英语长句的处理

定语从句的翻译Attributive Clauses




I. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive... II. Translation of Restrictive Attributive Clauses III. Translating Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses IV. Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials
5. Splitting 拆分法





By splitting we mean taking certain elements out of a sentence and treating them separately. The number of the young people in the United States who can`t read is incredible about one in four. ＊没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为 1/4。 大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以 置信。 An outsider’s success could even curiously help two parties to get the agreement they want. 说来也怪，一个局外人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达 成一项他们希望得到的协议。
尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情 况 , 但人们不敢出门 , 因为警察也和其他人一样不知 所措和无能为力。
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Dr. Smith resumed the activities of anti-cancer experiment begun in 1975 and financed by the Federal government as soon as he snapped from his original disappointment at repeated failures, which had resulted in their forced suspension. 史密斯医生于1975年开始着手由联邦政府资助的 抗癌实验。他由于屡遭失败而感到沮丧，被迫终 止了实验工作。现在他又重新振作起来，恢复了 抗癌实验活动。
4. Dividing 切分法




By means of dividing, we may break up a long English sentence into different parts according to its sense groups, and then translate each part one by one into Chinese. 有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语 化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加 词语。 Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs. 人类把自己和其他动物区别开来。与此同时，人类还具有 观察和了解周围环境的能力。他们要么适应环境，要么控 制环境，或根据自身的需要改造环境。人类就这样一代代 地生存下来。
English Long Sentences 英语长句的翻译
3. Embedding 内嵌法




Embedding means placing the modifiers before the word being modified. Congress had made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spent it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives. 国会已制定法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了 多少钱，怎样花的，款项的总额以及来源、成员人数、 代表的姓名和薪金等情况。 There is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged, without distinction of race, creed, or party. 这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种族、不 分信仰，不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员 国无不参加的战争。
I. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive Structures





This is the cat. 这就是那只猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat. 这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake. * 这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house. * 这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的 猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built. * 这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋 糕的老鼠的猫。
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A molecule may be considered as the smallest particle of matter that can exist without changing its nature. 可以认为，分子是在不改变物质性质的情况下能 够存在的物质的最小微粒。 In 1970, he was placed under house arrest when he refused to use massive force in suppressing worker riots on the seacoast. 1970年他因拒绝使用武力大规模镇压沿海城市的工 人骚乱而被软禁。
II. Translation of Restrictive Attributive Clauses
1.




Combination: 把从句译为带“的”的定语短语，放在被修 饰词前，将复合句译成汉语单句。又称“前置法”。 The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。 Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。 July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天气很热的月份。 In the room where the electronic computer is kept, there must be no dust at all. 在存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有一点儿灰尘。
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Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideห้องสมุดไป่ตู้s, observations and discoveries. 大对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书 中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展 的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。 Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities. 大到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把 住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府 部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。
6.Inserting 插入法





By inserting here we mean putting some additional punctuation marks such as dash, parenthesis, colon, etc., in a long and complex sentence so as to make the Chinese version both clear and smooth. The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是全体社会成员（从政府官员到普通公民）都使用科 学家们在他们工作中所采用的那种特殊的思考方法和行为方法。 If you go to visit Nobel’s old residence, the house in which the great chemist remained a bachelor throughout his life, you will catch sight of a shelf laden with experimental records. 如果你参观诺贝尔的故居——在那座房子里，这位伟大的化学家 过了一辈子的独身生活——你将看到一个堆满实验记录的书架。
7. Recasting 重组法/综合法


在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不 方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑 顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原 文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。 例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else. 分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 尽管警察已接 到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况; C: 警察也和其他人一样不 知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排: