Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor
美国文学史及选读复习笔记（1-2册）
美国文学史及选读复习笔记（1-2册）History And Anthology of American Literature (V olumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6. 船长约翰?史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th 早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7. 美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8. 他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.9. 他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
美国文学复习资料
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英语国家概况
outline
American Puritanism: origin and development;
Calvinism; heritage and curse; the biblical myth of the Garden of Eden
as the base of American L.
outline
The Wild Honeysuckle p23 The Indian Burying Ground The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi
In his poem, “Huswifery”, he saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning. p19
Roger Williams, a great Puritan
dissenter
freedom of the individual, was orderes comment: “the first rebel
against the divine church order in the
wilderness”.
P20
John Woolman, a pious Quaker
美国文学史及作品选读习题集（2）
2 The Literature of Colonial AmericaⅠ. Fill in the blanks1. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was ________, an English soldier of fortune, whose reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinct American literature written in English.2. The term “Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of ______.3. _______College was established in 1636, with a printing press set up nearly in 1639.4. The first permanent English settlement in North American was established at _____, Virginia.5. ______ was a famous explorer and colonist. He established Jamestown.6. John Smith published _____ books in all.7. In the book _____ John Smith wrote that “here nature and liberty afford us that freely which in English we want, or it costs us dearly.”8. The General History of Virginia contains Smith’s most famous tale of how the Indian princess named ______ saved him from the wrath of her father.9. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the _____values that dominated much of the early American writing.10. The American poets who emerged in the seventeenth century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. _______Bradstreet was one such poet.11. Bradford used a word “_______” to describe the community of believers who sailed from Southampton England, on the Mayflower and settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620.12. In 1620, ______was elected Governor of Plymouth, Massachusetts.13. From 1621 until his death, ______probably possessed more power than any other colonial governor.14. Bradford’s work consists of two books. The first book deals with the persecutions of the Separatists in Scrooby, England, the second book describes the singing of the “______Compact”.15. The History of New England is a priceless gift _____left us.16. The writer who best expressed the Puritan faith in the colonial period was _______.17. The Puritan philosophy known as ______ was important in New England during colonial time, and had a profound influence on the early American mind for several generations.18. Many Puritan wrote verse, but the work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward ______, rose to the level of real poetry.19. Before his death, Jonathan ______had gained a position as America’s firstsystematic philosopher.Ⅱ. Match the names of the writers with their works.1. Jonathan Edwards a. The Day of Doom2. Increase Mather b. The magnolia Christi America3. John Smith c. The History of the Dividing Line4. William Byrd d. The General History of Virginia5. Olaudah Equiano e. A True Sight of Sin6. William Bradford f. Freedom of the Will7. Cotton Mather g. Cases of Conscience concerning Evil Spirits8. Thomas Hooker h. The Interesting Narrative9. Anne Bradstreet i. Preparatory Meditations10. Edward Taylor j. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America11. Michael Wigglesworth k. The History of Plymouth Plantation12. Roger Williams l. A Key into the Language of AmericaⅢ. Multiple Choice.1．Early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in ________began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.A. Virginia and PennsylvaniaB. Massachusetts and New YorkC. Virginia and MassachusettsD. New York and Pennsylvania2. The first writings that we call American were the narratives and _______of the early settlements.A. journalsB. poetryC. dramaD. folklores3. Among the earliest settlers in North America were Frenchmen who settled in the Northern colonies and along the _____River.A. St. LouisB. St. LawrenceC. MississippiD. Hudson4. In 1620 a number of Puritans came to settle in ________.A. VirginiaB. GeorgiaC. MarylandD. Massachusetts5. Whose reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been regarded as the first distinct American literature written in English?A. John Winthrop’sB. John Smith’sC. William Bradford’sD. Christopher Columbus’s6. In 1612, John Smith published in England a book called ________.A. A Map of Virginia with a Description of the CountryB. The General History of MassachusettsC. A Description of New EnglandD. The Early History of Plymouth Colony7. What style did the seventeenth century American poets adapt to the subject matter confronted in a strangely new environment?A. The style of their own.B. The style mixed with England and American elements.C. The style mixed with native-American and British tradition.D. The style of established European poets.8. ______ was a civil covenant designed to allow the temporal state to serve the godly citizen.A. The early history of Plymouth colonyB. The magnolia Christi AmericaC. Mayflower CompactD. Freedom of the Will9. How many books did Cotton Mather, an inexhaustible writer, produced?A. About 400.B. About 500C. About 600D. About 30010. Somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean ______delivered his sermon A Model of Christian Charity. It became his important work.A. John WinthropB. Michael WigglesworthC. William BradfordD. Thomas Hooker11. ______ was regarded as the most eminent and admired minister in the first generation of New England Puritans.A. Cotton MatherB. John CottonC. John EliotD. Edward Taylor12. Who among the following translated the Bible into the Indian tongue?A. Roger WilliamsB. John EliotC. Cotton MatherD. John Smith13. The best of Puritan poets was ______, whose complete edition of poems appeared in 1960, more than two hundred years after his death.A. Anne BradstreetB. Michael WigglesworthC. Thomas HookerD. Edward Taylor14. English literature in America is only about more than ________years old.A. 500B. 600C. 200D. 10015. The early history of ________ Colony was the history of Bradford’s leadership.A. PlymouthB. JamestownC. New EnglandD. mayflower16. Which statement about Cotton Mather is not true?A. He was a great Puritan historian.B. He was an inexhaustible writer.C. He was a skillful preacher and an eminent theologian.D. He was a graduate of Oxford College.17. Jonathan Edwards’ best and most representative sermon was _________.A. A True Sight of SinB. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry GodC. A Model of Christian CharityD. God’s Determinations18. Which writer is not a poet?A. Michael WigglesworthB. Anne BradstreetC. Edward TaylorD. Thomas Hooker19. The common thread throughout American literature has been the emphasis on the ________.A. revolutionismB. reasonC. individualismD. rationalism20. Anne Bradstreet was a puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she become known as the “_______” who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse21. The ship “_______” carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic22. Which writer best expressed the Puritan sense of the self?A. Jonathan Edwards.B. Increase Mather.C. John Smith.D. Thomas Hooker.23. Before ______ the American newspapers were cultural and literary in nature, but after this time, they become more political.A. 1620B. 1700C. 1775D. 1750Ⅳ. Literary Terms1. Separatists2. Pilgrims and Puritans3. Olaudah Equiano (1745~1797)4. Literary Journals5. Slave Narratives6. John Smith (1580~1631)7. William Bradford (1590~1657)8. Jonathan Edwards (1703~1758)9. John Winthrop (1588~1649)10. The Mathers11. Michael Wigglesworth (1631~1705)Ⅴ. Identification.1. Identify the author and briefly introduce the following works.(1) Leah and Rachel(2) The Magnalia Christi Americana(3) The Freedom of the Will2. Identify the poem.I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,The black-clad cricket bear a second part,They kept one tune, and played on the same string,Seeming to glory in their little art.Shall creatures abject thus their voice raise?And in their kind resound their maker’s praise,Whilst I, as mite, can warble forth no higher lays?“Under the cooling shadow of a stately Elm,Close state I by a goodly River’s side,Where gliding streams the Rocks did overwhelm;A lonely place with pleasures dignifi’d.I once that lov’d the shady woods so well,Now thought the rivers did the trees excel,And if the sun would ever shine there would I dwell.“While musing thus with contemplation fed,And thousand fancies buzzing in my brain,The sweet tongu’d Philomel percht o’er my head,And chanted forth a most melodious strain,Which rapt me so with wonder and delight,I judg’d my hearing better than my sight,And wisht me wings with her awhile to my flight.”Questions:(1) This is taken from the Contemplations written by an early American woman writer. What is her name?(2) Make a brief comment on this short poem.3. Identify the except. Make a brief comment on this except.“The clouds gathering thick upon us, and the winds singing and whistling most unusually, . . . a dreadful storm and hideous began to blow from out the Northeast, which swelling and roaring as it were by fits, some hours with more violence than others, at length did beat all light from heaven, which like an hell of darkness, turned black upon us…“Prayers might well be in the heart and lips, but drowned in the outcries of the Officers, —nothing heard that could give comfort, nothing seen that might encourage hope…“The sea swelled above the Clouds and gave battle unto heaven.“Sir George Summers being upon the watch, had an apparition of a little round light, like a faint star, trembling and streaming along with a sparking blaze, half the height from the mainmast, and shooting sometimes from shrouds, and for three or four hours together, or rather more, half the night it kept with us, running sometimes along the mainyard to the very end, and then returning…“It being now Friday, the fourth morning, it wanted little but that there had been a general determination to have shut up hatches and commending our sinful souls toGod, committed the ship to the mercy of the sea.”4. Identify the poem.“The kingly Lion and the strong-armed Bear,The large-limbed Mooses, with the tripping Deer;Quill-darting Porcupines and Raccoons beCastled in the hollow of an aged tree;The skipping Squired, Rabbit, purblind Hare,Immured in the self=same castle are.“Concerning lions I will not say that I ever saw any myself, but some affirm that they have seen a lion at Cape Ann, which is not above six leagues from Boston; some likewise being lost in woods have heard such terrible roarings as have made them much aghast: which must either be devils or lions; there being no other creatures which use to roar saving bears, which have not such a terrible kind of roaring.”Questions:(1) The name of the poem is ________.(2) Briefly introduce the writer.5. Identify the poem.Some hide themselves in Caves and DelvesIn places underground.Some rashly leap into the Deep,To scape by being drowned:Some to the Rocks (O senseless blocks!)And woody mountains runThat there they might this fearful sight,And dreaded Presence shun…Not we, but he ate of the Tree,Whose fruit was interdicted:Yet on us all of his sad Fall,The punishment’s inflicted.How could we sin that had not been,Or how is his sin ourWithout consent, which to prevent,We never had a power…Yet to compare your sin with theirWho lived a longer time,I do confess yours is much less,Though every sin’s a crime.…A crime it is, therefore in blissYou may not hope to dwell;But unto you I shall allowThe easiest room in hell.The glorious King thus answering,They cease and plead no longer:Their consciences must needs confessHis reasons are the stronger.Questions:What is the name of the poem? Make a brief comment on it.Ⅵ. Questions and AnswersWho was Anne Bradstreet? What were her literary achievements?Ⅶ. Essay Questions.Do you agree that in colonial America there was no poetry at all? Give your reason. KeysⅠ. Fill in the blanks1. Captain John Smith2. England3. Harvard4. Jamestown5. Captain John Smith6. 87. A Description of New England8. Pocahontas9. Puritan 10. Anne11. Pilgrims 12. William Bradford13. Bradford 14. Mayflower15. John Winthrop 16. John Winthrop17. Puritanism 18. Taylor19. EdwardsⅡ. Matching.1-f ; 2-g; 3-d; 4-c; 5-h; 6-k; 7-b; 8-e; 9-j; 10-i; 11-a; 12-l Ⅲ．Multiple Choice.1-5 CABDB 6-10 ADCBA 11-15 AADCA16-20 DBDCB 21-23 CDDⅣ. Literary Terms.1.Separatists:In the colonial period, the Puritans who had gone to extreme were known as “separatists”. Unlike the majority of Puritans, they saw no hope of reforming the Church of England from within. They felt that the influences of politics and the court had led to corruptions within the church. They wished to break free from the Church of England. Among them was the Plymouth plantation group. They wished to follow Calvin’s model, and to set up “particular” churches.2. Pilgrims and Puritans: A small group of Europeans sailed from England on the Mayflower in 1620. The passengers were religious reformers—Puritans who were critical of the Church of England. Having given up hope of “purifying” the Church from within, they chose instead to withdraw from the Church. This action earned them the name separatists. We know them as the Pilgrims. They landed in North America and established a settlement at what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts. The colony never grew very large, however. Eventually, it was engulfed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the much larger settlement to the north.Like the Plymouth Colony, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was also founded by religious reformers. These reformers, however, did not withdraw from the Church of England. Unlike the separatists, they were Puritans who intended instead to reform the Church from within, in America, the Puritans hopes to establish what John Winthrop, governor of the Colony, called a “city upon a hill,” a model community guided in all aspects by the Bible.Their form of government would be a theocracy, a state under the immediate guidance of God.Among the Puritans’ central beliefs were the ideas that human beings exist for the glory of God and that the Bible is the sole expression of God’s will. They also believed in predestination-- John Calvin’s doctrine that God has already decided who will achieve salvation and who will not. The elect, or saints, who are to be saved cannot take election for granted, however. Because of that, all devout Puritans searched their souls with great rigor and frequency for signs of grace. The Puritans felt that they could accomplish good only through continual hard work and self-discipline. When people today speak of the “Puritan ethic”, that is what they mean.Puritan ideas of hard work, frugality, self-improvement, and self-reliance are still regarded as basic American virtues.3. Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797): When published in 1789, the autobiography of Olaudah Equiano created a sensation.The Interesting Narrative made society face the cruelties of slavery and contributed to the banning of the slave in both the United States and England.The son of a tribal elder in the powerful kingdom of Benin, Equiano might have followed in his father’s footsteps had he not been sold into slavery. When Equiano was eleven years old, he and his sister were kidnapped from their home in West Africa and sold to British slave traders. Separated from his sister, Equiano was taken first to the West Indies, then to Virginia, where he was purchased by a British captain and employed at sea.Renamed Guatavus Vassa, Equiano was enslaved for nearly ten years. After managing his Philadelphia master’s finances and making his own money in the process, Equiano amassed enough to buy his freedom. In later years, he settled in England and devoted himself to the abolition of slavery. To publicize the plight of slaves, he wrote his tow-volume autobiography, The Interesting Narrative. Although Equiano’s writing raised concern about the less than human conditions inherent ill slavery, the slave trade in the United States was not abolished by lawuntil 1808, nearly 20 years after its publication.4. Literary Journals:a journal is an individual’s day-by-day account of events. It provides valuable details that can be supplied only by a participant or an eyewitness. As a record of personal relations, a journal reveals much about the writer.While offering insights into the life of the writer, a journal is not necessarily a reliable record of facts. The writer’s impressions may color the telling of events, particularly a reliable record of facts. The writer’s impressions may color the telling of events, particularly when he or she is a participant. Journals written for publication rather than private use are even less likely to be objective. The European encounters with and conquest of the Americas are recorded in the journals of the explores.5. Slave Narratives: A uniquely American literary genre, a slave narrative is an autobiographical account of life as a slave. Often written to expose the horrors of human bondage, it documents a slave’s experiences from his or her own point view.Encouraged by abolitionists, many freed or escaped slaves published narratives in the year before the Civil War.6. John Smith (1580-1631): adventurer, poet, mapmaker, and egotist are just a few of the labels that apply to Smith, who earned a reputation as one of England’s most famous explorers by helping to lead the first successful English colony in America. Stories of his adventures, often embellished by his own pen, fascinated readers of his day and continue to provide details about early exploration of the Americas.Following a ten-year career as a soldier, Smith led a group of colonists to his continent, where they landed in Virginia in 1607 and founded Jamestown. As president of the colony from 1608 to 1609, Smith helped to obtain food, enforce discipline, and deal with the local Native Americans. Though Smith returned to England in 1609, he made two more voyages to America to explore the New England coast. He published several works in the course of his life, including The General History of Virginia, New England, and The Summer Isles (1624).7. William Bradford (1590-1657): Survival in North America was a matter of endurance, intelligence, and courage. William Bradford had all three. Thirteen years after the founding of Jamestown, Bradford helped lead the Pilgrim to what is now Massachusetts.Bradford, who was born in Yorkshire, England, joined a group of Puritan extremists who believed the Church of England was corrupt and wished to separate from it. In the face of stiff persecution, they eventually fled to Holland and from there sailed to North America.After the death of the colony’s first leader, the Pilgrims elected William Bradford governor. He was reelected thirty times. During his tenure, he organized the repayment of debts to financial backers, encouraged new immigration, and established good relations with the Native Americans, without whose help the colony never would have survived.In 1630, Bradford began writing Of Plymouth Plantation, a firsthand account of the Pilgrims’ struggle to endure, sustained only by courage and unbending faith. The work, written in the simple language known as Puritan Plain Style, was notpublished until 1853.8. