食腐者sciophytes 阳性植物scramble competition 利用竞争scramble type of competition 分摊型竞争secondary metabolites 次生代谢物质secondary production 次级生产力secondary succession 次生演替secondary 次级演替sedimentary cycle 沉积循环selective fertilization 选择受精self-destructive 自我破坏semelparity 一次繁殖生物semelparous 一次生殖sex ratio 性比sexual dimorphism 雌雄二形现象sexual reproduction 有性生殖sexual selection 性选择shade plants 耐阴性植物Shannon-Weiner index 香农—威纳指数sieve selection hypothesis 筛选说similarity 相似度Simpson’s diversity index 辛普森多样性指数social group 社群social hierarchy 社会等级social-economic-natural complex ecosystem 社会--经济--自然复合系统solar emergy 太阳能值solar emjoules 太阳能焦耳solar transformity 太阳能值转换率spatial pattern 空间格局special heterogeneity 空间异质性speciation 物种形成species area curve 物种面积曲线species diversity 物种多样性species evenness or equitability 种的均匀度species heterogeneity 种的不齐性species turnover rate 种的周转率spore reproduction 孢子生殖stability-resilience 稳定恢复力stabilizing selection 稳定选择standing crop 现存量static life table 静态生命表stenoecious 窄栖性的stenohaline 窄盐性的stenohydric 窄水性的stenophagic 窄食性的stenothermal 窄温性的steppe and semideserty 干草原和半荒漠stochastic model 随机模型stratification 成层现象subassociation 亚群丛组subdominant 亚优势种subformation 亚群系succession 演替succulent 肉质植物succulent 肉质植物summed dominance ratio SDR综合优势比summer-green deciduous forest 夏绿落叶林survivorship curve 存活曲线sympatric speciation 同域性物种Synecology 群落生态学synusia 层片Terrestrial ecology 陆地生态学territorial behavior 领域行为territoriality 领域性the –2/3 thinning law –2/3自疏法则the effect of neighbours 邻接效应therophytes Th 一年生植物thertnoperiodism 温周期现象thorn forest and scrub 多刺森林和密灌丛time-specific life table 特定时间生命表torpor 蛰伏total neutrality hypothesis 中性说trophic level 营养级trophic relationship 营养的联系trophic relationship 营养联系tundra and cold forest 苔原和冷森林uniform 均匀分布unitary organism 单体生物univoltine insects 一化性的昆虫upper horizon 覆盖层Urban ecology 城市生态学vegetation subtype 植被亚型vegetation type group 植被型组vegetation type 植被型vegetative propagation 营养生殖volume 体积water cycle 水循环weight 重量xerarch succession 旱生演替xerophytes 旱生植物zero net growth isoline ZNGI零增长线zone of emergent vegetation 挺水植物带zooplankton 浮游动物El Nino 厄尔尼诺feedback 反馈reflex 反射generalist 泛化种defennce behavior 防卫行为flower visitor 访花昆虫non-hierarchical 非等级的non-spatial model 非空间模型non-homeostatic organism 非内稳态生物nonequilibrium metapopulation 非平衡态复合种群nonequilibrium habitat-tracking metapopulation 非平衡态跟踪生境复合种群nonequilibrium declining metapopulation 非平衡态下降复合种群non—niche 非生态位physical environment 非生物环境nonlinear 非线性关系dispersion 分布decomposer 分解者branching process 分支过程molecular taxonomy 分子分类学the neutral theory of molecular evolution 分子进化的中性理论molecular ecology 分子生态学molecular systematics 分子系统学plankton 浮游动物negative feedback 负反馈carrying capacity 负荷量negative interaction 负相互作用negative selection 负选择epifauna 附底动物metapopulation 复合种群eutrohication 富营养化现象relamation 改良coverage 盖度cover ratio 盖度比disturbance 干扰disturbance patch 干扰斑块disturbance corridor 干扰廊道interference 干扰作用height 高度Coarse's hypothesis 高斯假说Coarse's theory 高斯理论phanerophytes 高位芽植物Grenville Orogenesis 格林威尔造山运动individual 个体individualistic concept 个体论概念renewal 更新functional niche 功能生态位aggressive behavior 攻击行为modules 构件modular organism 构件生物keystone species 关键种association coefficients 关联系数light saturation point 光饱和点light compensation point 光补偿点photoperiod 光周期filter 过滤器Hardy-Weinberg principle 哈德-温伯格原理Ocean ecosytem 海洋生态系统Cambrian period 寒武纪siccocolous 旱生植物river corridor 河流廊道contancy 恒有度mangrove 红树林respiration 呼吸量mutualism 互利synomone 互利素synomonal 互利作用allelopathy 化感作用chemical defence 化学防御chemical ecology 化学生态学allelochemicals 化学物质chemocryptic 化学隐藏divisive 划分的environment 环境environmental ethics 环境伦理学environmental carryin capacity 环境容纳量environmental resource patch 环境资源斑块environmental resource corridor 环境资源廊道desert 荒漠desertification 荒漠化desert ecosystem 荒漠生态系统eitiolation phenomenon 黄化现象restoration ecology 恢复生态学chaos 混沌学mixed type 混合型exchange pool 活动库acquired behavior 获得性行为organismic school 机体论学派Fundamental niche 基础生态位Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other and with their abiotic environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include thediversity, distribution, amount biomass, number population of organisms, as well as competition between them within and amongecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is calledbiodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species,genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.生态是生物和环境之间的相互作用,如生物相互之间以及与他们的非生物环境的相互作用的科学的研究;生态学家感兴趣的话题包括的thediversity,分布量生物量,数量人口的生物,以及他们之间的竞争和amongecosystems内;包括生物体的动态相互作用的部分组成的生态系统,他们的社区做起来,他们的环境和非生物成分;生态过程,如初级生产,成土作用,养分循环,各种小生建设活动的环境,通过调节能量和物质通量;这些过程持续生物体特定的生活史,各种生物calledbiodiversity;生物多样性是指物种,基因和生态系统的品种,提高一定的生态系统服务;Ecology is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. The word "ecology" "Ökologie" was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel 1834–1919. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology transformed into a more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts on adaptation and natural selection became cornerstones of modernecological theory. Ecology is not synonymous with environment,environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function is an important focus area in ecological studies. Ecologists seek to explain:生态学是一个跨学科领域,包括生物学和地球科学; “生态学”的“Ökologie”,是由德国科学家恩斯特·海克尔1834-1919于1866年创造的;如古希腊哲学家希波克拉底和亚里士多德在他们的研究奠定了基础,生态,自然历史;现代生态转化为更严格的科学在19世纪后期;适应和自然选择的进化概念成为了基石modernecological理论;生态环境,环保,自然历史,或环境科学的代名词;它是密切相关,进化生物学,遗传学和行为学;理解生物多样性如何影响生态功能是生态研究的一个重点领域;生态学家寻求解释:Life processes, interactions and adaptationsThe movement of materials and energy through living communitiesThe successional development of ecosystems, andThe abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.生命过程,相互作用和适应通过物质和能量的运动生活社区生态系统的演替发展,上下文环境中的生物和生物多样性的丰度和分布;Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management,natural resource management agroecology, agriculture, forestry,agroforestry, fisheries, city planning urban ecology, community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction human ecology. Organisms and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living biotic and nonliving abiotic components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production food, fuel, fiber and medicine, the regulationof climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.生态是人类科学;有很多实际应用中的生态保护生物学,湿地管理,自然资源管理农业生态学,农业,林业,农林业,渔业,城市规划城市生态,社区卫生,经济,基础科学和应用科学,人类社会的互动人类生态学;生物和资源组成的生态系统,反过来,保持生物物理反馈机制,适度的过程,作用于生活生物和无生命的星球生物的组件;生态系统维持生命支持功能和生产生物质生产食品,燃料,纤维和医药,调节气候等自然资本,全球生物地球化学循环,过滤水,土壤的形成,控制水土流失,防洪和许多其他科学的自然特征,历史,经济,或内在价值;Hierarchical ecologyThe scale of ecological dynamics can operate like a closed system, such as aphids migrating on a single tree, while at the same time remain open with regard to broader scale influences, such as atmosphere or climate. Hence, ecologists classify ecosystems hierarchically by analyzing data collected from finer scale units, such as vegetation associations, climate, and soil types, and integrate this information to identify emergent patterns of uniform organization and processes that operate on local to regional, landscape, and chronological scales.生态动力学的规模可以象一个封闭的系统,如在一个单一的树进行迁移的蚜虫操作,而在同一时间保持打开状态,关于更广泛的范围的影响,如大气或气候;因此,生态学家生态系统分类较细规模的单位,如植被协会,气候和土壤类型,通过分析收集的数据分层,整合此信息来确定突发模式统一组织和流程上操作的地方到区域,景观,实足鳞片;To structure the study of ecology into a conceptually manageable framework, the biological world is organized into a nested hierarchy, ranging in scale from genes, to cells, to tissues, to organs, to organisms, to species, topopulations, to communities, to ecosystems, to biomes, and up to the level of the biosphere.6 This framework forms a panarchy7 and exhibits non-linearbehaviors; this means that "effect and cause are disproportionate, so that small changes to critical variables, such as the number of nitrogen fixers, can lead to disproportionate, perhaps irreversible, changes in the system properties.组织生态学研究的一个概念管理的框架,组织成一个嵌套层次的生物世界,规模不等,从基因,细胞,组织,器官,生物体,以品种,群体,社区,生态系统,生物群落,最多对生物圈的水平;6该框架形成一panarchy7和展品的非线性行为,这意味着“效应而引起不成比例,从而使小的变化的关键变量,如固氮细菌的数量,可导致不相称的,或许是不可逆转的,在系统属性的变化;BiodiversityBiodiversity an abbreviation of "biological diversity" describes the diversity of life from genes to ecosystems and spans every level of biological organization. The term has several interpretations, and there are many ways to index, measure, characterize, and represent its complex organization.101112 Biodiversity includes species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity and scientists are interested in the way that this diversity affects the complex ecological processes operating at and among these respective levels.111314 Biodiversity plays an important role inecosystem services which by definition maintain and improve human quality of life.151612 Preventing species extinctions is one way to preserve biodiversity and that goal rests on techniques that preserve genetic diversity, habitat and the ability for species to migrate.citation needed Conservation priorities and management techniques require different approaches and considerations to address the full ecological scope of biodiversity.Natural capital that supports populations is critical for maintaining ecosystem services1718 and speciesmigration e.g., riverine fish runs and avian insect control has been implicated as one mechanism by which those service losses are experienced.19 An understanding of biodiversity has practical applications for species and ecosystem-level conservation planners as they make management recommendations to consulting firms, governments, and industry从基因到生态系统的生物多样性“生物多样性”的缩写描述生命的多样性,跨越各个层次的生物组织;这个词有几种解释,指数,衡量的方法有很多,检定和代表其复杂的组织;10 1112生物多样性包括物种多样性,生态系统多样性,遗传多样性和科学家感兴趣的是这种多样性影响的复杂的生态过程,在各自水平和经营方式;111314生物多样性生态系统服务的定义保持和提高人类的生活质量起着重要的作用;1516 12防止物种灭绝,是保护生物多样性的方式之一,目标在于技术,保持遗传多样性,栖息地和物种迁移的能力;引证需要优先保护和管理技术需要不同的方法和注意事项,以解决全生态生物多样性的范围;支持人口的自然资本是至关重要的维持生态系统服务17 18和物种迁移例如,运行河流鱼类和昆虫控制禽流感已牵连作为一个机制,这些服务亏损经历;19理解生物多样性,物种和生态系统一级保护规划具有实际应用,因为他们提出管理建议,咨询公司,政府和行业•。

(考研英语系列)考研英语单词-乱序

(考研英语系列)考研英语单词-乱序

(考研英语系列)考研英语单词-乱序.txt9母爱是一滴甘露,亲吻干涸的泥土,它用细雨的温情,用钻石的坚毅,期待着闪着碎光的泥土的肥沃;母爱不是人生中的一个凝固点,而是一条流动的河,这条河造就了我们生命中美丽的情感之景。

