2013蒋军虎英语二基强班讲义

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2013年新版英语二全讲义

2013年新版英语二讲义（全）Unit 1 The Power of LanguageI. Ne w wor ds a nd ex p r es s ionsNe w wor ds1. c r itic a l a dj. 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎）的2. no n-f ic tion n. 纪实文学3. pos iti on n. 观点；态度；立场4. s tatem ent n. 说明；说法；表态5. qu es tio n v. 表示疑问；怀疑out of ques ti on / ou t of the q ues ti on6. e va luat e v. 估计；评价；评估7. c ont ex t n. 事情发生的背景，环境，来龙去脉8. v al ue n. v al ues [p l.]是非标准；价值观va lu abl ein va lua bl e=pr ic el es sva lu eles s9. r epr es e nt v. 描述；表现r epr es enta tiv e a dj./n.10. as s er ti on n. 明确肯定；断言11. s uf f ic ient a dj. 足够的；充足的Suf f ic ienc y ins uf f ic ient12. s tat is tic n. s tat is ti c s [pl.]统计数字；统计资料13. inte gr ate v.（使）合并，成为一体14. a uth or it y n.专家；学术权威；泰斗an/th e a uthor it y o n s th.auth or i ze15. c om par e v. 比较；对比c om par e A w ith Bc om par e A t o B16. s ubj ec t n. 主题；题目；题材17. c ons is tent adj. 相符的；符合的18. inc ons is t enc y n. 不一致19. as s um ption n. 假定；假设20. c as e n. 具体情况；事例in c as ein c as e of f ir ein c as e t hat…a c as e i n po intc onf irm ed/s us pec ted c as es21. d ir ec tl y a d v. 直接地；径直地22. ide ntif y v. 找到；发现23. va lid adj. 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的va lid it y n. 有效性，正确（性）in val i d24. c r ed ib le a dj. 可信的；可靠的inc r ed ibl e=unb el ie vab le25. lan dm ark n.（标志重要阶段的）里程碑26. r e le van t adj. 紧密相关的；切题的r ele vanc y n. 关联；恰当ir r ele va nt27. c ur r ent adj. 现时发生的；当前的28. a ppr o pr iat e adj. 合适的；恰当的ina ppr opr iat eIt's (not) ap pr opr i ate t hat ….29. b ia s n. 偏见；偏心；偏向30. c ons ider a bl y a dv.非常；很；相当多地c ons iderc ons ider ingc ons ider a bl ec ons ider a tec ons ider a tio n31. D em oc r at n. （美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者民32. R epu bl ic an n. （美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者33. r ef lec t v. 显示；表明；表达34. inf or m ed adj. 有学问的；有见识的wel l-inf or m edil l-inf or m edPhr as es a nd Ex pr es s i ons1. ap pl y t o 使用；应用2. pu t f or th 提出；产生3. tak e … i nto ac c oun t 考虑到；顾及4. ac c ept/tak e … at f ac e v alu e 相信表面；信以为真5. wi th a gr ai n of s alt有保留地；持怀疑态度地II. T ex t Lear n ingCr itic a l R e ad ing① (1)Cr itic a l r ead ing app lies to n on-f ic tio n wr i tin g in whic h th e a uthor pu tsf or th a pos it io n or s e ek s to m ak e a s tatem ent. C r itic a l r ea di ng i s ac tiv er eadi ng. It in vo lv es m or e than j us t（不只是，不仅仅是）und er s tand ing what an a uthor is s a yi n g. Cr itic a l r ea din g in vol v es ques t ion ing an d e v alu ati ng what t he auth or is s a yi n g, and f or m ing yo u r own o pi nio ns ab out w hat t he auth or is s a yi ng. H er e ar e the t hi ngs yo u s hou ld do t o be a c r itic al r ea der.（启下句）本部分重点及难点：1. Cr it ic al r ead ing ap pli es to non-f ic tio n wr iti ng in whic h t he aut hor putsf or th a pos it io n or s e ek s to m ak e a s tatem ent.app l y to s b./s th.= b e ap pl ic abl e to s b./s t h.app l y的派生词：a p plic a tio n, a pp lic a nt, a ppl ic ab le② C ons ider t he c o nte x t of wh at is wr itte n. You m a y b e r ea di ng s om ething that w as wr itt en b y a n aut hor f r om a diff er ent c u ltur a l c ont ex t th an your s.(2)O r, you m a y b e r e adi ng s om ethin g wr it t en s om e tim e ago in a dif f er ent tim e c ontex t tha n yo ur s. (3)In eit her c as e, you m us t r ec ogn i ze an d tak e into ac c ount a n y dif f er enc es bet ween yo ur v al u es and att itud es an d t hos er epr es ente d b y t he a u thor.本部分重点及难点：2. O r, yo u m a y be r ea din g s om ething wr itt e n s om e tim e ago in a dif f er ent tim e c ontex t tha n yo u r s.s om e tim e注意区分：s om etim e / s om etim es / s om e tim es3. I n eit her c as e, you m us t r ec ogn i ze and ta k e into ac c ount a n y d i ff er enc es bet we en yo ur v al ues and att itud es an d t hos e r epr es e nted b y t he auth or. 不论哪种情况，你必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所述的价值观和态度有何不同。