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758): Jonathan Edwards is so synonymous with “fire and brimstone”—a phrase symbolizing the torments of hell endured by sinners—that his name alone was enough to make many eighteenth-century Puritans shake in their shoes.This great American theologian and powerful Puritan preacher was born in east Windsor, Connecticut, where he grew up in an atmosphere of devout discipline.A brilliant academic, he learned Latin, Greek, and Hebrew by the age of twelve, entered Yale at thirteen, and graduated four years later as class valedictorian. He went on to earn his master’s degree in theology.Edwards began his preaching career in 1727 as assistant to his grandfather, Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the church at Northampton, Massachusetts, one of the largest and wealthiest congregations in the Puritan worlds. Edwards also preached as a visiting minister throughout New England. Strongly desiring a return to the orthodoxy and fervent faith of the puritan past, he become a leader of the Great Awakening, a religious revival that swept the colonies in the 1730’s and 1740’s.The great Awakening did not last, however, and in 1750 Edwards was dismissed from his position after his extreme conservatism alienated much of the congregation. He continued to preach and write until his death in 1758, shortly after becoming president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). Edward’s highly emotional sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” is by far his most famous work. It was delivered to congregation in Enfield, Connecticut, in 1741, and it is said to have caused listeners to rise from their seats in a state of hysteria.9. John Winthrop (1588-1649): Among the company of English Puritans who, in 1630, settled on the shore of Massachusetts Bay, the foremost figure was that of John Winthrop, already appointed Governor of the colony. His family was well known in his home shire of Suffolk, a family of property and position. Winthrop himself was a man of noble character, a conscientious Puritan, yet catholic in spirit beyond some of his associates, possessing the tastes and accomplishments of culture. During his voyage to America, he had busied himself in the composition of a little treatise which was characteristic of this broad-minded man. A Model of Christian Charity is the title of his essay; and in it he presents a plea for the exercise of an unselfish spirit on the part of all the members of this devoted band, now standing on the threshold of an experience which could not but be trying in the extreme on the nerves and temper of the of all. “We must be knit together in this work as one man!” was his cry.10. The Mathers: through three generations Mathers—in grandfather, son and grandson—appear as brilliant intellectual leaders of the Massachusetts clergy.Richard Mather, 1596-1669, an Oxford graduate, who arrived in Boston in 1635, was one of that conscientious Puritan brotherhood that of necessity sought a refuge and a field for spiritual conquest in the New World. He became the minister at Dorchester. “My brother Mather is a mighty man,” Thomas Hooker said of him. Although he was a prolific writer, it is sufficient to the preface of the old BayPsalm Book.Increase Mather, 1639-1723. Among the 4 sons who became ministers, it was through Increase Mather that the chief inheritance of scholarly gifts was transmitted. The father’s eloquence was more than equaled by the son’s; his Puritan zeal, his love of learning, his industry in the production of pamphlets and books, brought the name of Increase Mather into greater prominence than Richard Mather’s vigorous quill had won. For fifty-nine years, he served as minister of the North Church in Boston. He added some ninety titles to the list of colonial publications--the majority representing discourses prepared for his congregation. Perhaps the only one of his books sufficiently vitalized by human interest to be noted today is An Essay for the Recording of Illustrious Providences(1684), in which the piety, pedantry, and superstition characteristic of the religious scholar in that age are curiously mingled. This collection of strange visitations and marvelous deliverances was designed for the pious entertainment and spiritual comfort of its readers. It is one of the most interesting of these early American classics; and, like so many of the works previously cited, affords a vivid glimpse into the Puritan mind. For sixteen years, Increase Mather served as President of Harvard College.Cotton Mather, 1663-1728. His paternal relationship was not the only source of hereditary influence. The famous John Cotton was his grandfather on his mother’s side. All the accumulated piety and learning of his distinguished ancestry seemed to reside in this extraordinary man. He has been not inappropriately termed “tin literary behemoth of New England.” He had read Homer at ten years of age, and at eleven was admitted to Harvard College. He took his first degree at fifteen; at seventeen he began to preach, and soon afterward became associate with his father in the pastorate of the North Church in Boston, a connection which lasted for forty years. In his religious life, he became abnormal also; at times he lay for hours on the floor of his study in spiritual agony. He fortified himself for the conflict with error by fasts and vigils. His speech was full of pious ejaculations. Unhappily, Cotton Mather is most often remembered as a leader in the pitiful persecution of the unfortunate people accused of witchcraft at Salem in the last decade of the century. His Memorable Providence Relating to Witchcrafts (1691) and Wonders of the Invisible World (1693) contain curious records and much interesting matter relative to satanic possession; ideas which were firmly believed at that time, not only in New England, but very generally throughout Europe also.The most remarkable thing about Cotton Mather’s literary career is the number of his writings; four hundred or more titles are included in the catalogue of his works. The great work, the magnum opus of Cotton Mather’s prolific industry, was the famous Magnalia Christi Americana.11. Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705): He is Puritan versifier whose inspiration appealed strongly to contemporary minds. This most popular of early American poets was Rev. Michael Wigglesworth, minister at Malden, Massachusetts, author of a tremendous and dismal epic, surcharged with the extreme Calvinism of the time. His masterpiece of Puritan theological belief is entitled The Day of Doom; it was published in 1662, and for a hundred years remained—as Lowell expressesit— “the solace of every fireside” in the northern colonies.Ⅴ. Identification.1. (1) Leah and RachelIt was written by John Hammond. John Hammond, a resident in the newer colony of Maryland, visiting his old home in 1656, became homesick for the one he had left so America. “It is not long since I came from thence,” he said, “nor do I intend, by God’s assistance, to be long out of is again...It is that country in which I desire to spend the remnant of my days, in which I covet to make my grave,” His little work, entitled Leach and Rachel(“the two fruitful sisters, Virginia and Maryland”), was written with a purpose to show what boundless opportunity was afforded in these two colonies to those who in England had on opportunity at all. (2) The Magnalia Christi MatherIt was written by Cotton Mather.The book, completed in December, 1697, was published at London in 1702. It stands fitly enough is the last important literary effort of seventeenth-century colonial Puritanism. Something over a thousand pages of closely printed matter is included in the seven parts or volumes of this monumental work. The planting of New England and its growth, the lives of its governors and its famous divines, a history of Harvard College, the organization of the churches, “a faithful record of many wonderful Providences,” and an “account of the Wars of the Lord --being an history of the manifold afflictions and disturbances of the churches in New England “--such is the scope of the Magnalia Christi Americana, or The Great Acts of Christ in America.The style is pedantic and artificial, but the spirit of the writer is perfectly sincere. Now and them the narrative grows simple and strong. There is a frequent use of Old Testament phraseology which indicates a clear perception of its poetical value. Cotton Mather lived throughout the first quarter of the eighteenth century; but in all essential respects, in personality and in utterance, he belongs wholly to the seventeenth. The consummate product of the old Puritan theology, he stands as the last important representative of the type in American literature.(3) The Freedom of the WillIt is, however, as the author of an extraordinary book entitled An Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will, that Jonathan Edwards holds his position in American letters. This work is a defense of the Calvinistic doctrines of foreordination, original sin, and eternal punishment. It is a masterpiece of philosophical reasoning, and although in the broadening of men’s minds the old theological ideas have been greatly modified, The Freedom of the Will is still recognized as a profound work, and has a definite place in the literature of theological discussion; it has been called “the one large contribution which America has made to the deeper philosophic thought of the world.”2. (1) Anne Bradstreet.(2) These stanzas, written by Anne Bradstreet, taken from her best known and most attractive poem, Contemplations, was written late in her life, at her home in。
美国文学史作品作家汇总1