appraise 估量,估计 appraise the infant's weightapprehend 对...担心 Do you apprehend that there will be any difficulty? approximate 大概的,大约的,近似的 The approximate time is 10 o'clock.consent 同意,赞同,准许 The people will never consent to another war. conserve 保护,保藏,保存 conserve natural resourcestilt 使倾斜,使倾倒 Tilt your head back so that I can look down your throat token 表示,标志,象征He did that as a ~ of good faithtorture 拷打,拷问~ a confession from a prisonertough 坚韧的,牢固的 Some plastic are as ~ as metalconspicuous 显眼的,明显的,引人瞩目的 He felt as conspicuous as if he had stood on a stage.contempt轻视,轻蔑:show a contempt for sbexhaust 汲空,抽完:exhaust a wellexpire 满期,届期,(期限)终止:His term of office expires this yearstrip 剥去,除去 The wind stripped the tree of all its leavesstrive 努力,奋力,力求~ towards a goalstroke 敲,打,鸣 drive in a nail with one ~ of the hammerexploit英勇的或冒险的行为或事迹:The daring of exploit of the parachutists were much admiredexterior 外部的,外面的,外表的:exterior decorationsexternal 外面的,外部的:external signs of a diseaseextinct (火等)熄灭了的:an extinct cigarette(fire)forge锻炼:forge a horse-shoe out of an iron barformulate规划(制度等),构想出(计划方法等)formulate a policyshear 剪,修剪~ a lawnshed 流~ one’s blood for one’s countrysheer 完全的,十足的~ nonsenseshelter 掩蔽处,躲避处 a bus ~notorious 臭名昭著的a ~ thiefnotwithstanding 虽然,尽管 They traveled on,~ the stormnourish养育Milk is all we need to ~our small babyorthodox 正统的,正宗的 an ~ economic theoryoverflow 泛滥 Every spring the river ~soverhaul 大修,全面检查,彻底革新~ a faulty machinepresume 推测,假定,假设 From the way they talked, I ~d them to be marriedprey 被捕食的动物,捕获物 The lion seized its ~ and ate itprick 一刺,一扎 The boy burst the balloon with a ~ of the needlenumb 麻木的,失去感觉的 fingers ~ with coldshield 盾,保护物,防御物 They piled more sand on top as a ~shrewd 机灵的,敏锐的,精明的 a ~ guesssignify 表示,表明,预示~ consent with a nodsimulate 假装,冒充 use tricks to ~ illnessobstinate 顽固的,固执的,倔强的The girl would go her own way, in spite of all warnings odd的奇数的,单的,奇怪的One ,three five are ~numbersoffence 犯法行为,过错 They were arrested for drug ~s.omit 省略,删去 Minor points may be omitted.renovate 修复,整修~ a two storey buildingrepent 后悔,懊悔~of a thoughtless actincorporate 包含,吸收:His book incorporates his earlier essaysindignant 愤怒的,愤慨的:The actress was at the columnist’s personal questions opaque 不透明的A brick wall is ~.optimistic 乐观的,乐观主义的ornament 装饰品,点缀品 We bought ~s for the Christmas treeprimitive 原始的,上古的,早期的 a ~ forestprior 在先的,在前的 Stop making public statements without their ~ approval here overlap 重叠,部分相同 The Renaissance overlapped the later Middle Agesovertake 赶上,超过 He ran out of the door to ~ herfracture 裂缝,裂痕: a fracture in the pipefurnish供应,提供:furnish blankets for the refugeesfury狂怒,暴怒:fly into a furymanipulate (熟练地)操作 Mr. Smith manipulated the ivory chopsticks with great dexteritymerit 长处,优点,价值,功绩 merits and demeritsmoan 呻吟声,呜咽声 Each time she moved her leg she let out a ~ .explicit 详尽的,明确的:give explicit directionsstraightforward 一直向前的,直接的 a ~ business transactionstride阔步前进,大踏步走He strode to the platformstring 细绳,线,带 She took the parcel and started to undo the stringmobilize 动员 Our country’s in great danger, we must ~ the army.modify 修改,更改~a lawmomentary 片刻的,瞬息的 a ~ feeling of fearfuss大惊小怪,乱忙,小题大做:make much fuss over losing a pennygrace 优美:She ran well, grace in every movementpreside 主持,主管(at, over) The vice chairman of the board will ~ at today’s meeting privilege 特权,优惠,特免 In countries where there are still not many schools, education is a ~probe 探索,探查,调查~ the roots of warproclaim 宣告,宣布,声明~ wargrant 同意,准予:grant a requestgrease 油脂,动物脂:the grease spot on the envelopegrieve 使悲伤,使伤心:The little girl grieved over her kitten’s deathgrind (ground)磨,磨碎,碾碎:grind wheat into flourincline倾斜:The shaft inclines almost thirty degreerectify纠正,改正,矫正~ the mistakes in a billrefine 提炼~ crude oil into various petroleum productssketch 素描,速写 make a ~ of a face in pencilslack 不紧的,不严的 a ~ soft ropeslit 切开,撕开~ the envelope opensly 狡猾的,偷偷的 a ~answersmash 打碎,打破,摧毁 The ball ~ed the windowrefute驳斥,驳倒 The argument cannot be d at the momentsstrain 拉紧,绷紧 If you ~ the elastic any more, it will breakstrap 带,皮带 silks ~srejoice 使感到高兴,使充满喜悦 The whole nation ~ over the victoryrelate 讲述,叙述 She ~d the experience of a Chinese girl in the United States render 使得,使成为 The blow ~ed him unconsciousindispensable 必不可少的,必需的(to. for): Oxygen is indispensable to life induce 引诱,劝使:Nothing will induce me to do thatingenious (人,头脑等)灵巧的,足智多谋的:an ingenious designernarrate 叙述,讲述~ the story of sb’s lifeeconomical节约的,节俭的,经济的: an economical stoveedible可以吃的,可食用的:edible oiltaboo 禁忌,忌讳Movies producers attempted to break down all the ~stackle 用具,装备 shaving ~tame 驯化的,驯服的,温顺的~animailselaborate精心计划(或制作)的,详尽的:an elaborate plotelevate举起,提高,抬起:elevate the living standards of the peopleeliminate排除,消除:eliminate the exploitation of man by mannegligent 疏忽的,大意的 be ~ about traffic regulationsnominal 名义的,有名无实的 a ~ leadernominate 提名 a ~ leaderwreck 失事,遇难 a train ~wrench 扳手 He is a ~ .wrinkle 皱,皱纹 He will wore the ~s of anxiety on his forehead.Xerox 静电复印(法),静电复印件,静电复印机 Make me a ~ of this report. noteworthy值得注意的,显著的a ~ daypeculiar 奇怪的,古怪的 He has always been a little ~penetrate 穿透,渗入 The nail ~d the wood at least two inchessack 麻袋,纸袋,塑料袋 a ~of cementscatter 撒,撒播~ corn for the chickensscorn 轻蔑,鄙视 He ~s lyingscrap 碎片,零屑~s of breadscrape 刮,擦~one’s chintow 拖,拉,牵引 tow a damaged ship into porttrail 痕迹,足迹 a ~ of destruction left by the violencetramp 步行,跋涉 He loves ~ing over the hillstransient 短暂的,转瞬即逝的~ happinesstransmit 播送,发射~ a match livetransparent 透明的 Glass is ~scratch 抓,刮,擦 The cat ~ed me with its clawssensible 明知的,合情理的 a ~ choicesham假装,虚伪 Her illness was a ~ to gain sympathyshame 羞耻,羞愧 flush with ~perceive 感知,感觉,觉察 He was only able to ~ light and color ;he could not see properlyperfume 香水,香料,香气She loves French ~(s)fabricate 建造,制造:The finest craftsmen fabricated this clockfacilitate使变得(更)容易,使便利:Such a port would facilitate the passage of oil from the Middle East to Japanfaint不清楚的,模糊的,微弱的:a faint ideafeasible 可行的:a feasible plan(idea)feeble 虚弱的,无力的:His pulse was very feebleregenerate 使恢复,使复兴,再生The human body can ~ hair, nails, etcregulate管理,控制,为……制订规章 The policeman ~d traffic at the intersection reign 为王,统治In England ,the sovereign ~s but does not rulereinforce 增援,加强 They hope to ~ their domination in these countriesslender 苗条的,修长的,细长的She is ~ and has long dark hairslide 滑行,滑动,滑落 The drawers of my desk ~ in and out easilyfeed 喂养,饲养:feed a baby at the breastfinite 有限的,有限制的:a finite number of factsflare (火焰)闪耀,(摇曳不定地)燃烧:candle flaring in the windglimpse 一瞥,一看:have a glimpse of (into)sthboast 自吹自擂,自夸的话 He is full of boasts.boom 低沉有回响的声音 The great bell tolled with a deep boom.flavor味,味道,风味:drama with a European flavorflexible柔韧易,弯曲的:flexible cordperiodical 期刊,杂志 a ~ roompledge 保证,誓言,誓约 fulfill one’s ~plot 小块土地 a vegetable ~undesirable 不合意的,不受欢迎的 The drug has ~ side effectsuneasy 心神不宁的,不安宁的 be ~uneasy about the futurespecify 具体指定,详细说明 They have specified the amount as 700,000 dollars plug 塞子,栓 He wears rubber ~s in his ears when he swimsplunge 猛地投入或插入 He ran to the edge of the swimming pool and ~d in eloquent雄辩的,口才流利的,有说服力的:an eloquent spokesmanemit发出,散发(光,热,电度,声音,液体,气味等),发射电子:The chimney emitted a cloud of smokeenclose (从四面八方)围住,包围:enclose a porch with glassnasty 龌龊的,肮脏的 a~ roomnecessitate 使成为必须,需要 The emergency ~d a change in plans.poll 民意测验 A recent ~ shows a change in public opinionpreach 讲道,布道~ to a packed churchmacroscopic肉眼可见的malfunction 发生功能障碍,发生障碍 If the computer malfunctions it fails to work properlyinquire 询问,打听:He inquired what the weather was likely to beinstant 紧急的,急迫的,立即的,即刻的:be in instant need of helpinstitute 学会,协会,学院,研究院:an institute for the blindreproach 责备,指责,斥责 mute ~resolve 决定,打定注意要 Have you ~d where to go next?resort 求助,凭借,诉诸~ to sb for helpbrittle 易碎的,一碰就破的 brittle glasscease 停止,终止,结束 The music ceased suddenly.object 物体,事物 cultural ~insulate 隔音,使隔绝(以免受到影响):We are not insulated from the real world the way we wererally 集合,团结~ public opinion in favor of price controlsrandom胡乱的,任意的,随意的,a ~talkreap 收割,收获~ the rice in the fieldrear 后部,后边,背部a garden at the ~ of the housegallop (马等的)飞跑,疾驰:The horse did a fine gallop during the racegamble赌博:gamble at cardsglitter 闪闪发亮(或发光),光彩夺目,闪耀:His language glitters with marvelous words glow 发热,发光,发红:the fire glowing in the darknessultimate 最后的,最终的 The war ended for us in ~ victoryblunt 钝的 The sun was blazing down and the heat was oppressive.blush (因害羞、激动、窘困)脸红 blush with(或for) joygasp 喘气,喘息:speak between gaspsgeneralize 归纳,概括:I don’t think you can generalize about what voters will do genuine 真的,非人造的,名副其实的:genuine leathermaltreat 粗暴地对待,虐待 We’ll not intervene unless the children are being physically maltreatedmanifest 显然的,明了的manifest superiorityinitiate 开始,发起:initiate a conversationinnovate 革新,改革,创新(in,on/upon):innovate on another’s creationglance 一瞥,扫视:take a glance at the newspaper headlinesbrace 托架,支架 He braced his muscles and lifted the weight.bribe 贿赂 accept(或take)a bribe from sb.brisk 轻快的,生气勃勃的 a brisk paceresent 怨恨~ those unfair commentsreserve 保留,储备 We’ll the ticket for you till tomorrow noonresign 辞职,引退 He ~ed from his postobjective 目的,宗旨 political ~soblige 强迫,迫使 In certain countries the law ~s parents to send their children to schoolobscure 晦涩的,费解的 an ~ textsqueeze 榨,挤~ juice from orangesstab 刺,戳,猛的一击,突发的一阵 a ~ of anxietystain 玷污,污染 His shirt was ~ed with bloodweld 焊接,煅接 It takes speed to ~ steel at this heatwhirl 旋转,急转 The couples ~ed round the dance floorwhitewash 粉饰quench 消除,平息,压制,扑灭~ hatredquiver 颤抖,抖动~ with coldwholesome 有益于健康的~ surroundingsobsolete 废弃的,淘汰的 Wooden warships are ~.character (事物的)性质,特质 The furniture in Tom’s apartment was pretentious and withoutcheck 使突然停止,制止 check one’s stepsrack 架子,支架,搁架 a clothes ~radiate(光,热等)辐射,发射 The sun ~s light and heatradical 根本的,基本的a ~ errorrake (长柄)耙,耙机,耙状物 an oyster ~substitute 代替者,代替物 He is the doctor’s ~ during holidays times succession 连续,一系列 a ~ of debatessue 控告,起诉~ sb for slanderunanimous 全体一致的,一致同意的 They are ~ in asking for a rise in pay undermine 在……下挖~ a wallspectacle 景象,奇观,壮观,场面 The burning house was a terrible ~speculate 推测,推断 I cannot ~ on their motives for doing thisoverthrow 推翻,打倒 a plot to ~ the governmentoverwhelm 征服,压倒,毁坏 He took 45% of the ballots and ~ed his two main rivals spin 纺制~ cotton into yarnfling(用力)扔,掷,抛,丢:fling sb into prisonflourish 茂盛,繁荣,兴旺:Painting flourished in Italy in the fifteenth century fluctuate波动,起伏:You can’t march in a straight line to the victory, you fluctuate itflush 脸红:Her cheeks flushed redsplash 溅泼A passing car ~ed my dresssplit 劈开,切开,裂开~ the firewood with an axesponsor 发起者,主办者,保证人,赞助者the ~ of the annual Christmas parade sprout 抽条,发芽,长出 The seeds we planted finally ~edwicked 坏的,邪恶的,淘气的,恶作剧的~ habitswind 绕,缠The snake wound around a branchwithdraw 抽回,收回,提取 She withdrew her eyes from the terrible sight withhold 使停止,阻挡 be obliged to ~ one’s penreclaim 使改过,改造~ former criminalsrecollect 回忆,想起 I am trying to ~ a forgotten addressreconcile 使和解,使和好After each fight they ate soon ~dsubmerge 浸没,淹没,湮没 The stream overflowed and ~d the farmlandsubmit 屈服,服从,投降~ to foreign pressuresubordinate 下级的 In the army ,captains are ~ to majorswithstand 经受,承受~hardshipsworship 崇拜,崇敬 the ~ of the dollarswrap 包,裹~ oneself in a blanketstale 食品等不新鲜的,走味的 These old peanuts taste ~stall 牛舍startle 惊吓,使吃惊 The horse ~s easilycollapse 倒坍,崩溃,瓦解 The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow. collide 碰撞,互撞 The car collided with the truck.implement 工具,器具,用具:new types of farm implementsimpose 征(税),加(负担,惩罚等)于(on, upon):impose additional tax on business expansionimpulse 推动,驱动:give an impulse to the development of the friendly relations between the two countriesconceive 构想出,设想 conceive an ideacondense (使)压缩,(使)凝结,使简洁 condense a speech to halfstationary 固定的,静止的,非流动的~ troopsstern 严厉的,苛刻的 a ~ punishmentendeavor (为达到某一目的而)努力,尝试:How much he endeavored, goal stayed unattained extinguish熄灭,扑灭:extinguish a cigarette(candle)blaze 火焰 The fire sprang into a blaze.stir 使微动,移动 A breeze ~red my hairstitch 一针,针脚 Make your ~es closer togetherextract取出,提取:extract a confessionextravagant奢侈的,浪费的:be extravagant in one’s way of livingstimulate 刺激,促使~ economic growthsting刺,螫,叮 A bee stung him on the neckassurance 保证,把握,信心 He gave me his assurance that he would help. auxiliary 辅助的 an auxiliary rocketavert 挡开,防止,避免 Many traffic accidents can be averted by courtesy. beforehand 预先,事先 If you wanted soup for lunch you should have told me beforehand.blast 一阵(风),一股(气流) a blast of windstock 原料,备料,库存,现货 Rags are used as a ~ for making paperstoop 俯身,弯腰She ~ed to pick up her fanreciprocal 相互的,交互的~ respectgossip 流言蜚语:give rise to gossipmonitor (学校的)班长 a ~ in class 5.confer 商谈,商议 confer with sb. Over (on, about, concerning) sth.conform 遵照,适应 confirm to(或with) the rules(the law)confront (使)面临,(使)遭遇 The war confronted him with hardships. mortgage 抵押(借款)He will have to ~ his land for a loan.mutual 相互的,彼此的~ aidreckon 计算,数~ the days till Christmastransplant 移植,移种,移居~ a human heart into a patienttrifle 琐事,小事 One should not get angry about such a ~grip 抓紧,紧握:Fear gripped his hearthail 欢呼,喝彩:The crowd hailed the actress with joyhalt (行进中的)暂停前进,中止,终止:The car came to a sudden halthandicap 障碍,不利条件:Poor eyesight is a handicap to a studenthaste 急速,急忙,仓促,草率: Why all this haste?hatch 孵,孵出:hatch (out) chickensjustify 证明。

(完整word版)俞敏洪托福词汇串讲注释版

(完整word版)俞敏洪托福词汇串讲注释版

(完整word版)俞敏洪托福词汇串讲注释版● a pivotal figure 关键人物pivotaladj 枢纽的、关键的● a premium price 高价premium n 保险金、a 高价的a range of 一系列abandon 抛弃,放纵abandonment nabbreviate 缩写abrasion 磨损abstract 抽象absurd 荒谬的abundance noneabundant 丰富accelerate 积累access 接触,靠近have access to 能够接触到 accessible 可以接触的acclaimed 受欢迎的accommodate 食宿 commodity 商品accommodating好客的乐于助人的accommodate (sb.)for the nightan accommodating person 爽快人,好人accompany vaccordion手风琴 accord 和谐、一致accumulate v 堆积cumulus积云accustomed 习惯●acquaintance n 熟悉,熟人quaint a 古怪,新奇的a speaking acquaintance 泛泛之交I have no acquaintance with this book。

我不熟悉这本书。

acronym 大写字母缩略词acute 尖锐的,急性的chronic 慢性的●adapt 习惯adopt采纳adaptable 可适应的adaptation 习惯additive n 添加剂/a 附加的 addictive上瘾的adept a /n熟练的/老手adjacent 毗邻的adjoining 毗邻adjust v 调节 just“正确”adjustment 调整adobe n 土培房abode 住房adopt v收养,采纳adorn 装饰adornment nadvent n 来到adventureadverse adj相反的adversely 负面的adversity n 不幸、灾难advocate n/v 支持拥护●aesthetic adj美学的esthetic 感觉的anaesthetic n 麻醉剂ana(无)+a esthetically●affect 影响 / 感动/假装1. He was deeply affected by my words。

专业英语四级(语法与词汇)模拟试卷42(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语四级(语法与词汇)模拟试卷42(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语四级(语法与词汇)模拟试卷42(题后含答案及解析) 题型有: 4. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARYPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY (15 MIN)Directions: There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.1.If television programs did not feature criminals, they ______ result in increased violence in society.A.would notB.will notC.did notD.can not正确答案:A解析:虚拟语气题。

根据题意,本句是对现在事实的虚拟,所以从句用的是过去时态,主句要用过去将来时态。

知识模块:语法与词汇2.Which of the following sentences is a REQUEST?A.Would you mind giving me a hand?B.Don’t you believe me?C.Which one do you like, coffee or tea?D.Need you go so soon?正确答案:A解析:句式理解题。

[A]意为“你能帮帮我吗?”表示请求;[B]意为“你不相信我吗?”是反义疑问句,表示提问人没有把握的看法;[C]意为“你喜欢喝咖啡还是茶?”是选择疑问句,表示询问;[D]意为“你非得这么快就走吗?”表示询问。

因此,[A]为答案。

知识模块:语法与词汇3.What does “For all you say, I think she’s the best teacher we’ve got” mean?A.Because of all you say, I think she’s the best teacher we’ve got.B.I want to tell all of you that she’s the best teacher we’ve got.C.Despite all you say, I think she’s the best teacher we’ve got.D.I think she’s the best teacher we’ve got for all of you who are speaking.正确答案:C解析:句子理解题。

《隋书·文学传序》浅析

《隋书·文学传序》浅析

魏征《隋书·文学传序》浅探摘要:魏征所作的《隋书·文学传序》是在中国古代文学史和文学批评理论中具有纲领性和里程碑意义的著作,其所表达的“文义”主要为“政教功用”论,这在中国传统的文学批评理论尤其是诗论的发展流变中表现得尤为突出。

关键词:《隋书·文学传序》;魏征;“美刺”;“政教功用”论唐人于立国之初就考虑并着手大规模的“前代史”和“国史”(即“当代史”)的修撰,当时列入计划的有《魏史》、《周史》、《隋史》、《梁史》、《齐史》、《陈史》等,太宗即位不久便继续其事,《唐会要》载:“至贞观三年,于中书置秘书内省以修五代史。

”[1]诸史关于“文学”的论述甚多,而其中魏征所作的《隋书·文学传序》堪称代表。

魏征,唐初政治家,字元成,巨鹿下曲阳(今河北晋州)人(宇文所安却认为其为魏州人,即今天的山东省人,并将这一点明确写进了其著作《初唐诗》),生于公元580年,卒于公元643年,谥号文贞公。

幼年早孤,年轻时曾学道,后来参加了李密先反隋后抗唐的军事斗争。

早年政治生涯坎坷,几易其主,效忠唐朝后为唐太宗时代的宰相,敢于善于忠言直谏,是历史上有名的诤臣,唐初名臣之一。

在文学创作方面,魏征诗作只有四首传世。

明人将他的“述怀”评为第一首独具特色的唐诗。

他的诗歌创作经历了隋末战乱和唐初开国立两个时期,这样的时代背景也不可避免地为他的文学史观打上了烙印。

周祖撰在《隋唐五代文论选》中对魏征在文学与文化方面的评价是:其于文化事业:引学者校定四部书,预修五代史,编纂群书治要,贡献亦复不少。

本人创作虽以奏议称,而述怀一诗,慷慨苍凉,兼具风骨,绝无梁、陈以来靡丽习气,为唐初五言古诗中最引人瞩目的之佳作。

其论文则文、理兼顾,折衷南北文风,殊罕偏颇之病。

著有魏文贞公集。

传见习旧唐书卷七十一、新唐书卷九十七。

[2]宇文所安在其著作《初唐诗》中对于作为“隋代文学遗产”的魏征及其文学史观有如是评价:与作为历史家的重要地位相比较,魏征作为诗人是十分次要的,他的《隋书·文学传序》是中国文学史上最合理、最丰富的表述之一。