蒋军虎词汇笔记

A(09-1-下)abandon vt.抛弃abandon ship弃船abandon one’s hopeabide vi. abide by 遵守bid 命令,要求; abide by the law= conform to the law abnormal adj.不正常; normal; ab-离开,偏离away from; abnormal-minded 变态的aboard adv./prep 在船上,在火车,飞机上board 甲板; a-处于…状态;表语形容词alive/alone/asleep/alike/ashore/awakeabolish vt.使流产,取消,废除=cancel; a-表示否定: apolitical 非政治的;atonal 跑调的abortion n.流产bor-→bornabound vi.富产; abundant 大量的; boundary 边界; bound 范围abound in 富于…无限的,大量的abroad adv. 到国外ab-离开; study abroad 留学; go abroad 出国absolute adj.绝对的; solution n.解决; solve vt.解决; soluble adj.可溶的absent adj.缺席的; be absent from the class/the meeting; send 派遣present 出席; be present at the meeting ;absorb vt.吸收absorb water/chemicals; absorb oneself in sth 沉浸于be absorbed in sth/doing 沉浸于某事abstract vt.提炼abs- = ab-; n.摘要; adj.抽象的abstract some mineral out of the ore从矿石中提炼矿物tractor 拖拉机-tract 拖,拉; extract vt.拔出extract a tooth 拔牙distract vt.转移; contract vi.挤压,压缩,收缩; protract vt.延长absurd adj.荒谬的,荒唐的,荒诞的abundant adj.大量的abuse vt.滥用;虐待n.滥用,虐待; abuse one’s power/authorityabuse one’s wife 虐待; abuse captives 虐待俘虏; drug abuse 吸毒child abuse 虐待儿童academic adj.专业的,学术的; academic custume 学位服academy 专业院校(方向); a military academy 军事院校college 专科院校;学院(英)=school; institute 研究院school 大学下属学院(美); law/bussiness school法/商学院;university 综合大学universe 宇宙;academic degree 学位; academic term 专业术语academic freedom 学术自由; academic discussion 学术探讨accelerate v.加速=speed up; slow down减速; to accelerate one’s car 提速access n.进入,途径[u]; -cess,-ceed= go,move;vt. 1.接通(电脑等); 取数; 存取; 2.得到, 了解; 3.接近, 进入, 使用have access to doing有做sth的途径,方法可以得到,可以获得Student should have access to excellent books.学生应该读到优秀的书籍.exceed vt.超出..范围go out of/beyond; exceed the speed limit 超速exceed one’s expectations超出预期excess n.过多,过度an excess of…; an excess of praise/criticismexcessive adj.过多的,极端的,额外;proceed vi.继续proceed to sth; proceed to one’s master degreeprocess n.进程,过程; in process of 在做sth过程当中precede v.在…前面,领先于; in the preceding paragraph 在前面一段precedent n.前例,先例; concede v.让步,妥协; concession n.妥协succeed 成功succeed in; 继承succeed to; succeed/fail in 成功/失败success n.成功; succession n.继承,系列a succession ofsuccessive adj.系列的,连续不断的; successful adj.成功的recede vi.退回,衰退; recession 衰退economic recession acclaim n./v.欢呼; claim 声称; proclaim 宣布= declare; proclaim peace/ war reclaim vt.要求归还,要求收回; reclaim sth backaccommodate 1.容纳=contain(物); 2.给sb提供居所(人);3.使适应adapt/ condition/ adjust/ accommodate/ condition oneself/sth to调节自己以适应; be apt to do 易于;往往commode n.无斗橱,衣柜;commodity n.商品;commodious adj.宽敞的accompany vt.陪伴accompany sb to sp; company 1公司2伙伴;Two is company;three is none. 两人成伴,三人不欢accord vt.授予n.一致; cord n.细绳,细线;accord/award/grant/give sb sth 授予某人某物in accord with sb和…保持一致; in accordance with = according to 根据with one accord adv.一致; of one’s own accord 自愿的,自发的accomplish vt.完成,达到,实现; complete;accomplish one’s purpose; sense of accomplishment 成就account n.帐目accountant 会计师; count v.数1.take…into account 考虑到= consider;2.account for a.占(比例)b.解释;There is no accounting for tastes. 爱好是不需要解释的3.on this/that account 因为…原因; on no account 决不accumulate vt.(逐渐)积累; -cumul 累积,积累; cumulative 累积的,积累的accumulate riches/a fortuneaccuse vt.指责,指控; curse 咒骂,诅咒;accuse sb of sth= charge sb with sth 指控某人某事; charge for 收费;sue sb for sth 起诉…; prosecute sb for sth 起诉(超纲)accustomed adj.习惯了的; custom 风俗,习俗; used to do 过去常常do sthbe accustomed to doing= be used to doing习惯于do;achieve vt.取得; ache 疼痛; achieve one’s purpose; achievement 成就headache, backache, toothache; No ache, no achievement.accomplish 完成,实现complete; accomplish one’s purposeaccomplishment 成就attain a.vt.实现,完成,取得; b. vi.达到,到达attain (to)(答案)attain one’s purpose attainment 造诣;attain (to) the mountain top 到达山顶;attain (to) manhood 进入成年期; attain (to) perfection 臻于完美acknowledge vt.承认; knowledge 知识; acknowledge doing;admit doing/to doing (被迫)承认;confess doing/to doing (罪行的)承认,忏悔acquaint vt.结识,使熟悉,使了解;acquaint oneself with sb/sth= be acquainted with sb/sth= be familiar with sb/sth 了解...acquaintance n.[u]熟悉,了解[c]熟人;have a bowing/nodding acquaintance with sb 和sb点头之交make an/the acquaintance of sb; make a friend of sb;make a fool of sb 愚弄sb; make a habit of doing 养成一个习惯acquire vt.(通过努力)获得-quire 追求acquire a degree/language(褒义)inquire 询问,调查; require 需要,要求; get (最泛的)得到obtain (通过某种具体的方式)得到obtain a wallet/lessonsecure adj.安全的vt.确保得到; secure a ticketactual adj.实际的; the actual head of the firm; actually adv.实际上= in fact;act vi.行动,表演; action n.行动,行为; active adj.积极的,主动的activity n.行为,活跃; actor/actress n.演员,女演员react v.反应react to reaction n.反应;counteract vt.反作用于,抵消; counteract poison 解毒counteraction n.counter n.柜台counter-相反的,对应的counterpart n.对应的角色; countersign n.口令,暗号counterfeit n.假钞,赝品-feit 钱; adj.假冒的,伪造的vt.假冒,伪造forfeit 罚金; counter-clockwise 逆时针的;transact v.交易; transaction n.交易acute adj.1急性的2敏锐的3强烈的; 1.an acute disease 反义词:chronic;2.an acute sense of smell;3.acute painadapt vt.使适应= adjust/accommodate/condition使适应apt 1.(人)聪明的,敏捷的= clever; 2.be apt to do有做sth的趋势adapt oneself to (只能接人,侧重结果)adopt sth 采纳,接受adopt sb’s advice;adopt sb 领养adopt an orphan; an adopted son 养子adoptive parents 养父母; opt/option/optional 选择additional adj.增加的,额外的= extraaddress v.发表演讲,做演讲; vt.称呼address sb as; n.地址(不重要); dress 衣服address to sb at a meeting 在会上发言adequate adj.1令人满意的satisfying; 2.足够的(质量)an adequate husband 令人满意的老公; an adequate salary 足够的薪水equal adj.平等的,等同的; sufficient adj.足够的enough(数量)insufficient= deficient 不足的;proficient n.adj.擅长(的),精通(的); be proficient/skilled/expert at/inample adj.大量的,丰富的; abundant adj.大量的,丰富的adhere vi.粘附,坚持adhere to 坚持; adhere to the original plan坚持原计划stick to=adhere to ; cling to a.指人-(固执)坚持b.粘在…上insist on 坚持(主张); persist in doing sth 坚持继续dopersevere in doing (坚韧不拔的)继续做; severe 严酷的adjust vt.调整,调节(可接人,可接物,侧重过程) ; adjust a microscope/telescope adjust oneself to 调整自己以适应…; adjust sth tojust adj.正直的,公正的,合理的; a just judge;a just sentence 公正的判决; a just claim 合理的要求;justice n.公正,正义,合理administer vt.管理; minister n.部长,大臣; administration n.管理MBA=Master of Business Administrationadmire vt.钦佩,羡慕; envy vt.忌妒envy sb’s good luck; appreciate 欣赏admit v.1承认admit doing/to doing (被迫)承认; 2.允许进入-mit=go;admission n.允许an admission test 入学考试=entrance testacknowledge doing; confess doing/to doing (罪行的)承认,忏悔permit sb to do 允许transmit a disease 传播疾病; transmit televised signals 传送电视信号submit to sb= surrender to= give way to= give in to 屈服于sb;omit 1遗漏,忽略2省略(故意的);emit vt.发射= send out; emit light 发光adolescent n.青少年; scent 香水,香味adopt vt.采纳,收养-opt 选择; adopt sb’s advice 采纳意见adopt an orphan 收养孤儿; adopted son 养子; adoptive parents 养父母advance v.前进; vt. 提出= put/ bring forward; n.前进;进步van- 前锋,先驱;make progress/advance; advance to; advanced adj.先进的,高级的advantage n.优势disadvantage 劣势adventure n.冒险(运动); venture n.(事业)冒险; a joint venture 合资企业advertise v.做广告; advertisement n.广告advisable adj.明智的= sensible; advise v.建议; advice n.建议advisor n.顾问; advisory adj.顾问的advocate vt.倡导,提倡advocate sth; vocal adj.嗓音的,发音的affect v.1感动affect/move sb; be affected by a story; 2.影响(贬义)Smoking is apt to affect one’s health. 吸烟往往影响人的健康.effect n.have an effect on sb/sth;influence n. (中性) have an influence on sbaffection n.爱= love; win sb’s affections赢得sb的爱;affectionate adj.慈祥的,恩爱的; affectionate eyes/parents/couples affiliate vt.附在n.分支机构,子公司,分公司; affiliate A to B= attach A to B固定在a middle school affiliated to Renmin University人大附属中学affluent adj.富有的,富裕的; fluent adj.流利的; flu 流感live in affluent circumstancesafford v.承担的起,负担的起agency n.代理机构XinHua agency; a news agency;agent n.代理人 a housing agentagenda n.议事日程; on the agenda根据议事日程aggravate vt加剧,加重,恶化; aggravate an illness 加重病情grave n.坟墓adj.严重的,重大的; grave news 重大新闻aggression n.1.进取心,上进心2.挑衅,侵略-gress 滚动,走aggressive adj.1.有进取心的; 2.挑衅的,侵略的congress 会议,国会; progress 进步; regress 退步agony n.剧痛pain/suffering; in agony;aid v.帮助; n.帮助; come to sb’s aid/rescue 来帮助/拯救sbalarm n.警报;vt.使恐慌sound/give an alarm; an alarm clockA Fare Well to Arms 永别了武器alert vt.使警觉alienation n.疏远; alien n.外星人,外国人; adj.陌生的; alienate vt.使疏远alike adj.(表语)adv.相同,相似; treak sb alike 同样的对待sblike vt.喜欢prep.像...一样adj.相似的; Like father,like son.likely adj.有可能be likely to do; adv. Most likely, S+Vallege vt.宣称,认为; assume 认为(观点的提出); allege 认为(断言,宣称)assert 认为(没有证据的断言); claim 认为(声称)argue 1.主张,认为;2.(口)争执,争论; 3. 支持/反对argue for/againstappreciate 理解,欣赏,增长;感激(口)imagine 想象,翻译成认为; consider 考虑,翻译成认为我认为用: believe; hold that...; be of the opinion that...allocate vt.分配,分发; be located in= be situated in 坐落于allowance n.零花钱,津贴,补贴; allow 允许; dress allowance;a housing allowance 住房津贴; entertainment allowance 招待费ally v.结为联盟n.同盟国,支持者; rely vi.依赖,依靠rely onalter v.改变(部分,程度) alter one’s trousersalternate v.轮流使用; adj.轮流的alternate kindness with severity恩威并施alternative n.替代物,选择余地,选择方法have no alternative but to do别无选择dovary vt.使多样化vi.浮动vary one’s diet 使自己的饮食多样化vary from A to B; vary between A and B; variety n.多样化,多样性range v.浮动,变动n.范围,领域range from A to B ; range between A and Bmodify 改进modify the law修订法律convert (两种事物之间的)转变convert some dollars into RMB;convert defeat into victory 转败为胜; convert criminals 改造罪犯altitude n.海拔高度attitude 态度; longitude 经度; latitude 纬度amateur adj.业余的an amateur player; professional adj.专业的amaze vt.使惊异be/feel amazed; astonish vt.使惊愕be/feel astonished ambitious adj.雄心壮志的,野心勃勃的; ambition n.抱负,雄心;野心a soaring ambition 凌云壮志; a modest ambition 一个中庸的志向amendment n.修订,修正案; mend 修理; amend v.修订; repair 修理bill议案→act法案→amendment修正案; a pair of; impair 损害ample adj.大量的,丰富的abundantamplify v.扩大amuse vt.娱乐,使愉快; amusement n.娱乐;Muse 缪斯(掌管音乐,诗歌的神); music 音乐analysis n.分析analyze vt.分析ancestor n.祖先forebear =forefather= ancestor=predecessor 祖先,前辈offspring=descendant=posterity后代,子孙; post doctorate 博士后学位ancient adj.古代的antique 古董anguish n.痛苦,苦恼agony, suffering; vt.使极苦闷vi.感到痛苦; angry n.生气anniversary n.周年纪念annoy vt.激怒,使苦恼irritate provokeannuity n.年金,养老金annual adj.每年的anticipate v.1提前做好准备(考); 2= expect预料,期待(不考)I don’t anticipate/expect too much trouble./A good general should be able to ancitipate the enemy’s actions.anti- 1.反anti-war 反战; 2.= ante-= an- 前面,提前ancient ancestor ; anterior to 比…更早,在…前面=prior tosuperior to 级别的高于,优于; inferior to 低于,劣于posterior to 在…后面,较晚的apparatus n.1一套仪器,一套装置a heating apparatus 一套供暖设备2.器官=organ; digestive apparatus/organ消化器官instrument 1科学仪器2乐器intricate/delicate instruments 复杂/精密utensil 器皿,厨房器具kitchen utensils; equipment 装备(集合n.)appliance 电器household appliances 家电; apparatus 成套的仪器apparent adj.1表面的apparent indifference 表面的冷漠;2明显的apparent difference 明显的不同appear v.1看上去,似乎(=be)2出现; It is apparent to us that...transparent adj.透明的appeal vi.appeal to 1.对…有感染力/吸引力; 2.诉诸,求助于3.呼吁,请求Shakespeare’s works appeal to us a lot. 莎士比亚的作品对我们很有感染力appeal to the law/arms 诉诸法律/武力;appeal to the judge for mercy 请求法官给予怜悯resort to/turn to/appeal to 求助于coch 公鸡peacock 雄孔雀; hen 母鸡peahen 雌孔雀chick peachick 小孔雀appetite n.胃口,欲望pet 宠物; appetizer 饭前开胃菜; dessert 饭后甜点have an appetite for 有…的欲望applause n.鼓掌,掌声; plausible adj.有理由的,合理的; applaud v.鼓掌appliance n.电器apply 应用applicable adj.适用的,可应用的;apply apply for a visa 申请签证; apply to teaching/practice 应用于applicant n.申请者; application n.申请;applicable adj.适用的,可应用的; be applicable toapply oneself to +n. 忙于…; apply one’s energies to +n. 忙于…appoint vt.1任命2约定,约会; appoint sb to a vacancy; appoint a time/a placeappointment n.1任命; 2约会(date 男女约会)have an appointment with sb.disappoint vt.使失望; disappointment n.失望appraisal n.评价,评估; appraise vt.评价,评估;to appraise sb’s achievements/performance 评价sb的成就/表现praise vt.n.赞扬,赞美; estimate 估计assess 评价; asset 资产; possess 拥有possessions 财产to assess sb’s assets/possessions; evaluate 评价value 价值appreciate vt. 1.理解I appreciate your anxiety about your son’s illness.我很理解你的焦虑2.增值preci-=price; precious=valuable 宝贵的; invaluable 无价的depreciate 贬值3.感激appreciate sth; I appreciate your help a lot.(不能接人)4.欣赏,鉴赏to appreciate English poems.approach v.接近approach to sb; Winter is approaching.an approachable teacher 和蔼可亲的老师make approaches to sb 追求sb,设法博得sb的好感appropriate adj.适当的,恰当的(文); on an appropriate occasion 适当的场合; vt.挪用proper adj.适当的,恰当的(口语); property n.财产,所有权approve vi.同意,许可approve of sb’s marriage ; vt.批准,通过agree to/with; consent toapt adj.1聪明的,敏捷的an apt student;2有…趋势的,倾向于…的be apt to do opt vi.opt for E as my majoradopt 采取,接受;领养; adapt 使适应arise vi.出现arose arisen; appear= come up= spring up= turn up= emerge出现A new difficult has arisen at the meeting.rise vi. rose risen 上升; raise vt.升起,使出现arouse vt.激起,引起=cause; arouse sb’s indignation 义愤;arouse sb’s suspicion 怀疑; arouse sb’s concern 关注array n.系列an array of books一套图书; of its own accord 自愿的,自发的.A series of circumstances has enabled justice to act of its own accord;一系列的环境使正义能够自发的产生作用.a set of; a train of; a succession of; a sequence of; an array of; a series of arrest n.v.逮捕arrogant adj.高傲的article n.1.文章2.物品artificial adj.人工的,非自然的,假的; artificial flowers/leather 假花/人造革artificial satellite 人造卫星; natural 自然的; counterfeit 假钞fake adj.假的,伪劣的,仿冒的v.伪造forged 假的 a forged diploma假文凭; sham adj.假的,伪造的fabricated adj.捏造的,编造的 a fabricated story 编造的报导piratical 盗版的pirate n.海盗vt.盗版; simulate vt.模拟,仿造genuine 真正的genuine leather真皮ascend v.上升; ascend the stairs; ascend the throne 登基ancestor祖先; descend 下降descendant 后代ashamed adj.羞愧的be ashamed of; be acustomed to doing 习惯于sham adj.假的,伪造的,仿冒的; shame n.羞耻;shameful adj.可耻的(行为); a shameful cheat on examsshameless adj.无耻的(人)be sure/afraid/certain/ashamed/confident/convinced/envious/contemptuous of主观感受形容词用ofaspect n.