美国文学史作品作家汇总【常耀信】美国文学Part 1. Colonial America1.William Bradford威廉•布拉德福德Of Plymouth plantation普利茅斯种植园史：2.Anne BradstreetThe tenth muse lately sprung up in American最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯Contemplation 沉思录3. Edward Taylor爱德华•泰勒God’s determinations上帝的决定Preparatory Meditations内省录Housewifery家务4..Roger Williams罗杰•威廉斯The Bloody Tenet Of Persecution for Cause of conscience血腥的迫害教义The t Bloody Tenet Yet More Bloody血腥的教义变得血腥味更浓A key into the language of American美国语言的秘密5. John Woolman约翰伍尔曼Journal日记6.Thomas Paine托马斯•潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代7.Philip Freneau菲利普•弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地8.Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will 论意志自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended论原罪The Nature of True Virtue论真是德行的本原9.Benjamin Franklin本杰明•富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传10. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur约翰•克雷德福Letter of an American Farmer美国农夫的来信Part 2. American Romanticism1.Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉2.James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leather stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者Part 3.New England Transcendentalism1.Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河2.Henry David Threau亨利•大卫•梭罗1817-1862 Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers3/Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利•沃兹沃思•朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;V oices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens 民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Revere’s Ride保罗•里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯•斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗4.Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔•霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼•布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像5.Herman Melville赫尔曼•梅尔维尔1819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比•迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza 广场故事;Billy Budd比利•巴德6.Walt Whitman沃尔特•惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌7.Emily Dickinson埃米莉•迪金森1830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉•迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的8.Edgar Allan Poe埃德加•爱伦•坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔•李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔•阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦9.Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特•比彻•斯托1811-1896 Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们Part 4. The age of Realism1.William Dean Howells 威廉•狄恩•豪威尔斯1837-1920 The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读2、Henry James享利•詹姆斯1843-1916 小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟•米乐；The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术Part 5. Local Colorism3.Mark Twain马克•吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑TheCelebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad 傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆•索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利•费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉•达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结Part 6. American Naturalism4.Stephen Crane斯蒂芬•克莱恩1871-1900 Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇Frank Norris弗兰克•诺里斯1870-1902 Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West 小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事5.Theodore Dreiser西奥多•德莱塞1871-1945 Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗6.Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935 Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest 沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集7.Jack London杰克•伦敦1876-1916 The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel 铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁•伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下Upton Sinclair厄普顿•辛克莱尔1878-1968 Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragon’s Teeth龙齿O Henry欧亨利Gift of Magi麦琪的礼物The Ransom of Red ChiefThomas Stearns Eliot托马斯•艾略特1888-1965 Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land荒原(The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death by Water水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言);名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会Wallace Stevens华莱士•史蒂文斯1879-1955 Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar 弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得•昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集William Carlos Williams威廉•卡罗斯•威廉斯1883-1963 收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson。
论安妮·布拉德斯特里特诗歌《致我亲爱的丈夫》中的形式主义创作风格[精品资料]
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最新最全的学术论文期刊文献年终总结年终报告工作总结个人总结述职报告实习报告单位总结摘要：国内外的很多学者都曾经对安妮·布拉德斯特里特的诗歌《致我亲爱的丈夫》中诗人对其丈夫那刻骨铭心的爱情深感震撼并将其感受付诸笔端以借此歌颂和阐释婚姻和爱情。
不过，虽然诗中歌颂的爱情感人肺腑，但是诗歌表达爱情的形式更值得学者们关注。
为此，本文将从诗歌文本的文学性、诗歌语言的本质性、诗歌语言的规律性以及诗歌文本的感知性四个方面探索安妮·布拉德斯特里特《致我亲爱的丈夫》中的形式主义创作风格。
关键词：安妮·布拉德斯特里特《致我亲爱的丈夫》形式主义创作风格一、引言长期以来，美国殖民地时期的第一位女诗人安妮·布拉德斯特里特（Anne Bradstreet）的诗歌以其深刻的清教主义思想以及复杂的基督教世界观牢牢地抓住了国外学者的心灵，《致我亲爱的丈夫》（To My Dear and Loving Husband）便是其中一例。
尽管如此，专门撰文阐述和研究这首诗歌的学者却并不多见。
可以说，多数学者都把精力集中在她的其它诗歌上并在此基础上去探索她诗歌中的清教主义思想、女性声音、传统价值、世俗斗争等方面的文化价值和人生观念。
[1]（Requa，1974：3-18）探讨之余，学者们也顺便论及《致我亲爱的丈夫》中那夫妻间的深情厚爱，并借此抒发各自的所思所感。
至于她对诗歌形式的追求，Rosemary ughlin曾经以诗人的其它几首诗歌为基础从韵律、组织原则、诗歌意象、主题四个方面做过分析和论述，但是尚未从形式主义的角度触及诗人在这首诗歌中体现出来的形式主义创作风格。
[2]（Laughlin，2003：1-17）因此，本文拟从诗歌文本的文学性、诗歌语言的本质性、诗歌语言的规律性以及诗歌文本的感知性四个方面就诗人在本诗中表现出来的形式主义诗歌创作特征做一个形式主义解读，以加深对诗歌创作形式的理解，丰富学界对安妮·布拉德斯特里特的研究。
美国诗歌选修周殖民地时期+浪漫主义早期课件 (一)
美国诗歌选修周殖民地时期+浪漫主义早期课件 (一)在美国文学的发展历程中，诗歌一直占据着重要的地位。
本文将着重介绍美国诗歌的选修课件中关于殖民地时期和浪漫主义早期的内容。
一、殖民地时期诗歌1. 简介殖民地时期的诗歌，也称为早期诗歌，大多数作品产生于17世纪末至18世纪初。
这些诗歌主要涉及宗教、道德、自然、爱情等主题，往往带有宗教色彩。
其中以安妮·布拉德斯娅特（Anne Bradstreet）和爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）的作品最为有名。
2. 诗歌风格如同英国文学，殖民地时期的诗歌具有一定的拘谨和形式感。
采用的韵律和修辞手法更为传统和保守，例如：押韵、对仗、隐喻等。
此外，殖民地时期的诗歌里常常反映出新世界的艰辛，同时表现出了对宗教信仰和道德规范的忠诚。
3. 代表作品《诗篇第104篇解释》（Edward Taylor）：此诗是爱德华·泰勒最有代表性的作品之一。
写作时未得到公开发表，是通过后人编纂出版的。
分为七部分，每一部分都是在为上帝创造的世界和生物赞美神的伟大和智慧。
《自传条款》（Anne Bradstreet）：安妮·布拉德斯娅特是新世界首位女性诗人，她的作品充满了女性的感性情感和对宗教信仰的深厚体验。
此诗歌以回忆自己墨西哥建造的房子为主题，叙述了个人和对家庭的怀念。
二、浪漫主义早期诗歌1. 简介浪漫主义运动是19世纪初在欧洲兴起的，随后传播到美国。
浪漫主义诗歌强调个人情感体验、强烈的形象化和美感的表达。
此时期的作家包括威廉·布莱克（William Blake）和威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）等。
2. 诗歌风格浪漫主义诗歌不拘泥于传统的形式和韵律，强调自由与创新。
诗歌中常常使用比喻、暗示和形象的描写，让读者感受到个人的情感体验和内心的极致细腻。
此外，浪漫主义诗歌比较关注自然和人文，强调人与大自然的紧密联系。
吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》配套题库【章节题库(含考研真题)】-第一~二章【圣才出品】
第一章殖民地时期的美国文学填空题1. The term “Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of ______.【答案】England【解析】清教徒（Puritan），是指要求清除英国国教Church of England中天主教残余的改革派。
其字词于16世纪60年代开始使用，源于拉丁文的Purus，意为“清洁”。
2. The most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature was ______.【答案】American Puritanism【解析】美国文化源于清教文化，由清教徒移民时传入北美。
美国主流价值观都可以追溯到殖民地时期一统天下的清教主义，并且清教思想对美国文学有着根深蒂固的影响。
3. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the ______ values that dominated much of the early American writing.【答案】Puritan【解析】清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。
清教徒强调艰苦奋斗、勤俭节约、虔诚和淡泊。
这些价值观也影响了早期的美国文学。
4. Many Puritans wrote verse, but the works of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and______, rose to the level of real poetry.【答案】Edward T aylor【解析】美国殖民时期最著名的诗人是安·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒。
5. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poems composed by ______.【答案】Anne Bradstreet【解析】安·布莱德斯特律是美国殖民时期著名的诗人。
《美国文学简史》考研常耀信版考研复习笔记和考研真题
《美国文学简史》考研常耀信版考研复习笔记和考研真题第1章殖民地时期的美国1.1 复习笔记I. American Puritanism（美国清教主义）The settlement of North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. In 1620, the ship Mayflower carried about one hundred Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The first settlers in America were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons. They carried with them American Puritanism which took root in the New World and became the most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature.英国向北美的移民活动开始于17世纪上半叶。
英国于1607年在北美建立了第一个永久性海外殖民区：弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。
1620年“五月花”号载运100余名移民抵达马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。
很多美国早期的移民是清教徒，他们出于多种原因来到美国。
他们信奉的清教主义后来在新大陆生根发芽，并对美国思想和美国文学产生了根深蒂固的影响。
美国文学1
1.约翰·史密斯（探险家）约翰·史密斯上校（1580.1-1631.6.21），新英格兰的舰队司令，是英国军人，探险家和作家。
他因在北美弗吉尼亚州建立了英国第一个永久殖民地詹姆斯敦而扬名天下。
作品A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608)A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1612)The Proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia (1612)A Description of New England (1616)New England's Trials (1620, 1622)The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles (1624)An Accidence, or the Pathway to Experience Necessary for all Young Seamen (1626)A Sea Grammar (1627) – the first sailors' word book in EnglishThe True Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captain John Smith (1630)Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or Anywhere (1631)2.威廉·布拉德福德（William Bradford，1590年-1657年）五月花号公约签署人之一，于1620年参与创立了普利茅斯殖民地，并在长达30余年的时间里担任普利茅斯总督。
美国殖民时期三大诗人
美国殖民时期文学三大诗人安妮·布雷兹特里特Anne Bradstreet（1612-1672）美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人。
她出生于英格兰，1630年时随父亲和丈夫来到北美马萨诸塞湾殖民地。
诗的风格与同时代的英国诗人John Donne、Edward Taylor有相似之处。
她最著名的诗集是《第十位缪斯》(The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America,1650)，这也是她生前出版的唯一诗集。
一般认为，她最优秀的诗作，主要收录于她去世后由罗杰斯选编的《布雷兹特里特诗集》(Several Poems 1678)。
《写在我家失火之际》On the Burning of Our House）反映出殖民时期生活的侧面，《灵与肉》（The Flesh and the Spirit）向读者展示了作为一名虔诚的清教徒，在面临新大陆恶劣的生存环境时，诗人内心深处肉体与灵魂、世俗与信仰之间的斗争。
爱德华·泰勒(Edward Taylor，1644?-1729年)美国清教派牧师和诗人。
他被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人。
在他有生之年仅发表过两首诗歌，直到1937年人们研究他的手稿时才认识到他那虔诚的诗歌的优美绝伦。
像约翰·多恩和乔治·赫伯特以及其他英国玄学派诗人一样，泰勒擅长运用精心选择的暗喻和丰富而唯美的比喻，也采用日常生活中的寻常措辞和比喻。
《爱德华·泰勒诗集》(1939年)收录了他的杰作，包括写于约1685年的《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》，和写于1682-1726年的《内省录》（Preparatory Meditation）中的部分。
《内省录》其他部分出版于《爱德华泰勒诗选》(1960年)。
泰勒出生于英格兰。
1668年来到马萨诸塞州，就读于哈佛大学。
1671年毕业后，在马萨诸塞州的维斯特菲尔德任牧师，直到去世前不久离任。
美国文学史及选读自考考点
The literature of colonial AmericaJohn Smith1）The 1st American writer2）作品“reports of exploration”have been de scribed as the 1st distinctly American literatur e written in English, attracted Pilgrims(朝圣者) &the Puritans.3）1608，写了封信“A true Relation of Such O ccurance&Accidents of Note as Hath Happen ed in Virginia Since the 1st planting of That c olony”4）1612，第二本书“A map of Virginia :with a Description of the Country”5）他一共出版了八本书，公司破产以后做了向导，he sought a post as guide to the pilgrims. 1624，“General History of Virginia”讲述How the Indian princess Pocahonats Saved him. 6）他早期记录和反映的思想慢慢演变成了美国历史的基本思想，这种思想推动了美国边疆的西移。