甲类三副《航海英语》考点个人总结

甲类三副《航海英语》考点个人总结

航海出版物admiralty ①n.海军部②n.海事法,制海权③n.海军上将algorithm n.计算步骤,演算法,计算,算法cellulose n.纤维素chapter ①n.分会,分社②n.(书籍的)章,节complementary ①a.补足的,补充的②a.相互依赖的,互相依存的comprehensive ①a.内容多的,综合的,广泛的,广博的,全面的②a.有理解力的,容易理解的dampen n.使湿润,减弱demolish ①v.拆毁,破坏,消灭,推翻②v.拆船diagram ①n.图表,图解,简图,图②n.(关系)曲线图,线型图,传动图diagrammatic a.图解的,图示的,图表的discovery n.发现物,发现eaten a.鼠啮的,咬损的(批注)ecliptic ①n.黄道②a.黄道的electrolytic a.电解的enclose ①v.封闭,围住,环抱,包围,围绕②v.包装,封入③v.附在……后,附入furnish ①v.供应,供给,提供②v.陈设③v.配备,装备graphical 同graphichandbook n.手册,指南isothermal ①a.等温线的,等温的,恒温的②n.等温线,恒温线lateral ①n.排水沟,支管,支线,支渠②a.横向的,侧面的mention n.叙述,提到meteorology n.气象学,气候multiply ①v.倍增,乘②v.繁殖,增殖③ad.多重地,多倍地,并联地,多路地obscure ①a.模糊的,隐的,暗的,阴的②n.弄暗,使暗,遮蔽obsolete a.失去时效的,已不用的,废弃的,退化的page ①n.页数②n.记录③n.传呼,寻呼parallax n.视差predict v.推算,预见,预告,预报,预测,预言prediction ①n.推算,预计,预言,预报,预测,预告②n.性能初估recently ad.近来,最近reflective ①a.反射的,反映的②a.回顾的,深思的refraction ①n.折光,折射,曲折②n.蒙气差regional a.地方性的,地区的,区域的,局部的rinse n.冲洗,漂洗rotational a.循环的,轮流的,转动的,回转的,旋转的seldom ad.很少,不常significance ①n.意义,含义②n.重要性,有效性,显著性spherical a.球形的,天体的,球的steersman ①n.舵手,舵工②n.(木筏的)撑筏工人sunken ①a.凹下的,沉陷的,低的②a.水面下的,沉没的③a.水中的,水底的④a.(螺丝等)埋头的⑤v.sink过去分词textual a.文字上的,原文的theory n.原理,理论,学说yachtsman n.游艇驾驶员additional thrust ①辅助推进(力)②附加推力admiralty method (推算潮汐)英国法air bottle 压缩空气瓶,贮气瓶,空气瓶,气舱all around 包括各项费用,连同杂费apparent sun 视太阳boarding ladder 登船悬梯(软梯等)buoyage system 浮标装置celestial equator 天赤道celestial horizon (地心)真地平celestial observation 天文观测,天测certificated lifeboatman 持证艇员chart datum 海图基准水深,海图基准面cone shaped 圆锥形的deviation card 罗经自差图,自差表distress position 遇险位置drift effect 漂移效应dye marker 染色标记electric charge 电荷electrolytic corrosion 电化学腐蚀,电解腐蚀,电蚀engine noise ①发动机噪声②发动机噪音face mask 防毒面具,面罩flash signal 闪光信号floating debris 被抛弃的,漂浮碎屑,漂浮物(船)following current 顺流global coverage 全球波束覆盖范围harmonic method 调谐推潮法,调和法head current 逆流horizontal parallax (天体)地平视差,水平视差in doubt 怀疑in trouble 出故障inflatable raft 充气式求生筏,橡皮筏latitude line 东西向位置线,纬线light signal 灯光信号,炮光信号lower transit 下中天(天文)maintenance schedule 维修计划mariner's handbook 海员手册maritime buoyage 航海浮标maritime distress 海上遇险,海难mean sun 平太阳meteorological observation 气象观测nautical twilight 航海晨昏蒙影时间(晨光从太阳中心在真地平下12°到6°,昏影从太阳中心在真地平下6°到12°止)navigable channel 通航水道,航道operating line 工作线,操作线,作业线packing strip 曲径密封环,填密片preventer bar (救生艇架上装设的)保险杠radio telephone 无线电话reference datum 基准零点,参照基面,参照零点,基准面righting moment 复原力矩,稳性力矩,回复力矩,复正力矩,正浮力矩rotational speed 转速rubber packing 橡皮衬垫,橡皮填料,橡皮密封sea dye 指示色标(由沉没舰艇放出的用以指示沉没位置的标志)sealing strip 止水条,封密条ship's name 船名slow down ①减速,放慢②(市场)停滞,吊滞③(经济)衰退solar time 太阳时stowage location 配装位置tidal current 潮汐流,潮流tidal prediction 潮候推算,潮汐预报tidal stream ①潮汐流,潮流②感潮河段,有潮河段title page 标题页,里封面vertical circle ①地平经圈,方位圈②地平柱圆,垂直圆,竖直圈③(经纬仪的)垂直刻度盘voyage planning 航行计划water mark ①潮汐标尺,潮标②最高高潮痕,高潮线③水位标志④(钞票上的)水印⑤(船)吃水标志wind drift ①风生流,风成流(风吹成的水流)②气流偏差,风致偏移,风偏流③风的主流向admiralty tide tables 英版潮汐表carbon dioxide cylinder 二氧化碳灭火器compass deviation card 磁罗经自差卡片cone shaped bag 锥形袋,尖底袋full speed astern 全速倒车,后退三harmonic tidal analysis 潮汐调和分析maritime buoyage system 海上浮标系统parallel of altitude (天球上)等高圈parallel of declination 赤纬平行圈,赤纬圈tidal current tables 潮流表ADS|Additional Duty on Sugar 糖附加税CD|Calling Device 呼叫设备,拨号盘IALA|International Association of Lighthouse Authorities 国际灯标管理局协会NP|Name Plate 铭牌海图及海图作业aero a.飞机的,航空的almanac ①n.天文历,航海历,历书②n.年鉴amphibious a.水陆两用的,两栖的appreciate ①v.估价,评价②v.欣赏,赏识③v.理解,重视④v.感谢,感激⑤v.升值astronomical a.天文学的,天体的,天文的azimuthal a.方位角的catalog n.商品目录,产品目录,产品样本,一览表,目录coco n.椰子树conformal a.相似的,保形的,保角的converge v.集中,汇合,收敛dead-reckoning ①航迹推算,船位推算,船位积算②猜测,捉摸depict v.描写,描述,表示distinguish ①v.作出成绩,获得成就,卓越,出众,杰出②v.区别,识别,辨别doubtful ①a.怀疑的②a.难决定的,含糊的,可疑的elapse v.(时间)过去,消逝guarantee ①n.保证书,担保②n.保证人illustration n.说明,注解,实例,图解,插图imperfection ①n.不完全,不完善,不健全②n.缺点,弱点,缺陷imperial a.(英国度量衡)法定标准的,英制的landmark ①n.岸标,陆标②n.(地)界桩,界标③n.显著标志midlatitude n.真中分纬度,中分纬度millimetre 同millimetermisplace n.v.装错,放错newly ad.最近,新近,重新observatory ①n.观测站,观测所,瞭望台②n.天文台,气象台oceanic ①a.海洋产的,海洋的②a.大量的orthographic a.正射投影的,垂直的,直角的polyconic a.多圆锥的,多锥体的preference ①n.选择,优先②n.优惠③n.特惠,优待④n.选择物⑤n.选择权,优先权print ①v.打印②v.印刷,出版,刊行③n.印记,痕迹④n.印刷品,出版物projection ①n.投影,放映②n.投射,发射③n.突出部分,凸出部分,突出物,伸出物④n.设计,计划⑤n.估计,推测,预测rectangular a.长方形的,矩形的,直角的reliance n.依赖revise v.校订,修改,校正,校阅revision ①n.改版,修正,校订,订正②n.修订版,修订本rhumb ①v.(指南针的)方位,罗盘方位②v.恒向线seamount n.海底锥形山(从海底上升1000m以上)semi-circle n.气旋半圆,半圆spoil ①n.损坏,破坏②v.使变坏,腐烂,腐坏③n.v.宠坏,溺爱④v.弃土,抛泥,排泥⑤n.煤矸石,矸子,废料⑥n.掘出物,掠夺品topography ①n.地势,地形,地貌②n.地形学,地志③n.冰貌update v.改进,修正,更新,校正cable area 海底电缆区calibration beacon 校正导标chart symbol 海图用符号circular radiobeacon 全向无线电指向标,环射无线电信标clear area 畅通航区,无碍航区,畅通区coast chart 沿岸海图,海岸图coastal chart 沿海海图conformal chart 等角投影海图,正形海图conformal projection 正形投影,等角投影conic projection 圆锥投影,锥顶射影conspicuous landmark 显著陆标correction card (仪表)校正卡,勘误表course angle ①航向角②舷角cylindrical chart 圆柱形投影海图cylindrical projection 柱面圆柱投影,圆柱投影data in 数据输入dead-reckoning position 推算船位,积算船位(不经风流压修正)entrance channel 进港航道,进口航道estimated course 预计航向,估计航向exercise area 演习区fall into ①(河流)流入,注入②下陷,陷入③分成类,属于fathom line 等深线flat slope 平缓坡度,缓坡general chart (海图)总图,总海图gnomonic chart 心射投影海图gnomonic projection 心射面切投影,心射投影harbor chart 海港航图,港区图heavy draught 深吃水hydrographic survey 海道测量,水道测量,河海测量isolated rock 孤立岩石,孤立礁latitude scale (海图上)纬度尺least depth 最小深度lighted buoy 发光浮标,灯浮longitude scale 经度比例尺marine surveying 海洋测量natural scale ①实物大小②(地图)自然比例尺,(海图)基准比例尺③正态比例,天然比例nautical almanac 航海天文历naval observatory (美国)海军气象天文台navigation area 航行海区,航区neat line ①界线,内图框(海图上指明某一地区的范围)②墙面交接线orthographic projection 正射投影,平行投影,正投影outer ring 外环,外圈polyconic projection 多圆锥投影(测量或海图制作不用)radar station 无线电台,雷达站radio transmitter 无线电发报机,无线电发射机,无线电发信机recommended track 推荐航路,推荐航线rectangular projection 等渐长率圆柱投影(星图的一种)rhumb line (罗经方位)恒向线,航向线running fix 异时观测定位,移线定位,航行定位sailing chart 航行图sea floor 海底sounding datum 海图深度基准面,测深基准面tide level 潮高,潮位top center 上止点transponder beacon 雷达反射信号台,雷达应答信标degree of latitude 纬度degree of longitude 经度error in bearing 方位误差great circle course 大圆航向great circle track ①大圆航迹②大圆航线lower low water (较)低低潮(在同日有两个低潮时较低的一个)point of arrival 到达点point of departure 启航点,起航点simple conic projection 单圆锥投影ENE|East North East 东北东(方位点)航海通告与警告airmail ①n.航空邮件,航空信②n.航空邮寄cumulative a.积累的,渐增的,累计的deletion n.删去部分,删除事项,取消,删除demarcation n.划界,区划evaporate ①v.蒸发,汽化②v.脱水③v.消失,消散fashion ①n.流行,时尚,风格②n.形成,形式,方式,方法guidance ①n.领导,指挥②n.遥控,操纵,导航,制导③n.导承,导槽(机械)lately ad.近来,最近luminous a.明亮的,发光的,夜光的nominal ①a.有名无实的,名义上的,挂名的②a.公称的,标称的,额定的nowadays n.现在,如今omission n.疏忽,省略,遗漏orient ①v.使向东,定向②n.东方,东部periodic a.断断续续续的,间歇性的,周期的preliminary a.初级的,初步的,预备的,预先的publication ①n.发行,发表,公布,出版②n.出版物,书刊,刊物quarterly ①a.季度的②n.季刊remainder ①n.剩余部分,剩余物,剩余,残余,余料②n.(数学)余项,余数reprint v.重印,再版,翻印reproduction ①n.再生产,再现,再生②n.复制,繁殖rouge n.过氧化铁粉,红铁粉,铁丹roughly ad.概略地,粗糙地subscription ①n.预约,预订②n.订阅,认股③n.订阅费,预约费,预订费④n.(承担保险责任的)签署,署名telegraphy n.电报学,电报trawl ①v.用拖网捕捞,拖网捕鱼②n.拖网,曳绳adjoining chart 邻接海图admiralty chart 英版海图agree upon 对……取得一致意见,对……达成协议agree with 与……保持一致,适合,同意annual summary 年度汇编,年度摘要cumulative number 累计次数demarcation line 分界线fall off ①向下风②落下,坠下fish trap 渔栅,鱼网(固定陷鱼网)horseshoe buoy 马蹄形浮具inner ring 内环iron pipe 铁管latest information 最新资料luminous range 光达距离,光度视程,照明距离,光照距离medium size 中等尺寸,中型navigational data 航行资料new edition ①(书、刊物等的)新版②(海图)调制nominal range 额定光达距离(气象能见距离为10 n mail 时的光达距离)pipeline area (海底)管道区stand out ①浮出,显著,显眼②离岸向海上航驶③突出的,出色的④突出的事物visible range 能见距离free of charge 不承担费用,免费GEN|General ①一般的②总的GL|Gearless 无吊货索具R/T|Radio Telephone 无线电话STM|Storm 风暴WNG|Warning 警告,警报,报警WWNWS|World Wide Navigational Warning Service 世界航行警告业务航海日志的填写assault v.冲击,作战,袭击,攻击,突击,强击attorney n.代理人,律师biennial a.二年一次的blot ①n.污点,污渍,瑕疵②n.污名③v.污损,弄脏④v.用吸墨纸吸干character ①n.特征,特性,性质②n.印刷符号,电码组合,字符,字母,文字,字体,字元closure ①n.关闭,封闭,停业②n.停止,终止,结束,截止,闭合③n.隔板,挡板,围墙④n.堵口⑤n.封闭器,(测绘)闭合差(金属罐)comment ①v.评述,评论,意见②v.注释,说明③v.鉴定deserter ①n.私自离船的船员,出走船员②n.逃亡者,叛逃者dismiss ①v.遣散②v.解雇③v.不考虑④v.解散⑤v.免职erase v.清除,消迹,删掉,消除,擦去,消降,抵消,消磁gasket ①n.垫密片,填密片,密封垫②n.捆帆绳,垫圈③n.衬垫,软垫,胶边,垫片herewith ad.此处inadmissible a.不能允许的,不能采纳的initiate ①v.创始,发起,倡议②v.启蒙,指引③v.引起,开始,着手journal ①n.记录,杂志,日志②n.日报,日记,日志③n.学报,期刊④n.航海日志⑤n.轴颈,枢opposition ①n.反对,对抗,相对②n.障碍③n.(天文)冲prudence ①n.谨慎,慎重②n.精明purser ①n.(商船上的)事务长,管事②n.(军舰上的)军需官,业务主任③n.会计员,出纳员pursue ①v.追随,追求,追②v.继续进行,实行,从事renew ①v.换新,更新②v.修复,恢复③v.重新启动④v.重新开始revocation n.撤销rewrite v.重写sense ①n.知觉,意义,含义②n.感受,感觉,观念③v.意识到,预感④v.传感,探测⑤v.判断,辨别technical a.工业的,专门的,技术的,专业的,工艺的write v.书写,记录,写入all's well 一切正常,没有事bell book 传令钟记录簿,车钟记录簿,车钟簿bulk vessel 散货船chronometer error 天文钟误差combustion engine 内燃机compass record 罗经数据记录deck log 甲板日志,航海日志deck watch ①甲板值班②航海比对表,天文钟比对表③船钟engine orders 车令oily ballast 含油压载水,油污压载水rough log 航海日志草本rough logbook 草本航海日志safe berth 安全泊位seaman's book 海员证second mate 二副shipping papers 货运文件smooth logbook 航海日志誊清本standing orders 常规命令take on ①担任,承办②装上,装入③承担,承受,雇用④采用,采取technical name (危险货物)技术名称third officer (轮船的)三副cargo record book 货物记录簿internal combustion engine 内燃机on and off ①断断续续地,不时,偶尔②通/断proper shipping name (危险货物)标准运输名称to be inspected 应予检查watch on deck 舱面值班END|Endorsed 批注的OOW|Officer on Watch 值班驾驶员V/L|Speed Length Ratio 速长比海上事故报告achieve v.到达,实现,完成administrator n.(港务)监督员,行政官员,管理人员advisory ①n.(气象)预报,报告②a.咨询的,劝告的attain v.达到,获得bergy n.冰块群,冰山群borrow ①v.错用,采用,借款,借②v.抵押③v.(船)更靠近(岸或风)④v.模仿contest n.争夺,争辩dewater n.排水,脱水,去水electrolyte ①v.电解②n.电解质,电解液excellent ①a.优秀的,精良的②n.信号强度impede ①v.阻抗②v.阻碍,妨碍intend v.企图,打算lend ①v.出借,贷与,借贷②v.提供,给予,借给,借出litter ①n.垃圾②n.废物乱扔membrane ①n.膜片,薄膜,粘膜,膜②n.(防渗)帷幕,防渗层,隔膜,隔板③n.振动片,光圈mismanagement n.管理失误,管理不当oceanographic a.海洋学的phenomena n.(phenomenon的复数)retest v.重新试验,再试验shoal ①a.水浅的②n.沙洲,浅滩(常指水深20m以内区域)③n.鱼群④v.变浅,回淤⑤v.群集,成群shuga n.(大量聚集的海绵状不透明白色)小冰块spicule n.针形物;n.(海上的)针形冰symmetric ①a.对称的②n.对位的(化学)team ①n.队,组②v.组成队,合作,协作③v.用畜队运torch ①n.手电筒,手提灯,火炬②n.切割器,焊枪,喷灯,气炬washer ①n.洗涤器,洗衣机②n.垫圈,垫片,衬垫wrench ①n.扳子,扳钳,扳手②v.