方面-spect 看; respect n.方面vt.尊重; expect 期待inspect 检查,视察; prospect 前景,前途; introspect 内省;retrospect 回顾;spectacle 景观; spectacles 眼镜; spectator 观众viewer/audiencespectacular adj.壮观的; perspective 观点assault vi.(猛烈的)攻击; attack vi.进攻,攻击; raid vi.袭击;assault/attack/raid on sbassembly n.(人)集合,集会,大会; sem-=sim-=same;be similar to相似的; simulate模拟;the freedom of assembly集会的自由; the General Assembly联和国大会an assembly line/shop 生产线/车间assemble vt.(人)召集,聚集,集中;(物)组装to assemble the pupils for a game; to assemble a machineassert vt.认为,断言; allege 认为; insert 插入assessment n.评估assess 评估asset n.资产常用复数assets; assess sb’s assets/possessionsassignment n.1.分配,委派2任务,作业; assign vt.分配,分发= allocate;assign/allocate sb to do; assign/allocate sth to sbsign 签名; resign 辞职,放弃; design 设计assist vt.帮助=help; assist sb with sth; assistant n.助手insist 主张,坚持,认为insist on doingconsist of vi.组成(无被动形式);The class(个体) consists of 100 students(整体).(整体)+be made up/composed/constituted/comprised of +(个体)persist 坚持(继续) persist in doing;resist vt.抵制,反对resist the temptationassociate v.1.交往,来往associate with sb; 2.vt.使联系,使联合associate A with Badj.副的associate professors 副教授association n.1.交往2.联想3.俱乐部,协会; socia-社交society n.社会; social adj.社会的,社交的Ants are social animals.群居动物assume 1.假设2.认为3.承担; assume one’s office 就职; resume sth (回来)继续;assumption n.假设,观点,承担; presume 假设An accused man is generally presumed (to be) innocent until his guilt proved.consume 1.耗尽use up/run out/exhaust; 2.消耗,消费be consumed with envy 妒火中烧; consumer 消费者time-consuming labor-consumingassure vt.保证assure sb of sth; assure sb that s’+v’insure sth against 给sth投保; insurance company保险公司ensure sth/that s’+v’确定,确信guarantee=warrant 保证,担保; warranty of quality质量保证书astonish vt.使惊愕amaze vt.使惊异astronaut n.宇航员,太空人; astro- 星体; astronomer 天文学家; astronomy 天文学astronautics 航天学; aeronautics 航空学astrology 占星术Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronauticsdisaster 灾难catastrophe 灾难attach vt.粘; attach A to B= affiliate A to B; attach a label to one’s luggageattach much importance to…重视; attach oneself to…深深的依恋/眷恋detach 断开,分开attain 1.vt.取得,完成2vt/vi.到达,达到attain (to) perfection臻于完美attain one’s purpose; achieve=accomplish=attain vt.取得,得到attain(到达)→obtain(得到)→pertain(属于)→entertain(娱乐)→retain(保持)→contain(容纳)→maintain(保养)→sustain(维持)→detain(耽搁)→abstain(戒除)attempt v.1.试图attempt to do ; 2.努力endeavor to do=try to do=make efforts to do tempt v. 诱惑; temptation n.诱惑; resist temptationcontempt n.鄙视; be contemptuous of adj.鄙视的contemptible adj.令人鄙视的attend vi.1.关注,应对,处理,应对attend to; attend to an emergency matter处理attend to a sick man 照顾病人; pay attention to 关注vt.2.出席attend a meeting; attend Harvard 上哈佛; attend school 上学tend 1.趋势tend to do往往…; 2.vt.照顾,照料look aftertend the cattle照顾牛群tendency n.趋势; tender adj.(sb)仁慈的,和蔼的;(sth)娇嫩的intend to do;intend doing 打算intention(n.打算,目的); intentional(故意的,有意的);intensive(精深的,深入的);intensive reading 精读; intensive investigation 深入调查extend 延伸extend the railway;extension(range范围,领域)→extensive(广泛的); extensive reading泛读pretend to do 假装; contend v.竞争contend against/with sbexpand(扩展,扩张) →expansionattract vt.吸引vi.有吸引力,引起注意;She was attracted by the novel advertisement.attraction n.吸引; attractive adj.吸引人的,有魅力的extract vt.拔出; n.节选; abstract 提炼,摘要,抽象;distract 分散注意力; contract vi.收缩,挤压; n.合同attribute v.归功于,归属于,归因于attribute sth to sb;attribute one’s success to good lucktribute n.贡品distribute sth to 分发,分配; contribute to vi.1为…做贡献2.有助于Good luck contributes to one’s success; 3.vt.捐助sth; contribute sth tocontribute a sum of money to the refugeesauction n./vt.拍卖audience n.观众(集合); auditor 听众,审计员;an auditor 一个观众; visitor 参观者audible 听的见的; visible 看的见的;aduitory 听觉的visual 视觉的auditorium 报告厅,演讲厅; gymnasium体操馆,健身房=gymstadium 露天体育馆; oceanarium 海洋馆aquarium水族馆authority n.权力,权威; right 权利; author n.作者; authority n.权威[c][u]be an authority on English; be an expert at/inbe under the authority of sb 受sb的管理authorities n.政府,当局; the local authorities地方当局authorize vt.授权authorize sb to do= entitle sb to do= delegate sb to doauthentic adj.正宗的automatic adj.自动的ATM-Automatic Teller Machine; automobile 汽车=auto(美) AT-automatic gear-shift; MT-manual gear-shiftautomate(d) v.使自动化; autobiography 自传autonomy adj.自治的; autonomous region 自治区;nominate vt.提名; synonym 近意词; sympathy 同情auxiliary adj.辅助性的,帮助性的an auxiliary verb 助动词available adj.可使用的,可得到的; be available for;avail vt.使用,有利于; Married But Available(搞笑MBA)avert vt.避免avert from; be averted by doing; avoid doing 避免award vt.授予n.奖品; accord/grant/award/give sb sth 授予,给予capture the first award夺得一等奖; reward vt.n.回报reward sb sth aware adj.意识到的be aware/conscious of/that s’+v’He was aware of being watched.awful adj.可怕的=terrible; awe 敬畏;可怕; awfully adv.非常,极其I’m awfully sorry. 非常对不起awkward adj.1.设计不良的(物) an awkward bridge 2.笨拙的(人) an awkward man3.尴尬的awkward silenceB(08-3-3)bachelor n.学士,单身汉baggage n.行李bald adj.秃头的; bold adj.勇敢的,冒失的ban vt.禁止,特指政府法规的禁止; ban sb from doingprohibit sb from doing 正式的禁止; prevent sb from doing 口语中stop sb from doing ;keep sb from doing; forbid sb to do ; bid 命令Forbidden City 紫禁城bankrupt n.破产者; vt.使破产; adj.破产的,完全丧失-rupt =break;erupt= break out 突然爆发disrupt 分裂break away from; corrupt adj.腐败的vt.使腐败barely adv.几乎不; bare adj.裸露的(用法比较宽泛); naked/nude 裸露的(指人) bare-fisted 赤手空拳的; bare-footed光着脚丫的;bare-headed没戴帽子的; white-haired白发苍苍的grayscarcely/seldom/narely/rarely/hardly 很少,几乎不(半否定词) bargain n.划得来的交易,便宜货; It’s a real bargain…barrier n.障碍; barrier to 通往…的障碍; a barrier to successobstacle to…// obstruction to 障碍base n.基础,基地(具体事物的基础); vi.建立在…基础上a military base 军事基地; You must base your theory base on practice.Your theory must be based on practice.basis n.基础(抽象); on the basis of practicebear vt.忍受,承担; bear a burden 承受负担;endure 长期忍受during 在...期间; put up with 忍受tolerate vt.容忍+ 人的行为做宾语beforehand adv.提前= in advancebehalf n.利益; in behalf of 为了...的利益; on behalf of 代表;because – be the cause ofbeing n.生命,存在= existence; 人(只能指人和动物); a human being 一个人come into being 形成,存在; creature 生物(只能指人和动物) belong vi.属于belong to; belongings 随身携带的物品;earnings/gainings 收入; cleanings 垃圾; savings 积蓄bend v.弯曲endless 无穷的beneficial adj.有益的,有好处的; bene- 好的; benefactor 恩人,慈善家benediction 好的言辞,祝福; pronounce benediction 祝福祈祷mal- 坏的maltreat 虐待; be beneficial to 对…有益/好处benefit n.利益,好处vt.有利于,有益于; vi. benefit from 从…获得好处beside prep.在…旁边besides prep./adv.除…之外(还有); except 除…之外(没有)Except Tom, nobody is present.; Besides Tom, Johns is present.betray vt.背叛,出卖,暴露; bet 打赌; ray 光线betray Jesus to his enemies 出卖给敌人; betray oneself 暴露了自己betray one’s identity 暴露了自己的身份;betray one’s principles 背叛自己的原则bias n.偏见,偏爱have a bias against/towards sb/sth;biased/ prejudiced adj.态度题干扰项bid vt.命令,出价,投标; abide by 服从; bid on a bridge/project 投标…bill n.议案,帐单,钞票(口); billfold 钱包;act 法案; amendment 修正案; pay the telephone billbind vt.捆绑bound bound; bound 弹跳; be bound to do 一定要做sthfind-found found 建立wind-wound上发条,蜿蜒; wound 伤grind-ground 磨刀; ground 大地A be bound up with B. A和B密不可分be bound for 定期驶往.for 强调目的性sail for...; set out for…; make for…blame vt.责怪; blame sb for sth 因为sth责怪sbsb be to blame for sth 无被动,用主动!!; scold reproachblank adj.空白的; a white piece of paper 一张白纸a blank piece of paper 一张空白的纸give sb a blank cheque/look 空白支票/茫然的看了sb一眼blast n.一阵(风),爆炸,冲击波; vt.爆炸= explode= blow up= burst; last 持续bleak adj.萧瑟的(天气阴冷的),凄凉的; bleak prospects 黯淡的前景block vt.封锁,阻止,常跟from; lock 锁bloom v.(使)繁荣,(使)开花; room; loom n.织布机v.隐隐出现boom 迅速,繁荣; a booming city 一个发展迅猛的城市groom 新郎bride 新娘blunder n.大错误board n.板aborad 在船/飞机上boast vi.吹嘘; There is nothing to boast of/about…bold adj.勇敢的/鲁莽的n.粗体bond n.契约,约束bonus n.奖金,红利dividend n.分红,红利boom v.迅速,繁荣 a booming city 一个发展迅猛的城市boost vt.推动booth n.摊位a telephone booth电话亭bore vt.使厌烦; boring 令人厌烦的bored 感到厌烦的interesting-interested; surprising-surpisedbother v.烦扰brother 兄弟bound adj.被束缚的n.跳,范围vi.弹跳; rebound 反弹; boundary n.边界brain n.大脑drain 阴沟,下水道; brain drain 人才流失breach n.缺口,违背; vt.打破,突破breed vt.繁殖,抚养breed cattle;an Englishman (born and bred)一个土生土长的英国人raise 饲养(动物),种植(植物),筹集(钱); bring up 抚养bribe n.vt.贿赂rib 肋骨; bride 新娘brief adj.简短的n.摘要,大纲vt.摘要; To be brief ,s+v= In brief , s+v 简言之broad adj.宽阔的; broad-minded 心胸宽广的; narrow-minded 心胸狭窄的abroad adv.到国外; board 板aboard 在船/飞机上brutal adj.畜生的,禽兽的,残忍的; brute n.畜生; cruel adj.残忍的mercy n.怜悯merciless adj.残忍的; salvage adj.野蛮的; n.野人budget n.预算vi.做预算; bud n.蓓蕾vi.发芽,萌芽burden n.担子,负担,责任,义务; vt.使负担,给予麻烦burden a horse with a load bureau 1.办公桌2.处,局; board of directors 董事局,董事会;board of election 选举委员会burst v./n.爆炸explode ;blow up;blastburst with anger 勃然大怒; burst into tears 放声大哭burst into the room 闯入房间by-business n.副业; vocation 职业; avocation 副业;political 政治的apolitical 非政治的by-law n.公司章程by-product n. 副产品C(08-4-3)cabinet n.小木屋;信号房;橱柜;内阁; Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋booklet 小册子; piglet 小猪; islet 小岛cabinet 橱柜-内阁; board 会议桌-领导机构; bureau 写字台-处,局chamber 卧室-议院,议会; the upper/lower chamber 上/下议院cable n.光缆cable TV 有线电视calculate vt.计算,估计; vi.认为; reckon估计suppose 认为campaign n.战役,运动; camp 营地; campus 校园; a political campaign 政治运动an advertising campaign 广告活动; promotion campaign 促销活动cancel vt.取消,删除candidate n.候选人,考生capable adj.有能力的be capable of doing(可指人,指物); = be able to do(指人)handicap 残疾,障碍capacity n.能力,容量; This auditorium has a seating capacity of 500auditorium 演讲厅,报告厅-ium 建筑物;stadium 体育馆,体育场(露天的); gymnasium 健身房oceanarium 海洋馆; aquarium 水族馆captive n.俘虏abuse captive 虐俘capture vt.占据;抓; capture a city 占据一个城市; capture a thief 抓了一个贼capture several captives 抓俘虏; capture sb’s heart 赢得sb的心capture the first prize/award; capture a new marketcareer n.事业care 小心,认真cargo n.(运输途中的)货物; a cargo plane/ship; freight (美语) (运输途中的)货物carve vt.雕刻,切开; vi.雕刻case n.例子;病例;案例;情况; a case in point is that…一个明例是...a case of flu 一个流感的病例; a criminal case 刑事案件in case of +n.…万一,以防; in case that s’+v’You’d better take an umbrella in case of rainIn case of fire ,please dial 119. ; In case that there is a fire,please dial 119.in this case;in that case; in any case 无论如何in no case= under no circumstances= by no means = on no account决不I shall surrender in no case.cash n.现金in cash ; by cheque; May I pay by cheque.casual adj.偶然的,偶尔,邂逅; a casual glance/meeting 不经意的一瞥casualty n.伤亡casualty list 伤亡名单cater vi.迎合cater to/for; cater to low tastes迎合低级趣味cater to universal tastes 迎合大众口味caution adj.谨慎的; be cautions of …对…谨慎cease vt.停止; cease fire 停火; stop to do/doing; cease to do/doing celebrate v.庆祝accelerate 加速cement n.水泥vt.加固; cement the friendship with sbconsolidate vt.加固; solid 固体; reinforce 加固,增援centigrade n.摄氏度Fahrenheit 华氏度ceremony n.典礼,仪式,礼节; stand on ceremony 拘泥于礼节certificate n.证明材料; certify v.证实; certain adj.肯定的a birth certificate 出生证明; health certificate 健康证明challenge n.挑战champion 冠军characteristic n.特征adj.特有的; character 人物,性格; leading characters 领衔主演Mr J’s character is passioncharge vt.收费charge sb 50 pence; 指控charge sb with sth= accuse sb of sth n.收费; additional chargescharity n.救济,慈善(团体) live on charitycharming adj.迷人的a charming lady; harm 伤害; fancinating令人着迷的attractive 吸引人的,有吸引力的chase vt.追逐; purchase 购买; purse (女士)钱包; chase the cattle away check n.支票by check ; in cash ; vt.克制,抑制; check one’s impulse 克制冲动cheque n.支票cherish vt.珍惜,珍爱,怀有; prize n.奖品vt.珍惜; value n.价值vt.珍惜treasure n.财宝vt.珍惜chief adj.首席的CEO=Chief Executive Officerchronic adj.慢性的; acute 急性的,剧烈的; an acute disease ; a chronic disease circular adj.圆形的,环形的; circle n.圆圈; cycle n.v.循环bicycle - bike ; tricycle - trike ; a circular roadcirculate v.流通blood circulation 血液循环circumstance n.环境,情形; under/in these circumstances; under no circumstances 决不civil adj.民事;文明的;国内的; criminal n.罪犯;adj.刑事的;civil case民事案件have a civil/rough tongue 说话文明/粗鲁civil war 内战; civilize vt.使文明; civilization n.文明claim vt. 声称,主张,认为; acclaim 欢呼; proclaim 宣布clarify vt.澄清clear 清楚的clash n.冲突,和…冲突; lash 猛抽,猛砍,猛击have a clash with sb; have a conflict/collision with sbbe in conflict/collision/clash with…和…冲突be in accord/agreement/line with…和…一致contradiction 反驳,矛盾; contrary 相反的contrast 对立的,反差的classical adj. 古典; classic 经典; cllassify 分级,分类; first-class teachers clause n.从句,条款client n.顾客,当事人customer patronclimax n.高潮climb+maxi; maxi-大的; micro-,mini-小的microphone miniscope 显微镜tele- 遥远的telescope telephone televisionmaxieconomics 宏观经济学heliport helicopter airport; motel motor hotelsmog smoke fog; netizen net citizen; sexpert sex expert(专家) cling vi.粘紧,附着,坚持; cling to adhere to stick toclue n.线索; a clue to ; not have a clue 毫无头绪clumsy adj.笨拙的coarse adj.沙哑的; a coarse throat 沙哑的喉咙; coarse foods 粗粮coarse/refined wine 劣酒/佳酿; coarse manners 粗俗的行为code n.编码,代码zip code 邮编coincidence n.凑巧What a coincidence! coincident 巧合的incident (大,小)事件accident 事故; by accident= by chance 偶然的collaborate vi.合作collaborate withcollapse vi.坍塌,崩溃He collapsed at the sad news.; lapse 小错误; blunder 大错a lapse of the tongue/memory/pen 口误/记错/笔误colleague n.同事; league 同盟; workmate 同事; deskmate 同桌classmate ; schoolmate; homemate;fellow teacher ; fellow doctors ; fellow prisoners 狱友collide vi.相互碰撞,冲突; lid 盖子combat n./v. 打斗campaign 战役combine vt.联合combine A to Bcomfort vt使舒服comfortable 舒服的command 命令command sb to do; commander 司令; commander-in-chief 总司令comment n.评论; make a comment/remark about/on; no comment 无可奉告vi.评论comment oncommercial adj.商业的; commerce n.商业commit vt. give ; -mit= go; commitment 承诺,约定,责任commit a crime/an error 犯罪/犯错; commit a suicide(自杀) 自杀commit sth to paper 记下; commit sth to pan 记下,写下。