7）早期英格兰文学主要关于theological(神学), moral(道德), historical and political.The Puritans in New England embraced hards hips, together with the discipline of a harsh church.They had toughness, purpose and cha racter, they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：hard w ork, thrift, piety and sobriety.（也是美国作品的主导思想）William Bradford & John Withrop1）William Bradford：“The History of Plymouth Plantation”（从1630年写起，关于一群清教徒从英国出发到Amsterdam最后到新大陆的过程）Cotton Mather评价：“a common blessing and father to them all.”2）John Withrop：“The History of New England”（1630，登上Arbella号去Massachusetts并keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年出版）3）Puritans-Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices.The Puritan was Would-be purifier.-Looked upon themselves as a choosenpeolple.-Anyone who challenged their way of life wa s opposing God’s will and was not to be ac cepted.-They were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others-Made laws about private morality as well as public behavior Nathaniel Hawthorne called them“stern and black browed Puritans”John Cotton & Roger Williams1）John Cotton：The patriarch(教父) of New England2）Roger Williams：“A key into the language of Ameriaca”&“A help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England”(美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南)Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor1）Anne Bradstreet：One of the most interest ing of the early poet.(1630乘Arbella到Massa chusetts)“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in Ameri ca”（在美洲诞生的第十个缪斯）2）Edward Taylor：The best of the Puritan Po ets(作品大部分关于宗教)The Literature of Reason And Revolution1.American Independence WarNoah Webster评价：American must be as ind ependent in literature as she is inpolitics, as famous for arts as for arms.（文化上的独立，艺术上的著名）②Thomas Jefferson：”Declaration of Independ ence(独立宣言)”2.Enlightenment 启蒙运动3文学上独立的代表作1785, Jefferson：“Notes on the State of Virginia.“1791, Bartram：“Travels”Benjamin Franklin 1706-17901）In the colonial period, the only good Ame rican author before the Revolutionary War. -Born in Boston曾创办“Pennsylvania Gazatte”, 1732-1758出版”Poor Richard’s Almanac coll ocation of proverbs”2）founded the Junto&Established America’s first circulating library& founded the Universit y of PennsylvaniaAided Jefferson in writting the Declaration of Independence.3）The 1st major writers.4）“Autobiography”,编辑了美国第一份殖民杂志“General magazine”朋友评价：His shadow lies heavier than any ot her man’s on this young nation.Thomas Paine 1739-18091）“Great Commoner of Mankind”(人类最平凡的人）&Pamphleteer(小册作家)2）1772, he wrote his 1st pamphlet“The case of the Officers of the Excise”1774, Franklin给他写推荐信“an ingenious wort hy young man”He is a political satirist of genius(政治讽刺的天才)3）1776.1.10 His famous pamphlet“Common Sense”appeared, 署名by an Englishman(书中大胆拥护独立宣言各主张，因此成了美国独立革命思想的代言人)4）1776-1783，“American Crisis”signed“Com mon Sense”在部队被广泛传阅鼓舞士气5）1791-1792，“Rights of Man”6）在法国因反对路易十六和恐怖统治入狱，1793-1 795，“The Age of Reason”a deistic treatise a dvocating a rationalistic view of religion.（注重宗教观念的理性）7）最后一部作品“Agrarian Justice”Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826美国历史上最为广泛影响的人物，同Franklin一样具人道主义精神1）1776，with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, hedrafted the Declaration of Independence. 2）1800起担任两届美国总统，建立the Library of Congress，1819创建the university of Virginia 并担任第一任校长Philip Freneau1）The most outstanding writter of the Post-Revolutionary period. Double role as poet an d political journalist.2）1770，“The Power of Fancy”因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可3）1776，“The House of Night”（the Gothic mood）F·L·帕蒂称它为“the 1st distinctly romant ic note heard in America”and“The Beauties of Santa Cruz”4）1781，“The British Prison Ship”5）1786，他的早期作品被收录在“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Lat e War”6）1788，“Miscellaneous Works”.1791，with Jefferson’s support“National Gaz ette”campaigned against the opinions of the“Gazette of the United States”7）教材作品“The Wild Honey Suckle”“The In dian Burying Ground”“To a Caty-Did”The Literature of Romanticism1）1828年Andrew Jackson as the 7th Presiden t of the United States标志Virginia王朝的结束1 861年开始Civil War.’[[[‘2）美国早期的主要文学形式，被长篇、短篇故事和诗歌所取代novels, short stories, and poems re placed sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.Washington Irving 1783-18591）He was the 1st great prose stylist of Amer ican romanticism familiar style.第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格2）He was the 1st great belletrist, writing alw ays for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家，他写作只是为了快乐和创造快乐3）1819-1820，His“Sketch Book”appeared t he 1st modern short stories and the 1st great American juvenile literature to write good hi story and biography as literary entertainment.第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写。
美国文学填空题
美国文学补充练习填空题Part I1. At last early in the ______________ cen tury, the En glish settleme ntsin ______ and ______ began the main stream of what we recognize as America n n ati onal history.2. The earliest settlers in US, includes _______________ , Swedes, ________ ,Fren ch, ____ , Italia ns, and _________ .3. ____ ' s reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s,have bee n described as the first disti nctly America n literature to bewritten in English.4. The Purita ns had come to New En gla nd for the sake of ____ , whileVirgi nia had bee n pla nted mai nly as a _____ .5. Hard work, _______ , piety, and ________ ere the Purita n values thatdominated much of the earliest American writing, including the serm ons, books, and letters of such no ted Purita n clergyme n as Joh nCott on and Cotton Mather.6. _____ , the first governor of Plymouth, and _____ , who held thesame post at Bost on, were men superior to eve n the remarkablequalities that distinguished many of their associates. Each has leftus a priceless gift: the former, _____ , the latter _________ .7. The best way to learn more of the colonial Purita n mi nd is to meettwo importa nt figures, _____and _________ .8. Most purita n verse was decidedly plodd ing, but the work of the twowriters, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of .An swer:1. 17th, Virgi nia, Massachusetts2. Ducth, Germa ns, Spani ards, Portuguese3. Captain John Smith4. religious freedom, commercial ven ture5. thrift, sobriety6. William Bradford, Joh n Win throp, The History of PlymouthPla ntati on, The History of New En gla nd7. John Cotton, Roger Williamsreal poetryPart II1. As we have seen, ________ dominated the Puritan phase of Americanwriti ng. ______ as the n ext great subject to comma nd the atte ntio n ofthe best min ds.2. Freedom was won as much by the fiery rhetoric of ThomasPaine' s ______ nd the eloquenee of the __________ s by the weapons of Washi ngton or Lafayette.3. ____ hampered colonial economy by requiri ng America ns to ship rawmaterials aboard and to import fini shed goods at prices higher tha nthe cost of making them in this coun try.4. America n ______ ealt a decisive blow upon the purita n traditi onsand brought to life _________ nd literature.5. The secular ideas of the America n En lighte nment were exemplifiedin the life and career of _______________ , who instructed his countrymen as _____ , not _______ .6. In 1783, the year the Un ited States achieved itsindependence, _______ declared, “American must be as independent inliterature as she is in politics, as famous for the arts as for arms .7. Born in Bost on in 1706, Benjamin Fran kli n went to Philadelphia asa young man and bega n his career as ________ .8. From 1732 to 1758, Fran klin wrote and published his famous _____ ,an annual collecti on of proverbs.9. On January 10, 1766, Paine ' s famous pamphlet __________ ppeared. Itboldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence ” , and b rought the separatist agitation to a crisis.10. ______ is perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revoluti onary period.11. Fren eau was _____ y training and taste yet roma ntic in esse ntialspirit.12. For a few years, writing with sporadic fluency, Freneau earnedhis liv ing variously as ____ , ______ , and sea capta in.13. As a poet, ____________ heralded American literature independence:his close observati on of n ature disti nguished his treatme nt of in dige nous wild life and other n ative America n subjects.14. Fr eneau has been called the “__________ ” , and it is ultimately in ahistorical estimate that Fren eau is importa nt.An swer:1. theology, politics2. Common Sense,Declarati on of In depe ndence3. The British gover nment4. En lighte nment, secular educati on5. Benjamin Fran kli n, a prin ter, a priest6. Noah Webster7. a prin ter8. Poor Richard ' s Almanac9. Com mon Sense10. Philip Fren eau11. n eoclassical12. farmer, journalist13. Fren eau14. Father of America n PoetryPart III1. In 1828 the election of the fron tier _______ a s the seventhPreside nt of the “ Virgi nia Dyn United States had brought ”of American presidents.an effective end to then either9. Roma ntic writers placed in creas ing value on the ____ xpressi on of emotio n and displayed in creas ing atte nti on to the ____ tates oftheir characters.10. In 1820, ________ published An American Dictionary of The English Lan guage.11. ____ as the first great prose stylist of America n roma nticism,and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such con temporaries as Scott and Cooper, and to provide a model for the prevailing prose narrative of the future.12. Irvi ng was the first great ____ , writi ng always for _________ , andto produce ______ .13. ______ was a rous ing tale about espi on age aga inst the British duri ng the Revoluti onary War. 14. Cooperlaun chedtwo kinds of imme nsely popularstories:____ nd ______ .15. The central figure in Cooper ' s novels, _____________ , goes by serious n ames of Leatherstock ing, Deerslayer, Pathfi nder, and Hawkeye. 16. In 1817, the stately poem called Than atopsis (Greek, meaning“view of death ” ) introduced the best poet, _______________ , to appear inAmerica n up to that time.2. The United States had been a republic of small sharp con trast of wealth.3. Through utility, and4. Inthe first half of 19th century the pursuit of rema ined an America n characteristic. the first college-levelinstitution Holyoke Female Sem inary ope ned in5. Washington Irving ' s__________ b ecame the first writer to win financial success on both sides of Atlantic. America ' s writers and array of ideas6. The attitudes their the of en vir onmentwithoutto serve thefor wome n. Mount musli n sex . work by an Americanwere shaped in heritedby from traditi ons of Europe._values were prominent in American politics, philosophyun til the Civil War.8. As a moral 7.art,and philosophy,transcenden talismwasnorAn swer:1. An drew Jacks on2. la ndholders3. simplicity, perfect ion4. 