扳紧,扭转,拧③n.歪曲alongside towing 并列拖带,舷拖,傍拖,绑拖bergy bit 中型冰山(面积约100~300m2,一般高出水面1~5m)boat hook 艇用金属钩,吊艇钩,钩篙boom stowage 吊杆安放broken case ①破损箱②已拆箱coastal state 沿海国家,沿海国cutting torch ①切割焰,割炬②切割焰吹管damaged ship 受损船,破损船deck gang 舱面人员,舱面水手draw span 开合桥跨,开合桥孔emergency light 应急灯emergency shutdown 紧急停机,事故停车emergency steering 应急操舵装置,应急操舵emergency stop 紧急停车hand steering 人力操舵,手操舵improper stowage 码垛不良,装载不良,配载不当(批注)insufficient packing 包装不足,包装不固,包装不良(批注)lower hold 下层舱,底舱mooring pattern 系泊缆布局oceanographic phenomena 海洋现象pass by (时间)流逝,绕过,推移pivoting point 枢轴点,支枢点,旋转点,轴尖,支点,枢心shoal water 浅水区spanner wrench 活络扳手starboard anchor 右首锚,右舷锚weather advisory 气象通报,天气预报weigh anchor ①起锚,起航,开船②快点,加油③离开emergency steering station 应急操舵部位let go anchor 抛锚,下锚matter of fact 实事求是的,注重实际的,不加渲染的,平铺直叙的steer clear of 避开……行驶L/T|Long Ton 长吨(2240lb)国际安全管理规则achievement ①n.成就,成果,业绩②n.达到,完成audit ①n.v.稽核,查账,核算②n.v.审查,审计③n.v.清算,决算basin ①n.水盆,盆②n.港池,港湾,内湾,船坞③n.船模试验池,试验水池④n.海底盆地⑤n.(港口码头的)水域,流域,水坑,地区breach ①n.缺口,裂口②n.破坏(合同等),扰乱(治安),违反(法律)③n.(通往烟筒的)烟道导管④n.攻破,击破,突破⑤n.冲击船的波浪,波浪的碎溅,碎浪,激浪,大浪,波涛camera ①n.(电视)摄像机,照相机②n.小箱,暗箱compliance ①n.符合②n.服从,依从,遵从③n.(弹性)应变率,柔度,柔量despatch 同dispatchdispatch ①n.v.(货物)疏运,调度,派遣②n.快信,急信,专电③n.迅速办理,速办④n.v.(装卸)速遣duly ad.正好地,恰好地,及时地electrician n.电气技术员,电机员,电工,大电hereunder n.在此immovable a.固定的,不动的,坚定的implementation ①n.履行,实施过程,执行过程(契约、诺言等)②n.补充,补给③n.器具,工具,仪器import ①v.进口,输入,引进,引入②n.进口商品,进口货③v.意味着,说明,表明inadequate a.不适当的,不充分的,不充足的,不够的incompetent ①a.不胜任的,不称职的,无资格的,不够格的②a.无力的,无能的③a.(岩层等)软的,弱的legislation ①n.法律②n.立法③n.法规,法制lien n.(对货物、船舶的)留置权,扣押权mechanic ①n.机工,机匠②n.机械员,技术员③a.手工的,机工的nationality ①n.国籍②n.船籍non-conformity ①n.不合格项,不合格②n.不整合(地质)promise ①v.承诺,同意,答应②v.希望,前途③v.有……的希望,有……的可能prostitute n.妓女reliability n.可靠度,可靠性resource ①n.手段,方法②n.资源,储藏③n.办法,对策sightseeing n.浏览,观光steward ①n.(船上的)服务员,事务员,乘务员,管事②n.(团体的)干事,伙食管理员toilet n.卫生间,盥洗室,厕所,浴室unmoor ①v.离码头,离浮筒,解缆,起锚,离泊②v.(双锚停泊时)改泊单锚unsafe a.不安全的,危险的upkeep v.维护,保养waiver n.放弃,弃权withdraw ①v.使退出,脱离,拆卸②n.缩回,撤回,撤销③v.(液体)吸出,抽出④v.吊(缸)alarm system 警报系统assistant officer 助理驾驶员,驾驶助理员,驾助carrying ship (互有责任碰撞条款中的)承运船chief steward (船上)服务员领班,服务员组长,事务长collision clause (船)碰撞责任条款compliance with 与……保持一致,遵守……designated person 指定代表,受命官员dispatch money 速遣费environmental protection 环境保护intermediate port 中途港lee quarter 下风船尾leeward side 背风面,下风面local port 当地港口,地方港口,小港maritime industry 海洋业,海运业,航运业maritime lien 海上留置权,海上优先权,抵偿权on account 用分期付款的办法,用赊购的办法,先付,暂付operational failure 运转故障port authority 港务管理机关,港口当局pro rata 按比例,成比例(拉丁语)reefer cargo 冷藏货refrigeration machinery 制冷机,冷冻机,致冷机safe operation 安全运行,安全操作,安全作业shifting berth 移泊ship's clock 船钟tool pusher 指挥员,领班wash basin 洗脸盆,脸盆certificate of nationality (船的)国籍证书engineer in charge 主任工程师,总工程师in spite of 不管,不顾internal safety audits 内部安全审核,内审on account of ①因为,由于②在……账号上on the quarter 在船尾舷部,在船舷pro rata freight 按比例计算运费,比例运费safety at sea 海上安全shore based support 岸基支持sudden operational failure 突然运转失灵ISM|Intercontinental Strategic Missile 洲际战略导弹SMS|Safety Management System 安全管理体系USCG|United States Coastguard 美国海岸警备队港口国监督abort ①n.异常结束②v.流产③v.终止,中断alteration ①n.变换,更改,变更②n.改建,改装③n.蚀变(地质)④n.修改,改动(设计或图纸等)amendment ①n.改正量,修正量,改善②n.修正,修订,改正③n.修正案concept ①n.概念,方案,规划②v.打算,设想,构思coordinate ①a.同级的,并列的,同位的,同等的,坐标的②v.协作,调整,协调,调度③v.坐标disclose ①v.揭开,揭示,公开,明告②v.泄露,揭露,露出,拆开fulfillment n.完成,执行,履行,实现functional a.符合使用要求的,有作用的,作用的,功能的,函数的illegal ①a.不合法的,违法的②a.非法的impression ①n.(硬度试验的)印痕,压痕,盖印,印记,压印②n.模膛,模槽③n.感应,影响,效果,印象④n.(书的)版本,印刷次数inference n.推理,推论,论断,推断irrespective a.不考虑的,不论的,不顾的justification ①n.认为正确,证明,证实②n.理由,辩护③n.图文位置布局调整justify ①v.证明,证实②v.辩护,辩解③v.调整merchandise ①n.(总称)商品,货物②n.商业,交易mounting ①n.安置,安装,固定,装配②n.配件,零件,辅助设备prerequisite ①n.必要条件,先决条件②a.必须具备的,必要的,先决的rat n.老鼠,耗子repudiate v.拒绝,否认,抛弃reservation ①n.预订,预定,保留②n.专用地,保留地,保留区③n.附加保留条款,保留权益sanitation n.卫生设施,卫生站statute ①a.法定的,规定的②n.法令,条例,法律,章程sublet v.分租,转租substantially ①ad.实质上,本质上②ad.显著地,重要地,基本地supplier ①n.供应商,供货人,供给者,供应者②n.(机械设备等的)制造厂,制造人anticipatory breach 提前违约calculated strength 计算强度carriage requirement 装载要求casualty report 损坏报告coastal navigation 沿海航行common carrier 公共承运人detailed inspection 详细检查detention report (船)滞留报告establish contact (使电路)接通freight rate 海运运价,费率general ship 一般船舶(相对于包租的船舶)hailing port 船籍港(写在船尾)hull maintenance 船体保养inland navigation 内河航行,内河航运,河运irrespective of 不管……long range ①长距离,远程②续航力大的,远距离的,远程的③长期的minimum delay 最少延迟no discount 不折扣,不贴现on arrival 抵达时operating station 操纵部位,操作部位,控制台radio contact 无线电联络roll axis 横摇轴serious deficiencies 严重缺陷set off ①(债权)抵消,抵付②隔开,衬托③推动,发动④出发special cargo 特殊货物(需要专门保管的货物)specific port 特定港state control 国家监督station control 测站控制structural integrity 结构整体性,结构完整程度surveyor authorized 授权的验船师axis of rotation 旋转轴线,旋转轴,转轴out of order ①紊乱,动乱,越轨②发生故障,出问题,损坏port state control 港口国管理,港口国监督port to port 港到港ship in distress 遇难船,遇险船side by side 并靠,并排,并肩(两船并排靠在一起)PSCO|Port State Control Officer (PSCO)港口国监督检察官STCW公约appropriateness n.适合程度,适当性barren ①a.(岩石)多孔的②a.贫瘠的,荒芜的③n.不毛之地,瘠地clevis n.U形夹,马蹄铁countermand v.撤销,取消订货,取消前令,收回(命令等)defer ①v.延迟,扣存,迟延②v.延期,推迟③v.服从,听从despite ①n.即使,尽管②v.轻视,敌视③v.损害dune n.丘陵,砂丘,砂堆,山岗(常用复数)enunciate v.发表,宣布gudgeon ①n.(门的)枢轴,活塞销,耳轴,轴头②n.舵柱承座,舵枢,舵栓,舵针,舵钮③n.旋转架,托架illuminate ①v.照明,照射②v.用灯装饰(船)③v.启发,阐明loudspeaker n.扬声器,扩音器,喇叭obey n.听从,遵守,执行,服从rake ①v.耙,刮②v.收集,搜集③n.长柄耙,耙子,火钩④v.倾斜船头,倾斜船尾⑤n.(烟囱、船首尾柱的)倾斜度,倾斜角reposition n.(卸空后的集装箱)放回原处,运回原地riprap ①n.抛筑用的石料,抛石②n.抛石基床,抛石护岸③n.乱石堆成的护岸,石堆堤,堆石护坡stabilizer ①n.减摇装置,稳定器②n.(防止分解、反应的)安定剂,稳定剂throttle ①v.使减速,阻塞,调节②v.节流,节制,压制③n.操纵阀,扼流圈,节流阀unattend v.不照看,不管visit ①n.v.访问,拜访,参观②n.v.检查,考察,视察③n.v.(灾害、疾病等)来袭,侵袭,来临whelp n.绞缆筒筋条,(链轮的)扣链齿,绞盘筒筋,绞盘肋骨(用以增加摩擦力)administration personnel 行政人员,管理人员administrative law 行政法air receiver 压缩空气瓶,空气储存器,储气器artificial island 人工岛associated equipment 相关的附属的设备automatic steering 自动操舵belted construction 带型结构clevis pin 环销,连接销current velocity 流速deck crew 舱面人员,水手engineer officer 轮机员engineering watch 机舱值班fatigue failure 疲劳破坏,疲劳失灵female section 下半模,阴模intended route 计划航线joggled construction 啮合结构lapped construction 搭接结构loudspeaker system 广播系统minor light 弱烛光灯,较小灯标(烛光较小,一般无人看守灯标)motor controller 电动机控制器national flag 国旗navigational light 航行灯,导航灯navigational watch 航行值班pilot orders 引航口令pneumatic brake 气压制动器,气动闸,风闸quarantine signal 检疫信号relieving officer ①接班驾驶员,接班轮机员②接班人员sea bottom 海底speed change 变速sprocket wheel (锚机)持链轮,链轮starting engine 起动机steering command 操纵指令strapped construction 覆接结构,覆板结构two-watch system (船上的)二班制upper stock 上舵杆,舵杆头administrative law judge 行政法官chief engineer officer 轮机长,大车,老轨compressed air system 压缩空气系统effect of current 水流影响local zone time 地方区时lot by lot 一票一票货地,分批,按票rise of bottom 船底斜度,舭部升高SOLAS公约abrade ①v.磨蚀,磨损,磨去②v.擦伤,擦破③v.擦去,擦掉awl n.钻子,锥子bailer ①n.灰浆桶,泥涌②n.淤泥取样器,戽斗,舀水勺,汲水斗,水瓢(救生艇用具)③n.抽泥筒,汲泥泵,汲水孔④n.戽水者,汲水者⑤n.委托人bowse ①v.(绳索)拉紧,收紧②v.绞辘拉,(用滑轮)吊起,向下拉elongate v.使伸长,拉长,延长essence ①n.本质,实质②n.要素,精华③n.香精female ①a.女的②a.阴的,内的③a.有内螺纹的,凹形的flank ①n.(齿轮的)齿侧,齿腹②n.(山坡)侧面,侧翼③n.(船离码头时)船首顶流摆开④v.打倒车(顶推驳船队顺流通过变段时采用的一种航行方法)⑤v.位于……之侧,在……侧面fold ①v.折叠,折痕②v.合拢,抱住,笼罩,调入,包③v.折叠起来,彻底失败④n.(地质)褶皱⑤n.倍(数)gateway ①n.(水下渔网,防潜设备等所留的)门道,道路,坞闸,登机口②n.(通信)接口③n.转运站④n.网关,网关器grinder ①n.研磨机,粉碎机,砂轮机,磨碎机,磨床,砂轮,磨工②n.天电干扰声hooker n.沿海小船hound n.桅肩,桅肩下(下桅顶端承接上桅的架子)hurt n.v.损伤,损害impinge ①v.撞击,碰撞,冲击②v.(紧密)接触③v.侵犯,侵害innocuous a.无害的,无毒的knob ①n.旋钮,按钮②n.小圆块,疙瘩,节,瘤③n.(门、屉斗等的)球形把手,(桅杆或旗杆上的)顶球,(布线用)瓷柱④n.圆丘,小丘lighten ①v.减轻,变轻,卸载②v.过驳③v.照亮,点亮,发亮④v.弄明白,启发loan ①v.借与,出借,借出②n.借款,贷款marginal ①a.边界的,限界的,端的②a.决定性的,临界的③a.(码头)顺岸式的,沿岸的④a.记在栏外的,旁注的pike ①n.矛,刺②n.尖顶旗杆③n.尖峰,山巅④v.穿过,通过pot ①n.锅,罐,壶,盆,盘,筒,盒②v.装罐,罐藏③n.捕鱼笼④n.油船(俗语)pry ①v.(用杠杆等)撬动,撬②n.撬具,杠杆③v.窥视,窥探,打听punt ①v.(用篙)撑②v.用小船运输③n.(撑篙的方头平底)小船④n.低角(荷兰语)recreation ①n.娱乐,休养②n.游览船reel ①n.卷轴,卷筒,线轴,盘②n.绕线架,电缆盘③n.磁带盘,纸带盘④v.(用卷轴、卷筒等)卷,绕rod ①n.拉杆,推杆,联杆,棒②n.水准尺,标尺,测杆③n.粗钢筋,棒钢④n.避雷针⑤n.(流速仪的)悬杆⑥n.杆(英制长度单位5.03m)seat ①n.基座,机座,阀座②n.座位,垫子,座③n.(为机器等)装底座④v.安置,固定⑤v.使就座softwood ①n.针叶树②n.软木,软质木材spinner ①n.纺纱工人②n.纺纱机③n.天线旋转装置,旋转器④n.机头罩(飞机)spool ①n.卷轴,卷筒②v.缠,卷tripper ①n.自动分离机构,倾卸装置,开底装置,脱钩装置,释放器②n.卸料小车③n.旅行者unroll v.铺开,展开(卷起的东西)vacate ①v.腾出,撤离,撤出②v.辞去(服务)③v.取消,作废weakness ①n.弱点,缺点②n.薄弱,软弱,衰弱above deck 甲板以上aft line ①(型线图上的)船尾部纵剖线②尾缆after end ①船尾端②后端audible warning 声响报警,音响警号back current ①反向流,回流,逆流②反向电流bull rope ①粗钢丝绳,粗绳②防磨索,稳定索,栏索③吊艇杆前牵绳,吊杆桅绳chain tongs 链式大管钳,链钳coastal pack 流冰connecting shackle 连接卸扣,锚链卸扣crew cabin 船员室cross connection ①(船)横倾调整装置,连通阀②横贯通道,横向连通,交叉联结freezing air 冷空气government regulations 政府法规,政府规定interior lighting 室内照明intermediate spring 连接簧(在鱼尾板和主拖缆之间,用以增加主拖架的重量和柔性)internal friction 内摩擦力,内摩擦link chain 扁节链longshore hook 码头工人手钩manila hawser 粗麻大绳,白棕绳merchant ship 商船mobile unit 车辆normal size 标准尺寸normally open 常开的nylon rope 尼龙绳(缆)ocean towing 海上拖驳运输,海上拖带oil field (海上)油田oil rig 油井钻探设备open up 开启,拆开pike pole 铁钩,长搭钩(浮运木材时拔动木材的工具)pipe wrench 管扳手,管钳propeller flow 螺旋桨水流protective coating 保护涂层,保护涂料replacement steps 替换蹬ride down 压下,压进,捶进rigid liferaft 刚体救生筏safety factor 安全系数salvage association 救助协会screw ship 螺旋桨船shackle pin 卸扣栓销,钩环销slip surface 滑动面society approval 船级社认可spar deck (主甲板以上的)轻甲板,工作甲板spray gun 喷射器,喷涂枪,喷枪stand in ①驶近②参加steam engine 蒸汽引擎,蒸汽机tapered pin 锥形销test sample 试验样品,试样,测试样本thin out 逐渐消失,变稀少,变薄,变细warp line 绞船缆,牵绳,拖索welded chain 焊接链锚,焊接链winch head 绞车副卷筒,绞缆筒wire core 线束铁芯classification society approval 船级社认可coefficient of friction 摩擦系数direction of flow 水流方向,流向engineering control station 动力装置控制站fire control room 消防控制室in one piece 用整块木料制成maritime dangerous goods 海运危险货物return to normal 回复正常stud link chain 横挡环链,日字形链,有档链MARPOL公约acrylate n.丙烯酸盐,丙烯酸酯adapter ①n.联轴套管,多头插销②n.拾波器,转接器③n.衬套,附件④n.接合链环组(锚链前端链节与锚卸扣间联结的锚环组)⑤n.连接器,接头allyl n.丙烯基,烯丙基annex ①v.依附,合并,并吞②n.附属品,附加物③n.附录,附件④v.附加,添加,附带bacteria n.细菌(bacterium的复数)circumvent ①v.绕过(困难)②v.包围,围绕③v.解决(难题),智取compatible a.不矛盾的,可共存的,相容的,适合的,相合的,兼容的council ①n.议会,会议②n.委员会,政务会,理事会creosote ①n.(防锈蚀用)杂酚油,克鲁苏油,木馏油②v.用防腐油处理,浸防腐油curve ①v.弯曲,曲折,弄弯②n.曲线图,曲线板③n.河弯,弯道,弯段destroyer n.驱逐舰effluent ①n.(从江、河、湖、阴沟等流出的)水流,分流,支流②n.流出物,污水③a.排放的,流。