(完整版)个人整理2013蒋军虎英语二基础班笔记

第一章总论..................................................................................................................................... - 3 -一、基本词类10类.................................................................................................................... - 3 -二、句子成分8种...................................................................................................................... - 3 -三、句子基本类型 ....................................................................................................................... - 3 -四、改错练习............................................................................................................................... - 3 -五、句子结构分析练习 ............................................................................................................... - 4 -第二章词的讲解............................................................................................................................. - 4 -一、名词....................................................................................................................................... - 4 -二、代词....................................................................................................................................... - 4 -三、动词....................................................................................................................................... - 5 -1、动词-主谓一致.................................................................................................................... - 5 -2、时态-填空............................................................................................................................ - 7 -3、时态-选择............................................................................................................................ - 8 -4、时态-改错............................................................................................................................ - 9 -5、动词语态........................................................................................................................... - 10 -6、特殊动词与动词搭配 ....................................................................................................... - 10 -7、虚拟语气........................................................................................................................... - 10 -四、连词（见三大从句） ......................................................................................................... - 11 -第三章三大从句........................................................................................................................... - 11 -一、形容词性质的定语从句： ................................................................................................. - 11 -1、三类关系词简介 ............................................................................................................... - 12 -关系代词：..................................................................................................................... - 12 -关系副词......................................................................................................................... - 12 -关系限定词..................................................................................................................... - 12 -2、关系代词........................................................................................................................... - 12 -3、关系副词........................................................................................................................... - 13 -4、关系限定词....................................................................................................................... - 13 -5、四个关系词选择 ............................................................................................................... - 14 -1)11个关系词的选择................................................................................................ - 14 -2)关系代词which 与whom 之前介词的选择 ....................................................... - 14 -3)定语从句中关系代词与介词的位置 ..................................................................... - 15 -4)只用关系代词that不用which的情况................................................................. - 15 -6、四类特殊定语从句 ........................................................................................................... - 16 -1)分裂定语从句......................................................................................................... - 16 -2)并列/复合(嵌入)/递进定语从句............................................................................ - 16 -3)but引导的否定性定语从句................................................................................... - 17 -4)非限制性定语从句 ................................................................................................. - 17 -7、句子写作........................................................................................................................... - 19 -8、自我练习........................................................................................................................... - 19 -二、名词性从句......................................................................................................................... - 20 -三类连词的基本用法 ............................................................................................................. - 20 -1、That类从句....................................................................................................................... - 20 -2、Whether/if类.................................................................................................................... - 20 -3、Wh-类 ................................................................................................................................ - 21 -4、What与How连接名词性从句（感叹句）的注意事项................................................ - 21 -5、★★What/whatever/whoever的特殊用法 .................................................................... - 21 -6、名饰分裂的第2种情形—名词与同位语从句的分离.................................................... - 22 -7、名词性同位从句与形容词性定语从句的区别 ............................................................... - 22 -8、名词性从句练习 ............................................................................................................... - 22 -9、自我练习........................................................................................................................... - 23 -三、副词性质的状语从句 ......................................................................................................... - 24 -选择......................................................................................................................................... - 24 -自我练习................................................................................................................................. - 25 -第四章几大结构........................................................................................................................... - 27 -一、非谓语结构......................................................................................................................... - 27 -不定式短语(to do) .................................................................................................................. - 27 -动名词(v. ing) .......................................................................................................................... - 27 -分词......................................................................................................................................... - 28 -二、独立主格结构（注意独构的6种形式） ......................................................................... - 29 -三、倒装结构............................................................................................................................. - 30 -四、强调结构：......................................................................................................................... - 31 -第一章总论一、基本词类10类名词与代词、动词、形容词与副词、介词与连词、冠词、数词与感叹词）二、句子成分8种三、句子基本类型四、改错练习五、句子结构分析练习第二章词的讲解一、名词二、代词三、动词1、动词-主谓一致2、时态-填空3、时态-选择4、时态-改错5、动词语态6、特殊动词与动词搭配7、虚拟语气四、连词（见三大从句）第三章三大从句一、形容词性质的定语从句：性质=形容词；形式=句子。

蒋军虎阅读技巧小结及讲义答案

选项的比较与选择看选项之后的第一步就是排除，比较典型的排除干扰选项的方法有：1）用同性元素来排除2）用错误选项的典型特征排除：A）所述和原文相反；B）无中生有；C）和常识一致，却和文中科学论述相悖；D）是原文不严谨的改写或推理；E）违背常理；F）语气极端过于绝对正确选项的特征——原文改写一、最常见的原文改写的方法是词性变换，同义词、同义词组的替换，这些变化往往体现了选项与原文之间的文字与文字之间的精确的对应二、原文改写还有一种很普遍的方式就是句式和表达法的转换三、如果题干出现与原文某处的强对比关系词，则答案也应当对原文所述取反，这种原文与选项之间反义替换，也是文字对应的一种细节题的命题规律及解题方法一、列举处常考列举处是指用First(ly)，Second(ly)，Third(ly)，Finally；Not only…but also；Then；in addition；Further more；Moreover；Above all；On one hand… on the other hand等表示顺承关系的词语列举出的事实。

要求考生从列举出的内容中，选出符合题干要求的答案项。

该考点常出题型是“细节事实题”。

二、例证处常考为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者经常用具体的例子打比方，句中常用由as，such as，for example，for instance，take…as an example等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者提问的焦点。