1837, Massachusetts5. Sketch Book6. New World, roma ntic7. Roma ntic8. logical, systematized9. free, psychic10. Noah Webster11. Washi ngton Irving12. belletrist, pleasure, pleasure13. The Spy14. the sea adve nture tale, the fron tier saga15. Natty Bumppo16. William Cullen Bryant1. Poe entered the ________ , but left a short time later because hewould not en ter the professi on of law as Alla n wished.2. Ironically, while Poe was struggling in America, his work wascomma nding more and more praise in ______________ . His in flue nee was especially stro ng on many _______ riters.3. Emerson was recognized throughout his life as the leaderof ______ movement, yet he n ever applied the term to himself or to hisbeliefs and ideas.4. Emerson believed above all in _____________ , independence of mind,and _____ .5. Two speeches, ______ nd _____ ade Emers on famous.6. Emerson ' s truest disciple, the man who put into practice many of Emerson s theories, was _________________ .7. For Thoreau, as for Emers on, _________ and ______ a n ked above all. 8.“ _____ ” stated Thoreau ' s belief that no man should violate his con scie nee at the comma nd of a gover nment. An swer:1. Un iversity of Virgi nia2. Europe , French3. Transcenden talist4. i ndividualism, self-relia nee5. The American Scholar, The Divinity School Address6. Henry David Thoreau7. self-relia nee, in depe ndence of mind 8. Civil Disobedieneefamily history. 2.Hawthor ne ' s unique gift was thestron gly ______ stories which touch the deepest roots of man n ature. The fin estexample is the recreati onBost on, ____ .3. Hawthorne ' s ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great ______ uestio ns appears stron gly in his short stories.4. ____ s a treme ndous chro ni cle of a whali ng voyage in pursuit of a seem in gly super natural white whale.5. ____ nd ______ y temperame nt, Melville shipped as a cab in boy on a mercha nt vessel to En gla nd in 1839, whe n he was twen ty.6.What baffled Moby Dick ' s readers was thebook ' s wildextravaga nces of _______ nd _____ , its effect of ___________ and ____ , its effect of what the modern critic Van Wyck Brooks calls “a shredded _____ lay.7. Longfellow domesticated _________ meters as in his adaptationof1. _____ deals with the effects of a curse, and though the taleitself is ficti on, the germ of the storysprang from theauthor ' screati onof's moral of Purita nclassical ______ eters to tell the story of Eva ngeli ne Bellefo ntai ne.8. The ______ , sweetness, and ________ for which Longfellow ' s poetrywas popular during his lifetime were the very qualities that causedthe reacti on aga inst in after his death.An swer:1. The House of the Seven Gables2. symbolic, The Scarlet Letter3. moral4. Moby Dick5. Restless, ven turesome6. mood, la nguage, Shakespearea n7. Europea n, Greek8. gentleness, purity1. By the end of _________ (1816-1865) most of the forces that wouldtypify twen tieth-ce ntury America n had beg un to emerge.Northern ________ had triumphed over Southern ________ and from that victory came a society based on mass labor and mass con sumpti on.2. In 1865 the first step toward racial equality was made whenthe ___________ Ame ndme nt to the Con stituti on was adopted, abolish ing ______ ithin the Un ited States.3. By 1890 the frontier, the westward moving line of settlement beganthree years before on the ____________________________ ceased to exist.4. In 1891, ______ (fou nded in 1883) became the first Americanmagazine to exceed a circulation of half a million; by 1905 it hadreached a milli on.5. Harriet Beccher Stowe, the author of _____ 1852), had become anAmerica n in stituti on and the most famous literary woma n in the world.6. The ______ had what Henry James called “a powerful impulse tomirror to the unmitigated realities of life.7. “Realism ” first appeared in the United States in the literatureof ________ , and an amalgam if romantic plots and realisticdescripti ons of thi ngs were immediately observable.8. The arbiter of nineteenth-century literary realism in Americanwas ____ . 9.The bulk of America ' s literary realism was limitedto _____ reatme nt of the surface of life. 10. Naturalism, like realism, had come from _____ .11. The _____ and ______ i deas of naturalism pervaded the works ofsuch writers as Stephe n Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London, Henry Adam,and Theodore Dreiser.12. In the cluster of poems Whitman called first genuine ________ oem.13. Whitman published the first edition ofsetti ng the type for the book himself, and writi ng favorably reviewsof it in the papers, anonym ously.histories to support what she had portrayed ficti on ally. 19. Mark Twain left the Mississippi at the outbreak of ______ , andbecame, in swift succession, an army volunteer, ______________ in Nevada, atimber speculator and _______ .20. _____ ad already p ointed towards Mark Twain ' s uneasy acceptanee of the values of nin etee n-cen tury America n society.An swer:1. the Civil War, i ndustrialism, agraria nism2. Thirtee nth, slavery3. Atla ntic Coast4. The Ladies Home Journal5. Uncle Tom ' s Cabin_____ e gave America itsLeaves of Grass in _______ ,14. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about _____ nd n ature.15. The range of Dickinson experie nces but the power of her 16.The poems are short, sin gle ______ r _______ . 17. Uncle Tom ' s Cabin, or s poetry suggests not her limited __________________ and ______ .many ofthem beingbases on a(as it was origi nally en titled) wascon ceived early in February, 1851.18. To cope with southern opposition and challenges to the accuracyof the no vel, she wrote the nonfiction _____ ith the docume nted case6. realists7. local color8. William Dean Howells9. optimistic10. Europe11. pessimism, determ ini stic12. Leaves of Grass , epic13. 185514. man15. creativity, imag in atio n16. image, symbol17. The Man That Was a Thing18. A Key to Uncle Tom ' s Cabin19. the Civil War20. a gold prospector, a jour nalist21. The Gilded Age1.The title of one of O. Henry' s book, ________________ , indicates that he con sidered all the people of New York City worth writ ing about, andnot simply the upper “ Four Hundred ”.2. In 1871 the Atlantic seri alized James ' first novel, ________________ , with which he hoped, but failed, to achieve fame.3. James preferred to declare that his first real no vel was _____ .4. _____ (1878) which one America n critic described as “ an outrage to American girlhood ” brought James his fi rst international fame.5. Wolf Larsen, the ruthless, amoral protagonist of _________________ , best realizes the ideal of the “ superman”.6. A central document for the London scholar is the patently autobiographical no vel ________7. By the time Jack London published his first collect ion ofstories, ______ 1900), he was on his way to beco ming the highest paidauthor of his time.8. The most enduringly popular of Jack London ' s stories invoIved theprimitive struggle of __________ nd ______ n dividuals in the con text ofirresistible n atural forces such as the wild sea or the arctic wastes.9. London had written too much too fast, with too little concern forthe _____ nd ______ nd subtlety of characterizati on that rank highwith critics.10. _____ 1900), which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber andthe tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood, was Dreiser ' s first novel.11. The protagonist of “Trilogy of Dreiser ” , ________ s modeled afterthe Chicago speculator Charles T. Yerks.12. The identification of potency with ___________ i s at the heart ofDreise r' s greatest and most successful novel, An American Tragedy .13. In 1930s, Dreiser was increasing attracted by the philosophicalprogram of ______ .An swer:1. The Four Million2. Watch and Ward3. Roderick Hudson4. Daisy Miller5. The Sea Wolf6. Martin Eden7. The Son of the Wolf8. strong, weak9. stylistic, formal refi neme nt10. Sister Carrie11. Frank Cowperwood12. money13. the Communist Party1.In the years preceding World War I, nineteenth-century realism and _____ ema ined vital forces in America n Literature.2. The genteel tradition and popular _________ still dominated thenation ' s literary tastes.3. The best-selling American books in the first decades of thetwen tieth cen tury were _______4. Although the form and directi on of modern America n literature hadclearly beg un to emerge in the first decades of thecen tury, _____ tands as a great dividi ng line betwee n the nin etee nthcen tury and con temporary America n.5. Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously ack no wledged that they were a a,devoi d of faith and alienated from acivilizati on.6. The publication in 1922 of T. S. Eliot s ,the mostsig nifica nt America n poem of the twen tiethcentury, helped toestablish a modern traditi on of literature rich with lear ning andallusive thought.7. Early in the 1920s the most prominent of the new American playwrights, _______ stablished an intern ati onal reputatio n.8. Jazz music of the America n ________ —the most in flue ntial art formto orig in ate in the Un ited States —spread throughout the world.9. The social upheavals and literary concerns of the Great Depressi onyears en ded with the prosperity and turmoil brought by _____ .10. Ezra Pound' s ______ , considered as a satire of the materialisticforces invo Ived in the World War I, is a masterpiece.11. Robinson bega n his career as a poet in ____ nd ______ .12. “ Richard Cory” and “ Mi niver Cheery” are good examplesof ______ r ealistic attitudes.13. Robinson' s poems sometimes appear to be _______________ , yet the surface ______ often serves to conceal an intricacy and subtlety ofthought.14. In London, Frost ' s first book _____________ , brought him to theatte nti on of in flue ntial critics.15. When he was eighty-seven, Frost read his poetry at thein augurati on of Preside nt ________16. Frost employed the pla in speech of rural _____ nd preferred the short, traditi onal forms of lyric and n arrative.17. Frost saw n ature as a storehouse of _____ nd _____ , announcing,“ I ' m always saying something more.An swer:1. n aturalism2. roma nticism3. historical roma nces4. the First World War5. Lost Gen erati on6. The Waste Land7. Eugene O' neil8. Negro9. Seco nd World War10. Hugh Selw yn Mauberley11. bleak ness, poverty12. Robinson 's13. simple, simplicity14. A Boy' s Will15. John F. Kenn edy16. New En gla nders17. an alogy, symbol1. With the precede nt of _________ beh ind them, San dburg ' s poems prese nta sweep ing pano rama of America n life.2. Sandburg' s Ianguage draws on the colorful diction of _________________ andthe lingo of urba n dwellers.3. Wallace Steven created his poetry as a gifted ___________________ , lessconcerned about promoti ng ______ han about perfect ing what he wrote.4. It was not un til 1923 that Steve n, at the age of 44, was fin allypersuaded to publish a book of poems _________ .5. The problem of the in terrelati on betwee n ____ nd ______ ecame aseries of oppositi ons betwee n inner and outer world.6. At Merton College, Oxford in 1955, Eliot agai n studied ____ .7. The degree to which fusi on and concen trati on of _____ , feeli ng,and _____ ere achieved was Eliots criteri on for judgi ng the poem.8. In 1920s, Eliot began __________ , one of the major works of modernliterature.9. It is likely that in Eliot ' s abundant use of literary refereneein The Waste Lard he was in flue need by _________ .10. In connection with the publication of the critical volume “ForLancelot Andrews”（1928）, Eliot described himself as “a _______________ in politics, a ________ n literature, and an ____ n religio n.11. Eliot ' s lectures at Harvard University in 1932 resulted in thein flue ntial volume ________ .12. In Alabama, where Fitzgerald was sent for military training, hefell hopelessly in love with _____________ , an embodiment of his romanticno tio ns of a Souther n Belle.13. _____ as a critical success, but a commercial disappo in tme nt.14. In his finest novels, The Great Gatsby and _______ , Fitzgerald hadrevealed the stride ncy of an age of glitteri ng innocen ce.15. In vivid and graceful prose, Fitzgerald had portrayedthe _____ f the America n worship of riches and the unending America ndream of love, _______ , and fulfilled desires.An swer:1. Whitman2. immigra nts3. non professi on al,his literary reputati on4. Harmonium5. ideal, the real6. philosophy7. in tellect, experie nee8. The Waste Land9. Pou nd10. royalist,classicist, An glo-Catholic11. The Uses of Poetry and the Uses of Criticism12. Zelda Sayre 13. The Great Gatsby 14. Tender Is the Night 15. hollow ness sple ndor1. ____ was the first American to be wounded in Italy during theWorld War I.on _______ s entence structure and using a imagery, and an impers on al, dramatic tone.3. A nihilistic vision is repeatedly modified affirmativeasserti onof the possibilitywith ______ nd ______ .4. To Hemingway, man ' s greatest achievement is to show pressure.5. A Farewell to Arms portrayed a farewell to _____ .6. In 1952, Hem in gway portrayed an old fisherma n and the Sea .7. It was Ste in beck ' s most clearly “ ___________ struggle, depict ing the lives of migra nt workers and their resista neeto exploitati on by the entren ched forest of society. 8. Stein beck ' s treatme ntof _______ of his time, particularly theplight of the _________ , earned him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940 and, in 1962, a Nobel Prize for literature.9. The only Faulk ner no vel that had come close to being a best seller in its day was _____ , a book more famous for its shock value tha n for its literary quality.10. Oxford was with some fictional modifications, a prototype of Jeffers on, in the mythical county of ____ , the setti ng of _________ ndmost of Faulkner ' s subsequent w orks. Answer:2. Hemingway developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based ______ vocabulary, preciseby Hemingway s oflivi ng ____ nderboth to _________ and _____ in The Old Man” no vel of class1. Ernest Hemingway2. simple, restricted3. style, courage4. grace5. war, love6. Santiago7. proletarian8. the social problems, the dispossessed farmer9. Sanctuary10. Yoknapatawpha, Sartoris。
英美文学简介
(一）美国文学的历史不长，但发展较快，20世纪以来，在世界上的影响越来越大。
我国早在19世纪70年代就翻译了朗费罗的《人生颂》（A Psalm of Life）.1901年，林抒翻译出版了第一部美国小说--斯托夫人的《黑奴吁天录》（Uncle Tom's Cabin，今译《汤姆叔叔的小屋》），在读者中引起极大的震动，使他们从黑奴身上看到自己亡国灭种的危险。
根据小说改编的话剧对我们的话剧运动的发展起很大的作用。
五四运动前后，惠特曼对郭沫若等诗人、奥尼尔对曹禺、洪深等戏剧家都产生过影响。
马克·吐温、辛克莱、德莱塞等人都曾受到鲁迅等左翼作家的好评。
改革开放以来，美国文学对我国新时期的作家们有着巨大的吸引力。
盛行一时的朦胧诗恐怕就是在美国及西方现代派诗歌的影响下产生的。
海明威、福克纳及塞林格等人几乎成为我们年轻一代作家文学创作的楷模。
至于在世界上，埃德加·爱伦·坡曾被法国象征派诗人称为他们的诗歌之父，福克纳对法国的萨特和加级以及拉丁美洲的加西亚·马尔克斯的影响也是有目共睹的事实。
美国作家喜爱的描写少年初涉人世，寻求生活道路和人生真谛的"成长小说"形式受到加拿大女作家的欣赏，也正在被我国的儿童文学作家所采用。
美国作家的探索、试验、创新的精神也激励着世界各国的作家不断革新，超越前人。
今天，在改革开放的时代，在我们加强跟美国的交往的时候，我们有必要学一点美国文学，了解他们的文化以促进与美国人民的交流、沟通和理解，同时也借以丰富我们的知识，充实我们的文化修养，提高我们的精神素质。
（二）严格地说，美国文学的形成应从美国立国开始。
但实际上，在此以前一二百年的殖民时期的文学虽然并不发达，主要以模仿为主，没有自己鲜明的特色，但那时的政治、经济和社会的发展对美国文学的形成还是有很大的影响。
例如，由于殖民者大量屠杀原来居住在北美大陆的印第安人，使他们的文化和民间口头文学的传统受到致命的摧残，因此美国文学没有英国《贝奥武甫》那样的口头文学遗产。
名词解释
American Puritanism:Puritans was the name given in the 16th century to the extreme Protestants.In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into the 19th century. Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were a group of serious, religious people , advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their re ligious beliefs and practices. They stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. They looked upon themselves as a chosen people. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Purit anism also had a enduring influence on American literature. Representatives in that period were Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor.American Romanticism:It stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. The writers emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group. They affirmed the inner life of the self, and cherished strong interest in the nature, past, the wild, the remote, the mysterious and the strange. And they stressed the element of “Americanness”in their works. Being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called the American Renaissance. American Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative.American Transcendentalism 美国超验主义As a philosophical and literary movement, Transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War. Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England. It is sometimes called American transcendentalism to distinguish it from other uses of the word transcendental. Transcendentalists took their ideas from the romantic literature of Europe, from neo-Platonism, from German idealistic philosophy, and from the revelations of Oriental mysticism. They believed in the transcendence of the “oversoul”. Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson, who believed that man was a part of absolute good, and in Thoreau who beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of na ture. And then humanity was godlike and that evil was nonexistent appeared to be an optimistic folly.American Realism:Realism has originated in France as , a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James. Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life” of the Americans, and Henry James had apparently laid greater emphasis on the “inner world” of man. They sought to portray American life as it really was, insisting that the ordinary and the local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote. As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War. American naturalismThe impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism: American naturalism. American natur alism was a new and harsher realism, and like realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrow th of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century.Major Features: Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment;the universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives:The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephe n Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.。
美国文学考试模拟题
第一章殖民地时期的美国文学填空题1. Theterm “Puritan”was applied to those settlers who originally were devout membersof the Church of ______.【答案】England查看答案【解析】清教徒（Puritan），是指要求清除英国国教Church of England中天主教残余的改革派。
其字词于16世纪60年代开始使用，源于拉丁文的Purus，意为“清洁”。
2. Themost enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature was______.【答案】American Puritanism查看答案【解析】美国文化源于清教文化，由清教徒移民时传入北美。
美国主流价值观都可以追溯到殖民地时期一统天下的清教主义，并且清教思想对美国文学有着根深蒂固的影响。
3. Hard work, thrift,piety and sobriety, these were the ______ values that dominated much of theearly American writing.【答案】Puritan查看答案【解析】清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。
清教徒强调艰苦奋斗、勤俭节约、虔诚和淡泊。
这些价值观也影响了早期的美国文学。
4. Many Puritans wroteverse, but the works of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and ______, rose to thelevel of real poetry.【答案】EdwardTaylor查看答案【解析】美国殖民时期最著名的诗人是安·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒。
5. TheTenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poems composed by______.【答案】AnneBradstreet查看答案【解析】安·布莱德斯特律是美国殖民时期著名的诗人。
Lecture 2 Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor
• John Winthrop (chapter 2):
• William Bradford (in Chapter 2) was born into the family of yeoman farmer(自耕农， 1590-1657) has been considered one of the greatest of colonial Americans. • Bradford is the first governor of Plymouth. • His greatest work : the History of Plymouth Plantation (annals) • Simplicity, earnestness and direct reporting
• • • • • • • • • • • • If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee; If ever wife was happy in a man, Compare with me ye women if you can. I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold, Or all the riches that the East doth hold. My love is such that rivers cannot quench(熄灭), Nor ought but love from thee, give recompense赔偿. Thy love is such I can no way repay, The heavens reward thee manifold I pray. Then while we live, in love lets so persevere, That when we live no more, we may live ever.