2微观经济学需求供给与价格

2微观经济学需求供给与价格

Demand,Supply & Equilibrium Price需求、供给和均衡价格微观经济学的形成市场需求的现代理论是以Alfred Marshall (1842-1924)建立的体系为基础的。

他的代表作是1890年的Principles of Economics《经济学原理》。

经济学术史:古典学派的创始人是Adam Smith (1723-1790)。

他的代表作是An Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nation《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》。

2.1 Demand需求2.1-1 Demand and Price需求与价格(1)Definition of Demand需求的定义需求是指在一定时期内,在各种可能的价格下,人们所愿意购买的某种商品数量的集合(muster)。

需求(demand)不仅仅是人的需要(needs)、想要(wants)或欲望(desires),而必须有支付能力。

需求有以下三个要点:不仅仅是主观的,而是与市场价格相关的。

需求是意愿(willing),还不是实际的购买。

这个变量是流量而不是存量,也因此,需求的大小与时期相关。

需求也可以定义为:“在一定时期内,消费者有与价格相应的支付能力的欲望”。

需求有个别需求和市场需求的区别:所有消费者个别需求之和即是市场需求。

(2)The Demand Schedule需求表A、Definition 定义:需求表是价格与需求数量关系的一览表。

B、The Demand Schedule of Simple简单需求表即,仅考虑价格与需求数量关系的需求表。

这个需求数量既可以是个别需求量,也可以是市场需求量。

(3)The Demand Curve需求曲线A、定义:用几何图形表示的价格与需求数量之间关系,就是需求曲线。

当需求曲线即使正好是一条直线时,也总是这样称呼它。

有一个未讲明的假设:即价格与需求的数量变化是连续的。

考研英文复习题及答案(模拟一)部分

考研英文复习题及答案(模拟一)部分

A 抱负若收到重视,那他所带来的回报财富、荣誉以及对命运的掌握-一定要被认为值得为之做出牺牲。

抱负的传统若要激发活力,那它就应该得到人们的广泛认可。

尤其应该得到那些受人羡慕的人士的高度重视。

特别是应该得到那些受过良好教育的人们的高度重视。

可正是那些受过良好教育的人却奇怪地声称,他们已经不再把抱负当做理想。

但奇怪是他们已从豪情壮志中获得了很大的好处如果不是自己的雄心壮志,就是他们父母的和祖父母的。

这当中有很强的虚伪成分,如同马跑后在关上马嗣的门一样,但受过良好教育的人却正骑在那些逃跑的骏马上。

B Now, millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and "in shape".The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason forAmericans' fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical impor- tance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations,the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century.My View of Chinese Lunar New YearI like Chinese Lunar New Year very much, but I worry about its future. :There are many conventional customs of the Lunar New Year. The reumon dinner is served on New Year's Eve with all the members of the extended family, indicating the su- preme importance of the family in Chinese culture.lt also strengthens the sense of togeth-erness and cohesion. .However, more and more people believe that the New Year traditions and customs are out of step with modern life style. Some people who dislike being visited by relatives andfriends would even seek temporary refuge in a local hotel. With laws of forbidding fire-works and firecrackers put in force, most of the cities celebrate the New Year quietly.In my opinion, Chinese Lunar New Year will become more and more insipid and fewer people will regard it as an important festival as before. Perhaps modern Chinese will not celebrate it any more in the future.1. A: Can I help with the luggage? It looks a bit heavy.B. Don't bother, I can take care of it myself.2. A: Would you like something to drink, coffee9 tea or orange juice?B. Orange juice would be lovely if you're having one. Thank you !3. A: I think tourism is a great way of helping the economies of developing countries.D. Yes, it is. Without tourism, those countries would be much worse off.4. A: Nice and bright this morning.B:A. Yes. Much better than yesterday.5. A: Have you a single room with bath for tonight and-tomoB:D. Sorry, we haven't any singles left, I'm afraid.rrow night?6. Woman: How about going to the French movies tonight? They are said to be excel-lent. . :Man: Sounds like a good idea. But you know I don't like reading subtitles. Look,here is Sunday's entertainment section., Let's try to find.; something we'dbothlike.Question: Why doesn't the man want to go to the French movies?D; Becau,se he can't understand French. .7. Woman: You are aiming high. But it would be no picnic to learn two foreign languagesat the same time. .. . : 'Question: What does the woman'mean?D. It?s not easy to'learn two foreign Ianguages at the same time.8. Woman: Where on earth are we?Man: Judging by all the traffic, I'd say we:re near the heart of the downtown area.Question: What do we learn from the conversation?C. They are not sure where they are.9. Man: Have you picked up your student card from the office? : .Woman: No, the place where you can get instant photos was out of order.Question: Why hasn't the woman got her student card?D. She hasn't handed in her photos yet. .10. Woman:. Put your grandfather in an Old Peop.le's Home. They'll look after him.,. .. . Man: They would if they could. .Question: What does the man imply? . .B. Grandfather will not get what he needs most there.11. Dr White checked the patient's signs carefully before making. A. synonyms B. symptoms C. s)rmbols ' D. suspensions12. The villagers have lived in these mountains for many years.A. inhabited C. resided . D. lived13. Chairman Mao was first of all a statesman.A. first and secondB. first and foremostC. foremost and secondD. foremost and first14. SARS was eliminated in China by segrega,tingA. vaccinatingB. slaughteringC. isolating ,D. examining15.Hs statement patients affected by the disease.C. isolating ,D. examining16H e masked his fear by a show of confidence.A. demonstratedB. betrayed ?C. put up with D* concealed17 The.newly-built hospital is adjacent to an old church.A.-remote, .B. adjorning ?:C.confronted withD. in front of18The young man sticks to his ideals in spite of their impracticality.A. stick.s outB. adheres to.C. adheres withD. clings with19. I t is deemed as impolite to leave a party without saying "good-bye" to the host.A.insisted .??, 'B. condemned ??'C. convincedD. considered Undue cultivation has left the land barren- and not much can be harvested on it.A. unproductiveB. flourishingC. fertile 'D. Antarctic20.The couple consulted experts and decided to buy the new house on monthly payment plan.A. creditB. mortgage , .C. deposit .D..installment21; The hum of conversationas the chairman mounted the rostrum.A. died outB. died off .C. died ofD. died away22.The old man was remarkablyA. unilateralB. universalC. audaciousD. versatile '23.Living.in poverty, John sold for 500 which made her famous.A. documentB. fileC. duplicate . .D. manuscript?24.He was a musician, engineer, writer and phidollars the of his mother's first work25 My grandmoth.er has been ill for two months, so her health has _ ' ' .A.. deterioratedB. diminished ?C. dwindledD. lessenedHe didn't notice me in the crowd; but he spotted my sister who was becauseof her red hair.A.conscious B;conspicuous : - C.dim : . D.conscientious26?The company used so much coal that it has a train to _ the delivery process.A. transmitB. transportC. facilitateD. diminish27. Asian economic crisis has only a _effect on-the lives of Chinese people.A. discreteB. massiveC. marginalD. subordinate28. The continuous unrest was the nation's economy.A. exaggeratingB. aggravatingC. amendingD. fastening29. Should the death penaltyA. abolished. .B.abandonedC. eliminatedD. omitted30. As ordinary people, scientists are by no means'more honestpeople, but as scientist, they attach special value 'to honestyworking sphere.A; ethical B. ethnic . C. aesthetic31. The first use of umbrella was as umbrellasA. protection against rainB. a shade against the sunC. a symbol of powerD. a symbol of honor32。

行为经济学四大理论

行为经济学四大理论

行为经济学四大理论行为经济学产生了4个重要的理论或者说4个结论:前景理论(或视野理论)(Prospect Theory)、后悔理论(Regret Theory)、过度反应理论(Overreaction Theory)及过度自信理论(Over confidence Theory)。

1 前景理论很多学者研究风险以及不确定性条件下的决策,提出的模型非常多,其中最常用的被接受的理性选择模型是Von Neumann和Morgenstern(1953)发展的财富预期效用理论。

该理论提供了数学化的公理,是一个标准化的模型(解决了当人们面对风险选择时他们应该怎样行动的问题),应用起来比较方便。

但是在最近的几十年,该理论遇到了很多问题,它不能解释众多的异象,它的几个基础性的公理被实验数据所违背,这些问题也刺激了其它的一些试图解释风险或者不确定性条件下个人行为的理论的发展。

前景理论(Prospect Theory)就是其中比较优秀的一个。

前景理论认为人们通常不是从财富的角度考虑问题,而是从输赢的角度考虑,关心收益和损失的多少。

面对风险决策,人们会选择躲避还是勇往直前?这当然不能简单绝对的回答,因为还要考虑到决策者所处的环境,企业状况等情况,我们先抛开这些条件来研究在只考虑风险本身的时候,人们的心理对决策的影响。

这时候我们会得出很有意思的结论。

卡尼曼的前景理论有两大定律:(1)人们在面临获得时,往往小心翼翼,不愿冒风险;而在面对损失时,人人都变成了冒险家。

(2)人们对损失和获得的敏感程度是不同的,损失的痛苦要远远大于获得的快乐。

2 后悔理论(遗憾理论)遗憾理论认为个人评估他对未来事件或情形的预期反应。

贝尔(Bell, 1982)将遗憾描述为将一件给定事件的结果或状态与将要选择的状态进行比较所产生的情绪。

例如,当在熟悉和不熟悉品牌之间进行选择时,消费者可能考虑选择不熟悉品牌造成效果不佳时的遗憾要比选择熟悉品牌的遗憾要大,因而,消费者很少选择不熟悉品牌。

关于高校学生处分的证据规则

关于高校学生处分的证据规则

摘 要伴随着高等教育改革的不断深化,学生的权利和高等学校的处分权已成为社会关注的焦点。

学生权利不断被侵犯的现象反映了法治在高校处分学生中的缺失。

在法治理念不断彰显、公民权利受到关注的今天,高校处分违纪学生必须依照法律规范,符合法治精神,切实保护学生的合法权利。

而证据既是构筑诉讼大厦的基石,也是行政程序的脊梁。

证据规则是关于取证、举证、补证、质证、认证的法律规范的总和。

完善的证据规则对约束权力的滥用、保护公民的权利具有积极的意义。

因此,应将行政程序中的证据规则严格运用到高校学生处分中来以保护学生的合法权利。

受特别权力关系理论的影响,传统法学理论认为,高校与学生之间的关系属于内部行政法律关系,因此将高校与学生之间的纠纷排除在行政诉讼受案范围。

随着理论研究的深入以及行政主体理论的发展,越来越多的学者认为公立高等学校在学生管理中行使的权力是一种行政权力,因此公立高等学校是行政法上的行政主体,高校处分学生是一种行政法律关系。

但是,我国高校学生处分中存在着诸多的问题,比如法律依据欠缺,对证据的重视程度不够,证据不能充分证明处罚事实等等,这些问题严重损害了学生的合法权益。

依据我国行政法和行政诉讼法的规定,并借助外国行政程序法的证据规则,我们认为行政程序中的行政证据规则主要包括了举证规则、调查和收集证据规则、审查和认证证据规则以及保全、保存证据的规则。