三、转折对比处常考一般而言，转折后的内容常常使语义的重点，命题者常对转折处的内容进行提问。

转折一般通过however，but，yet，in fact等词语来引导。

强对比常由like，unlike，until，not so much….as 等词语引导。

命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。

四、比较处常考比较级应该说是个应用更为广泛的。

蒋军虎基础二班十五讲补充讲义09.6.17

定语从句性质=形式=关系代词：which, that, who, whom, (as)1. Pumas are large cat-like animals. These animals are found in America.Pumas are large ,cat-like animals (_____\____are found in America.) (_____)2. The house is very attractive. We built the house last year.The house (____\____\____we built last year) is very attractive. (______)3. The novel has been adapted for the screen.Most of you are familiar with the novel.The novel (_____ _____most of you are familiar) has been adapted for the screen. (________)4. He was no longer the reckless young man.He was a reckless young man two years ago.________________________________________________________( )5. Migrant workers strongly desire that their wages should be duly paid.Much more attention has been paid to to migrant workers._________________________________________________________( )6. They could find some accommodations.These accommodations were generally expensive._____ accommodations (____ they could find) were generally expensive.There were some inns in the mountains.These inns were generally poor.______ inns (____ there were in the mountains) were generally poor.A mosquito bit you just now.This is the same mosquito.This is _____ mosquito (_____ bit you just now).which sth s\o\pwho sb s\owhom sb prep+whomthat sb.\sth. s\o\p关系副词：when, where, why, that1. The reason is apparent.Piracy runs wild here for this reason.The reason {____which\_____ \_____\(____) piracy runs wild here} is apparent.(_______)The reason was not known.She resigned for that reason.The reason {____ which\___ \____ \（____)she resigned}was not known.2. The day was windy and chilly.She arrived on the day.The day {____which\ ___\____ \(____) she arrived} was windy and chilly.（_____）3. The office has been redecorated.He used to work in that office.The office {____which\_____ \_____ he used to work} has been redecorated.（___）4. Could you give me more details on the way ?You handled the crisis in that way.Could you give me more details on the way {___which\____ \(____) you handled the crisis}? (_____)关系限定词whose 和which1. The visitors’ visas are about to expire.The visitors are to have them renewed at an early date.The visitors (_____visitors are about to expire) are to have them renewed at an early date.2. The child’s parents died in the car crash.The child was left in the care of his grandparents.The child (_____parents died in the car crash) was left in the care of his grandparents.3. He is old.This fact is important.He is old, (_____ fact is important).4. He went to America in 1980.By that time the Cultural Revolution had just ended.He went to America in 1980, (by ____ time the Cultural Revolution had just ended).5. The traffic might be very busy now.In this case we may be considered delayed.The traffic might be very busy now, (in ___ case we may be considerably delayed).关系词的选择I’m deeply attached to the city {____ used to be the capital of the country}.I’m deeply attached to the city {_____I was brought up}.The house { ____\____ was built last year} is attractive.The house {____\____\(____) we built last year} is attractive.The house {____\____ which\___ I have been living} is attractive.I went to see her on the day {____\____ \(____) we had appointed}.I went to see her on the day {____which\____ \____\ (___) she arrived}.The reason{_____\____ \(____) he gave us} couldn’t justify his absence from the class.The reason{______ \_____ \______ \____ he resigned} is still a mystery to us.The reason {_____he was ill} couldn’t justify his absence from the class.定语从句中的介词选择The speed(____which China’s economy has been growing in the past decade) is remarkable. (__________)The novel (_____which most of you are familiar) has been adapted for the screen.（_________）The person (______whom he is negotiating)is the chairman of a large company.（________）定语从句中介词的位置：The man (____ whom he was talking) was a street vendor.The man (who he was talking ____) was a street vendor.He is the lawyer (that I was looking _____ ).只用that 不用which的情形：1．____________________This is the very book ( ____ I’ve been hunting for).The first case of bird flu ( _____was reported in Thailand) captured the attention of officials with WHO.2. _____________________I’m satisfied with all (____you’ve done).Is there anything (____ I can do for you?)All the machines (_____ have been used many years) will be disposed of.Every team (_____ intends to participate in the contest) is to submit a fee of 2000. 3. _____________________He talked brilliantly of the book and author ( _____ interested him).We were deeply impressed by the school and its teachers ( ____we had visited there).分列情形A new teacher will come tomorrow (____will fill in for me for a week).All is well (_____ends well).He laughs best (_____laughs last).There comes a time in every man’s life (_____________________).a.about which he has to thinkb. when he has to thinkc. therefore he has to thinkd. then he has to thinkWhen reports came into London zoo (_____a wild puma had been spotted 45 miles south of London), they were not taken seriously.Another story goes that….The sense is growing that the Americans need to turn things round fast, militarily and politically, if they are to ensure that events do not spin out control.并列、复合、递进定语从句1．__________The owner of the house, (whose wife is dead), (whose son works in New York) and (who wants to go and live with him), is willing to sell the house at reduced price.Mr. Smith, (who is well versed in Latin and English) but (who doesn’t know Chinese) find it difficult to study Chinese literature.This is the house (in which the great Peking opera singer lived) and (which you visited 10 years ago) and (which becomes a museum).2. ___________Medical experts are now racing against time to find a cure for SARS {which WHO fear may spread to even more countries}.She had a book {which she believed was bought by his father at a dear price}.She has an adopted child {who she says was an orphan}.3. ___________Is there anything else (you’d like) (you don’t see on the shelves)?Can you mention anyone (that we know) (who is so talented as he)?She is the only girl (I know) (who can play the guitar).The only person (I know) (who has a skeleton in the cupboard) is George Carlton, and he is very proud of the fact.特殊定语从句There is no rule (but has exceptions).With offices becoming more and more mechanized, there is no problem (but can be fixed in a few hours).With the introduction of electric computer, there is no complicated problem (but can be solved in a few hours).在中国人人都知道长城。

英语二完整讲义

讲义一Text A What Is a Decision ？I.课文内容简介决策的目的是制定和实现组织目标。

作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西防碍目标或目的的实现。

作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。

决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择的手段。

而多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观。

今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。

因此，有经验的管理者能从当前决策看到将来的效果。

段落大意：课文分成三部分第一、二段：决策的定义 The definition of decision第三、四段：作决策的一般过程 The general process of making a decision第五至九段：在管理层次上，多种因素影响决策的制定 Various factors influencing decision making at the managerial levelII.New Wordsorganizational a. 组织上的goal n. 目的，目标objective n./a. 目标，目的/客观的，真实的accomplish vt. 完成（任务等）predict vt./vi. 预言；预示accompany vt. 伴随，陪同implement vt. 实现；完成constraint n. 强制；强制因素precedent n. 先例，前例simplify vt. 简化tendency n. 趋势，倾向managerial a. 经理的，管理人的maker n. 制造者；制造商achievement n. 完成，达到attain vt. 达到；完成optimal a. 最适宜的，最理想的suboptimization n. 局部最优化trade-off n. 权衡；物物交换argue vt./vi. 争辩，争论budget n./vt. 预算scheme n./vt.把… 编入预算define vt. 解释，给…下定义multiple a./n.多样的，复合的/倍数profitability n. 赚钱，获利correctness n. 正确，正确性unintended a. 非计划中的，非故意的ongoing a. 进行中的，非故意的entity n. 存在，实体skilled a. 熟练的；有技能的in the way 挡路、碍事to make a guess at 猜测and the like 等等，诸如此类to seek to 追求，争取in part 部分地，在某种程度上point of view 观点词汇精讲1.goal n. 目标，进球，球门（同义词：aim ，end ， purpose，objective）Her goal is a place at university . 她的目标是在大学任教。

蒋军虎英语一长难句讲义

1、An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.2、This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader, to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.3、Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history.4、An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.5、But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.6、His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.7、“I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks ,” he says.8、Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. , like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”9、Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.10、In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.11、In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.12、At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.13、Some of these causes are completely reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.14、The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.15、To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.16、The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world’s rain forest does not seem surprising, considering the huge number of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.17、To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small.18、The consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen occupying the whole of one wall, with images of a clarity which cannot be foreseen at present.19. The only meals regularly taken together in Britain these days are at the weekend, among rich families struggling to retain something of the old symbol of togetherness.二、1. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.2. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.3. I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they are going.4. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration.5. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we longer set our own belief against ou r neighbor’s superstition.6. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say.7. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established busine ss partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.8. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-indeed, contradiction-which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.9. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional ina country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.10. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be“morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.”11. New ways of organizing the workplace-all that re-engineering and downsizing –are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by manyother factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.12. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”13. Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.14. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.15. The greater interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.16. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.17. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.18. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a ‘valid ’or ‘fair ’ comparison.19. Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs from overseas flock in search of fame, fast money and to participate in a technological revolution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution of the bygone age.20. I’m usually fairly skeptically about any research that concl udes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.三、1.He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.2.The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have: their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.3. The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.4. Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of plants, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.5. While black conductors were often motivated by their own painful experiences, whites were commonly driven by religious convictions.6. They had almost reached shore when a watchman spotted them and raced off to spread the news.7. Economy is one powerful motive for camping, since after the initial outlay upon equipment, or through hiring it, the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels.8. As the boat slid across the river, Parker watched carelessly as the pursuers closed in around the men he was forced to leave behind.9. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.10. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem.四、1. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary – the dangers of drug interactions, for example – and many are required by state or federal regula tions, it isn’t clear that theyactually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.2. Granted, a snobbery of camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already exists; but it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with.3. I am sure that, without modern weapons, I would make a very poor show of disputing the ownership of a cave with a bear, and in this I do not think that I stand alone.4. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation.5. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.6. It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard week’s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon.7. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.8. We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start.9. I do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world that would utterly destroy us.10. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment – although no one had proposed to do so –and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.11. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC – including ordinary listeners and viewers – to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.12. A young man sees a sunset and , unable to understand or to express the emotion it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lie beyond.13. Make sure you include in the examination paper what ever questions they didn’t know the answers to last time.14. The sense is growing that the Americans need to turn things round fast, militarily and politically, if they are to ensure that events do not spin out control.15. The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made.16. The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness accorded to man is that provided by a happy marriage, endeavoured to pretend that all their marriages were happy.17. And we are so accustomed to reading almost every week newspaper reports about new discoveries being made by man that we tend to take the progress and benefit of scientific research for granted.五、1. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.2. Morocco and California are bits of the Earth in very similar latitudes, both on the west coasts of continents with similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources.3. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.4. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.5. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.6. “The test of any democratic society, ” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column,“lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.”7. While talking to you ,your could – be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other q ualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares ” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.8. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.9. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.10. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable ” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management.11. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.12. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem.13. The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed.14. This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.15. How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon theamount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is always interpreted.16. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.17. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.18. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.19. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.20. Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds.六、1. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls ” among researchers .2. Emerging from the 1980 census in the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.3. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too – and so did bigger crops of babiesas yesterday’s “baby boom ” generation reached its childbearing years.4. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.5. Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.6. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.7. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace.8. From the shore-line out to a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a few hundred miles runs the gentle slope of the continental shelf, geologically part of the continents.9. The ability to acquire habits can be conceivably inherited just as much as can definite responses to narrow situations.10. Coincident with concerns about the acceleration loss of species and habitats has beena growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.七、1. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.3. Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who has such faith in the bottle ofmedicine, especially if it be wrapped in white paper by a clever chemist?4. The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.5. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.6. It was the training that he had as a young man that made him such a good engineer.八、1. Levi Coffin, a teacher raised in North Carolina, explained, “The Bible, in bidding us to feed the hungry and clothe the naked, said nothing about color. ”2. Henson is but one name on a long list of courageous men and women who together forged the Underground Railroad, a secret web of escape routes and safe houses that they used to liberate slaves from the American South.3. Word spread that fleeing slaves could always find refuge at the Coffin home.4. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed of it , and that it represents good value.5. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.6. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method ” a substitute for imaginative thought.7. Alongside me was a slender woman in a black dress, my guide back to a time when the surrounding settlement in Dresden, Ontario, was home to a hero in American history.8. The irony of the histori an’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.9. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.10. Whether the remarkable growth of organized camping means the eventual death ofthe more independent kind is hard to say.11. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside down, or even destroying it.13. While it’s true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions—be they scientific or artistic.九、1. It doesn’t seem that we can get the money back.2. It is not my belief that you can make something out of nothing.3. Spiders are not insects as many people imagine.4. He was not ready to believe something just because the ancients said so.5. Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture.6. There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer.7. The contemporary phenomenon of car worship is to be explained not least by the sense of independence and freedom that ownership entails.8. With the introduction of electric computer, there is no complicated problem but can be solved in a few hours.9. One’s true feelings cannot but come through in what one says and does.10. None but the brave deserve the fair.11. The aim of the repetitions of the same commercial on television is nothing but to brainwash consumers into compulsive consumption.12. The importance of studying English cannot be overemphasized.13. He would be the last man to do such foolish things.14. Hardly a week goes by without some advance in technology that would have seemedincredible 50 years ago.15. Yet there are few people who feel anything but a mild interest in the discoveries that are being made by scientists.十1. Yet their present development is wholly different, not so much because of different people even, but because of the different thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants.2. If experiments are planned and carried out carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.3. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.4. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 averages.5. As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent-little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of Western states.6. Thus, just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents. So hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).7. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.8. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.9. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.10. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.11. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.12. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.13. There is no spectacle on earth more appealing than that of a beautiful woman in the act of cooking dinner for someone she loves.14. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men’s bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?15. Nothing is less instructive than a machine.16. The Robert has no more emotion than the car.17. Old books that have ceased to be of service should no more be abandoned than should old friends who have ceased to give pleasure.18. Language is a part of our organism and no less complicated than it.19. She knew better than to go out alone on such a night.20. The hardship of the work was more than an ordinary man can bear.。