anne bradstreet 名词解释
Anne Bradstreet，生于1612年，是美国殖民地时期的一位重要女性诗人。
她被认为是美国历史上第一位真正意义上的诗人，她的诗作通过其精致的语言和对内心感情的深刻描绘而被人们铭记。
1. 美国殖民地时期在17世纪初的美国殖民地时期，女性鲜有机会接受教育，更别谈成为一位诗人了。
然而，Anne Bradstreet却是例外。
她在家庭和社会环境的支持下接受了私人教育，培养了她的文学才华。
2. 她的文学成就Anne Bradstreet的诗作主要表达了她对家庭、宗教、自然和生活的感悟。
她的诗作展现出了深刻的内省和对情感的敏感，具有浓厚的宗教色彩和对生活的热爱。
她的代表作品包括《To My Dear and Loving Husband》、《Before the Birth of One of Her Children》等，这些作品不仅在当时引起了广泛的关注，而且至今仍被视为美国文学的经典之作。
3. 对后世的影响Anne Bradstreet的文学成就对后世产生了深远的影响。
她作为美国文学史上的开创者，为后来的女性作家树立了榜样，她的作品也为后来的美国文学带来了新的灵感和方向。
她的诗作在现代仍然被广泛研究和传播，成为了美国文学史上不可或缺的瑰宝。
4. 总结Anne Bradstreet作为美国文学史上的一位重要人物，她的诗作不仅在当时引起了轰动，而且对后世产生了深远的影响。
她的成就不仅在于她作为一名女性诗人的突破，更在于她卓越的文学才华和对内心世界的深刻表达。
她的诗作至今仍然被人们传诵，成为美国文学史上的经典之作。
5. 她的写作风格Anne Bradstreet的写作风格深受当时的宗教和文学传统影响。
她的诗作充斥着宗教的信仰和情感，同时也表现出对当时社会的深刻思考和对自然的敬畏。
她的诗作语言优美，字里行间透露出对生活的热爱和对内心情感的细腻抒发。
她的诗作中常常出现对家庭的温馨描绘，对丈夫和子女的深情赞美，以及对自己内心的挣扎和矛盾。
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Some comments
• 朱小琳博士在其论文“在天国与俗世之间—安 妮· 布拉兹特里特的诗性超越”提到：北美殖民时 期女诗人安妮· 布拉兹特里特诗歌创作风格清新细 腻，意象单纯率真，有较高的艺术价值。诗人拷 问父权、神权和教义，揭示了清教规范和人本主 义思想之间的冲突，她以对人性的深刻洞察力和 理解力调节了清教对世俗生活的刻板要求，凸显 了早期女性对社会意识形态的认知和评价。 （《社会科学论坛》）
• Select Reading of his poem: P8
• • • • • • • From my years young in days of youth God did make known to me His Truth And call’d me from my native place For to enjoy the Means of Grace In wilderness He did me guide and in strange lands for me provide As Pilgrim passed I to and fro (来回的)
The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America • 缪斯作为女神，为主神宙斯与记忆女神谟涅摩绪涅所生专司文艺，再 加上天生丽质，所以气质非凡普遍认为一开始只有三个缪斯：墨勒忒、 阿俄得、谟涅墨、三个缪斯体现了远古时代人们进行崇拜仪式时所需 要的诗歌形式和技巧。
• Bradstreet’s poems of religious experience and domestic intimacy were unique and genuine, delicate and charming embodying her profound understanding of religion and humanity. • All these can find expression ―To My Dear and Loving Husband‖, which was found among her papers after her death and published posthumously.
• • • • • • • • • • • • If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee; If ever wife was happy in a man, Compare with me ye women if you can. I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold, Or all the riches that the East doth hold. My love is such that rivers cannot quench(熄灭), Nor ought but love from thee, give recompense赔偿. Thy love is such I can no way repay, The heavens reward thee manifold I pray. Then while we live, in love lets so persevere, That when we live no more, we may live ever.
• The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at ___. • A. Jamestown • B. New York • C. Boston • D. Concord
• John Smith (chapter 1):
Contemplations P12
• I heard the merry grasshopper then sing, • The black-clad cricket bear a second part; • They kept one tune and played on the same string（line） • Seeming to glory in their little art • Small creatures abject (low voices) thus their voices raise, • And in their kind resound their Maker’s praise, • Whilst I, as mute, can warble forth no higher lays?
致我亲爱的丈夫
• 若说世上有两人如水乳相融不分，那定然是我和你。 若说世上有一位男子得到了妻子所有的爱，那定然是你； 若说世上有一位妻子能因男子而得到所有的快乐， 女人们，你们谁能和我相比呢？ 我珍视你的爱更甚于所有金矿 或是所有东方宝藏。 河水不能浇熄我的感情， 唯有你的爱能把一切偿清。 你的爱我无以为报， 只祈求上苍赐予你所有的好。 在生之时，我们要坚持相爱， 百年之后，我们才能永远同在。
• The poet in the poem tells the readers about why he comes to the new world. From his childhood, he knows he is a chosen person and is led to the land which is the gift by God. He is not lost in the land because God would guide his way and provide him with necessities. Here the poet identifies himself ―As Pilgrim passed I to and fro‖
• John Winthrop (chapter 2):
• William Bradford (in Chapter 2) was born into the family of yeoman farmer(自耕农， 1590-1657) has been considered one of the greatest of colonial Americans. • Bradford is the first governor of Plymouth. • His greatest work : the History of Plymouth Plantation (annals) • Simplicity, earnestness and direct reporting
Two important writers: Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor
• Anne Bradstreet (in Chapter 4), who has been praised as the first noteworthy American, was born into the family of a sturdy Puritan. • She was the first poet and first female writer in the British North American colonies to be recognized. • Her father was the steward of the Earl of Lincoln.
Conclusion
• Bradstreet’s finest poems are closest to her personal experience as a Puritan wife and mother living on the edge of the wilderness. • Another theme in her poems is her religious experience. In her writing Bradstreet gives an insight of Puritan views of salvation and redemption.
Features of Anne Bradstreet
• She wrote on the four elements, the constitutions and ages of man, the seasons of the year, and the chief empires of the ancient world. • Some of her poems were with early feminism and Romanticism. Later her poems were permeated with thick religio• • • • • 我听见蚱蜢欢乐的歌声 黑囊蟋蟀附上第二段奏鸣 它们整齐列队，唱着同一支曲调 在这小小的艺术里，似乎光荣无上。 其它生物低声无语，它们的歌声便分外嘹 亮 • 在那亲切的回响李，将造物主赞扬 • 为何我， 却如哑巴般， 不能演绎出更高昂 的篇章。
To My Dear and Loving Husband
• It is a critical commonplace now that American literature is based on a myth, that is ____. • A. the ancient Greek myth of Zeus • B. the British myth of the Saint Grail • C. the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden • D. the Legend of the Sleepy Hollow
• What is the core doctrines of Puritans?
• For what reasons the British people came to American continent?