高校处分学生与其他行政行为有着明显的区别,为了控制高等学校的处分权,保护高校学生的合法权利,必须结合高校学生处分的特点,在学生处分过程中正确运用行政证据规则。

本文首先从行政程序中证据规则的基本理论出发,借鉴法学界有关学生处分权的研究成果,对高校学生处分的证据规则和行政诉讼证据规则进行区别、比较。

然后,对高校学生处分的行为性质进行理性剖析。

最后,将证据规则的具体内容和案例相结合,逐一探讨如何完善高校学生处分的证据规则,以期为规范高校学生处分行为,推进高校法治化进程提供有益的建议。

同义词——精选推荐

同义词——精选推荐

同义词同义词replacement displacement substitute replace n.取代,替换物n.移置,转移,取代n.(for)代⽤品,代替品vt.代替,替换vt.替换,取代;放回,归还thrill n.令⼈激动的事vt.使激动,使⽑⾻悚然terrific extreme utmost a.极好的,⾮常的,极度的a.末端的,尽头的;极端的,极度的n.极度,极端a.最远的;极度的,极端的n.极度,极限;最⼤可能motion picture 电影hostage pawn n.⼈质n.抵押品,⼈质substantial ample plentiful liberal abundant wealthy abound adequate affluent a.实质的,真实的;坚固的,结实的;富裕的,可观的a.充分的,富裕的;宽敞的,宽⼤的a.富裕的,丰富的a.⾃由的,思想开明的;丰富的,富⾜的;慷慨的,⼤⽅的a.丰富的,充分的,充裕的a.富裕的,丰富的vi.(in)富于,⼤量存在vt.(with)充满a.⾜够的,充分的,恰当的a.丰富的,富裕的substantial concrete relevant compact a.实质的,真实的;坚固的,结实的;富裕的,可观的a.具体的,有形的,实质性的n.混凝⼟vt.⽤混凝⼟修筑a.有关的,相应的;适当的,中肯的;实质性的,有重⼤意义的a.紧密的,结实的,简洁的;紧凑的vt.使紧密,压缩genuine authentic objective a.真正的,名副其实的a.真正的,真实的,可靠的n.⽬标,⽬的 a.客观的,真实的interpret construct demonstrate state manifest vt.解释,说明;了解,认为;⼝译vi.做⼝译vt.建造,构造,创⽴;解释,说明n.构想,概念(重⾳不同)vt.证实,论证;展⽰,说明n.状态,情况,国,州vt.陈述,说明;规定vt.表明,证明,显⽰ a.明⽩的,明了的testimony evidence witness proof n.证据,证词;表明,说明n.根据,证据;形迹,迹象n.⽬击者,证⼈;证据,证明vt.⽬击,⽬睹,作证n.证据,证明;考验,试验;校样crisp fragile a.脆的,易碎的a.易碎的,易损的;脆弱的,易受伤害的vulnerable brittle susceptible a.易受攻击的,脆弱的,敏感的a.易碎的,脆弱的a.易受感染的,过敏的,易受影响的;(of)能经受的,有某种能⼒的prescribe indication designate command instruct vt.指⽰,规定;开处⽅,开(药)n.指出,指⽰;迹象,暗⽰(indicate、indicative)vt.指明,指定n.命令,指令;统帅,指挥(权);掌握,运⽤能⼒v.命令,指挥,统率vt.教,教授;命令,指⽰neglect overlook vt.忽视,忽略,疏忽,漏做(~ to) n.忽视,疏忽,漏做vt.漏看,忽略;俯瞰,眺望;宽容,放松uprighterectvertical straightforward frank a.垂直的,直⽴的;正直的,诚实的ad.竖⽴着地vt.树⽴,建⽴,使竖⽴ a.直⽴的,垂直的a.垂直的,竖的n.垂线a.正直的,坦率的;简单的,易懂的ad.坦率地a.坦⽩的,直率的outbreakexploden.爆发brochure manual pamphlet booklet handbook n.⼩册⼦a.⼿的,⼿⼯的,体⼒的n.⼿册,指南n.⼩册⼦n.⼩册⼦n.⼿册,指南enomous tremendous gigantic immense colossal dramatic giantvast a.巨⼤的,庞⼤的(暗⽰⼤得超出⼀般尺⼨)a.巨⼤的,极⼤的(体积,或程度⼤)a.巨⼤的,庞⼤的(指尺⼨⼤)a.⽆法测量的⼤a.⼤得让⼈望⽽⽣畏a.戏剧的,戏剧性的;巨⼤的,突然的n.巨⼈,巨物 a.巨⼤的a.巨⼤的,辽阔的,⼤量的,巨额的revolve spin rotary swing rotate whirl v(使)旋转,考虑,以···为中⼼(around)vt.旋转,纺纱,织⽹,吐丝n.旋转,⾃转a.旋转的v.摇摆,摇荡;回转,旋转n.秋千;摇摆,摇动v.(使)旋转v.(使)旋转,打转n.旋转,急转evident transparent obvious conspicuous a.明显的,明⽩的a.透明的;显然的,明显的a.明显的,显⽽易见的a.明显的,显然的distinct apparent manifest a.清楚的,明显的;截然不同的a.明显的,显⽽易见的;表⾯的,貌似的vt.表明,证明,显⽰ a.明⽩的,明了的dynamic motive vital a.动⼒的,电动的,有⽣⽓的n.动机,⽬的 a.发动的,运动的a.有⽣命⼒的,⽣死攸关的rigorous stern harsh severe grim rigid a.严密的,缜密的;严厉的,严格的,严峻的a.严厉的,苛刻的,难以忍受的;坚决的,坚定的n.船尾a.严厉的,刻薄的;粗糙的,⽑糙的;严酷的,恶劣的;刺⽿的,刺⽬的a.严厉的,严格的;剧烈的,严重的;严峻的,艰难的a.讨厌的,糟糕的;严厉的,冷酷的a.刚性的;刻板的,严格的;严厉的,严明的harsh crude vulgar coarse rough primitive rude a.严厉的,刻薄的;粗糙的,⽑糙的;严酷的,恶劣的;刺⽿的,刺⽬的a.天然的,未加⼯的,粗糙的;初步的,不成熟的;粗鲁的,粗野的a.粗俗的;庸俗的;普通的a.粗糙的;粗织的;粗鲁的a.粗糙的;狂暴的,汹涌的;刺⽿的,难听的a.原始的,远古的,早期的;粗糙的,简单的a.粗鲁的,⽆礼的;猛烈的,残暴的,汹涌的;粗糙的,粗陋的original a.最初的,原始的,原⽂的;新颖的,有独创性的solidarity accordance coincidence correspondence fulfillunity n.团结,⼀致n.⼀致,符合n.巧合,巧事;⼀致,符合n.通信,信件;符合,⼀致;相当,相似vt.完成,实现,履⾏;符合n.团结,⼀致;统⼀体,整体unanimous conform correspond accomodate coherent a.全体⼀致的,⼀致同意的v.使⼀致,遵照,适应v.通信,相称,使相符v.使适应,使符合⼀致a.⼀致的,符合的union combination alliance ally coalition collaborate rally n.协会,⼯会,同盟;联合,合并;⼀致,融洽n.结合,联合,合并;化合(物)n.结盟,联盟;联姻n.同盟国,同盟者,⽀持者v.(使)结盟(with)n.结合体,同盟;结合,联合vi.(with)协作,合作n.集会,公路汽车赛v.集合,团结;使恢复健康等,重refresh unify associate association combine 新振作v(使)精神振作,(使)精神恢复v.(使)联合,统⼀;(使)相同,(使或成)⼀致vt.使联系,使联合vi,交往,结合 a.副的n.协会,团体;联合,联系,交往;联想v.(with)(使)结合,联合;(使)化合decay corruption erosion corrosion corrode rot corrupt vt.使腐朽,腐烂vi.衰退,减弱n.腐朽,腐烂,衰退,衰弱n.腐败,腐化,不洁,不道德n.腐蚀,磨损;削弱,减少n.侵蚀v.(受)腐蚀,侵蚀v.(使)腐烂,腐败,腐朽n.荒唐vt.使腐败,使败坏 a.腐败的,贪污的worship adore n.礼拜,礼拜仪式;崇拜,敬仰vt.做礼拜;崇拜,敬仰,尊敬vt.崇拜,敬慕,爱慕cellar basement n.地窖,地下室n.地下室constant invariable steady eternal perpeyual permanent stern a.持续的,不断的;永恒的,不变的;坚定的,忠实的a.始终如⼀的;不变的,恒定的a.稳定的,不变的;坚定的,扎实的a.永恒的,永久的a.永久的,永恒的,长期的a.永久的,持久的a.严厉的,苛刻的,难以忍受的;坚决的,坚定的n.船尾prosperity thrive flourish proper n.兴旺,繁荣v.兴旺,繁荣vi.繁荣,茂盛,兴旺grip clutch vt.紧握,抓紧n.握,抓紧vt.抓住,攫住,掌握diffuse permeate emit pervade vi.扩散vt.传播,散步a.冗长的,漫⽆边际的;四散的,弥漫的vt.扩散,弥漫;渗透,渗⼊vt.发射,散发vi.弥漫,遍及segregate isolate insulate vt.隔离,分开vt.使隔离,使孤⽴v.隔离,孤⽴;使绝缘,使绝热competent efficient capable effective a.有能⼒的,有权⼒的;能胜任的a.有效的,效率⾼的;有能⼒的,能胜任的a.有能⼒的,能···的a.有效的,⽣效的;给⼈印象深刻的,显著的provision preparation n.供应,(⼀批)供应品;准备,预备;条款,规定n.准备,预备;制剂,制备品infectious infect epidemic a.传染的,传染性的,有感染⼒的a.流⾏性的,传染的n.流⾏病,(流⾏病的)传播compelling thrill appall amaze astonish startle stagger stun a.激发兴趣的,有说服⼒的,扣⼈⼼弦的n.令⼈激动的事vt.使激动,使⽑⾻悚然vt.使惊骇,使恐怖vt.使惊奇,使惊愕,使惊叹vt.使惊讶,使吃惊vt.惊吓,使吃惊vt.使吃惊,使错开,使交错vi.蹒跚,摇晃n.蹒跚,踉跄vt.把···打昏,使···昏迷;使···震惊,使···⽬瞪⼝呆collision collide clash n.碰撞,冲突vi.碰撞;(with)冲突,抵触n./vi.碰撞,冲突devise contrive conceive formulate v.设计想出,发明v.计划,图谋,发明,设法做到v.怀孕,想象,构想,设想vt.构想,形成;系统的阐述concept notion construct conception sentiment perspective viewpoint n.概念,观念,思想n.概念,意念;看法,想法,观点vt.建造,构造,创⽴;解释,说明n.构想,概念(重⾳不同)n.概念,观念;设想,构想n.思想感情,情绪,情操;意见,观点n.透视画法,透视图;远景,前途;观点,看法n.观点principle theory doctrine n.原理,原则;主义,理念n.理论,原理,学说;见解,看法n.教条,主义,学说,观点theory estimate standpoint angle sentiment judgement n.理论,原理,学说;见解,看法vt.估计vi.估价,估算n.看法,评价,判断n.⽴场,观点n.⾓,⾓度,⽴场,观点n.思想感情,情绪,情操;意见,观点n.审判,判决;判断⼒,识别⼒;看法,意见rate estimate appraisal assess reckon approximate n.速率,⽐率,等级;价格,费⽤vt.估价,评级,评价vt.估计vi.估价,估算n.看法,评价,判断n.估计,估量;评价vt.估价,评价vt.认为,估计;估算,测算vi.指望,想要vi.(to)接近,估计 a .近似的limp flexible a.柔软的,易曲的,⽆⼒的n/vi 蹒跚,跛⾏a.柔韧的,易弯曲的;灵活的,可变动的mischief apoil n.伤害,损伤,危害;恶作剧,捣蛋,胡闹vt.损坏,破坏;宠坏,溺爱utter thorough absolute vt.说,发出(声⾳) a.彻底的,完全的a.彻底的,完全的;认真的,细⼼的,周到的a.绝对的,完全的chronic stressesrepeated straincontinued exposureexposure to stress持续处于紧张状态relate narrative vt.叙述,讲述;使联系n.叙述,记叙⽂ a.叙述的,有故事性的reckless impetuous rash a.轻率的,鲁莽的,不考虑后果的a.冲动的,莽撞的n.疹,⽪疹;⼀连串令⼈不快的事情 a.鲁莽的,轻率的prudent cautious discreet a.慎重的,谨慎的;深谋远虑的a.⼩⼼的,谨慎的a.谨慎的,慎重的intrigue scheme contrive plot hatch format vi.密谋,策划阴谋;激起··的兴趣n.密谋,阴谋n.计划,⽅案,阴谋;配置,安排vt.计划,策划,阴谋vt.设法做到;谋划,策划n.秘密计划;⼩块⼟地;情节vt.标绘,绘制vi.密谋,策划vi.孵,孵出vt.策划,图谋n.舱⼝,⼩门n.设计,安排;样式vt.安排版式,格式化immigrant、migrant migrate、emigrate immigrate emigrant a.(从国外)移来的,移民的n.移民,侨民vt.迁移⾄外地或外国vt.从外地或外国移⼊n.迁出的⼈sturdy tough muscular stubborn a.强健的,结实的a.强健的;坚韧的,吃苦耐劳的;棘⼿的,困难的,粗暴的,粗鲁的a.肌⾁的,肌⾁发达的;强健的a.顽强的,倔强的;难对付的,难以克服的formidable 可怕的,令⼈敬畏的;强⼤的,难对付的liable apt prone a.有责任的,有义务的;有···倾向的,易于···的a有···倾向的,易于···的;恰当的,合适的a.有···倾向的,易于···的;平卧的,俯卧的fancythirst keen anxiety leaning relishappetite n.爱好,喜欢,迷恋;想象,设想vt.想象,幻想a.花式的,奇特的,异样的n.渴,⼝渴;渴望,热望a.渴望的,热⼼的;敏锐的,头脑敏捷的;锋利的n..挂念,焦虑,忧虑;渴望,热望n.倾向,爱好n.(喻)滋味,兴趣,兴味,爱好;调味品,好味道,美味vt.欣赏,品尝n.⾷欲,唯恐;欲望,爱好,要求process procedure n.作⽤,步骤,过程n.程序,⼿续,步骤literate literacy literal literary ignorant a.有⽂化的n.识字,有⽂化,读写能⼒a.⽂字的a.⽂学(上)的,精通⽂学的,从事写作的a.⽆知的,愚昧的,幼稚的lean slope inclinedeclinetilt vi.倾斜,屈⾝;倚靠,依赖n.斜坡,斜⾯;倾斜,斜度v.(使)倾斜,(使偏向;(使)倾向于,赞同n.斜坡,斜⾯vi.下倾,下降,下垂,衰落vt.拒绝,谢绝n.倾斜,下降,衰落,衰退;斜⾯,倾斜v.(使)倾斜,(使)倾侧n.倾斜,倾侧junction conjunction joint n.连接,接合;交叉点,结合处,枢纽站n.连接,结合;连(接)词n.接合处,接头,接缝;关节,⾻节 a.联合的,共同的,连接的engine locomotive n.发动机,引擎,⽕车a.运动的,移动的,运载的n.机车,⽕车头liable compulsory bound obligation liability a.有责任的,有义务的;有···倾向的,易于···的a.强制的,义务的,必修的vi/n跳跃a.受约束的,有义务的;注定的,肯定的;开往··的,准备(或正在)到··去的n.义务,责任n.责任,义务;(pl)债务character attribute temperament property feature characteristic trait n.性格,品质,特性,特征;⼈物,⾓⾊;字符,汉字n.属性,品质,特征;把··归于,认为···是···所为n.性情,⽓质n.财产,资产,所有物;性质,特性n.特征,特⾊;容貌,相貌;特写,主演vt.以···为特⾊a.(of)特有的,独特的n.特性,特征n.特点,特征,特性pact bargin treaty contract convention bond accord charter n.协定,公约,条约n.契约,合同;廉价货v.议价,成交n.条约,协约,协定n.契约,合同,包⼯vi.缩⼩,收缩;订约n.⼤会,会议;常规,惯例,习俗;公约,协定n.结合(物),黏合(剂),联合;公债,债券,契约n.⼀致,符合,协议,条约vi想符合,相⼀致vt.授予,赠与vt.租船,租车n.宪章,契约betray emerge disclose expose exposure uncover bare revelation reveal vt.背叛,出卖;暴露,流露,泄露vi.出现,显露;暴露vt.揭⽰,泄露vt.使暴露,受到,使曝光n.暴露,揭露;(to)受到vt.揭开,揭露a.⾚裸的,光秃的,空的;稀少的,仅有的vt.暴露,露出n.揭⽰,透露,显⽰;被揭⽰的真相,新发现vt.展现,显⽰;揭⽰,揭露;告诉,泄露specific explicit a.清楚的,详尽的,特殊的n.特效药,(pl)细节a.详述的,明确的,坦率的revolt rebellion n./vi.反抗,起义n.叛乱,反抗,起义sparkle blaze spark glow glare flash glitter flame flare beam twinkle v.发⽕花,闪耀n.⽕焰,⽕光;闪光,光辉vi.燃烧,冒⽕焰;照耀,发光n.⽕花,⽕星vt.导致,产⽣;冒⽕花,冒⽕星vi.发热,发光,发红n.光亮,光辉n/vi.怒视,瞪眼;闪耀,闪光n.闪光,闪现vi.闪光,闪亮vt.闪现n.光辉,灿烂vi.闪耀n.⽕焰,⽕苗;热情,光辉vi.发⽕焰,燃烧vi.闪耀,闪烁;突然烧起来,突然发怒n.闪耀,闪烁n.(横)梁;(光线的)束,柱vi.微笑,发光n./vi.闪烁,闪光celebrity fame credit reputation n.名望,著名,名声;知名⼈⼠n.名声n.信任,信⽤;信⽤贷款,赊⽋;名誉,名望,光荣,功劳;学分vt.相信,信任n.名声,名望annual quarterly monthly a.每年的,年度的n.年刊,年鉴a.季度的,按季度的ad.⼀季⼀次地n.季刊a.每⽉的ad.每⽉地n.⽉刊obscure dim vt.使暗,使不明显 a.暗的,朦胧的;模糊的,晦涩的a.暗淡的,模糊的dispose disposition disposal v.处理,处置(of);布置,安排n.处理;天性,⽓质;排列,部署shiver tremble n./vi.战栗,发抖vi.发抖,颤动;摇动,晃动customary convention conventional a.习惯的,惯例的n.⼤会,会议;常规,惯例,习俗;公约,协定a.惯例的,传统的,常规的hamper obstacle hinder impede encumber inhibit obstruct handicap preclude block vt.妨碍,阻碍,牵制,束缚n.妨碍,障碍,⼲扰vt.(from)阻⽌,妨碍vt.阻碍,妨碍,阻⽌vt.妨碍,拖累vt.阻⽌,妨碍,抑制vt.妨碍,阻⽌;阻塞,截断vt.妨碍,使不利n(⾝体、智⼒⽅⾯的)缺陷,残疾;障碍,不利条件vt.妨碍,阻⽌n.块,⽊块,⽯块;⼀⽚楼群,街区;阻塞物vt.阻塞,拦阻,封锁defect shortcoming deficiency n.缺点,缺陷n.缺点,缺陷n.缺乏,不⾜;缺点,缺陷scarceshortageabsencevoid(void and vain)vacantinvalidfutileidleblankhollow a.缺乏的,不⾜的;稀罕的,罕见的n.不⾜,缺少n.缺席,不在场;缺乏,没有a.空的,空虚的;(of)没有的,缺乏的;⽆效的(虚⽆缥缈) a.空的,空着的,空虚的n.病⼈,伤残⼈员 a.⽆效的,没有根据的a.⽆效的,⽆⽤的,⽆意义的;⼈没出息的,琐碎的a.空闲的,闲置的;⽆⽤的,⽆效的;懒散的vt.浪费,虚度a.空⽩的,空着的;失⾊的,⽆表情的n.空⽩,表格a.空的,中空的;空洞的,空虚的declare proclaim manifesto declaim v.宣布,宣称,断⾔;公布,发表,披露vt.