老蒋英语二作文模板

老蒋英语二作文模板Introduction:When it comes to writing an English essay, many students find themselves at a loss for how to structure their thoughts and present them in a coherent and persuasive manner. A well-crafted essay template can be a valuable tool to guide students through the writing process. Here's a template that can be adapted for various essay types, including argumentative, narrative, and expository essays.Paragraph 1: Introduction- Hook: Begin with an attention-grabbing sentence that introduces the topic and engages the reader's interest.- Thesis Statement: Clearly state the main argument or the point of the essay. This should be concise and informative, outlining the key points that will be discussed.Example:"In an era where technology is advancing at an unprecedented rate, the debate on the impact of social media on modern society has become increasingly relevant. This essay will explore the positive and negative effects of social media, ultimately arguing that while it has the potential to connect people across the globe, it also poses significant challenges to mental health and privacy."Paragraph 2: Body Paragraph 1- Topic Sentence: Introduce the first main point thatsupports the thesis.- Explanation: Provide a detailed explanation of the point, including any relevant examples or evidence.- Analysis: Analyze how the evidence supports the point and connects back to the thesis.Example:"One of the most significant advantages of social media isits ability to connect individuals from diverse backgrounds. Through platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, people can maintain relationships with friends and family, regardless of geographical distance. This has been particularly beneficial for the expatriate community, who can now stay in close contact with their homeland."Paragraph 3: Body Paragraph 2- Topic Sentence: Introduce the second main point, which should be different from the first but still relevant to the thesis.- Explanation: Offer a thorough explanation with supporting details.- Analysis: Discuss how this point further strengthens the argument presented in the thesis.Example:"On the flip side, social media has been linked to various mental health issues, particularly among younger users. Studies have shown that excessive use of platforms like Instagram and Snapchat can lead to increased feelings of anxiety and depression, as individuals often compare their lives to the curated highlights of others."Paragraph 4: Body Paragraph 3 (Optional)- Topic Sentence: If necessary, introduce a third main point that adds depth to the argument.- Explanation: Elaborate on the point with specific examplesor data.- Analysis: Connect this point to the overall thesis and explain its significance in the broader context of the argument.Example:"Furthermore, the rise of social media has raised concerns about privacy and the erosion of personal boundaries. Withthe constant sharing of personal information and location data, individuals are increasingly vulnerable to surveillance and data breaches, which can have severe consequences for personal safety and identity theft."Paragraph 5: Conclusion- Restate Thesis: Briefly reiterate the main argument without repeating the exact wording from the introduction.- Summary: Summarize the main points discussed in the body paragraphs.- Closing Thought: End with a closing thought that leaves a lasting impression on the reader and reinforces the essay's message.Example:"In conclusion, while social media offers a platform for connection and communication, it is not without its drawbacks. The potential harm to mental health and privacy cannot beignored. It is imperative for individuals to be aware of these issues and for platforms to be developed with these concerns in mind. As we continue to navigate the digital age, a balanced approach to social media use is key to maximizing its benefits while minimizing its risks."Remember, this template is a starting point and can be modified to fit the specific requirements of the essay prompt and the writer's unique perspective.。

老蒋英语二作文模版

老蒋英语二作文模版Sure, I can help you with that. Here's an example of an English essay template based on your requirements:---。

Paragraph 1:Hey there! I'm really excited to share with you my thoughts on a topic that's been bugging me lately. You know, sometimes life throws curveballs and we're left scratching our heads, wondering what to do. But hey, that's what makes it interesting, right?Paragraph 2:For me, learning a new skill is always a fun challenge. It's like opening a door to a whole new world. Remember when you first learned how to ride a bike? That feeling of accomplishment, it's just amazing. And now, I'm on thisjourney of learning English, and it's been quite a ride.Paragraph 3:One thing I've learned is that practice makes perfect. You can't just sit around and expect to get better at something. You need to put in the effort, make mistakes, and learn from them. That's how we grow, isn't it?Paragraph 4:Also, I find that being around people who speak English helps a lot. It's like being thrown into the deep end of the pool – you either sink or swim. But in this case, swimming feels really good. Plus, it's always fun to make new。

蒋军虎考研英语单词详解B字母概要

蒋军虎考研英语单词详解B字母概要B字母1. bald [b?:ld] a.①秃头的，秃顶的；②明显的，赤裸裸的bold a.①勇敢的，勇猛的；②鲁莽的，厚颜无耻的；③黑体的，粗体的，醒目的b old不老的go bald （变得秃顶）泄顶The bald fact is that s’+v’明显的事实是…2. ban [b?n] n.(颁布)禁令vt.禁止（政府）颁to impose a ban on smoking颁布一条禁烟令(impose [im'p?uz] vt.强加)to ban sb from smoking in public places 禁止在公众场所抽烟forbid sb to do/forbid sb from doing vt.禁止prohibit sb form doing vt.①禁止(fml.法律)；②禁止(广)ban sb form doing vt.禁止（政府）prevent sb from doing vt.阻止preclude sb from doing vt.阻止stop sb from doing 阻止keep sb form doing 阻止3. bankrupt ['b??kr?pt] a.破产的bank rupt→银行破裂了银行=break vt.①破裂；②突然一下子He went bankrupt. 他破产了bankrupt a.破产的bankruptcy ['b??kr?ptsi] n. 破产to file for bankruptcy 申请破产=apply for 申请(file n.文档vt.递交文档)erupt=break out vi.爆发corrupt vt.使腐败corrupted officials 腐败的官员disrupt vt.使分裂，扰乱to disrupt a country 分裂一个国家interrupt vt.打断to interrupt sb’s talks 打断某人的谈话inter:①插入；②相互bankrupt a.破产的4. bare ['bε?] a.赤裸的，裸露的ba re贝儿bare fisted 赤手空拳的(fist [fist]n.拳头)bare footed 光着脚丫的a bare mountain top 一个光秃秃的山顶bare a.赤裸的，裸露的naked ['neikid] a.赤裸的，裸露的nude [nju:d] a.赤裸的，裸露的bald a.赤裸的，裸露的bare a.赤裸的，裸露的barely ['bε?li] ad.几乎不，勉强He could barely write. 他几乎不会写字。

英语二重点班讲义1-2

新英语2蝴蝶梦1华夏大地教育网英语二重点班的同学们，大家好！我是华夏大地教育网英语一精讲和英语二重点班的辅导老师高伟。

欢迎大家来到华夏大地重点班英语2的辅导课堂。

为了帮助大家能在新版英语2考试中顺利通过，华夏大地教育网在此构建了英语2重点班的学习辅导活动。

在听取重点班的讲解之前，我希望大家能对教材内容有一个较为清晰的认识，做到熟悉文章内容。

在每期重点班里，讲解内容分为两个部分：1、对教材每一课需要大家注意的重点词汇和词组做一个详细的回顾；2、实战演练，针对新版英语2考试题型，在解题思路上做一个明确的阐述。

重点班每次上课的时间为一个半小时，要求大家在听讲解的过程中仔细体会讲义中的精华。

同时对于每次提前给大家留的讲义作业版，要求大家在上课前主动地去思考、完成。

只有你找到了在做题时与老师的分析方法不同之处，才会明白英语考试并非如大家想像得那么困难，同时也可以结合自己的一些优势不断更新符合自身的解题方法。

可以说，无论是旧版亦或是新版英语2的考试，词汇是基础，只有在掌握了一定的词汇量后，才能更透彻地理解讲义的内涵，才能在考试中透彻地理解阅读中遇到问题的真伪性，从容地的做出选择。

同时，要有效地控制做题的时间。

当然，我更希望大家都能以一种快乐、沉稳的心态应对考试。

让我们向快乐出发！圆新英语2蝴蝶梦！第一单元A1.apply to：“应用，使用”，注意其他短语apply for：“申请”，同源词application。

2.put forth：“提出，产生”，关注与put形成固定搭配的其他词汇，如put down,put on, put out, put off, etc.。

3.seek to：注意短语搭配，关注seek out。

4.statement：同源词state。

5.active：同源词actively, activity, inactive, inactively。

6.involve：短语搭配involve in：“牵涉到，卷入”，同源词involvement。

2013-2014-2基础英语2新教案

新疆财经大学教案任课教师：木合买提课程名称：基础英语2任课班级：国贸商2012-2班外国语学院（部）公共英语教研室二○一三 -- 二○一四学年第 2 学期课程教案概貌课程单元教案（单元 1-1 ）注：1. 一单元为8—10个标准学时；2. 教学设计指在8—10个标准学时内教学活动的组织过程（含内容及时间安排）；3. 单元小结为课后手写。

课程单元教案（单元 1-2）2. 教学设计指在8—10个标准学时内教学活动的组织过程（含内容及时间安排）；3. 单元小结为课后手写。

课程单元教案（单元 1-3 ）2. 教学设计指在8—10个标准学时内教学活动的组织过程（含内容及时间安排）；3. 单元小结为课后手写。

课程单元教案（单元 1-4）注：1. 一单元为8—10个标准学时；2. 教学设计指在8—10个标准学时内教学活动的组织过程（含内容及时间安排）；3. 单元小结为课后手写。

课程单元教案（单元 2-1 ）2. 教学设计指在8—10个标准学时内教学活动的组织过程（含内容及时间安排）；3. 单元小结为课后手写。

课程单元教案（单元 2-2）2. 教学设计指在8—10个标准学时内教学活动的组织过程（含内容及时间安排）；3. 单元小结为课后手写。

课程单元教案（单元 2-3 ）注：1. 一单元为8—10个标准学时；2. 教学设计指在8—10个标准学时内教学活动的组织过程（含内容及时间安排）；3. 单元小结为课后手写。

课程单元教案（单元 2-4）注：1. 一单元为8—10个标准学时；2. 教学设计指在8—10个标准学时内教学活动的组织过程（含内容及时间安排）；3.单元小结为课后手写。

课程单元教案（单元 3-1 ）注：1. 一单元为8—10个标准学时；2. 教学设计指在8—10个标准学时内教学活动的组织过程（含内容及时间安排）；3. 单元小结为课后手写。

课程单元教案（单元 3-2）2. 教学设计指在8—10个标准学时内教学活动的组织过程（含内容及时间安排）；3. 单元小结为课后手写。

英语二老蒋英语基础班语法总结

目录总论 (1)英语10大类词性： (1)★ v： (1)一、名词： (2)一、数 (2)1. 可数【C】:可数名词不单独存在加a、an、the、+s (2)2. 不可数【U】 (2)3.特殊名词复数形式及用法 (2)⑴复合n (2)⑵集合n (2)⑶特殊名词（常见）： (3)二、格 (3)1.所有格 +’S、+S’、+of (3)⑴ +’S、+S’ (3)⑵of (4)⑶双重所有格 (4)2. 功能：S、O、P、A (4)3. 抽象名词具体化： (4)4. ①注意：many【C】、much【U】、 (4)二、代词 (5)1.人称代词 (5)2. 补充 (5)3. 不定代词：不确定，不具体，无明确所指 (5)三、时态 (6)1. 完成时： (6)2. 瞬间性V表持续 (6)3. If（如果）引导条状，无将来时，主将从现 (6)4. 系动词+感官V+be+Vi=无被动 (6)5. 特殊 always (7)四、主谓一致 (7)1. 注意：set、pair (7)2.就近原则 (7)3. the secretary and the principal 2人【书记和校长】 (7)the secretary and principal 1人【书记兼校长】 (7)4. 时、空距离、金钱 ==>单数 (7)5. 山川、河流、瀑布、群岛==>复数 (7)a great many people==>常复数 (7)6.强调句型 (7)7.便士：50整 pence 50一堆pennies (7)8.区别：that是否做成分 (7)9. 出现序数词、最高级用to做定语且定从引导词用that (7)10. S, ，V (7)五、被动语态 (8)1. 用法：特点：只有vt有被动语态 (8)2. 被动表主动 (8)3. 适用范围： (8)4. 主动表被动 (8)5. 使役、感官动词作宾补转主补时+to (8)六、虚拟语气 (8)一、虚拟条件 (8)1. 错综虚拟 had done+W、C、Should、might do【时间错综】【与状从中条状】 (8)2.虚拟从句倒装【与倒装结构】 (8)3.含蓄虚拟条件（用代替if）【与状从中条状】 (9)4.阴阳虚拟语气==>从句虚拟，主句真实 (9)二、命、建、要类 (9)1. 命令、建议、要求 (9)2. that名从 (9)三、主观意愿 (9)1.If+only 过去 S + V If only I had married him. (9)2.I wish that过去 S + V I wish that I had married him. (9)4. It is time that + S’+Ved，S+should V (10)四、状语从句类【与状从中条状】 (10)1. as if仿佛（方从） (10)2.in case that以防（目状） (10)3. lest、for fear that以防（目状） (10)区别： (10)五、加强语气【与倒状结构】【与状从中条状】 (10)七、特殊动词 (11)一、助动词 (11)定义：帮助V，句子中必须出现V (11)二、系动词 (11)1.be + n (11)become + adj (11)2. 半系动 (11)三、情态动词 (11)1.can==>could可能、 may==>might或许、 (11)will==>would愿意、 shall==>should应该 (11)2 (12)3.ought to ==>should（应该） (12)ed to do（过去常常） (12)5. must (12)八、非谓语结构 (13)（一）、to do (13)1. to do 非谓语==>做n、adj、adv状语 (13)2. n用法：可做S、O、P、A (13)3. adj用法： (13)⑴adj作后定==>【不定式to做后置定语时与前面n形成V+O，prep+O】 (13)★⑵使役、感官动词作宾补转主补时+to【还原to】 (13)4. adv用法： (13)①目状： (13)③因状 (13)不定式to做adv表结果状时 (14)5. 时态语态： (14)6. to主动表被动 (14)7. 复合不定式 (14)8. 不定式否定形式 (14)（二）、Ving（动名词） (14)1. 特点Ving==>n词性，v意义 (14)2. Ving功能=n==>S、O、P、A (14)3. Ving与to do 区别 (14)4. Ving（动名）与Ving（现分） (15)5. Ving无所有格 (15)6. 否定形式 not+Ving (15)7. 时态与语态 (15)（三）、Ving、Ved（现分与过分） (15)1. Ving与Ved（现分与过分）==>adj作定、表、补 (15)一、Ving（现分） (15)（一）、Ving做adj (15)（二）、Ving做adv用法 (16)二、Ved（过分） (16)三、状从还原状短语时 (16)九、独立主格 (16)1. 本质：（≈状从省略）成分：状语形式：短语 conj+ S'+V'，S + V (16)2. Conj S'+V'，S + V.【从句主语与主句主语不一致】==>独立主格 (16)3. 独立主格形式 (16)4.特点 (17)5. 独立主格省略 (17)6.时态、语态 (17)7. 特殊： (17)十、倒装 (18)1. 原理S+V（正装） V+S（倒装） (18)2. 否定性adj坐状语置于句首【主句倒装】 (18)3. 虚拟条件句【从句倒装】【虚拟语气倒装】 (18)4. 满足3个条件全倒装 (18)5. only+状语置于句首【V+S】①only+状语②句首 (18)6.so+adj、adv ...that S'+V'【主句倒装】 . (18)such+a、an、adj（有时）+n...that S'+V'【主句倒装】 (18)7. 比较状从【从句倒装】 (18)8. p be s 倒装 (18)9. whether...or...引导语气加强倒装【从句倒装】【与虚拟语气】【与条状从】 (19)10. 引述倒装 (19)11. “...亦如此”、“...亦不如此” . (19)十一、强调结构 (20)形式 (20)从句篇 (21)4. 引导词： (21)十二、名从 (22)引导词： (22)一、 that类：A>S>P>O（学习重点） (22)二、 weather、if（是否类） (22)三、特殊疑问词类wh-（同that用法） (23)四、感叹词类how、what (23)五、what、whatever、who、whoever特殊用法 (23)六、名词性同位从句与形容词性定语从句的区别 (24)十三、定从 (25)三类引导词 (25)1. 关系代词：S、O、P、A (25)2.关系代词 (26)3.关系限定 (27)4.关系词的选择 (27)5.关系词前面介词的选择 (27)7.只用关代that，不用关代which【物主】 (27)8.4个特殊定从（9.为第四个特殊定从） (28)9.非限定定从（，引导词+定从） (28)十四、状从 (29)一、状从：时、地、因、果、条、目、比、方、让 (29)1. 状从中注意的6问题 (29)二、时状从 (29)1. when、while、as基本用法 (29)2. when、while特殊用法 (30)3. until、till (30)4. as soon as（一...就）=the moment=the minute=the second=the . (30)三、地状从 (30)1. where：在...地.. (30)2. where引导地状时 every where、where、wherever【加强语气】 (30)3. 关于地状的3个问题 (30)四、条状从 (30)1. if后可以接真实条件【条状从】，也可接虚拟条件【虚拟语气】 (30)2. only if与if only (30)3. unless（除非）=if not（否定条件） (30)4. given、given that (30)5. assuming（that S'+V'） (31)supposing（that S'+V'）倘若（if） ==>虚拟语气【可真可假】 (31)6. provided（that）=providing（that）【无区别】倘若 (31)7. as long as=so long as （只要） (31)8. ？★ but that...（否定条件）【阴阳虚拟语气】 .. (31)五、目状从 (31)1. so that 、in order that（为了） (31)2. in case that S'+V'=for fear that S'+V'=lest（以防） (31)六、结果状从 (31)1. so...that与such...that .. (31)1. because（语气较直接）==>why (31)2. as、since (31)3. for==>因为 (31)4. now that在语义上≈since 既然 (32)5. in that（在...方面） .. (32)6. not that....but that...（不是因为...而是因为...） . (32)7. considering that=seeing that=given that（鉴于、考虑到） (32)8. for the simple reason that S'+V'=simple because (32)9. on the ground that S'+V'（由于、依旧是、理由是） (32)八、让步状从 (32)1. though、although、even though、while + S'+V'（虽然、尽管） (32)2. despite（prep）+n（尽管、虽然） (32)3. even though与even if区别 (32)4. whether...or...（无论还是） (32)5. ★wh-ever=no matter wh- (32)6. n、adj、adv、v+as...，S+V（尽管） (32)7. ★Much as=though、although、even though、while + S'+V'（尽管） (32)九、方状从 (32)1. as=in the way（这样、那样） (32)2. as if=as though（仿佛） (32)十、比较状从 (32)1. 比状从4多多省略、多倒装、多替代、多否定转移 (32)2. than（比）==>引导差级比状从 (32)as（同、像）==>引导同级比状从 (32)3. A more than B 翻译为 A比B不.... .. (32)4. A no less/more than B A≥/≤B 不少/不多 (33)Eg.The robot has no mare that the car.机器人和汽车一样没有情感 (33)Old books that have ceased to be of service should no more be abandoned than should old friend who have ceased to be give pleasure. (33)5. A not less/more than B A≤/≥B 不比...少/不比...多 . (33)Eg. He is not less than 12. 他不到12岁 (33)6. 当一类事物与某一具体事物作比较并用于否定句中，该具体事物为最高级内容 (33)Eg There is no spectacle on earth more appealing than that of a beautiful woman in the act of cooking dinner foe someone she loves. (33)7. There is more agreement on A than on B【在A比在B方面有个更多的共识】 (33)8. not so much A as B 【与其A 不如B】 (33)9. just as S’+V’ , so S + V. If S’+V’,then S + V.【so、then adv】 (33)10. 倍数表达： (33)11. the same...as.. (33)12. not A but B 不是A而是B (33)十五、否定结构 (33)一、部分否定与完全否定 (33)1. 当集体词出现用于否定句中==>表示部分否定 (33)二、否定转移 (33)1. 观点类 (34)2. 似乎类 (34)3. 否定转移【？+★】 (34)三、双否=强肯[over-but-too否定] (34)四、特殊否定 (34)1. the last (34)2.hardly without (34)3.few anything=nothing but (34)十六、并列结构 (34)并列结构三招 (34)4. 多重并列、多重替代 (35)十七、分裂结构 (35)1. 名饰分裂 n+...（长修）【定语+同位语】 (35)2. 主谓分裂 S,...,V（5种） (35)3. 搭配分裂 (35)4. 动宾分裂 vt...O.. (35)5. 插入语 (35)6. 其他【连词与主干分裂】 (35)第 1 页共 44 页总论英语10大类词性：1.n==>功能 S O P A 5.pron==>代替名词构成基本句子2.v==>功能英语句子的标志3.adj==>修饰n修饰作用4.adv==>修饰v6.prep （介词）==>prep+n 介宾（介词不单独存在，必须与名词一起）7.conj （连词）==>连接句子（从属连词==>有连词有句子）8.num==（adj ）做定语9.article （冠词）==>a 、an 、the10.Interj （感叹词）==>听力、口语★ v ：1.主谓一致 S+V2.时态 16种3.语态主、被动4.语气祈使、虚拟、陈述5.特殊动词情态动词9类==>主观态度助动词4类==>一定有V 出现（帮助动词构成时态、语态），非实义动词系动词==>联系事物和其状态、属性、特征表示 … … … …半系动4个==>在功能上等于系动词的一半助动词：7.独立主格8.conj==>从句3个1.n 从==>功能=n词 S、O、P、A2.wh-、that（特殊疑问词6个）2.adj从==>定从（att）引导词11个关代5 关副4 关限定23.adv从==>引导词9类9.、句子基本成分S：句子陈述对象==>S（一般为n）V：表明主语动作、or特点、属性==>V【实义：S V O】、【系动词：S be P】P：表示事物特征、属性、or状态O：动作对象or介词连接对象（v+o、prep+o）Att（定语）：修饰限定n，使n表达明确位置：1.adj+n（前定）adj短语非谓语 to+v Ving（动名） Ving、Ved（现分、2.n+ prep短语后定 adv短语3.定从分定App（同位语）：对前面n进行补充说明补语：对S、O补足说明，暗示S、O信息不足、不充分【标志词】==>call，foundV Vi+prepVt+O1+O2状语：修饰谓语动词、adj、adv表程度、背景①程度性状语、②过度性状语祈使句：V开头，表示命令、需求、请求、要求一、名词：一、数1.可数【C】:可数名词不单独存在加a、an、the、+s2.不可数【U】3.特殊名词复数形式及用法⑴复合n①有核心词在核心词后+S②无核心词直接在最后单词+S③有man、woman，双变==>men，women再加+S⑵集合n①谓语动词==>单三第 2 页共44 页poetry（诗歌）machinery（机器）a piece of furniture（家具）==>（看成单数）jewellery（珠宝）equipment（设备）②时间、空间、距离、金钱==>单数③即表示组陈人员又表示整体机构的词jury（陪审团）、audience（听众、观众）、family（家庭）、crew（全体船员、乘务员、机组成员）、security（保安）is==>单个的成员 are==>整体④有生命的人or物、机构==>复数police、cattle（牛群）、peoplethe+adj表示一类人⑤山川、瀑布、河流、群岛==>复数⑥特殊名词复数形式datum==>date【数据】、bacterium==>bacteria【细菌】、medium==>media【媒体】⑶特殊名词（常见）：二、格⑴ +’S、+S’①有生命的人or物②城市、国家、机构（有生命的有机体=像人一样的机构）③时间、空间、距离④车、船（交通工具）【穿越时空】⑤the+商人’S==>店家⑥the+姓’S==>一家人第 3 页共44 页⑵of⑶双重所有格2.功能：S、O、P、A3.抽象名词具体化：②地道英语：停车came to a stop暂停came to a pause成名came to fame做决定came to a decision③in、on用法第 4 页共44 页二、代词1.人称代词any用于否定句中or疑问句中 some用于肯定句中those who（固配）every作为adj时+n不加oflunar：阴历的 lunar New Year（中国新年） solar：阳历的人称顺序：2、3、1 遇到比较级时人称：2、33.不定代词：不确定，不具体，无明确所指anther==>单数 other==>复数 each other==>2个彼此one anther==>3个中的一个sth of（固配）=to some dEgree、extent第 5 页共44 页第 6 页共 44 页三、时态①有时间截止点（在下一个动作发生前的一个动作为时间截止点） ②完成影响动作性瞬间持续动作持续状态性 2.瞬间性V 表持续It is 瞬间V +时间段+ since+s ’+VedIt has been 过去时V 3.If （如果）引导条状，无将来时，主将从现 4.系动词+感官V+be+Vi=无被动第 7 页共 44 页5.特殊 always continuallybe+ constantly +doing表示强烈厌恶、不满 invariably forever ...四、主谓一致1.注意：set 、pair2.