宣称,声明n.宣⾔,声明v.演说,宣告allocate assign distribute assignment vt.分配,分派,把···拨给vt.分配,委派;指定(时间,地点等)v.分配,分布,配(电);(over)散布(~ seeds)n.分配,委派,任务;(课外)作业confer consult vi.商议,商谈vt.授予,赋予vi.与···商量,商议vt.请教,查阅accord grant impart endow n.⼀致,符合,协议,条约vi想符合,相⼀致vt.授予,赠与vt.同意,准予;授予,给予n.授予vt.给予,赋予;传授,告知,透漏vt.资助,捐赠;赋予levy impose tax vt.征收(税等)n.征税,税款;征兵vt.征税,处以(罚款、监禁等)n.税(款),负担vt.对···征税,使负重担,使受压⼒drain leak crack n.排⽔沟,阴沟;流出,消耗vt.(使液体)排去,放⼲v.漏,泄露n.漏洞,漏隙;泄露,露出n.裂缝,裂纹,裂隙;破裂声,爆炸声v.破裂,砸开;humid moist moisture damp humidity a.湿的,湿⽓重的a.微湿的,潮湿的n.湿⽓,⽔分,⽔蒸⽓a.有湿⽓的,潮湿的n.湿⽓,湿度sincere cordial authentic earnest warmth intense strenuous enthusiastic sincere a.真诚的,诚挚的,真实的a.诚恳的,亲切的,热忱的a.真正的,真实的,可靠的a.热⼼的,诚挚的n.温暖,暖和;热⼼,热忱a.强烈的,剧烈的,极度的;热烈的,热情的费劲的,费⼒的;⾟苦的,健康的;精⼒充沛的,积极的;热⼼的a.热情的,热⼼的a.诚挚的,诚恳的;忠诚的,忠实的surplus superfluous excess remain remnant redundant n.过剩,剩余 a.过剩的,剩余的a.过剩的,剩余的a.过量的,额外的n.过剩,过量v.剩下,余留;仍然是,依然是,保持不变n.(pl)剩余,残余遗迹n.剩余,残余;零头布料a.累赘的,冗长的;过剩的,多余的exquisit graceful decent elegant a.优美的,优雅的,精致的;(感情等)强烈的,剧烈的;(感觉、感受)敏锐的,敏感的a.优美的,优雅的;得体的a.得体的,恰当的a.优美的,优雅的,精致的;极好的,⼀流的illusion fantasy n.幻想中的事物;错误的观念;错觉,幻觉,假象n.想象,幻想,幻想的产物contrary reverse n.⽭盾,反对;相反,反⾯,对⽴⾯,对⽴物 a.相反的,⽭盾的,对抗的n.相反,反转,颠倒,背后,后⾯ a.相反的,倒转的vt.颠倒,倒转,(使)倒退inverse a.倒转的,反向的n.反⾯,倒数(重⾳不同)discrepancy contradiction refuteretort n.不同,⽭盾n.⽭盾,不⼀致;否认,反驳vt.反驳,驳斥vt.反驳,回绝n.反驳,回嘴domain spectrum scope sphere span province territory n.(思想、活动等的)范围,领域n.光谱,谱,频谱;范围,幅度n.(活动)范围,机会,余地n.球,球体;范围,领域n.跨度,跨距;范围n.省;范围,领域n.领⼟,版图;领域,范围revise rectify edit modify alert amend vt.修订,校订;修正,改正vt.纠正,整顿vt.编辑,校订vt.更改,修改,改造;缓和,减轻,降低v.改变,更改vt.修改,修订temper alleviate reconcile regulate adjust tune modify n/脾⽓,情绪;韧度,回⽕度vt.减缓,调和,调节vt.减轻,缓解,缓和vt.使和好,调解,使调和;使⼀致vt.管制,控制;调节,校准,调整vt.调节,调整;校正,校准vi.调整,适应n.调⼦,曲调v.调⾳,调频;调整,调节vt.更改,修改,改造;缓和,减轻,降低temper emotion mood n/脾⽓,情绪;韧度,回⽕度vt.减缓,调和,调节n.情绪,情感n.⼼情,情绪;语⽓statute norm regulation code n.法规,章程,规则n.规范,准则,标准n.规范,规章;调节,校准,调整n.代号,代码,,密码;法典,法规,规则,规范inference conclude conclusion consequence n.推断,推理,推论;推断结果,结论vt.结束,终⽌;断定,下结论;缔结,议定n.结论n.结果,后果,影响;重要性summary extract digest abstract n.摘要a.抽象的;n.摘要vt.提(抽)取(重⾳不同)asset property substance n.财产,资产n.财产,资产,所有物;性质,特性n.物质,实质;⼤意,要旨;财物,财产extend prolong extent vt.延伸,延长;提供,给予vt.拉长,延长n.宽度,⼴度,长度;限度,程度agony misery torment distress torture rack n.苦恼,痛苦n.痛苦,悲惨,不幸n.痛苦,折磨;令⼈痛苦的东西,折磨者vt.折磨,使痛苦;纠缠,戏弄,烦扰(某⼈)(重⾳不同)n.苦恼;危难,不幸vt.使苦恼vt.拷打,拷问;折磨,磨难n.拷打,拷问;折磨,痛苦n.挂物架,搁物架vt.使痛苦,折磨vision perspective prospect n.视觉,视⼒;眼光,洞察⼒n.透视画法;眼⼒,洞察⼒;远景,前景n.希望,期望;⾦⾊,境界;前景status state n.⾝份,地位;情形,状况n.情形,状况;国,州vt.说明,陈述oblige compel vt.迫使,责成;(使)感激,施恩于vt.强迫,迫使urge propel stimulate prompt boost spur inspiration incentive motivate accelerate promote inspire foster impetus vt.⼒劝,催促;强烈希望;⿎励,促进vt.推进,推动;激励,驱使vt. 刺激,使兴奋;激励,⿎舞a.敏捷的,迅速的,即刻的vt.激起;促进,推动vt.⿎励,促进;为··做⼴告,宣扬n.推动,促进,⿎舞n.靴刺,马刺;刺激,刺激物vt.刺激,激励n.灵感;激励,⿎舞n.激励,刺激,动机vt.驱动,驱使;激励vt.加速,促进vt.促进,增进;提升,提拔;宣传,助长vt.激起,⿎舞;使产⽣灵感vt.培养,培育(某物);⿎励,促进;领养 a.收养的,收养的孤⼉n.推动(⼒),促进bind band string suspend bundle strap vt.捆,包扎,束缚n.条,带,乐队;波段,⼀群,⼀伙vt. 捆,绑扎n弦,线,细绳;⼀串,⼀⾏vt.缚,捆,悬挂vt.吊,悬挂;暂停,推迟n.捆,包,束n.带,⽪带vt.捆扎surround siege enclosure vt.包围,环绕vt.包围,围攻n.围住,圈起;围场,周围有篱笆(或围墙)的场地;(信中的)附件tentative experimental a.试探性的,暂时的a.实验(性)的,试验(性)的primeprimary cardinal supreme grand radical fundamentalmasterconsiderable a.⾸要的,主要的;最好的,第⼀流的n.青春,青壮年时期,全盛时期a.最初的,初级的;⾸要的,主要的,基本的a.最重要的n.红⾐主教a.极度的,最重要的;⾄⾼的,最⾼的a.盛⼤的,豪华的;重⼤的,主要的a.基本的,重要的,根本的;激进的,极端的a.基础的,基本的,根本的;重要的;必要的;本性的n.原理,原则,基本n.男主⼈,雇主;师傅,⼤师,名家;硕⼠vt.掌握,精通 a.主要的a.相当⼤(或多)的,可观的;值得考虑的,重要的overturn overthrow upset vi.(车)翻到,颠覆vt.推翻n.翻到,倾覆vt.推翻,颠覆n.推翻,颠覆(重⾳不同)n.翻倒,混乱vt.扰乱,使···⼼烦意乱;打翻,推翻fume bubble vi.发怒,冒烟n.烟,⽓,汽n.泡,⽔泡,⽓泡;泡沫,幻想的计划vi.冒泡,起泡,沸腾veil mask cloak screen n.⾯纱,遮蔽物v.⽤⾯纱掩盖;掩饰n.⾯具,⾯罩vt.掩饰,掩盖n.外套,⽃篷vt.掩盖,蒙蔽n.屏幕,屏风,帘vt.掩蔽,包庇;筛选spray eject jet n.喷雾,飞沫;浪花,⽔花vt.喷射,喷洒vt.喷射,排出,驱逐n.喷⽓发动机,喷⽓式飞机;喷⼝,喷嘴vt.喷射,喷出priest missionary catholic christian saint dean clergy crist ministry n.教⼠,神⽗n.传教⼠a.天主教的n.天主教徒n.基督教徒 a.基督教徒的n.圣⼈,圣徒n.教长,主持牧师;(⼤学的)学院院长;系主任,训导主任n.牧师,圣职者,神职⼈员n.基督,救世主n.(政府的)部门,牧师elaborate specify a.精⼼制作的,详尽的,复杂的vt.详细制定,(on)详细说明vt.具体指定,详细说明hint cue signal clue n.暗⽰,提⽰,线索vi.暗⽰,⽰意n.提⽰,暗⽰,信号n.信号,暗号v.发信号,⽤信号通知n.线索,暗⽰underlying potential latent n.含蓄的,潜在的,根本的,在下⾯的a.潜在的,可能的;势的,位的n.潜⼒,潜能a.潜在的,潜伏的;不易察觉的grope probe explore scout detect observe rake perceive vi.暗中摸,搜索,搜寻,探索v.探查,穿刺,查究(into) n.探针,探测器vt.勘探,探测;搜索,研究n.侦查员,侦察机vi.搜索,侦察vt.察觉,发觉;侦查,探测vt.遵守,奉⾏;观察,注意到,看到n.耙⼦,耙机vt.(⽤耙⼦)耙;搜索,探索vt.察觉,感知,理解,领悟scenic spontaneous a.⾃然景物的,景⾊优美的a.⾃发的,⾃然产⽣的argue dispute persevere insist submit persist adhere maintain vi.争论,辩论vt.主张,坚持;说服,劝说vi.争论,辩论vi坚持(in)v.主张,坚持(on)v.服从,顺从;提出,提交;建议,主张vi.坚持,持续(in)vi.(to)黏附,粘着;坚持vt.维修,保养;维持,保持;坚持,主张,⽀持ornament decorate n.装饰,装饰物vt.装饰vt.装饰,装潢,授勋blend compound combination bond composite n.混合(物)(a blend of)v(使)混合,(使)混杂n.混合物,化合物 a.混合的,化合的,复合的n.结合,联合,合并;化合(物)n.结合(物),黏结(剂),联结;公债,债券,契约n.混合物,合成物 a.合成的,复合的composition element component ingredient constitution structure organization conpose formation framework comprise n.作品,作⽂,乐曲,作曲,写作;结构,组成,成分n.元素,成分n.组成部分,成分,元件,部件 a.组成的,合成的n.组成部分,成分n.制定;宪法;体质,体格;构成,构造n.结构,构造;建筑物vt.建筑,建造;组织,安排n.组织,机构,体制;结构vt.组成,构成;(of)由···组成vi.创作(⾳乐等)n.形成,构成n.构架,框架,结构vt.包含,包括,构成hose tube n.⽔龙带,软管vt.⽤软管(淋浇,冲洗)n.管,软管;电⼦管,显像管,电视;地铁cluster swarm n.丛,群,串,星团vt.群集,丛⽣n群,蜂拥vi.云集,充满ebb retire recede vi.退,退潮,落潮;衰退n.退潮,落潮vi.退休,引退;退却,撤退;就寝vi.退,退去,渐渐远去;向后倾斜,缩differentiate distinguish distinction discriminate discern vi.区分,区别vt使不同v.辨别,辨认;区别,区分(from);使别于;使杰出,使著名n.差别,区分v.区别,辨别;(against)有差别的对待,歧视vt.认出,发现;辨别,识别smash shatter n./vt.打碎,粉碎v.使粉碎,使破碎;损坏,摧毁;使震惊,使惊骇gravity dignity n.重⼒,引⼒;庄重,严重n.(举⽌,态度等)庄严,端庄;尊严,⾼贵prompt swift exquisit keen acute a.敏捷的,迅速的,即刻的vt.激起;促进,推动a.快速的,敏捷的a.优美的,优雅的,精致的;(感情等)强烈的,剧烈的;(感觉、感受)敏锐的,敏感的a.渴望的,热⼼的;敏锐的,头脑敏捷的;锋利的a.敏锐的,灵敏的;(疾病)急性的stationary static(al)a静⽌的,固定的a.静⽌的,静态的;呆板的conform comply vi.遵守,依照,顺应,符合vi.(with)照做,遵照,应允confirm enhance cement augment amplify magnify reinforce highten consolidate strengthen vt.证实,确认;批准,确认,巩固,加强vt.提⾼,增强n.⽔泥,胶泥vt.粘合;巩固,加强vt.扩⼤,增⼤,提⾼vt.放⼤,增强vt.放⼤,扩⼤vt.增援,加强v.提⾼,升⾼,增强v.巩固,加强v.加强,巩固diminish scale reduce v.缩⼩,减少,递减n.刻度,标度;天平,秤砣,⽐例尺;规模,⾳阶,鱼鳞v.缩减,缩⼩vt.减少obedient tame reconcile to submit yield a.服从的,顺从的a.驯服的,温顺的;沉闷的,乏味的vt.制服,驯服服从,顺从v.服从,顺从;提出,提交;建议,主张vt.⽣产,⽣长vi.服从,屈从n.产量,收获intelligent sensible sane rational a.聪明的,明智的a.明智的,合理的,灵敏的;意识到的,觉察到的;实⽤的a.头脑清楚的;明智的a.理性的,合理的transient temporary a.短暂的a.暂时的,临时的,短暂的n.临时⼯rate ratio n.速率,⽐率,等级;价格,费⽤vt.估价,评级,评价⽐,⽐率at any rateon any account⽆论如何sum amount n.总数,和;⾦额,算术题v.合计,总计n.数量,总额vi.总计,总共达(to);等于(to)cunning sly slippery a.狡猾的,奸诈的a.狡猾的,偷偷摸摸的a.滑的,滑溜的;狡猾的execute implement enforce fulfill perform vt.实施,执⾏vt.使⽣效,实施,执⾏,贯彻n.⼯具,器具vt.实施,执⾏;强迫;坚持vt.完成,实现,履⾏,符合v.履⾏,执⾏,做;表演,演出radiate scatter disperse distract transmission convey v.辐射,放射;散布,传播v.(使⼈或动物)散开,驱散;散布,散播(~seeds) v.分散,驱散,解散(~ knowledge)vt.分散,打扰;迷惑,扰乱n.播送,发送;传动,传送vt.运送,搬运,转运;表达,传播queerodd peculiar bizarre exceptional extraordinary weird eccentric exotic a.奇怪的,异常的;不舒服的,眩晕的a.奇怪的,古怪的,单只的;偶然的;奇数的;临时的,不固定的;带零头的,余的a.特有的;特别的;奇怪的,不寻常的a.奇异的,怪诞的a.异常的,例外的a.异常的,⾮凡的;特别的;临时的,额外的a.古怪的,离奇的;怪诞的,神秘的a.古怪的,反常的n.古怪的⼈由外国引进的,外国⼝味(或⽓派)的;奇异的,异乎寻常的divine remarkable singular a.神的,神圣的;⾮凡的,超⼈的;神授的,天赐的;极好的,极美的n.牧师a.值得注意的,显著的,异常的,⾮凡的a.⾮凡的,卓越的;单数的,唯⼀的prominent outstanding remarkable notable brilliant a.突起的,凸出的;杰出的,著名的a.杰出的,著名的;重要的;未完结的a.值得注意的,显著的,异常的,⾮凡的a.值得注意的,显著的,著名的a.辉煌的,灿烂的;卓越的;有才能的raid assault overtake n.袭击,侵袭n.袭击;威胁,伤害vt.突袭,袭击v.追上,赶上,超过;袭击,压倒directly shortly ad.直接地;⽴刻,马上;⼀···就···ad.⽴刻,不久;简略地,简⾔之counsel recommend vt.劝告,忠告n.劝告,忠告;法律顾问,辩护⼈vt.推荐,介绍;劝告,建议commend praise compliment n.表扬,称赞;推荐vt.赞美,赞扬n.称赞;赞美n.称赞,恭维;(pl)问候,致意,祝福vt.称赞,恭维concern reference interference vt.涉及,关系到;关⼼,挂念n.关⼼,挂念;利害关系n.提及,涉及;参考,参考书⽬;证明书(⼈);介绍⼈n.⼲涉,阻挠;(物)⼲扰subordinate inferior secondary a.次要的,从属的,下级的n.部署,下级a.下级的;次的,劣等的(to)n.下级a.次要的,第⼆的,副的;中等的;间接的pad stuff tuck n.垫⼦,衬垫;便签簿vt.填塞n.原料,材料,东西vt.填塞,填满vt.卷起,塞进premise presume assume hypothesis n.前提,假设;[pl](企业、机构所使⽤的)房屋和地基;经营场址v.假定,假定;当作;指望vt.假定,假设;采⽤,承担n.假设,假定,前提lorry van freight waggon cargo n.卡车,运货汽车n.⼤篷车,运货车,有篷货运车n.货物,客货,运费n.运货马车,运货车;敞篷车箱n.船货,货物progressive sophisticated advanced a.进步的,先进的,前进的a.尖端的,复杂的,先进的;⽼练的,⽼于世故的a.⾼级的,先进的,前进的abandon discard scrap junk reject repel vt.抛弃,放弃vt.丢弃,抛弃n.碎⽚,废料vt.抛弃,废除,报废n.废旧杂物;垃圾vt.丢弃,抛弃vt.拒绝,抵制,驳回;丢弃;排斥,退掉vt.击退,抵制,拒绝;排斥,讨厌guarantee ensure warrant assure insure sesure certify n.保证,保证书vt.保证,担保vt.确保,保证(指某⾏为某事件)n.正当理由;许可证,委任状vt.保证,担保vt.使确信,使放⼼;保证,担保(可指⼈或事)指对意外损失进⾏赔偿(against)指确保不会发⽣意外或不幸vt.证明,保证;发证书(或执照)给···certificate license/licence n.证(明)书,执照n.许可证,执照vt.准许,认可approve grant consent confirm approval permit sympathy incline endorse sanction vi(of)赞成,同意,满意vt.批准,审定,通过vt.批准,准予;承认vi.(of)同意,答应,准予n.同意,应允,允许vt.证实,确认;批准,确认,巩固,加强n.赞成,同意,认可,批准v.许可,允许n.许可证,执照(重⾳不同)n.同情,同情⼼;赞同(in sympathy of)v.(使)倾斜;(使)偏向;倾向于,赞同n.斜坡,斜⾯vt.在···背⾯签字,赞同,认可vt.批准,认可n.批准,认可;约束因素,约束⼒;(pl)国际制裁intercourse association contact n.交际,往来n.协会,团体;联合,联系,交往;联想v.(使)接触,联系,交往n.接触,联系,交往helpful instrumental a.(to,in)有帮助的,有益的,有⽤的a.起作⽤的,有作⽤的,乐器的recollect recall memory v.回忆,追想vt.回忆,回想;撤销,收回n.回忆,记忆,记忆⼒;存储(器)crucial decisive A.决定性的,最重要的a.决定性的bunch batch gang n.⼀串,⼀群,⼀帮,⼀伙n.⼀批,⼀组,⼀群n.⼀帮,⼀群,⼀伙malignant mortal fatal a.恶毒的,恶性的;致命的a.致命的;终有⼀死的;你死我活的,不共戴天的a.致命的,毁灭性的。