就近原则 the secretary and principal 1人【书记兼校长】 4.时、空距离、金钱 ==>单数 5.山川、河流、瀑布、群岛==>复数 a great many people==>常复数 6.强调句型+ 人 whoIt is + 物 which 翻译时省略 +人、物 that7.便士：50整 pence 50一堆pennies 8.区别：that 是否做成分such...that S + V + O==>结果状从or 其他状从 such...that + V + O ==>定从9.出现序数词、最高级用to 做定语且定从引导词用that 10.S, ，V第 8 页共 44 页五、被动语态1.用法：特点：只有vt 有被动语态S + V + O 被动语态强调动作承受者 By+S 看作动作发出者 O + be+Ved + S 2.被动表主动3.适用范围：强调动作承受者；不知动作发出的身份；避免动作发出者的出现；动作发出者不言自明4.主动表被动半系动词（感官动词）taste 、smell 、sound 、feel...【...起来】特殊动词eat 、wash 、sell 、clean...【...起来】 need want require 主动+doing 被动 +to do deserve 、be worth doing 值得 5.使役、感官动词作宾补转主补时+tosb be made to do sthsb make do sth （同let 、have 、ask ）sb see 、hear 、watch + doing ==>（正在做）一眼 sb see 、hear 、watch + to do ==>（做了）全过程六、虚拟语气一、虚拟条件2.虚拟从句倒装【与倒装结构】第 9 页共 44 页从句中出现had 、were 、should 可倒装3.含蓄虚拟条件（用代替if ）【与状从中条状】supposing （that） S'+V' ，S+V ==>同if 主 assuming （that ） S'+V' ，S+Vhad it not been for 【过时】，S+V would + have done were it not for +n 【现时】，S+V would + do without ，S+V would + have done but for ，S+V would + have don 4.阴阳虚拟语气==>从句虚拟，主句真实二、命、建、要类 1.命令、建议、要求命、建、要类+that （名从）（should ）+V ’ 三、主观意愿现在 If only I were a bride. 1.If+only 过去 S + V If only I had married him. 将来 If only I would be a billionaire. 现在 I wish that I were a bride. 2.I wish that 过去 S + V I wish that I had married him. 将来 I wish that I would be a billionaire.3.would ratherwould rather do than dowould rather that S’+Ved’（虚拟）【现在+将来】 that S’+had done 【过去】4.It is time that + S’+Ved，S+should VIt is high time that + S’+Ved，S+should V四、状语从句类【与状从中条状】1.as if仿佛（方从）2.in case that以防（目状）3.lest、for fear that以防（目状）区别：五、加强语气【与倒状结构】【与状从中条状】第10 页共44 页七、特殊动词一、助动词定义：帮助V，句子中必须出现V二、系动词1.be + n+ adjbecome + adj2.半系动1.can==>could可能、 may==>might或许、will==>would愿意、 shall==>should应该第11 页共44 页2.ed to do（过去常常）否定形式：used not to do、did not used to do（过去不常常）疑问形式：Used?、ed to do?be used to【不定式】 do（被用来做）be used to【介词】 doing（习惯于）有时态变化5.must①必须==>命令（语气）need 、should 、mustEg. You must go. Must I go?You mustn’t go. NO,you needn’t.②肯定==>推测（可能性）can（50%）、may（75%）、must（100%）Eg. The light is on.==>He must be at home.The light is off.==>He can’t be in.must:有依据（过去or现在）肯定推测==>must有依据（过去or现在）否定推测==>can’t表示推测（表示责备和遗憾）：语气should、must may、might、can、could第12 页共44 页八、非谓语结构（一）、to do1.to do 非谓语==>做n、adj、adv状语to+ V2.n用法：可做S、O、P、A3.adj用法：⑴adj作后定==>【不定式to做后置定语时与前面n形成V+O，prep+O】with+有形工具 in+无形工具 on+外露的交通工具 in+封闭的交通工具★⑵使役、感官动词作宾补转主补时+to【还原to】sb be made to do sthsb make do sth （同let、have、ask）4.adv用法：to==>表将来和目状to用作非谓语adv时还可用结果状语、因状、目状①目状：②结果状③因状第13 页共44 页不定式to做adv表结果状时so...as totoo... to ==>to表结果only to5.时态语态：完成 to have done进行 to be doing完成进行 to have been doing语态to be done（别人做） to done（自己做）6.to主动表被动7.复合不定式wh- to do=n从句省略nthere to be=n8.不定式否定形式to have donenot to be doingto have been doing（二）、Ving（动名词）1.特点Ving==>n词性，v意义2.Ving功能=n==>S、O、P、A3.Ving与to do 区别第14 页共44 页动名词+某一具体的实体物==>表示其功能、属性现分+有生命的东西表示正在...正处于...5.Ving无所有格6.否定形式 not+Ving7.时态与语态时态只有完成时==>having done被动语态==>being done（三）、Ving、Ved（现分与过分）1.Ving与Ved（现分与过分）==>adj作定、表、补==>adv作状语一、Ving（现分）（一）、Ving做adj1.Ving做adj用法功能定、补、表2.特点：①表主动逻辑②在语义上表示正在...令人...的③一般性的状况lead、love、like④2两个时态表示一般性状态和正在...3.例句第15 页共44 页（二）、Ving做adv用法1.功能adv作状语2.将状语短语变为状从时⑴考虑从句中从句动词V1与主句动词V2的关系【扩】①时间的先后关系 After句首②原因 As句首③反向让步（尽管、虽然）Although句首④条件 If、Provided that、So long as⑤其他 as...（一...就...）（当...）【从V与主V同时发生】⑵注意从V与主V的时态与语态【缩】①去关联词，去从S②从V与主V时态、语态关系（主动Ving，被动Ved）二、Ved（过分）1.Ved天生表示被动和完成时2.作adj==>定、补、表3.表示一般性状况和动作的完成三、状从还原状短语时conj S + be...，S + V. 1.当从句主语与主句主语一致时2.出现be时可以省为conj...，S+V九、独立主格1.本质：（≈状从省略）成分：状语形式：短语 conj+ S'+V'，S + V.2.Conj S'+V'，S + V.【从句主语与主句主语不一致】==>独立主格Ving（主动）省略==>n+ Ved（被动），S + Vto do（将来）Conj S'+V'，S + V.【从句主语与主句主语一致】==>非谓语Ved（被动）句子：S + V ==> 简化独主==> n+ Ving（主动），S + Vto do（将来）第16 页共44 页adj短语（通常）S + be（省略）==> 简化独主==> n+ adv短语，S + Vprep短语adj短语（有时）S + be（省略）==> 简化独主==> n+ being adv短语，S + V prep短语adj短语（有时）with + n + adv短语prep短语4.特点短语形式； n与方框语义为 S+V、be； 6个短语作状语，状主句的V5.独立主格省略①逻辑主语为people、we、public...时可省【不言自明】6.时态、语态7.特殊：第17 页共44 页十、倒装1.原理S+V（正装） V+S（倒装）2.否定性adj坐状语置于句首【主句倒装】not only、not until、never=in no way=by no means=in、under no circumstances、little、hardly、no sooner（过完）...than（一般过）...3.虚拟条件句【从句倒装】【虚拟语气倒装】if从句出现had、were、should4.满足3个条件全倒装①表示时间or地点的状语②以be为代表的状态性动词or以come、go为代表的来去运动类动词③必须是n+（长修）【Ps】There be 句型某处有某物There（有） be + n（某物） + prep n（某处）可替换为lies、sits、stand、exists（v 存在）5.only+状语置于句首【V+S】①only+状语②句首6.so+adj、adv ...that S'+V'【主句倒装】such+a、an、adj（有时）+n...that S'+V'【主句倒装】7.比较状从【从句倒装】8.p be s 倒装①adj短语+be+n（经常有长修）第18 页共44 页②Doing...be+n（长修）③Done...be+n（长修）9.whether...or...引导语气加强倒装【从句倒装】【与虚拟语气】【与条状从】10.引述倒装“He went to USA yesterday，”said Smith.Smith said“He went to USA yesterday”.【必须正装】（n+said）、（conj+said）11.“...亦如此”、“...亦不如此”“...亦如此”①He went to cinema yesterday.So did I.②He goes to cinema.So do I③He has gone to cinema.So have I.“...亦不如此”①He didn’t go to cinema yesterday.Neither、Nor did I.②He doesn’t go to cinema.Neither、Nor do I第19 页共44 页③He hasn’t gone to cinema.Neither、Nor have I.12.成分前置（≠倒装）==>强调考点：【adj+as（as后有与adj对应的be），adv+as（as后有与adv对应的V）、vt+o+as（as后有与VO对应的特殊V），n+as（as后有as与n对应的be or其他）】让步状从前置【与让步状从】十一、强调结构形式第20 页共44 页从句篇1.从句==>从属于主句为主句的一个单位==>单词（n，adj，adv）2.学习重点==>引导词的学习3.n从==>S、O、P、A adj从==>定从 adv从==>状从4.引导词：第21 页共44 页十二、名从引导词：一、that类：A>S>P>O（学习重点）1.S：He is still alive.It is beyond my imagination.==>That（he is still alive）is beyond my imagination.（头重脚轻）==>It is beyond my imagination that（he is still alive）.（名饰分裂）2.O：John was to be promoted to the vacancy.John told me that.==>John told me that（he was to be promoted to the vacancy）.3.P：The finest looking shoes pinch the foot.The truth is that.==>The truth is that（the finest looking shoes pinch the foot）.4.A:CollEge students should wear uniform.His proposal met with strong resistance.==>His proposal that（collEge students should wear uniform）met with strong resistance.==>His proposal met with strong resistance that（collEge students should wear uniform）.【名饰分裂】二、weather、if（是否类）【if 表示是否类，完全可以忽略，如果继续存在，则为如果之意→针对一般疑问句】1.S:Does he agree to the plan?【疑问句】【注意人称】This makes no difference.==>（Weather、If he agrees to the plan）this makes no difference.第22 页共44 页I was wondering this.==>I was wondering（weather、if I Should bring my GF to the gathering）.3.PThe question is this.==>The question is（weather、if he comes this evening）.4.A：Should there be more free sports facilities for the public.The debate continued.【疑问句】【注意人称】==>The debate（weather、if there should be more free sports facilities for thepublic）continued.==>The debate continued（weather、if there should be more free sports facilitiesfor the public）.【名饰分裂】三、特殊疑问词类wh-（同that用法）代词what什么，who谁限制词which那一个、那一些+n.时间地点副词where那里，when什么时候方式副词why为什么，how怎么样【注意以上从句都不倒装】四、感叹词类how、whathow+adj、adv what+n五、what、whatever、who、whoever特殊用法What he wants has nothing to do with me.Whatever he wants has nothing to do with me.【☆☆注意：what/whatever的特殊用法】What is one man’s meat is another’s poison.【what = the thing that‟】I’m satisfied with what you’ve done.【what = all that‟】You can call it whatever you like.【whatever = anything that‟】As a man of ample means, he could do virtually whatever he wanted.【whatever = anything that‟】【as+名词，为介词表示“作为”means①手段②财富】第23 页共44 页What friends she has are out of the country now.【what + n. = the n. that‟】He collected whatever information he could find out on the subject.【whatever +n. = any n. that‟】I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it.【whoever = anybody who‟】六、名词性同位从句与形容词性定语从句的区别同位语从句The reason that he was ill could not justify his absence.【that名词性从句中不作成分；that后的内容可以替代先行词】定语从句The reason that he was dismissed remains a mystery.【that可以替代why = for which，也可省略，作关系副词引导从句作定语】定语从句The reason that he put forward is not convincing.【that为关系代词作宾语】第24 页共44 页十三、定从三类引导词关系代词：who、whom、which、that、as关系副词：where、when、why、that关系限定：which、whose1.关系代词：S、O、P、A第25 页共44 页Pumas are large, cat-like animals which / thatare found in America.【关系代词作主语，不可省略。

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