翻译

翻译

中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,人口约占世界总人口的22%。

在过去相当长的时期里,由于诸多原因,贫困一直困扰着中国。

20世纪80年代中期,中国农村绝大多数地区凭借自身的发展优势,经济得到快速增长,但少数地区由于经济、社会、历史、自然等方面的制约,发展相对滞后。

中国政府在致力于经济和社会全面发展的进程中,在全国范围内实施了以解决贫困人口温饱问题为主要目标的有计划、有组织的大规模扶贫开发,极大地缓解了贫困现象。

参考答案China is the largest developing country in the world and its population accounts for about 22 percent of the world’s total. For a long period of its history, China has been plagued by poverty for various reasons. In the mid-1980s, the economy of an overwhelming majority of the rural areas in China grew dramatically by virtue of their own advantages, but a small number of areas still lagged behind because of the constraints of their economic, social, historical, and natural conditions. The Chinese government, while working on all-round economic and social development, has nationwide implemented a large-scale program for development-oriented poverty relief in a planned and organized way. With the main objective of helping poverty-stricken people solve the food and clothing problems, this program has gone a long way toward alleviating poverty.近代以来,亚洲经历了曲折和艰难的发展历程。

托福阅读核心词汇总结

托福阅读核心词汇总结

托福阅读核心词汇总结新托福阅读虽然都是选择题,但是还是对同学们的托福单词量有很高的要求。

同学们需要理解托福单词的确切含义才能在选项中找到合适的答案。

在同学们需要记忆的单词中有一些是必须予以特别关注的,因为它们不是对理解文章含义非常关键的单词就是对理顺文章结构非常重要的单词,本文小编将为同学们带来托福阅读核心词汇总结的内容,希望能够帮助到正在备战托福考试的同学们!托福阅读核心词汇总结思考类动词总结Think/assume/conceive/conclude/expect/determine/hold/judge/presume/reckon/see/sense/suppose/comprehend/consider/deduce/infer/deliberate/evaluate/examine/meditate/mull/mull over/muse/ponder/rationalize/reason/reflect/resolve/ruminate/speculate/study/turn over/weigh/contemplate/convey思考类名词总结(观点/概念/理论)Notion/idea/view/concept/perceptionperspective/observation/examinationwitness/judgment/approach/hypothesisimpression/supposition/theory/thoughtapprehension/comprehension/realizationconsideration/interpretation/understandingspeculation/version/picture/inclination/ideology支持类单词总结Support/maintain/insist/hold/uphold/agree/accede/admit/consent/assent/verify/revel in/glory in/believe in/dictate/celebrate/value反对类单词总结Contradict/decline/disagree/dispute/dissent/oppose/protest/refuse/abandon/neglect/disapprove/condemn核心的;主要的;基本的;内在的essential/chief/crucial/corefundamental/main/key/inbornprincipal/elementary/primaryindispensable/central/vitalunderlying/inherent/intrinsic/inborn重要的;显著的important/valuable/substantial/big/considerable/critical/crucial/decisive/earnest/exceptional/markedmeaningful/momentous/paramount/salient/significant/wei ghtyeminent/influential/outstanding/distinctive/esteemed/gran dhonored/illustrious/leading/majestic/notable/powerfulprominent/remarkable/solid/superior/conspicuous限制/阻挠limit/confine/compress/decrease/lessennarrow/bar/bind/cap/check/constraint/curbimpede/inhibit/obstruct/restrict/crampdiminish/block/choke/frustrate/hamperhinder/retard/stall/throttle/thwart退步decline/halt/repress/recession/cease/fall减少decrease/abate/curb/curtail/drop/ebbevaporate/fade/lower/reduce/restrain/shrinkslacken/slump/subside/wane/diminish/subtract增加/发展increase/develop/enlarge/expand/grow/raiseadvance/aggrandize/amplify/augment/boost/broaden/enhance/enlarge/escalate/extendfurther/heighten/inflate/magnify/mountprogress/proliferate/spread/swell/widen托福技巧:基础理解题解题技巧新托福的基础理解题除插话题和修辞目的题外,主要仍是现行托福中使用的传统题型。

社会学英语名词解释

社会学英语名词解释

社会学英语名词解释Aaccounting 说明过程人们提供说明以理解世界的过程。

(俗民方法论)accounting practices 说明过程的实践某人提出说明而其他人接受或拒绝该说明的方式。

(俗民方法论)accounts 说明行动者解释(描述、批评及理想化)特定情境的方式。

(俗民方法论)act 行动米德理论的基本元素,包含冲动、知觉刺激、对知觉感到的客体采取行动,并利用该客体满足原先的冲动。

action 行动人们所做之事是意识过程创造的结果。

actual social identity 实际的社会认同人们真正是什么样的人。

(戈夫曼)adaptation 适应帕森斯的四种必要功能之一。

系统必须能适应它的环境,并能调整环境以符合系统所需。

更详细地说就是,系统必须能处理外在情境的危险及突发事件。

affectivity-affective neutrality 情感-情感中立此模式变量系指对某种社会现象要投注多少情绪(或情感)。

(帕森斯)affectual action 情感性行动由情绪引起的非理性行动。

(韦伯)agency 能动力(性)系指行动者所做之行动;亦即,如果不是行动者介入并采取所谈论之行动,所发生之事可能不会以那种方式发生。

agents 行(能)动者有能力为社会世界带来影响的行(能)动者;行(能)动者拥有权力。

alienation 异化人们与其生产活动、所生产的物品、一起共事的同僚及其潜能之间的自然联系崩解了或被分离了。

(马克思)anomie 失序伴随有机连带社会而兴起的一种感觉,亦即不知道自己该做什么。

人们在社会游荡,并且缺乏清楚、具安全感的寄托。

(涂尔干)对默顿而言,当社会结构个文化之间发生严重断裂,被结构创造出来的人们依文化规范和目标运作,但当规范和目标发生严重断裂时,就产生失序的情形。

appearance 外表观众眼中的行动者;尤其指那些能暗示出表演者社会地位的项目。

(戈夫曼)ascription-achievement 先赋-成就此模式变量关心的是,当我们判断某一社会现象时,是以它被赋予了什么,还是以它成就了什么来判断的。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号:57

2022年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号:57

2022年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题I didn’t listen to Mom and I was not surprised at the look of()on her face.问题1选项A.indifferenceplimentC.negligenceD.reproach【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。

A选项indifference“漠不关心;不重视;中立”;B选项compliment“恭维;称赞;问候”;C选项negligence“疏忽;忽视”;D选项reproach“责备;责骂”。

句意:我没有听妈妈的话,看到她脸上责备的表情,我并不感到惊讶。

题干中说到“I didn’t listen to Mom我没有听妈妈的话”,而“责备”符合语境,因此D选项正确。

2.单选题The test of any democratic society lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible().问题1选项A.altitudetitudeC.longitudeD.multitude【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。

A选项altitude“高地;高度;海拔”;B选项latitude“纬度;行动自由”;C选项longitude“经度;经线”;D选项multitude“群众;多数”。

句意:对任何一个民主社会的考验不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达,而在于这个社会是否给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由。

由题干中“freedom of thought and expression思想和表达自由”的提示可知“行动自由”符合语境,因此B选项正确。

英语单词记忆方法

英语单词记忆方法

词汇基础词汇一、背单词的方法1.记忆的规则:重复、思考例1:Theology(神学)--theory—theoretical例2:wife、husband例3:Temporary:临时的,暂时的;Contemporary:同时代的;Temperature:热度、温度;temper:脾气;Temperament:气质、性情2.卡片记忆法二、通过记忆单词的方法研究考研的核心词汇1.横向比较:考研核心词汇--55002.考研词汇的特点:(1)考研词汇的难点是对一些简单词汇的深入考察,对于这部分词汇一定要结合语境进行理解;.(2)考研词汇是非常强调对词的反应速度;(3)考研中加大了对一些常见词第二层含义的考查力度,如sound,brief。

3.考研词汇的考查角度:(1)写作用词。

(2)阅读核心词。

阅读核心词就是反复出现在历年考研的试卷中,对理解文章的意思有深刻作用的词。

(3)常见的书面词汇。

三、词根(1)land:main land, landscape(2)cess:表示“走(go)”的意思,如access, success(3)cede:表示走(go)的意思,如concede, recede.(4)con、com、co:表示“共同”的含义cooperation合作,动词cooperateconcede让步、妥协confess, fess是指说,confess忏悔(5)pro:向前推动,如promote促进,其中的mote动力,motive动机(6)re:1)再一次2)向后:recede,退却,recession(7)pose:放pose a challenge;pose a question.Pollution poses a threat to the environment.position当动词用,v,定位,locate.stick to your own position.坚持你的立场(观点)take a position.表示采取某种立场(态度)。

消费者行为学教学资料 消费者行为理论的演进与发展

消费者行为学教学资料 消费者行为理论的演进与发展

消费者行为理论的演进与发展(一)[编辑:陆卫平转贴自:本站原创点击数:2183 更新时间:2006-7-1 文章录入:oson2000 ]编者按:整个消费者行为研究的文献综述由06春博士高杰友情支持,再次感<谢高杰>博士的支持,我想对于消费者行为起源以及演进到目前的研究方向,大家可以关注我们的连续文章,这有助于您了解整个消费者行为学的研究进展和各个方向的轮廓。

由于最早研究消费者行为的并不是营销学者,而是经济学家,所以,这里是从“与营销有关”的消费者行为研究开始溯源的。

“与营销有关”的提法取自于《消费者行为》(R·W·劳森(R.W. Lawson))。

对于“与营销有关”的认识,我们可以用菲利普•科特勒的定义来解释:所谓消费者行为的研究是指“研究个人、集团和组织究竟怎样选择、购买、使用和处置商品、服务创意或经验,以满足他们的需要和愿望”(《营销管理》第10版)。

关于是谁最早开始关注消费者以及消费者行为,据考证,T.维伯伦1899年就有研究消费心理的个别论著(见卢泰宏《消费者行为学:中国消费者透视》前言)。

消费者行为研究开始兴起并引起营销学者的普遍关注是在20世纪50年代,而消费者行为学作为一门学科出现是在20世纪60年代(John C. Owen and M. S. Minor, Consumer Beh avior: A Framework. 4TH ed.)。

现有的资料普遍认为是在营销理论研究中开始运用“消费者导向的研究方法”开始的。

在郭国庆所著的《市场营销理论》一书中(第94页)有这样的阐述:“首先打破陈规,放弃传统模式,编写出与众不同的教材的人是查尔斯•菲利普斯,他的《市场营销学》于1938年出版。

其成功之处在于以消费者为导向,加进了消费者权益的内容。

大多数作者对消费者表示关注,而菲利普斯不只是对消费者的购买动机和影响消费者的条件感兴趣,对于指导消费者明智购买、节约消费等问题,也倾注了一定的心血。

《大众传播理论:基础、争鸣与未来》斯坦利.巴兰(第三版)笔记

《大众传播理论:基础、争鸣与未来》斯坦利.巴兰(第三版)笔记

《大众传播理论:基础、争鸣与未来》第三版•第一部分大众传播理论介绍•共两章第一章介绍•关于媒介的三个问题(1)媒介技术的新形式提供了何种潜在的可能性,以及带来了何种威胁?(2)应该形成什么样的媒介行政管理机构或媒介产业来控制或规范媒介技术,从而发现其潜在的可能性,减少其威胁?(3)媒介如何为民主、多元文化的社会服务?新媒介的倡导者和反对者积极的受众:人们寻找到了使媒介服务于自己的方法,这样他们的生活会更加有趣,更加有目的性被动的受众:普通民众被新技术压倒,被新媒体催眠般的力量麻痹大众传播的定义和再定义大众传播:当消息来源(通常是某个组织)使用一项技术作为媒介与大规模受众进行沟通时,被称为大众传播人际传播:两个或几个人之间的传播,通常是面对面的经由媒介的传播的连续统一体•媒介理论发展的五个时期•大众社会与大众文化时期•大众传播科学研究视角出现时期•有限效果论时期•文化批评理论时期•适中效应出现时期•大众社会与大众文化时期•大众媒介象征着19世纪城市生活中一切错误的东西•精英:在社会系统中占据较高的位置或有特权的人•大众社会理论•将具有负面影响力的角色归结于媒介的关于西方工业社会的视角•根本论点:媒介对传统社会秩序起到破坏作用•谁来承担建立维持新社会秩序的任务?•大众传播的科学研究视角•背景:纳粹的宣传控制•拉扎斯菲尔德和哥伦比亚大学应用社会研究中心•有限效果视角(limited effects perspective):媒介在加强现有的社会趋势,对社会现状起到加强而不是威胁的作用•有限效果范式•精英多元论(elite pluralism):认为具有多样性的受众对媒介的使用会丰富民主•适度的、有限的效果•文化批评理论:对有限效果的挑战•新马克思主义(neomarxism):媒介使得有统治权的社会精英维持他们的权力的社会理论•大众媒介是公共竞技场,文化战争在其中打响,并熔炼出一种支配性文化或霸权文化•英国文化研究学派(British cultural studies):关注大众媒介和它们在社会不同子群体中推行霸权世界观和主导文化的角色•文化批评(cultural criticism):关于社会中的各种利益冲突以及传播有助于某个集团对其它集团的永久统治的看法的集合•适中效应视角•社会符号学理论(social semiotics theory):将传播科学和关注受众积极性的批判性理论及文化研究结合起来,理解受众如何获取媒介信息的理论•媒介素养(medialiteracy):获取、分析、衡量和传播媒介中的讯息的能力•重要的媒介效果可以作为观众或读者的自愿的直接后果而长期存在•获取意义的视角•当公众的吸引力被转移到某些社会趋势上去的时候,与之相对的那些可能有用的趋势就被破坏了。

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Zelong Yi | HKUST
OM meets Conspicuousness
Conspicuous Consumption and Sophisticated Thinking Selling to Conspicuous Consumers Pricing and Strategic Rationing New Conspicuous Product Introduction Possible Ways for Future Research
Question to Answer: how demand changes with price
Main Results With only snobs or followers, the market demand always decreases with price. With both followers and snobs, the demand from snobs will increase with price under some condition. Yet, the demand curve for the followers and the total demand curve is downward sloping. The snob(follower) effect has a negative(positive) impact on firm’s profit.
Zelong Yi | HKUST OM meets Conspicuousness
Conspicuous Consumption and Sophisticated Thinking Selling to Conspicuous Consumers Pricing and Strategic Rationing New Conspicuous Product Introduction Possible Ways for Future Research
Possible Ways for Future Research
Zelong Yi | HKUST
OM meetsspicuous Consumption and Sophisticated Thinking Selling to Conspicuous Consumers Pricing and Strategic Rationing New Conspicuous Product Introduction Possible Ways for Future Research
Contents
Conspicuous Consumption and Sophisticated Thinking (MS 51(10) 2005)
1
Selling to Conspicuous Consumers: Pricing, Production, and Sourcing Decisions (MS 59(2) 2013)
Zelong Yi | HKUST
OM meets Conspicuousness
Conspicuous Consumption and Sophisticated Thinking Selling to Conspicuous Consumers Pricing and Strategic Rationing New Conspicuous Product Introduction Possible Ways for Future Research
Question to Answer: how demand changes with price
Modeling-more like a marketing paper Market: a mix of both types of buyers Methodology: Rational Expectation Equilibrium Focus on unique equilibrium case Rational Expectation Equilibrium Given the expected sales of the product z e , the number of snobs is x = x(z e ), the number of followers is y = y (z e ), then, the total demand z = x(z e ) + y (z e ). Through z = z e the equilibrium is obtained.
Conspicuousness: Snobs and Followers
Snobs(Negative Externality) Snobs: consumers desiring for exclusivity, i.e., their utility from a product decreases as more consume the same product. Then, U = v − p − g (z e ), where z e is the expected number of buyers, p is price and v is heterogeneous valuation. Followers(Positive Externality) Followers: consumers desiring for conformist, i.e., their utility from a product increases as more people buy, U = v − p + h(z e ).
Zelong Yi | HKUST
OM meets Conspicuousness
Conspicuous Consumption and Sophisticated Thinking Selling to Conspicuous Consumers Pricing and Strategic Rationing New Conspicuous Product Introduction Possible Ways for Future Research
Possible Ways for Future Research
Zelong Yi | HKUST
OM meets Conspicuousness
Conspicuous Consumption and Sophisticated Thinking Selling to Conspicuous Consumers Pricing and Strategic Rationing New Conspicuous Product Introduction Possible Ways for Future Research
Conspicuous Consumption and Sophisticated Thinking Selling to Conspicuous Consumers Pricing and Strategic Rationing New Conspicuous Product Introduction Possible Ways for Future Research
2 3 Pricing and Strategic Rationing When Selling to Snobbish Consumers (working paper, submitted to MS) 4 New Product Introduction Strategies for Conspicuous Durable Goods (working paper) 5
Justify
demand All snobs: suppose upward-slopping, i.e., increasing price means more buyers. Due to negative externality, less utility will be drawn. Contradict! However, with some followers, increasing price leads to less total buyers. Higher utility is possible for snobs due to the reduced total demand. profit Profit: as snobbishness increases, the demand decreases due to a negative externality. Consequently, the firm sells less as snobbish behavior increases. Similarly, the follower effect has a positive impact on firm.
What has been done in Marketing and Economics
Literature signaling game: conspicuous products can signal wealth or social status modeling to test what is changed: competition, positioning, product line design, advertising other social externality example: the Influenza Vaccine issue. empirical test: what factors lead to such behavior, like household income level, education, culture, race, etc
2 3 Pricing and Strategic Rationing When Selling to Snobbish Consumers (working paper, submitted to MS) 4 New Product Introduction Strategies for Conspicuous Durable Goods (working paper) 5
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